Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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DENTAL TREATMENT METHODS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Two related methods of treating the teeth are presented herein. The first
embodiment of the present invention relates to a teeth-coating method that
protects teeth from caries and periodontal diseases along with giving color to
them. The method includes three steps: create space into the teeth by etching
them, apply the protecting and coloring substances and sealing of the teeth
(optional). The protection is due to the blocking of the dental enamel
minerals
that exit from teeth in order to balance the pH of the tooth environment (anti-
caries) and due to the low surface tension that these substances create in the
enamel surface which make the enamel practically uncollonizable by the
bacteria (anti-periodontal diseases). The coloring is due to the colors that
these
substances can have. By applying these substances, the teeth are practically
painted in a desired color, at the same time that they are protected.
The second embodiment of the present invention relates to the implantation
of a material in the outer layer of the tooth enamel or dentin or cementum and
involves an implantable material, polymer or ceramic, fixed in place by use of
a
dental laser or a flame. This method also includes three steps: the dental
tissue is
etched and dried, the material is applied into the tissue, the laser beam or
the
flame melts the material into the tissue and finally the irradiated spot is
air dried.
This method protects the teeth from dental caries and periodontal diseases,
paints
the teeth at a desired shade and the implantable material can be used as a
filling
material itself.
The protection of the teeth from caries is due to the blocking of the dental
minerals that exit the tooth in order to balance the pH of the tooth
environment.
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The protection from periodontal diseases is due to the low surface tension
that the
impiantable materials create in the enamel surface which make the enamel
practically uncolonizable to the bacteria. The painting of the teeth is due to
the
shades that the implantable materials have and can be used to give the teeth a
desired tint. A material with properties similar to the enamel or dentin or
cementum can be used as a filling material itself in dental cavities.
Defining the etiology of dental caries and periodontal diseases is the primary
purpose. Dental research has proved the significance of the microflora and its
causation to dental caries and periodontal diseases. Bacteria populations
first
colonize the teeth's surfaces and then they produce acids. Due to these acids,
the
new environment between enamel and bacteria has a newly formed lower pH,
which causes the enamel to lose mineral content. This interaction takes place
from
the enamel to the bacteria and starts from the intraprismatic area, between
the
rods of the hydroxyapatite. The continuous loss of the enamel minerals leads
eventually to a decayed or carious tooth. These same acids also interact with
periodontal tissues. If the colonies are not mechanically removed by a
toothbrush
or a dentist, they become bigger, more organized and gram negative, making the
acids which they produce, stronger. As a result, these acids enter the gums
causing
inflammation, which can lead to bone loss and / or eventually to tooth loss.
The shade of the teeth is a very important esthetic factor. Liquids like
coffee
and cola, use of tetracycline in pregnancy and in eaxly childhood, aging,
endodontic
treatment and many other staining factors darken the teeth. To this problem,
dental bleaching gives an answer. This technique, though, has several defects.
Rebound of the shade, sensitivity of the tooth, existing bleaching materials
do not
blcach composite restorations or, in some cases they have no results at all.
The interface between the restorative material and the tooth is a well studied
field. Many compounds like composites, ceramics or even amalgam are in use
today
having the same problems: the microleakage and the wear of the restoration.
These
problems arise from the difference of the properties between the tooth tissues
and
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the restorative materials. Different coefficient of linear thermal expansion,
different
hardness, different tear strength are some of the most important factors that
lead
the restoration to failure.
In order to prevent dental caries and periodontal diseases scientists had
previously followed two directions:
1. The co-operation with the patient,
2. The intervention in oral health of the individuals without co-operation.
The co-operation with the patient includes oral hygiene for the plaque
control (brushing, flossing, fluoride rinses, gels) and dietary control.
Sometimes it
is necessary to change the whole nutritional habits of a certain population.
The scientifically based intervention in oral health submits plaque control,
fluoridation of the water, dental-induced application of fluoride and sealants
for the
enhancement of the enamel.
Fluoride prevents dental caries in two ways:
1: When applied to the enamel, it is believed that fluoride makes the enamel
less soluble to bacteria acids, by penetrating the enamel and changing
hydroxyapatite to fluoroapatite.
2: Blocks the enolase, an enzyme that enhances the metabolic activity of the
bacteria.
Oral hygiene prevents dental caries and periodontal diseases by removing
the dental plaque. No bacteria .populations means no damage to the tooth. It
is
important to brush teeth after every meal in order to remove especially the
sugars
of the food, that are one of the most important factor for the adherence of
the
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bacteria to the enamel. This is due to sugars high-energy chemical bond (Gh~-
6600ca1/mole) which is used form the bacteria to their multiplicity, and due
also
to the capability of the sugars to adhere smooth-like surfaces, like enamel
surface.
According to these directions caries and periodontal diseases should have
been eliminated. It is a fact that the prevalence of these diseases has been
decreased, especially in children, but we are far from postulating that there
is no
caries or periodontal diseases any more.
The reasons are the ineffectiveness of the fluoride-oriented preventive
treatment and the unwillingness of the individual to follow an everyday oral
hygiene. Practically, decayed teeth or periodontal diseases do appear in very
clean
oral cavities.
The results of fluoride application are not only the enhanced ffuorided
hydroxy apatite of the enamel but also CaF2 and 6(CaHP04) which are very
soluble
to saliva. This explains why most of the fluoride dissolves in minutes after
its
application to teeth. On the other hand, the fluoride blocks the enolase when
it is
in an ionic phase, something which rarely happens, because most of the
fluoride
immediately bonds with the minerals of the plaque and become inactive. These
are
mainly the reasons why most of today's teeth protective techniques are
eventually
ineffective.
Sealants have used to prevent pit and fissures caries in children. The
preventive value of sealant have been thoroughly examined and proved. The
problem, though, of caries and periodontal diseases still exists, especially
in adult
population.
On the other hand nobody can force a patient to comply with the oral
hygiene methods. This unwillingness of the individuals leads to longer
exposure of
the enamel to the bacteria acids and respectively to caries and periodontal
diseases.
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The critical pH (5.3-5.5) of the dental plaque and the enamel surface must
not be decreased for long time. When this happens, minerals from the enamel
move
towards the dental plaque to balance the new environment's conditions. .After
20-40
minutes this pH returns to its previous number. That means that the enamel
starts
to be remineralized again from the saliva adjustment mechanisms. This
remineralization takes 3-5 hours to be completed. If between these hours, a
second
decrease of the pH occurs -due to food- the enamel doesn't have time to
complete
remineralization. This results in a second minerals offering, which finally
weakens
the enamel and create caries.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention eliminates all these problems because the protective
substance is embedded into the teeth and sealed there. It changes the
environmental conditions by making the enamel practically unsoluble to the
bacteria acids (blocking the enamel minerals) and making the colonization~of
the
teeth nearly impossible (low surface tension).
In the first preferred embodiment, the present invention is a teeth-coating
method that protects teeth from caries and periodontal diseases and at the
same
time paints the teeth. There are three steps:
a. Etching of the teeth. There are already known etching techniques that
dentists use in today's dentistry. Etching gels or etching liquids including
phosphoric and citric acids or others that can be easily applied to the teeth.
Laser
induced etching can be also used with various types of laser beams. The teeth
are
all over etched in all their surfaces especially the more sensitive ones like
interproximal and in pits and fissures. If there is periodontitis involved in
a certain
tooth, even cementum must be etched in order to be later coated and protected.
The depth of the etching is ~ closely related to the penetration ability of
the
application technique (step #2) and the penetration ability of the substance
that
will be used in the second step. That depth varies from a few microns to half
a
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millimeter.
b. Application of the substance. This substance can be a polymer or a salt
that
contains fluoride or metals. The application technique is electrophoresis,
spraying
or just application of the substance to the teeth. The application technique
is
related to the nature of the substance, i.e. to the penetration ability of the
spec
substance into the enamel. If a substance can give a polar solution,
electrophoresis
is the best application technique. If a substance can be sprayed, spraying is
the
best solution. Every technique is accepted if can result in a minimum
penetration
into the enamel. After the application of the particular substance, a second
light
etching is needed, in order to create some space for the sealing. This step is
not
necessary if there is space-left. In case the used substance has sealing or
glazing
characteristics the following step is not necessary.
c. Sealing of the teeth. After the application of the protective and coloring
substance the teeth must be sealed. Various glazes, curable or not, can be~
used,
in order to seal the teeth.
The protective substances may advantageously also have color additives, so
that their application into the teeth leads to the cosmetic painting of the
teeth.
Various types of white color or other colors can be used to add a new tint to
the
teeth.
Today's whitening methods are based in the hydroxy peroxide that oxidizes
the enamel minerals resulting in the bleaching of the teeth. This bleaching
method
is not sufficient because the teeth turn dark again in a few weeks, due to the
color
of the coffee, the food, or the cigarette.
The present invention is not based on the oxidation of the enamel minerals
but practically paints the tooth in the desired color. The same substances
that are
used for the protection of the teeth can be used to give a desired color to
the teeth.
The new color Iasts longer than the simple bleaching because the discoloration
of
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the food and the drinks cannot be attached to the teeth due to the newly
formed
low surface tension.
The second preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to the
implantation of a thermoplastic polymer or a ceramic into the outer layer of
the
dental enamel, dentin or cementum. This method includes three steps:
1. The dental tissue is etched and dried. The part of the tooth that is
etched depends on the application. For caries and periodontal diseases
protection,
the whole tooth must be etched especially interproximally arid in pits and
fissures.
For the painting of the teeth the etched space relies on the esthetic ideal,
because
the etched space will accept the desired shade. For the use of a ceramic or a
specific polymer as a filling material the etched part is defined by the
margins of the
restoration. The drying of the etched tooth is performed after the etching and
can
be done by air or a lower wattage laser beam.
2. The application of the specific material for the specific application is
performed by air spraying the material into the etched dental tissue. The
material
must be in fine powder so that it can permeate the etched tooth especially
between
the hydroxyapatite rods.
3. The proper laser beam, adjusted in the proper settings for every
application, scans the tooth and melts the material instantaneously into the
tooth.
Right after the melting, the lased part of the tooth is air dried. The flame
must
reach the melting point of each material and must not damage the material or
the
tissue from overheating.
In the second preferred embodiment of the present invention, the problems
of the past are eliminated because:
a. the implanted material blocks the exit of the dental minerals from the
enamel and especially the intraprismatic space of the enamel -anti canes
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protection;
b. the implanted material has very high chemical resistance and creates
a very low surface tension to the tooth tissues which make the tooth
uncolonizable
to the bacteria -anti periodontal diseases protection;
c. the implanted materials have a broad range in colors and can be used
to give the teeth the desired shade-painting method;
d. the implanted material creates an alloy with the tooth tissues as it is
co-melted with them, making the restoration, a part of the tooth -restorative
material.
In the second preferred embodiment, the implantable material is a polymer
or a ceramic that can be melted into the tooth. For caries and perio
protection the
polymers are preferable because of the excellent chemical resistance and the
low
surface tension that create to the tooth enamel, making it uncolonizable to
bacteria. For the painting of the teeth the polymers are preferable again
because
of the versatility of their use and the wide shade range that they have. For
dental
restorations the ceramics are preferable because of the non-existence of
microleakage -due to the co-melting of the ceramic and the tissue- and the
vicinity
of properties between dental tissues and ceramics.
The Iaser beam must be adjusted to the properties of every dental tissue to
which it refers. The wavelength of the laser must be the same that every
dental
tissue absorbs (i.e., 9.3 - 9.6 ~cm for the enamel or 6-7.5 ,um for the
dentin). This
fact gives the dentist the opportunity to heat the dental tissue to that point
where
each material melts. The specific wavelength which every dental tissue fully
absorbs makes that specific tissue unable to transmit the laser wave deeper
into
the tooth and consequently hurt the pulp of the tooth.
Every dental tissue has a specific thermal damage envelope. The melting of
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the implantable material -polymer or ceramic- must coordinate with this
envelope.
That means that the melting of the material must happen instantaneously in
order
to avoid the damage of the tissue which can arise from prolonged time of
irradiation.
The thermal relaxation time of every tissue must be followed too. Therefore,
the laser beam, can be either pulsed or continuous. That depends on the
application. For laser melting the pulsed mode is preferable because it gives
the
tooth time to coo, especially in the restorative application. For laser drying
after
etching even continuous mode can be used because of the low wattage of the
laser.
The flame must reach the melting point of each material and must not char
or damage the implantable material or the tissue.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As described above, the first preferred embodiment of the present invention
is a teeth-coating method that protects teeth from dental caries and
periodontal
diseases and optionally also paints teeth at a desired color. This coating
method
consists of the following steps:
a. etching the teeth, far example by acid, laser, or other methods available
to
dentists;
b. application of the protective substance and any optionally desired coloring
substance to the etched teeth, by any of the methods available to dentists.
c. sealing the teeth, by any of the methods available to dentists. This step
depends on the nature of the protective and coloring substance because many
substances have sealing characteristics. If that happens, additional sealing
is not
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necessary.
The etching of the teeth can be performed by the already known techniques,
e.g., acid or laser induced. The etching step is essential because there must
be
enough space for the second step, the application of the protective
substances.
The entire exposed surface of the teeth must be etched, in order to provide
adequate protection. Another etching procedure that can be employed herein is
the
"air abrasion" option. These techniques are discussed in detail in the dental
literature, and several references are recited below.
For acid etching, commonly employed materials include phosphoric acid,
malefic acid, citric acid, pyruvic acid, and the like. For laser etching,
common
lasers used are the C02, Nd/Yag, Ar:F and others.
Advantageously, known techniques are used for an overall etching, at a
sufficient depth that will accommodate the protective substances and any
optional
colorants. Special care should also be given to those places that are more
prone
to develop caries like interproximateiy and in pits and fissures, or in the
places that
already have or are more prone to develop periodontitis (in some cases even
cementum must be protected). The etching depth is closely related to the
penetration ability and the application technique of the protective substances
which will be applied after the etching step. Finally, the quality of the
tooth
enamel is another factor, which will vary on a patient by patient basis.
Usually,
an, etching depth of about 50 microns (,um) is adequate for most aspects of
the
present invention.
The application of the protective substance (and optional coloring
substances) can be performed by various techniques depending on the nature of
the substance used. Electrophoresis, spraying, or any other technique that
results
in the penetration of the substance into the enamel. This penetration can vary
from
a few microns to half a millimeter depending on the etching technique that is
previously used and the penetration ability that every substance has. The
total
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depth of the penetration is closely related to the protection degree that
every
substance has. More protective characteristics mean less depth and vice versa.
Commonly employed protective substances include the water soluble
polymers (xanthan and others), other polymers, salts (e.g., ZnF, CaF, NaF and
others), oxides (ZrOz, Ti02 and others), cellulose products (cellulose acetate
and
others), proteins, polyurethane solid coatings, composites (Bisphenol A-
Glycidyl
Methacrylate and others), resins (Bis-GMA and others).
The final step is the sealing of the teeth. This step is necessary when
protective substances with no sealing characteristics were previously used,
and not
necessary in case of protective substances with self sealing characteristics.
The
sealing materials generally require some space in order to be applied, so if
the
protective (and optional colorant) substance has filled every space in the
teeth, a
second light etching will be required before the sealing. The sealing can be
curable,
like the already known glazes in dentistry or not. The sealing must
hermetically
seal the tooth's surface. One commonly employed sealer is available under the
brand name "Fortify." Other sealers are also known and commercially available.
In the second preferred embodiment of the invention, a thermoplastic
polymer or a meltable ceramic material is implanted into the tooth. The
implantable
polymer or ceramic, in fine powder, is air sprayed into the acid etched and
laser
dried tooth. A specific laser or a flame, adjusted in the proper settings,
scans the
tooth and instantaneously melts the polymer or the ceramic. The application
ends
with the air drying of the lased part of the tooth night after the melting.
The etching of the dental enamel, dentin or cementum is performed by acid
or laser. Already used etching acids like phosphoric acid, malefic acid,
citric acid,
pyruvic acid can be used for this step. The laser etching can also be used,
although
not preferably, because of the melting that creates to the dental tissues.
After the
._ etching the etched dental tissue is dried by air or by laser. The laser is
preferable
because it does not create the piston phenomenon. In this case the air that
flows
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into the intraprismatic area cannot reach and dry the bottom part of the tags
because of the existing amount of air that is already pressed there in a
higher
pressure than the pressure of the air spray. The drying laser follows the same
rules
with the melting Iaser in a lower wattage.
The application of the implantable polymer or ceramic is performed by air
spraying the material into the etched part of the tooth. The polymer or the
ceramic
is in fine powder so that it can permeate the tooth and rest into the tooth,
especially between the rods of the apatite. The polymers that can be used must
be
thermoplastic in order to be melted using the laser or the flame. The melting
point
of the polymers and the ceramics must not exceed the melting point of the
dental
tissue that will be implanted in. The maximum melting point that any
implantable
material can have is the melting point of the dental tissue that will be
implanted
in. The material that is used every time, after the laser and the air drying,
does not
override the level of the tooth structure except the special polymer or the
ceramic
that is used as a restorative material and involves the co-melting of the
material
and the dental tissue. That includes mostly polymers that will be melted into
the
dental tissue -and their properties, especially wear resistance and tear
strength are
not close to the dental tissue's. In case of using this method for restorative
purposes, the final level of the newly formed alloy (the dental tissue and the
ceramic or some polymers) is the same. In this case the amount of the dental
tissue
that is removed from the etching corresponds to the amount of the material
that
is deposited and the result after the laser irradiation is an alloy of dental
tissue and
implanted material (ceramic or special polymer) that has the same dimensions
with
the part of the tooth where the application took place.
The laser or the flame is used actually to instantaneously heat the dental
tissue yr the implantable material (depends on the application) to a specific
point
where the melting point of the implantable material stands. The flame must not
exceed the melting point of the implantable material. The laser -preferably
used for
restorative reasons- follows the thermal damage envelope of every dental
tissue that
will be used on. The wavelength of the laser that will be applied in any
dental tissue
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must be fully absorbed by the specific dental tissue so that the laser energy
is not
transmitted into the pulp of the tooth. For example the wavelength that is
fully
absorbed by the enamel is 9.3-9.6 ~cm and can be delivered by a C0~ dental
laser.
The wattage of the laser relates to the energy that the implantable material
needs
to be melted into the dental tissue or maximum needs the dental tissue along
with
the ceramic or the polymer to be melted together. The mode of the laser -
continuous or pulsed- depends on the implantable materials and the thermal
relaxation time of every dental tissue. For laser drying, continuous mode is
preferable because the wattage is very low. For laser melting, pulsed mode is
preferable because it gives the tooth time to cool. The spot diameter of the
laser
beam or the flame plays an important role in the amount of energy that is
deposited into the dental tissue and can vary from 0.1 mm (for pits and
fissuresj
to I.5 mm for the wider areas of the tooth.
The drying of the melted material into the tooth is performed by air spraying.
Right after the laser beam melts the polymer or the ceramic into the tooth, an
air
spray follows to cool down the tooth area that has accepted the implantation.
This
cooling down turns -progressively- the temperature of the irradiated spot back
to
the normal level.
The thermoplastic polymers that can be used in this invention are all the
polymers that can be melted by a laser or a flame and their melting point does
not
exceed the melting point of the dental tissue that will receive this
implantation. The
ceramics follow the same rule. Every ceramic compound can be used if it can be
melted by a laser or a flame and its melting point does not exceed the melting
point
of the dental tissue that will receive the implantation.
The following references are provided as additional information to assist the
skilled artisan in further understanding and utilizing the present invention.
The
documents cited below are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Refereaces for Sealaats
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16. Halterman CW. Rayman M. Rabbach V. Survey of pediatric dentists
concerning dental sealants. Pediatric Dentistry. 17(7):455-6, 1995 Nov-Dec.
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17. Cherry-Peppers G. Gift HC. Brunelle JA. Snowden CB. Sealant use and
dental utilization in U.S. children. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children.
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Oral
Epidemiology. 23(1):30-5, 1995 Feb. Health Sciences Library (Boston).
19. Faine MP. Oberg D. Survey of dental nutrition knowledge of WIC
nutritionists and public health dental hygienists. Journal of the American
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20. Bowman PA. Zinner KL. Utah's parent, teacher, and physician sealant
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21. Lopez-Camara V. Irigoyen ME. Use of fissure sealants by dentists in
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1994 Dec.
22. Lokshin MF. Preventive oral health care: a review for family physicians
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Health Sciences Library (Boston).
27. Oikarinen KS. Nieminen TM. Influence of acid-etched splinting methods
on discoloration of dental enamel in four media: an in vitro study.
Scandinavian
Journal of Dental Research. 102(6):313-8, 1994 Dec. Health Sciences Library
(Boston) .
28. Meechan JG. McCabe JF. Beynon AD. Adhesion of composite resin to
CA 02310818 2000-OS-23
WO 00/09030 PCTNS99117879
-28-
bone--a pilot study. British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 32{2):91-
3,
1994 Apr. Health Sciences Library (Boston).
29. Suliman AH. Swift EJ Jr. Perdigao J. Effects of surface treatment and
bonding agents on bond strength of composite resin to porcelain. Journal of
Prosthetic Dentistry. 70(2):118-20, 1993 Aug. Health Sciences Library
(Boston).
30. Swift EJ Jr. Brodeur C. Cvitko E. Pires JA. Treatment of composite
surfaces for indirect bonding. Dental Materials. 8(3):193-6, 1992 May. Health
Sciences Library (Boston).
31. Yiu CK. Wei SH. Management of rampant caries in chiidren. [Review] [47
refs] Quintessence International. 23(3):159-68, 1992 Mar. Health Sciences
Library (Boston).
32. Smales RJ. Effects of enamel-bonding, type of restoration, patient age
and operator on the longevity of an anterior composite resin. American Journal
of Dentistry. 4(3):130-3, 1991 Jun.
33. Soderholm KJ. Roberts MJ. Variables influencing the repair strength of
dental composites. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research. 99(2):173-80,
1991 Apr. Health Sciences Library (Boston).
34. Hosoya Y. Goto G. Effects of cleaning, polishing pretreatments and acid
etching times on unground primary enamel. Journal of Pedodontics. 14(2):84-
92, 1990 Winter. Health Sciences Library (Boston).
35. Frentzen M. Koort HJ. Kermani O. Dardenne MU. [Preparation of hard
tooth structure w ith Excimer lasers]. [German] Deutsche Zahnarztliche
Zeitschrift. 44(6):454-7, 1989 Jun. Health Sciences Library (Boston).
36. Iijima Y. Koulourides T. Mineral density and fluoride content of in vitro
remineralized lesions. Journal of Dental Research. 67(3):577-81, 1988 Mar.
Health Sciences Library (Boston).
37. Ishikiriama A. Oliveira J de F. Vieira DF. Mondelli J. Influence of some
factors on the fit of cemented crowns. Journal of Prosthetic Denfiistry.
45(4):400-
4, 1981 Apr. Health Sciences Library (Boston).
38. Vainio J. Kilpikari J. Tormala P. Rokkanen P. Experimental fixation of
bone cement and composite resins to bone. Archives of Orthopaedic &
Traumatic Surgery. 94{3):191-5, 1979 Aug.
39. Tsvetkova G. [Dental acid etching methods--theoretical premises and
practical application]. [Review]-[48 refs] [Bulgarian] Stomatologiia.
60(2):152-8,
1978 Mar-Apr.
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-29-
40. Gwinnett AJ. Status report on acid etching procedures. Council on Dentai
Materials and Devices. Journal of the American Dental Association. 97(3):505-
8,
1978 Sep. Health Sciences Library (Boston).
41. Koch G. Paulander J. [Clinical evaluation of composite restorations made
with acid etching methods). [Swedish) Svensk Tandlakaretidskrift. 69(6):191-6,
1976.
42. Rowe AH. A modification of the acid-etching technique for restoring
fractured incisors. Journal of Dentistry. 2(1):35-6, 1973 Oct. Health Sciences
Library (Boston).
Miscellaneous References
1. Lyons KM. Rodda JC. Hood JA. Use of a pressure chamber to compare
microleakage of three luting agents. International Journal of Prosthodontics.
10(S):426-33, 1997 Sep-Oct.
2. Kydd WL. Nicholls .JI. Harrington G. Freeman M. Marginal leakage of cast
gold crowns luted with zinc phosphate cement: an in vivo study. Journal of
Prosthetic Dentistry. 75(1):9-13, 1996 Jan. Health Sciences Library (Boston).
3. White SN. Yu Z. Tom JF. Sangsurasak S. In vivo microleakage of luting
cements for cast crowns. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 71(4):333-8, 1994
Apr.
Health Sciences Library (Boston).
4. Prati C. Fava F. Di Gioia D. Selighini M. Pashley DH. Antibacterial
effectiveness of dentin bonding systems. Dental Materials. 9(6):338-43, 1993
Nov. Health Sciences Library (Boston).
5. Blair KF. Koeppen RG. Schwartz RS. Davis RD. Microleakage associated
with resin composite-cemented, cast glass ceramic restoration. International
Journal of Prosthodontics. 6(6):579-84, 1993 Nov-Dec.
6. Zaimoglu A. Karaagaclioglu L. Uctasli. Influence of porcelain material and
composite luting resin on microleakage of porcelain laminate veneers. Journal
of
Oral Rehabilitation. 19(4):319-27, 1992 Jul. Health Sciences Library (Boston).
7. White SN. Sorensen JA. Kong SK. Caputo AA. Microleakage of new crown
and fixed partial denture luting agents. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.
67(2):156-61, 1992 Feb. Health Sciences Library (Boston).
8. Berg JH. Pettey DE. Hutchins MO. Microleakage of three luting agents
used with stainless steel crowns. Pediatric Dentistry. 10(3):195-8, 1988 Sep.
Health Sciences Library (Boston).
The following is a list of polymers which will be useful as a protective
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substance in the present invention.
POLYMER LIST
Tradenames, Generic Polymers, and Suppliers
Tradename Material Manufacturer
A
Acctuf PP copolymer Amoco Polymers
Acetron Acetal DSM
Aclon fluoropoiymer Allied Signal
ACP PVC Alpha Gary
Acrylite acrylic Cyro Industries
Acryrex acrylic Chi Mei Industrial
Adell thermoplastic resin Adell
- - - - Montell
Adpro polypropylene Huntsman
Adstif - - - - Montell
Aff pity plastomer Dow Plastics
PS Dow Plastics
Akulon nylon 6,66 DSM
Akuloy nylon 6,66 alloys DSM
Alathon HDPE, HDPE copolymer Lyondell Polymers
Albis nylon 6, 66 Albis Canada
TP elastomer DuPont
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Algoffon ffuoropolymer Auismont
Alphatec TP elastomer Alpha Gary
Amilan nylon Toray Industries
Amoco thermoplastic resin Amoco
Amodel PPA (polyphthalamide) Amoco Polymers
Apec PC (high temperature) Bayer
API polystyrene American Polymers
Aqualoy nylon 6/ I2, 66, PP ComAlloy
Aquathene polyethylene Quantum
Alcryn TP elastomer DuPont
Arcel styrene/ ethylene
copolymer Nova Chemicals
Ardel polyarylate Amoco Polymers
Arnitel TP elastomer DSM
Aropol thermoset resin Ashland
Arpro expandable PP bead JSP
Arpak expandable PP bead JSP
Ashlene nylon 6, 66, 6/ 12 Ashley Polymers
Astryn PP alloy, co- and Montell
homopolymer, TPO
Attane ULDPE Dow Plastics
AurumTP polyimide Mitsui Toatsu
AVP (various) Polymerland
Azdel thermoplastic resin Azdel
B
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Bapolene polyethylene Bamberger
Barex acrylonitrile copolymer BP Chemicals
Bayblend polycarbonate/ABS Bayer
Baydur structural foam
PUR RIM Bayer
Baylon nylon 6/6 Bay Resins
Beetle urea formaldehyde Cytec Industries
Henvic PVC Solway
Beta - - - - Beta Polymers
Bexloy ionomer DuPont
Boltaron FR PP GenCorp
C
Cabot thermoplastic resin Cabot
Cadon SMA copolymer Bayer
Calibre polycarbonate Dow Plastics
Capron nylon 6, 66, 66/6 Allied Signal
Carilon aliphatic PK Shell
Cefor polypropylene Shell
Celanese nylon 6, nylon 6/6 Hoechst-Celanese
Celanex polyester (PBT) Hoechst-Celanese
Celcon acetal copolymer Hoechst-Celanese
Celstran long fiber reinforced Hoechst-Celanese
Centrex ASA, ASA+AES Bayer
Cevian ABS, ABS+PBT,SAN Daicel
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C-flex SBS, SEES Concept Polymer
Chemigum TP eiastomer Goodyear
Chemlon Nylon 6,66 Chem Polymer
Claradex ABS Shin-A
Compodic - - - - DIC Trading
Comshield PP ComAlloy
Comtuf impact resistant resins ComAlloy
Cosmic - - - - Cosmic
Corton mineral filled material PolyPacific
Crastin ~PBT DuPont
Crystalor polymethylpentene (PMP) Phillips Chemical
CTI Nylon 66 M.A.Hanna
Cycogel ABS Nova Polymers
Cycolac ABS, ABS+pBT GE Plastics
Cycolin ABS/PBT GE Plastics
Cycoloy polycarbonate/ABS GE Plastics
Cyglas TS polyester Cytec Industries
Cymel melamine formaldehyde Cytec Industries
Cyrex acrylic/ polycarbonate
Alloy Cyro Industries
Cyroiite acrylic Cyro Industries
D
Delrin acetal DuPont
Desmopan TP polyurethane Bayer
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Dexplex TPO D&S Polymers
Diamon - - - - Diamond Polymers
Dimension Nylon 6 alloy Allied Signal
Dowlex HDPE, LLDPE Dow Plastics
Drexflex TP elastomer D&S Plastics
Duraflex polybutylene Shell
Dural PVC Alpha Gary
Durel polyarylate Hoechst-Celanese
Durethan nylon 6 Bayer
Durez ~thermoset resins Occidental
Dylark SMA copolymer Nova Chemicals
Dylene polystyrene Nova Chemicals
Dylite expandable polystyrene Nova Chemicals
Dynaflex SBS, SEBS GLS Plastics
E
Eastabond PET Eastman Chemical
Eastalloy PC+Polyester Eastman Chemical
Eastapak PET Eastman Chemical
Eastar (various polyesters) Eastman Chemical
Eastman thermoplastic resin Eastman Chemical
Ecdel TP elastomer Eastman Chemical
Ecoprene TP Elastomer Rubber & Plastics
Solutions
Edistir polystyrene Enichem
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Ektar PET, PBT, PCT polyester
Eastman Chemical
Ektar FB TP elastomer Eastman Chemical
Elastalloy TP elastomer GLS corp
Elastollan polyurethane TPE BASF
Electrafil electrically conductive DSM
polymers
Elexar TP Elastomer Teknor Apex
Elvamide nylon copolymer DuPont
Eltex HDPE Solway
Eltex P PP Solway
Elvax EVA copolymer DuPont
Emac EMA copolymer Chevron Chemical
Emiclear - - - - Toshiba
Emi-X (various) LNP
Empee polyethylene,
polypropylene Monmouth
Enathene ethylene butyl acrylate Quantum
Engage TP elastomer Dow Plastics
Epalex - - - - PolyPacific
Eref PA/ PP alloy Solway
Escalloy PP (stress crack resist)ComAlloy
Escoracid terpolymer Exxon Chemical
Escorene polypropylene Exxon Chemical
Estaloc polyurethane BF Goodrich
Estane polyurethane TPEBF Goodrich
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Evalca EVA copolymer Eval
Exact plastomer Exxon Chemical
Extron glass filled material PolyPacific
Exzctxal TP elastomer Exxon Chemical
F
Faradex conductive wire filled DSM
Ferrene polyethylene Ferro
Ferrex polypropylene Ferro
Ferro - - - - Ferro
Ferrocon Polyolefm Ferro
Ferroflo polystyrene Ferro
Ferropak PP/PE alloy Ferro
Fiberfil fiber reinforced materialDSM
Fiberloc fiber reinforced PVC Geon
Fiberstran long fiber reinforced DSM
material
Fina polyolefm Fina Oil
Finaclear polystyrene, SBS Fina Oil
Finaprene TP elasto~er Fina Oil
Flexalloy PVC Teknor Apex
Flexomer polyethylene (ULDPE) Union Carbide
Flexprene TP elastomer Teknor Apex
Fluorocomp reinforced fluoropalymerLNP
Foamspan thermoplastic foam ComAlloy
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Foraflon PVDF Atochem
Formion ionomer A. Schulman
Fortiflex polyethylene Solway
Fortilene polypropylene Solway
Fortron PPS Hoechst-Celanese
FR-P CPC Lucky
FTPE Fluorelastomer - 3M Performance
Polymers
G
Gapex nylon Ferro
Geloy ASA, ASA+PC, ASA+PVC
GE Plastics
Geolast TP elastomer Advanced Elastomer
Sys.
Geon PVC Geon
Glaskyd alkyd CYTEC
Glastic thermost resin Glastic
Goldrex acrylic Hanyang Chemical
Grilamid nylon 12 EMS-American
Grilon
Grilon nylon 6, 66 EMS-American
Grilon
Grilpet PET EMS-American
Grilon
Grivory nylon EM S-American
Grilon
g
Halar fluoropolymer Ausimont
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Halon ffuoropolymer Ausimont
Hanalac ABS Miwon
Haysite thermoset resin Haysite
Hercuprene TP elastomer J-Von
Hetron thermoset resin Ashland
Hifax PP, TPE, TPO Montell
HiGlass glass filled polypropyleneHimont
Hiloy high strength resin ComAlloy
Histat electrically conductive United Composites
HiVal polyethylene (HDPE) General
Polymers
Hivalloy PP alloy Montell
Hostacen metallocene PP Hoechst-Celanese
Hostacom reinforced PP Hoechst-Celanese
Hostaflon fluoropolymers Hoechst-Celanese
Hostaform acetal copolymer Hoechst-Celanese
Hostalen PE Hoechst-Celanese
Hostalen-GUR UHMW PE Hoechst-Celanese
Hostalen PP polypropylene Hoechst-Celanese
Hostalloy polyolefin alloy Hoechst-Celanese
Huntsman thermoplastic Huntsman
Hyflon fluoropolymer Auismont
Hylar PVDF Auismont
Hylon nylon 6, 66 Hale
Hytrel TP elastomer DuPont
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I
Impetpolyester (PET) Hoechst-Celanese
Interpol polyurethane Cook Composites
Iotek ionomer Exxon
Isoplast TPU Dow Plastics
Iupiace PPO/ PPE Mitsubishi
Iupilon polycarbonate Mitsubishi
Iupital acetal Mitsubishi
Ixan PVDF Solway
Ixef polyarylamide Soivay Polymers
J
J-Plast TP elastomer J-Von
K
Kadel PAEK Amoco Polymers
Kamax acrylic copolymer AtoHaas
Kemcor LDPE, HDPE Kemcor Australia
Kematal acetal copolymer Hoechst-Celanese
Kibisan SAN Chi Mei Industrial
Kibiton SBS Chi Mei Industrial
Koblend polycarbonate/ABS EniChem America
Kodapak PET polyester Eastman
Kodar PETG polyester Eastman
Kohinor vinyl Rimtec
Kopa Nylon 6,66 Kolon America
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Kraton styrenic TPE Shell Chemical
K-Resin styrene/butadiene Phillips Chemical
copolymer
Kynar PVDF Atochem
L
Ladene polystyrene SABIC
Lexan polycarbonate GE Plastics
Lomod TP elastomer GE Plastics
Lubricomp wear resistant material LNP
Lubrilon nylon 6,66,6/ 12,PBT C omalloy
Lubriloy internally lubricated LNP
material
Lucel acetal copolymer Lucky
Lucet acetal copolymer Lucky
Lumax PBT alloy Lucky
Lupan SAN Lucky
Lupol polyolefin Lucky
Lupon nylon 66 Lucky
Lupos ABS Lucky
Lupox PBT Lucky
Lupoy ABS+pBT Lucky
Luran SAN,ASA BASF
Lusep PPS Lucky
Lustran ABS, SAN, ABS+Acrylic Bayer
Luxis nylon 6/6 Westover
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Lytex epoxy Quantum Composites
M
Magnacomp Nylon 6, 6/ 10, PP LNP
Magnum ABS Dow Plastics
Makrolon polycarbonate, PC blend Bayer
Makroblend polycarbonate blend Bayer
Malecca styrenic copolymer Denki Kagalcu
Maranyl nylon ICI Americas
Marlex polyethylene,
polypropylene Phillips Chemical
Mater-Bi biodegradeable polymer Novamont
Microthene PE Quantum
Milastomer TP elastomer Mitsui
Mindel PSU, PSU alloy Amoco Polymers
Minion mineral filled nylon DuPont
6/6,
6/6/6
Morthane TPU Morton
Multibase ABS Multibase
Mufti-Flam polypropylene Multibase
Mufti-Flex TP elastomer Multibase
Mufti-Hips polystyrene Multibase
Mufti-Pro polypropylene Multibase
Mufti-San SAN copolymer Multibase
N
NASSMMA acrylic Nova Chemicals
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Naxell polycarbonate (recycled) MRC Polymers
Norsophen Phenolic Norold Composites
Nortuff HDPE, polypropylene Polymerland
Noryl PPO, PPO alloy GE Plastics
Novalast TP elastomer Nova Polymers
Novalene TP elastomer Nova Polymers
Novamid nylon Mitsubishi
Novapol LLDPE,LDPE,HDPE Nova Chemicals
Novatemp PVC Novatec
Novon starch based polymer Novon
NSC Nylon, PS Thermofil
Nucrel EMAA copolymer DuPont
Nybex nylon 6/ 12 Nova
Nydur nylon 6 Bayer (now called
Durethan)
NYI~ nylon 66 DSM
Nylamid nylon Polymer Service
Nylast TP elastomer Allied Signal
Nylatron glass reinforced nylon DSM
Nylene nylon Custom Resins
Nylind nylon 66 DuPont
Nyloy nylon 66, PC, PP Nytex Composites
Nypel nylon 6 Allied SIgnal
Nytron nylon 66 Nytex Composites
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O
Olehard filled polypropylene Chiso America
Ontex TP elastomer D&S Plastics
Optema EMA copolymer Exxon Chemical
Optix acrylic Plaskolite
Oxy vinyl Occidental
Oxyblend vinyl Occidental
Oxyclear PVC Occidental
P
Panlite polycarbonate Teijin Chemical
Paxon HDPE Paxon
Pebax PEBA Atochem
Pellethane polyurethane TP
elastomer Dow Plastics
PermaStat (various) RTP
Perspex acrylic ICI Acrylics
Petlon PBT Albis
Petra polyester (PET) Allied Signal
Petrothene polyethylene,
polypropylene, C,'~uantum
TPO
Pibiter polyester (PBT) EniChem
Plaslok thermoset resins Plaslok
Plaslube lubricated materials DSM
Plenco thermoset resins Plastics
Engineering
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Plexiglas acrylic AtoHaas
(Rohm & Haas)
Pliovic vinyl Goodyear
PMC melamine formaldehyde Sun Coast
Pocan polyester (PBT) Albis
Polifil reinforced polyolefins Polifil
Polyfabs ABS A. Schulman
Polyfil _ _ _ _ Polyfil
Polyfine - - - - Tokutama Soda
Polyflam flame retardant
thermoplastic A. Schulman
Polyflon fluoropolymer Daikin
Polyfort polypropylene,
polyethylene A. Schulman
Polyiac ABS Chi Mei Industrial
Polyman ABS Alloy A. Schulman
Polypur reinforced or alloyed A. Schulman
TPE
Polytron PVC alloy Geon
Polytrope TP elastomer A. Schulman
Polyvin PVC A. Schulman
Porene ABS Thai Petrochemical
Premi-glas glass reinforced SMC Premix
Premi ject thick molding compound Premix
(thermoset)
Prevail ABS/polyurethane Dow Plastics
Prevex PPE GE Plastics
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Primef PPS Solway
Prism polyurethane RIM Bayer
Polyvin PVC A. Schulman
Primacor EAA copolymer Dow Plastics
Pro-Fax polyolefins Montell
Propak polypropylene PolyPacific
Pulse polycarbonate/ABS Dow Plastics
R
gTP ____ ~P
Radel polyether sulfone Amoco Performance
Products
Radiflam nylon FR Radicinovacips
Radilon nylon 6 Radicinovacips
Radipol nylon 6/6 Radicinovacips
Reny nylon 6/6 Mitsubishi
Replay polystyrene Huntsman
Reprean ethylene copolymer Discas
Resinoid thermoset resins Resinoid
Retain PE Dow Plastics
Rexene thermoplastic resin Rexene
Rexflex polypropylene Rexene
Rilsan rotational molding resinsAtochem
Rimplast TP elastomer Huls
Rimtec vinyl Rimtec
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Riteflex TP elastomer Hoechst-Celanese
Rogers thermoset resins Rogers
Ronfalin ABS DSM
Rynite polyester (PET,PBT) DuPont
Ryton PPS Phillips Chemical
S
Sabre PC+PET Dow Plastics
Santoprene TPE, TPO Advanced Elastomer
Sys.
Saran vinylidine chloride Dow Plastics
Sarlink TPE, TPO DSM
Satinflex PVC Alpha Gary
Schulaflex flexible elastomers A. Schulman
Schulamid nylon 6, 66 A. Schulman
Schulink cross-linkable HDPE A. Schulman
Sclair polyethylene Nova Chemicals
Selar nylon, PET DuPont
Shell polyolefms Shell
Shinite PBT Shinkong
Sinkral ABS EniChem
Sinvet polycarbonate EniChem
Soarnol EVA copolymer Nichimen
Solef PVDF Solway Polymers
Solvic PVC Solway Polymers
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Spectar polyester copolymer Eastman
Stanyl nylon 46 DSM
Stanuloy PC.PET blend (recycled) MRC Polymers
Stapron ABS+PC, SMA DSM
Stat-Kon static dissipative material
LNP
Stat-Loy static dissipative material
LNP
Stereon styrene/butadiene bl. Firestone
copolymer
Stypol thermoset resin Cook Composites
Styrafil .filled styrenes DSM
Styron PS Dow Plastics
Styropor PS BASF
Sumiplex acrylic Sumitomo
Sunprene PVC elastomer A. Schulman
Suntra PPS Sunkyong
Industries
Supec PPS GE Plastics
Superkleen PVC Alpha Gary
Suprel ABS/PVC Vista Chemical
Surlyn Ionomer DuPont
Synprene TP elastomer Synergistics
Industries
T
Technyl nylon 66 Rhone-Poulenc
Tecoflex PUR Thermidics
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Tecothane PUR Thermidics
Tedur PPS Albis
Teflon fluoropolymer DuPont
Tefzel PE-TFE fluoropoiymerDuPont
Tekron TP elastomer Tekn:or Apex
Telcar TP elastomer Teknor Apex
Telcar TP elastomer Teknor Apex
Tempalloy high temperature resin ComAlloy
TempRite CPVCBF Goodrich
Tenac ~acetal Ashai
Tenite polyolefin, cellulosic,
CAB Eastman
Terluran ABS BASF
Terlux MABS BASF
Texalon nylon Texapol
Texapol - - - - Texapol
Texin polyurethane Bayer
Thermex heat dissipative
materials ComAlloy
Thermocomp glass, carbon fiber LNP
reinforced
Thermx copolyester Eastman
Tone PCL Union Carbide
Tonen - - - - TCA Plastics
Topalloy - - = - TCA Plastics
Topas cyclooiefin copolymer Hoechst-Celanese
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Topex PBT Tong Yang Nylon
Toplex polycarbonate/ABS Multibase
Toray PBT Toray Industries
Torlon polyamide-imide Amoco Polymers
Toyolac ABS, polycarbonate
/ABS Toray Industries
TPX polymethylpentene (PMP) Mitsui
Trefsin TP elastomer Advanced Elastomer
Sys.
Triax polycarbonate/ABS,
ANS/ Nylon Bayer
Tribit PBT Sam Yang
Triloy PC+PBT, ABS+PC Sam Yang
Trirex PC Sam Yang
Tufrex ABS Bayer
Typlax _ _ _ _ Typlax
Tyril SAN Dow Plastics
U
Ube - - - - Ube Industries
Udel PSO Amoco Performance
Products
Ultem polyetherimide GE Plastics
Ultradur polyester (PBT) BASF
Ultraform acetal BASF
Ultramid nylon BASF
Ultrapek PAEK BASF
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Industries
T
Technyl nylon 66 Rhone-Poulenc
Tecoflex PUR Thermidics
Tecothane PUR Thermidics
Tedur PPS Albis
Teflon fluoropolymer DuPont
Tefzel PE-TFE fluoropolymerDuPont
Tekron TP elastomer Teknor Apex
Telcar TP elastomer Teknor Apex
Telcar TP elastomer Teknor Apex
Tempalloy high temperature resin ComAlloy
TempRite CPVCBF Goodrich
Tenac acetal Ashai
Tenite polyolefin, cellulosic, Eastman
CAB
Terluran ABS BASF
Terlux MABS BASF
Texalon nylon Texapol
Texapol - - - - Texapol
Texin polyurethane Bayer
Thermex heat dissipative
materials ComAlloy
Thermocomp glass, carbon fiber LNP
reinforced
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Thermx copolyester Eastman
Tone PCL Union Carbide
Tonen - - - - TCA Plastics
Topalloy - - - - TCA Plastics
Topas cycloolefin copolymer Hoechst-Celanese
Topex PBT Tong Yang Nylon
Toplex polycarbonate/ABS Multibase
Toray PBT Toray Industries
Torlon polyamide-imide Amoco Polymers
Toyolac ABS, polycarbonate
/ABS Toray Industries
TPX polymethylpentene (PMP) Mitsui
Trefsin TP elastomer Advanced Elastomer
Sys.
Triax polycarbonate/ ABS,
ANS / Nylon Bayer
Tribit PBT Sam Yang
Triloy PC+PBT, ABS+PC Sam Yang
Trirex PC Sam Yang
Tufrex ABS Bayer
Typlax - _ _ _ TYPI~
Tyri1 SAN Dow Plastics
U
Ube - - - - Ube Industries
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Udel FSO Amoco Performance
Products
Ultem polyetherimide GE Plastics
Ultradur polyester (PBT) BASF
Ultraform acetal BAS F
Ultramid nylon BASF
Ultrapek PAEK BASF
Ultrason - polyether sulfone (PES) BASF
E
Ultrason - polysuifone (PSO) BASF
S
Ultrastyr ABS Enichem America
Ultrathene EVA copolymer Quantum
Unichem PVC Colorite Plastics
Unival polyethylene Union Carbide
V
Valox polyester (PBT, PET, PCT)GE Plastics
Valtec - - - - Montell
Valtra polystyrene Chevron Chemical
Vandar polyester alloy Hoechst-Celanese
Vector SBS, SIS Dexco Polymers
Vectra liquid crystal polymer Hoechst-Celanese
Verton long fiber reinforced LNP
Vespel polyimide DuPont
Vestamid nylon Huls
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Victrex PEEKICI Advanced
Materials
Vista vinyl Vista Chemical
VistaFlex TP elastomer Advanced Elastomer
Sys.
Vistel PVC Vista Chemical
Vitax ASA Hitachi Chemical
Voloy flame retardant
materials ComAlloy
Vybex polyester Ferro
Vydyne nylon Monsanto
Vyram TP elastomer Advanced Elastomer
Sys.
Vythene PVC+PUR Alpha Gary
w
Wellamid nylon W ellman
WPP PP Washington Penn
X
Xenoy polycarbonate/polyester GE Plastics
XT-Polymer acrylic copolymer Cyro Industries
Xydar liquid crystal polymer Amoco Polymers
Z
Zemid PE, HDPE DuPont Canada
Zenite LCP DuPont
Zeonex polymethylpentene (PMP) Nippon Zeon
CA 02310818 2000-OS-23
WO 00/09030 PCT/US99117879
- 54 -
Zylar acrylic copolymer Novacor
Zytel nylon Du Pont
The present invention has been described in detail, including the preferred
embodiments thereof. However, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the
art,
upon consideration of the present disclosure, may make modifications and/or
improvements on this invention and still be within the scope and spirit of
this
invention as set forth in the following claims.
