Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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Heat Transfer Device
This invention relates to heat transfer devices. In particular, but not
exclusively, this invention relates to heat transfer devices for heating or
cooling
edible or potable materials.
The development of efficient and "environmentally-friendly°
technologies for cooling drink and food products has been sought after. The
trend towards more leisure time being spent in locations away from home is on
the increase as the range and availability of outdoor entertainments and
pastimes increases.
Advances have been made in developing cooling devices, including cold
boxes, thermo-electric picnic coolers and portable chilling units. However,
these units have the disadvantages of being bulky and expensive. One device,
known as the "chill can" has been subjected to International restrictions
owing
to environmental concerns over its use. Furthermore, little attention has been
paid to the development of heating devices for heating drinks and food
products.
According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a heat transfer
device containing a refrigerant, and said device further including operative
means for allowing transfer of the refrigerant from a first region of the
device
to a second region of the device and means to drive said transfer of the
refrigerant, thereby transferring heat from said first region to said second
region, such that heat can be transferred to or from a material to be heated
or
cooled. Preferably, the transfer of said refrigerant occurs by evaporation of
the
refrigerant.
Desirably, the means to drive said transfer of the refrigerant comprises a
refrigerant take up agent to take up said refrigerant. Thus, heat can be
extracted from the material by transfer of the refrigerant and heat is given
out
by the take up agent when the refrigerant is taken up thereby. The take up
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agent may be in the form of an. adsorbent or absorbent.
According to another aspect of this invention there is provided a heat
transfer device containing a refrigerant and a refrigerant take up agent, and
said device further including operative means for allowing evaporation of the
refrigerant, whereby the take up agent takes up said evaporated refrigerant
such that heat absorbed on evaporation of the refrigerant is evolved at the
take
up agent to enable heat to be transferred to or from a material to be heated
or
cooled.
Advantageously, the device is of a suitable size to be inserted in, or
arranged in, or installed, or arranged around, a vessel suitable for holding a
beverage. Preferably, the taking up of the refrigerant occurs at a first
region of
the device and evaporation of the refrigerant by the take up agent occurs at a
second region.
The take up agent may be an adsorbent or an absorbent. Thus; heat of
adsorption or absorption is given out when the evaporated refrigerant is
adsorbed onto the adsorbent or absorbed by the absorbent.
Desirably, the device comprises a first part for the take up agent and a
second part for the refrigerant. The first part is preferably at a lower
pressure
than the second part before the operative means is operated. In one
embodiment, the second part may be at ambient pressure and the first part
may be evacuated. In another embodiment, the second portion may be at above
ambient pressure and the first part may be at ambient pressure. Alternatively,
both the first and second parts are evacuated.
The first and second parts are advantageously isolated from each other.
The operative means may be adapted to provide communication between the
first and second parts on operation thereof. The first and second parts may be
permanently attached to each ether, for example they may be integral with each
other. Alternatively, the first and second parts may be initially separate
from
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each other to be attached together to allow communication therebetween on
operation of the operative means.
The device may comprise a first element, which may be in the form of a
first wall, on which the take up agent can be arranged, and a second element,
which may be in the form of a second wall, to provide dispersion of the
refrigerant. The first element may be substantially cylindrical in shape, but
it
may be of any other suitable shape. The second element may be cylindrical in
shape and dispersal means may be provided on said second element to disperse
the refrigerant around the second element. dispersal means may comprise
wicking means. The first and second elements are desirably spaced from each
other to allow heat transfer from one to the other.
In one embodiment, the first part includes the second element and the
second part may be in the form of a container adapted to release refrigerant
into the second element on operation of the operative means. The operative
means may comprise a release member adapted to provide an aperture in the
second part to release said refrigerant. The release member may be in the form
of a spike or pin to pierce the second part. The second part may be formed of
a
suitable plastics material, and may be in the form of a bubble.
In another embodiment, the second part may comprise the second
element. The operative means may comprise an elongate rod having at one end
thereof a substantially cylindrical member. A membrane may be provided
between the first and second parts to isolate the first part from the second
part.
The cylindrical member preferably has an open end arranged adjacent the
membrane, whereby operation of the operative means pushes the open end of
the cylindrical member into engagement with the membrane and pierces the
membrane. The membrane is preferably formed of a metallic foil, for example
aluminium foil.
Where the device is to be used to cool the material, the second element is
advantageously adapted to be arranged adjacent, or in contact with, said
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material, and the first element is arranged such that heat transfer thereto
can
be dissipated to the atmosphere. Where the device is to be used to heat the
material, the first element is advantageously adapted to be arranged adjacent,
or in contact with, said material and the second element is arranged such that
heat can be extracted from the atmosphere to be transferred to the first
element
thereby heating said material.
Preferably, at least the first part is in the form of a tube or pipe, although
both first and second parts may be generally in the form generally of a tube
or
pipe. The first part or both first and second parts may be in the form of an
elongate tube, wherein the first part constitutes a first portion of the tube
and
the second part constitutes a second portion of the tube.
In one embodiment, the first part constitutes a double skin of a vessel
holding the material to be heated or cooled, the double skin comprising inner
and outer walls. In another embodiment, the tube is in the form of a sleeve
having said inner and outer walls, the said sleeve being adapted to receive a
vessel, for example a bottle or a can to be heated or cooled. Preferably,
where
the material is to be heated, the inner wall constitutes said first element
and
the outer wall constitutes said second element. Preferably, where the material
is to be cooled, the outer wall constitutes the first element and the inner
wall
constitutes the second element.
In a further embodiment, the device is configured to be arranged inside a
vessel for heating or cooling the material therein. The device may be
manufactured separately to be inserted in the vessel when desired, or may be
arranged in the vessel during manufacture.
In another embodiment, the second part constitutes a double skin of a
vessel holding the material to be cooled, the double skin comprising inner and
outer walls. Preferably, the inner wall is provided with wicking means which
preferably substantially covers the inner wall. Advantageously, the wicking
means is wetted prior to use of the device.
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The wicking means may be formed of a porous fabric, for example cloths
sold under the trade mark J-Cloth or similar. The fabric is preferably
perforated to define at least one aperture, and desirably a plurality of
apertures
therethrough to prevent or reduce the formation of ice on the fabric.
In a further embodiment, the first part is preferably arranged on the
second part. The first part may be in the form of a first tube and the second
part may be in the form of a second tube. The second part is receivable in the
material and may further include heat exchange members adapted to extend
into the material to enhance the transfer of heat. The heat exchange members
may comprise a plurality of fins which are preferably in the form of wire
loops.
Further heat exchange members may extend in the second part, which may
comprise a plurality of fins preferably in the form of wire loops.
One of said first and second elements may surround the other of said
first and second elements, The other of said first and second element can
preferably be arranged in a material to be heated or cooled.
In one embodiment, the first element is in the form of a first tube
surrounding the second element, which is preferably in the form of a second
tube. The second element is desirably adapted to be arranged in a material to
be cooled.
A conduit arrangement may extend between the first and second
elements to conduct the evaporated refrigerant, thereby transferring heat from
the second element to the first element. When the device is to be used to cool
the material, the first element surrounds the second element and, when the
device is to be used to heat the material, the second element surrounds the
first
element.
Heat exchange members may extend from the first or second element
into the material to be heated or cooled. The first and second elements may
comprise first and second tubes initially separate from each other and adapted
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to be connected in communication for heating or cooling. The second part may
comprise a container connected to the second part.
The operative means may comprise a valve between the first and second
parts. The valve is preferably movable to an open position to allow the first
and
second parts to communicate with each other.
Heat absorption means may be arranged adjacent one of the first or
second elements. Where the device is to be used to cool the material, the heat
absorption means may be arranged in thermal contact with the first element to
absorb heat given out by the take up agent. The heat so absorbed by the heat
absorption means may be desorbed to the atmosphere. Where the device is to
be used to heat the material, the heat absorption means may be arranged in
thermal contact with the second element, whereby heat absorbed by the heat
absorption means can be desorbed via the second element to evaporate
refrigerant in the first part.
In one embodiment, the heat absorption means is provided in a chamber
which may be defined at least partially by the first or second element.
Preferably, the chamber surrounds, or is surrounded by, said first part. In
one
embodiment, the chamber is in the form of a substantially cylindrical tube
defined substantially wholly by said first or second element internally of the
first part. In another embodiment, the chamber is in the form of a sleeve
defined partially by the first or second element externally of said first
part.
The sleeve is conveniently defined between said first or second element and an
external wall.
In one embodiment, the heat absorption means comprises a refrigerant
adapted to evaporate when heat is absorbed thereby. Valve means may also be
provided to release to the atmosphere evaporated refrigerant from the heat
absorption means. The valve means is particularly suitable where the device is
to be used for cooling the material.
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In another embodiment, the heat absorption means may be a phase
change material adapted to change phase from solid to liquid or from solid to
vapour on absorption of heat. Where the phase change material changes from
solid to vapour, valve means may be provided to release the vapour to the
atmosphere. The use of valve means is particularly suitable where the device
is
to be used in cooling the material.
In a further embodiment, the heat absorption means may be a heat pipe
preferably having one end region in thermal contact with the first part and
the
opposite end region outside the first part. The end region of the heat pipe
external of said first part may be provided with fin means to assist in heat
transfer to or from the heat pipe. In this embodiment, said one end region is
preferably surrounded by the first part.
In another embodiment, the device may comprise at least one heat pipe,
and preferably a plurality of heat pipes extending from the second part into
the
material. The, or each, heat pipe is preferably in the form of a needle heat
pipe.
In this embodiment, a valve is provided between the second part and the first
part, whereby when the valve is opened, refrigerant in the second part is
evaporated to be taken up by the take up agent in the first part, and the
evaporation of the refrigerant causes heat to be transferred from the material
along the heat pipes to an end region of the or each heat pipe in the first
part,
thereby cooling the material. In this embodiment, the first part is arranged
outside the vessel containing the material, and the second part is arranged
inside the vessel. Alternatively, where heating is required, the second part
may
be arranged outside the vessel, and heat pipes may extend from the first part
inside the vessel whereby when the valve is opened, evaporating refrigerant is
taken up by the take up agent and heat dissipated by the, or each, heat pipe
into the material.
The above embodiments are particularly suitable for use with a take up
agent in the form of an adsorbent.
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In a further embodiment, where the take up agent comprises an
absorbent, the device may be provided with a third part initially containing
the
absorbent. The third part may be provided with release means, whereby when
the release means is activated, absorbent is released into the second portion.
In
this embodiment, when the operative means for the second part is operated, the
refrigerant is released into the first part to be evaporated therein and
absorbed
by the absorbent thereby releasing heat. The third part may be a further
bubble, and the operative means may be suitable for piercing the bubble, or
otherwise forming an aperture in said further bubble.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a
heat-transfer device comprising an elongate, generally tubular member adapted
to contain a refrigerant and an adsorbent or absorbent, together with means to
cause the refrigerant to be adsorbed by the adsorbent, whereby heat is evolved
from the adsorbent or absorbent and absorbed by the refrigerant material.
In one embodiment, the device may comprise a pipe (or a linked plurality
of pipes).
Preferably, a device according to this embodiment comprises an elongate
pipe having a first portion to containing the adsorbent or absorbent, a second
portion initially separated from said first portion and adapted to contain the
refrigerant, and communication means between said first and second portions,
whereby operation of said communication means causes the refrigerant to be
adsorbed or absorbed by the adsorbent or absorbent, with evolution of heat
from the first portion of the device and corresponding absorption of heat at
the
second portion of the device.
The second portion (to contain the refrigerant) is generally integral
with the elongate pipe. The second portion may be adapted to contain the
refrigerant either under sub-ambient or under super-ambient pressure, i.e.
under vacuum or under pressure respectively, relative to ambient pressure.
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The second portion may contain the refrigerant under permanent sub-
ambient or super-ambient pressure.
Alternatively, means, such as a pump, may be provided to produce a sub-
ambient or super-ambient pressure in the first portion when required. Means
may also be provided to purge air from the first portion, thereby increasing
the
efficiency of the device.
The first portion (to contain the adsorbent or absorbent) may likewise be
integral with the elongate pipe.
Alternatively, the first portion may be initially discrete relative to the
second portion and adapted to be connected thereto. Such connection may
preferably include operating means for causing communication between the
first and second portions of the elongate pipe.
The communication means may, for example, comprise one or more
valves (such as one-way or throttle valves). Alternatively, the communication
means may comprise a three-way (or ejector) valve.
In another embodiment, the heat-transfer device may comprise a pipe (or
a linked plurality of pipes).
In a further embodiment, the device comprises an elongate pipe in which
the refrigerant and the adsorbent or absorbent are combined and under super-
ambient pressure within the pipe. In this embodiment, the adsorption or
absorption of the refrigerant by the adsorbent yr absorbent, with consequent
cooling and heating respectively, is achieved by the release of the super-
ambient pressure by means of a valve or the like provided in operative
association with the elongate pipe.
In yet another embodiment, the refrigerant is contained, under sub-
ambient pressure, in an outer skin of a vessel containing a liquid such as a
soft
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drink) to be cooled. A valve is provided in the skin for the release of the
vacuum and the valve is operable by means including a container for the
adsorbent.
The heat-transfer device according to any of the foregoing embodiment
of the present invention may be provided with an internally-located wick to
assist movement of the refrigerant. Such a wick can be made, for example, of
metallic mesh (e.g. copper mesh or stainless steel mesh), or of a sintered
powder (e.g. sintered copper or P.T.F.E.).
The device according to the present invention, may be permanently fixed
inside a vessel to contain a liquid to be cooled or heated.
Alternatively, such a device may be provided as a "portable" or
°pocket"
device, to be placed in an opened container (such as a can of beer to be
cooled
or a can of soup to be heated) when required.
Devices according to the present invention may be operated by producing
communication between the refrigerant and the adsorbent or absorbent
(generally by actuating a valve). The provision of the communication causes
the refrigerant to volatilise and to interact with the adsorbent or absorbent.
As
a result of that interaction, heat is evolved from the adsorbent or absorbent
and
heat is correspondingly absorbed from the surroundings of the refrigerant.
In one instance, where a device according to the present invention is
placed in, say, a can of beer, with the portion containing the adsorbent or
absorbent being outside the can and the portion containing the refrigerant
material being inside the can, interaction between the refrigerant and the
adsorbent or absorbent causes the evolution of heat to the atmosphere and
absorption of heat from the beer within the can leading to cooling.
In a second instance, where the device is placed in, say, a can of soup,
with the portion containing the adsorbent or absorbent being inside the can,
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interaction between the refrigerant and the adsorbent or absorbent again
causes
evolution of heat from the adsorbent, but the heat evolved is used to heat the
soup within the can instead of being vented to the atmosphere.
Operation of the valve may be achieved by means external to the device
(as, for example, where a pump or the like is operatively associated with the
elongate pipe or the adsorbent material is contained in a discrete "plug-in"
member). Alternatively, the valve may be actuated by means of the internal
pressure of the contents of a vessel (as, for example, a can of potable liquid
to
be cooled or heated by means of a device according to the present invention).
Refrigerants suitable for use with a present invention preferably include
the following:-
Water, alcohols (e.g. methanol, ethanol), haloalchols (e.g. trifluoro-
ethanol), haloalkanes (e.g. trifluoro-ethane), alkanes (e.g. C3 to C6),
ammonia,
carbon dioxide, aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, toluene, aniline),
acetophenone, butyl acetate, butyric acid, cellulose acetate, cresol, cumene,
cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, dibutylphtalate, diethanolamine,
diethylsul.phate,
dimethylformamide, dimethylhydrazine, dimethylphtalate, ethylene glycol,
hydrazine, methylhydrazine, methylpyrrolidinone, naphthalene, styrene,
sulfolane, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, undecane.
Take up agents suitable for use with the present invention preferably
include the following:
silica gel, activated alumina, zeolites (molecular sieves), activated
charcoal, alkanes (e.g. C3 to C6), alcohols (e.g. methanol, ethanol), amides
(e.g.
N, N-dimethyl acetamide), ketones/lactams (e.g. N-methyl pyrrolidone),
carboxylic acid salts (e.g. potassium formate), esters, alkali metal salts
(e.g.
lithium bromide, lithium nitrate).
Thus, the refrigerant may be a volatile liquid or a gas, and the take up
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agent may be a solid or a liquid.
PCT/GB99/00255
Suitable combinations of refrigerant/take up agent for use with the
present invention preferably include the following:
Water/zeolites-activated carbon, ethyl alcohol/silica gel, water/silica gel,
water/activated alumina, carbon dioxide/activated alumina, water/zeolites 4A,
5A, 13X, ammonia/zeolites 4A, 5A, 13X, carbon dioxide/zeolites 4A, 5A, 13X,
ethene/activated carbon, ammonia/activated carbon, water/activated carbon,
methyl alcohol/activated carbon, water/polymers, ammonia or water/metal in
organic salts (e.g. water/ Ca Clz, ammonia Ca Clz hydrogen/L.aNi~,
hydrogen/FeTi, water/potassium formate), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC)
refrigerant/adsorbent combinations (e.g. R134a/activated carbon), fluid
mixtures (e.g. water, methanol/activated carbon, water/ammonia, ammonia (or
carbon dioxide/potassium formate, water/lithium bromide, N-
methylpyrrolidinone/trifluorethanol, dithioglycol (DTG)/tetrafluorethane,
water/ammonia-lithium nitrate, carbon dioxide/N, N-dimethylacetamide,
HZO/CaO.
It is desirable to increase the surface area of the adsorbent as much as
possible. This can be achieved by the following means, for example coating the
surface with the adsorbent (e.g. by using a binder or growing adsorbent on the
surface) using adsorbent membranes (e.g. growing zeolites on a mesh) using an
adsorbent cloth (e.g. activated carbon).
Examples of wicking means that can be used with the present invention
preferably include the following:
Tissue paper, plastic foam, or paper fibre, metallic meshes (e.g. copper
meshes or stainless steel mesh), sinted powder (e.g. sintered copper or
PT'FE).
Suitable phase change materials that can be used with the present
invention preferably include the following:
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Glycerol, oils, coconut/butter, paraffin wax, glauber salt (Na2 SO9. lOHZO,
butyl phenol, methanol, pentane, ethane.
In most circumstances, the take up agent can be regenerated once
adsorption has occurred. Regeneration may be achieved by heating the
adsorbent (for example by means of a Pettier or like device) or by means of an
integral compressor provided in association with the device.
The present invention further provides a method for heating or cooling
the contents of an enclosed vessel, in which one or more heat transfer devices
of the type hereinabove described are placed in contact with the contents of
the
vessel and each said device is caused to transfer heat by means of an
adsorption-based process between a refrigerant material and an adsorbent
material, whereby heat is respectively liberated into or absorbed from the
contents of the vessel.
Thus, a method according to the present invention can be applied to the
heating of soup, tea or the like in an enclosed vessel.
Alternatively, the method can be applied to the cooling of beer, soft
drinks or the like in an enclosed vessel.
According to another aspect of this invention there is provided an
assembly comprising a vessel for holding a material to be cooled or heated and
a heat transfer device as described above arranged in thermal contact with the
material.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example
only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:-
Figs. 1 and 2 show a heat transfer device according to a one embodiment
for cooling a material in a vessel;
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Figs. 3 and 4 shows another embodiment of the heat transfer device for
heating a material in a vessel;
Figs. 5 to 7 show further embodiments of the heat transfer device with
heat absorption means, the devfce being installed in a vessel;
Figs. 8 and 9 show further embodiments of heat transfer device with heat
absorption means, the devices being insertable into a vessel for heating or
cooling;
Figs. 10, 11 and 12 shows further embodiments of the heat transfer
device with heat absorption means : .~'z'~e.~'. a=~~nd the device, the device
being
adapted to receive a vessel;
Fig. 13 shows a further embodiments of the heat transfer device
including heat pipes;
Fig. 14 shows another embodiment of the heat transfer device using an
absorbent;
Fig. 15 shows examples of alternative means by which surface area of
evaporation and adsorption can be increased; and
Fig. 16 shows a further embodiment of the heat transfer device.
Figs. 17, 18 and 19 show further embodiments of the heat-transfer
device; with the portion containing the adsorbent being integral with the
device;
Fig. 20 and 21 show further embodiments of the heat-transfer device
with the portion containing the adsorbent being separable from the device;
Fig. 22 shows a heat-transfer device provided with an extexnal adsorption
unit;
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Fig. 23 and 24 show further embodiments of the heat-transfer device in
which a three-way (ejector) valve is used;
Fig. 25 shows the use of a heat transfer device to heat the contents of the
vessel;
Figs. 26, 27 and 28 show further embodiments of the heat-transfer
device.
Figs. 29 to 33 show further embodiments of the heat transfer device with
a pump arrangement;
Fig. 34 shows a further embodiment of the heat transfer device with a
second adsorbent;
Fig. 35 shows a further embodiment of the heat transfer device with the
refrigerant surrounding the material;
Fig. 36 shows a modification of the device shown in Fig. 35;
Fig. 37 is a further embodiment of the heat transfer device showing the
use of heat exchange means to enhance a transfer;
Figs. 38A to C show the sequence of events for using the embodiment
shown in Fig. 3 7;
Fig. 39 is a modification of the device shown in Fig. 37;
Fig. 40 is a further embodiment of the heat transfer device, in which the
adsorbent is arranged around the material, and a conduit arrangement is used
to deliver evaporated refrigerant to the adsorbent;
Fig. 41 is a further embodiment of the heat transfer device which is a
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modification of the embodiments shown in Figs. 1 and 2; and
Fig. 42 is a further embodiment of the heat transfer device using an
enlarged chamber for the adsorbent.
Referring to drawings, there is shown several embodiments of a heat
transfer device.
Referring to Fig. 1, there is shown a heat transfer device 10 for use in
coolfng a liquid 12 in a drinks can 14. The heat transfer device 10 comprises
a
first part 16 for an adsorbent 18, and a second part 20 for a refrigerant 22.
The
second part 20 is in the form of a bubble formed from a suitable plastics
material that can be pierced. A spike 26 mounted on a bubble 28
provide an operative means whereby on pressing the button 28, the spike 26
pierces the bubble 20, thereby allowing the refrigerant (for example water) in
the bubble to enter the first part 16.
The first part 16 comprises a double skin of the drinks can 14 having an
inner cylindrical wall 30 and an outer cylindrical wall 34. Wicking means 32
is
provided around the outer surface of the inner cylindrical wall 30.
The adsorbent 18 is provided on the inner surface of the outer cylindrical
wall 34 such that the adsorbent 18 substantially covers the outer cylindrical
wall 34.
As can be seen, the second part 20 is provided adjacent the wicking
means 32 whereby when the button 24 is pressed to pierce the bubble 20, the
water therein is dispersed by the wicking means 32 around the inner wall 30.
The second portion 16 is at a low pressure and is, preferably, evacuated.
Fig. 2 shows what happens when the button 24 is pressed to release the
water 22 into the first part 16. The water 22 is dispersed by the wicking
means
32 around the inner wall 30 whereupon the water 22 evaporates thereby
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extracting heat from the liquid 12, thereby cooling the liquid. The
evaporation
of the water 22 is indicated by the arrows A whereby heat is transferred from
the inner wall 30 to the adsorbent 18 on the outer wall 34. The arrows B
indicate the transfer of heat between the inner and outer walls 30, 34. The
adsorbent 18 adsorbs the water and releases heat of adsorption which is
dispersed into the atmosphere as indicated by the arrows C.
Referring to Figs. 3 and 4, there is shown a device similar to that shown
in Figs. 1 and 2 but is provided to heat the material 12 in the can 14. The
construction of the embodiment shown in Figs. 3 and 4 is very similar to that
shown in Figs. 1 and 2, with the exception that the wicking means 32 is
provided on the outer wall 34, and the adsorbent 18 is provided on the inner
wall 30. When the button 28 is depressed to pierce the bubble 20, water
is released into the first part 16. This collects at the bottom 17 and is
wicked
by the wicking means 32 to be spread around the outer wall 34, as shown by the
arrows D. Heat is extracted from the atmosphere as shown by the arrows E to
evaporate the refrigerant which then passes across to the adsorbent 18, as
shown by the arrows A. Heat of adsorption is then passed by the arrows F into
the material 12, which may be a soup or other material requiring heating.
Referring to Fig. 5, there is shown a second embodiment in which the
heat transfer device is in the form of a pipe or tube provided inside the can
14.
In this embodiment, which is for cooling the contents of the can 14, the
device
again comprises an inner wall 30 and an outer wall 34, but this time, the
wicking means 32 is provided on the outer wall 34, and the adsorbent 18 is
provided on the inner wall 30. The reason for this is that the outer wall 34
is in
contact with the liquid 12 to be cooled. The inner wall 30 defines a
cylindrical
inner space 36 in which is provided heat absorption means 38 which, in the
embodiment shown in Fig. 3 is in the form of a refrigerant. Pressure release
means in the form of a valve 40 is provided, the purpose of which will be
explained below.
When the bubble 20 is pierced by the operative means 24 to release the
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water 22, the water 22 falls to the bottom of the first portion 16, as
indicated by
the numeral 17. The water is wicked into the wicking means 32 as shown by
the arrows D the refrigerant evaporates whereby heat is extracted from the
liquid 12 thereby cooling it. The evaporated refrigerant is passed to the
adsorbent 18 as indicated by the arrows A, to be adsorbed thereby with a
consequent release of heat. Thus, heat is transferred from the outer wall 32
to
the inner wall 34. The heat of adsorption is then passed into the heat
absorption means 36 as shown by the arrows C, whereby the refrigerant 38 is
evaporated. The evaporated refrigerant is released, thereby dissipating the
heat
into the atmosphere by operation of the valve 40.
Referring to Fig. 6, there is shown a device similar to that shown in Fig. 5,
the same features have been designated with the same reference numeral. The
device shown in Fig. 6 differs from that shown in Fig. 5 in that the heat
absorption means 38 is in the form of a phase change material. The device
shown in Fig. 6 operates in the same way as that shown in Fig. 5 with the
exception that heat of adsorption evolved from the adsorbent 18 is absorbed by
the phase change material 38. The change of phase can be from solid to liquid,
as shown in Fig. 6, but the phase change material can also be from solid to
vapour in which case a pressure release means 40, such as that shown in Fig. 5
would be required.
Referring to Fig. 7, there is shown a heating device similar to that shown
in Figs. 5 and 6 in which the heat absorption means 38 in the space 36 is in
the
form of a heat pipe 50. The heat pipe 50 contains a refrigerant therein. On
operation of the operative means 24 to release the refrigerant 22 into the
second portion 16 heat is extracted from the material 12 by evaporation of the
refrigerant 22 from the wicking means 32. Heat is transferred from the wicking
means on the outer wall 34 to the adsorbent on the inner wall 30 to be
adsorbed
thereby. Heat of adsorption therefrom is absorbed by the heat pipe 50 to
evaporate the refrigerant therein. The circulation of refrigerant in the heat
pipe
transfers heat to the top region 52 thereof where fins 54 dissipate heat into
the
atmosphere as indicated by the arrow C.
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19
Referring to Fig. 8, there is shown a "pocket" or "portable" cooling device
which can be used to be inserted into drinks or the Like for cooling them. The
device operates in the same way as that shown in Fig. 3 but differs in that it
is
separate from any drinks can 14. The heat absorption means in the space 36 is
the same as that shown in Fig. 5 and a valve 40 is provided to release the
evaporated refrigerant from the space 36.
Referring to Fig. 9, there is shown a "pocket" or "portable" device 10 for
heating a fluid, for example a cup of tea, or bowl of soup. The device 10 in
Fig.
9, is similar to that shown in Fig. 8, with the exception that the adsorbent
18 is
provided on the outer wall 34, and the wicking means 32 is provided on the
inner wall. The heat absorption means 38 in the space 36 is in the form of a
refrigerant or a phase change material which has previous absorbed heat. When
the refrigerant 22 is released into the first portion 16, the second portion
20 by
operation of the operative means 24, evaporation of the refrigerant 22 from
the
wicking means 32 occurs by the transfer of heat to the refrigerant 22 from the
heat absorption means 38. The evaporated refrigerant 22 passes to the
adsorbent 18, shown by the arrows A, thereby transferring heat, to the
adsorbent 18. Heat of adsorption produced by the adsorbent 18 is dissipated
into the material to be heated as shown by the arrows F.
Referring to Fig. 10, there is shown a further embodiment similar to that
shown in Figs. 1 and 2 which differs therefrom in that the outer wall is
surrounded by a chamber containing a phase change material 42. The device
shown in Fig. 7 operates in the same way as that shown in Figs. 1 and 2 with
the
exception that heat of adsorption is not dissipated directly to the atmosphere
but rather is absorbed by the phase change material 42 thereby enhancing the
removal of the heat from the first part 16.
Referring to Figs. 11 and 12, there is shown a heat transfer device 10 in
the form of a sleeve which operates in the same way as that shown in Fig. 10,
with the exception that the device IO in Figs. 11 and 12 defines a cylindrical
space 150 to receive therein a can 114 of drink to be cooled. The apparatus 10
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shown in Fig. 11 then operates in the same way as that shown in Fig. 10.
Similarly, the device 10 in the form of a sleeve can be provided around a
bottle
152, as shown in Fig. 12, to cool the contents 112 in the same way as the
device
10 shown in Fig. l I. Each device 10, in Figs. 11 and 12 comprises a phase
change material 42 which is the same or similar to that shown in Fig. 10.
Referring to Fig. 13, there is shown a can 14, and a heat transfer device
110 representing schematically. The heat transfer device 110 comprises a first
portion 116 holding an adsorbent 118. A second portion 120 is provided in the
can 14 and holds a refrigerant 122. A plurality of needle heat pipes 123
extend
from the second portion 120 into the material 12 in the can 14. Operative
means 124 in the form of a valve 126 is provided to allow communication
between the second portion 120 and the first portion 116 via a conduit 128.
The heat pipes 123 extend into the second portion 120 whereby end regions
125 of each heat pipe 124 project into the second portion 120.
On opening the valve 128, the refrigerant 122 in the second portion 120
extracts heat from the end regions 125 of a heat pipes 123 thereby causing the
refrigerant 122 to evaporate and pass along the conduit 128 to be adsorbed by
the absorbent 118. This causes evaporation of further refrigerant in the heat
pipes 123, thereby cooling material 12 in the can 14. Heat is transferred from
the material 12 into the heat pipes and thereafter along the heat pipe to the
second portion 120 until all the refrigerant 122 therein is evaporated.
Referring to Fig. 14, there is shown a modification to the design shown in
Figs. 1 to 13 using absorbent rather than an adsorbent.
The physical form of the adsorbent can be cloth, membrane, powder with
binder, composite, adsorbent bed, pallets, or beads. The devices are likely to
be
manufactured from simple plastic-coated metal foil (e.g. aluminium sheet) and
wicking materials made fmm tissue paper, plastic foam or paper fibre and the
like.
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21
In the embodiment shown in Fig. I4, the device 10 comprises a first
bubble 20 to release refrigerant onto wicking means 32, and a second bubble
220 to release the absorbent 222 onto a suitable substrate 218 arranged over
the inside of the inner wall 30. The refrigerant 22 is evaporated from the
wicking means 32 and passes from the outer wall 34 to the inner wall 30 as
shown by the arrows A to be absorbed by the absorbent 222. Heat of absorption
is passed into the inner region 36 to evaporate the refrigerant 38 therein.
The
evaporated refrigerant can be released by operation of the valve 40.
Referring to Fig. 15, there is shown various ways in which a surface area
for evaporation and adsorption can be increased.
In Fig. 15A, there is shown a tubular device 10 having a refrigerant 22
wfcking means 32 and an absorbent 18. Fins 154 are provided at the lower end
of the tube to enhance the transfer of heat indicated by the arrow Ql into the
device 10. This evaporates the refrigerant and it passes to the absorbent 18
whereby heat of adsorption can be released as shown by the arrow Q3.
Referring to Fig. 15B, there is shown a device 10 in the form of a
substantially rectangular plate. The plate has an adsorbent 18 at one side and
wicking means 32 for the refrigerant at the opposite side. This provides an
increase in surface area whereby enhancing the evaporation of the refrigerant
32.
Referring to Fig. 15C, there is shown a further device 10 comprising a
tube having a wick 32 at one end and an adsorbent 18 at the other end.
Referring to Fig. 15D there is shown a device 10 having a frusto conical
configuration having a refrigerant 22 and a wick 32 at one side, with an
adsorbent 18 at the opposite side. As can be seen from Fig. ISD, the wick 32
is
at the side having the largest area thereby enhancing evaporation of the
refrigerant.
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22
Referring to Fig. 16, there is shown a device 10 in two parts for cooling
the material. The first part constitutes the first portion 16 and contains the
adsorbent 18. The second part comprises the second portion 20 and is in the
form of an evaporator. Wicking means 32 is provided in the second portion 20.
A conduit 60 extends between the first portion 18 and the second portion 20.
If
it is desired to cool the material, the second portion 20 is inserted in the
material and when communication is established between the first and second
portions 16, 20 heat is extracted by the refrigerant 22 by evaporation thereof
from the material thereby cooling it, as indicated by the arrows Ql. The
evaporated refrigerant passes via the conduit 60 as shown by the arrow X to
pass into the first part 16 to be adsorbed onto the adsorbent 18. Heat of
adsorption is then given out to the atmosphere. Alternatively, if it is
desired to
heat the material, the first part is arranged in the material and the second
part
16 is arranged outside. When communicarion is established between the first
and second portions 16, 20, these are extracted from the atmosphere to
evaporate the refrigerant 22 therein which is passed to the adsorbent 18
whereby heat of adsorption heats the material.
It is envisaged that, for cooling, the material or beverage should be
cooled from an initial temperature of 25°C to a final temperature of
8°C in the
time of not more than 2 minutes. Where heating is required, heating should
occur from 25°C to approximately 60°C in not exceeding 2
minutes. The
volume of the device 10 should not exceed 2096 of the volume of the container.
Referring to Figs. 17, 18 and 19, a heat-transfer device 210 comprises a
second portion 211 to contain the refrigerant 212 (e.g. water) under reduced
(i.e.
sub-ambient) pressure and a first portion 213 to contain the adsorbent
material
14 (e.g. carbon).
The portions 211 and 213 are initially separated from each other by a
one-way valve 215 having actuating means 216.
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23
The devices of Figs. 17, 18 and I9 are identical, except that the device of
Fig. 18 is provided with a wick 217.
In Figs. 17 and 18, the device is placed, when required, into a vessel 220
(e.g. a can of soft drink), while in Fig. 3 the device is already installed in
the
vessel.
Operating the actuating mans 16 (as shown in Figs. 17 and 18) or
opening the vessel 220 to release the pressure shown schematically by arrows P
(see Fig. 19) opens the valve 215, causing the refrigerant to volatilise and
become adsorbed by the adsorbent material. Heat is evolved from the second
portion 213 of the device. Consequently, heat is absorbed by the first portion
211 of the device and since the absorbed heat is taken from the liquid
surrounding the portion 211, the drink in the vessel 220 is cooled.
Fig. 18 also shows a "pocket" version 30 of a device according to the
invention.
Referring now to Fig. 20, the device comprises an elongate pipe 40
containing a refrigerant 241 (e.g. water) under vacuum. the vacuum is
maintained by means of a one-way valve 242. The adsorbent (e.g. carbon) is
contained in a "plug" device 243 adapted to engage and operate the valve 242.
On operation of the valve, the refrigerant volatilises (as shown at 241a)
and is adsorbed by the material contained in device 243. Heat is absorbed from
the liquid 244, which in consequence becomes cooled, the heat being evolved
from the plug device 243 and vented to the atmosphere.
In the embodiment of the present invention shown in Fig. 21, a vessel
250 comprises a double outer "skin" 251 adapted to contain a refrigerant 252
(e.g. water) under vacuum, the vacuum being maintained by means of a valve
253. The adsorbent (e.g, carbon) is contained in a "plug° ,device 254
adapted to
engage and operate the valve 253. On operation of the valve, the refrigerant
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24
volatilises and is adsorbed by the material contained in device 254. Heat is
absorbed from the liquid 255 in the vessel, the liquid being cooled in
consequence.
The device shown in Fig. 22 functions in a manner similar to that shown
in Fig. 4, an externally-arranged, additional adsorption unit 260 being
provided.
In the device shown in Figs. 23 and 24, the adsorption pipe 270 is
provided with a three-way valve 271 including an ejector nozzle 272 to enhance
the rate of adsorption and thus to increase the rate of cooling the liquid 273
in
the vessel 2 74. Means including an on/off valve 2 75 are provided to permit
the
use of the gas present in the enclosed vessel 2 74 (generally carbon dioxide)
for
operating the valve 2 71. The refrigerant 2 76 may suitably be water and the
adsorbent 277 may be carbon.
Referring to Fig. 25, the device 290 comprises a portion 291 to obtain an
adsorbent (e.g. carbon) and a portion 292 to contain a refrigerant (e.g.
water)
under vacuum. The portions 291 and 292 are separated by means of a one-way
valve 293 having operating means 294. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 25,
the device 290 is to be used to heat the liquid (e.g. soup) 295 contained in
can
296, so that the portion 291 of the device will be placed inside the can 296.
On operation of the means 294, the refrigerant colatilises and is
adsorbed at portion 291 of the device. Heat is evolved by the adsorbent (as
shown by arrows H) and therefore heats the liquid 295.
In Fig. 26, a pipe 300 contains a combination of refrigerant and
absorbent (sown schematically at 302) under pressure. The pressure is
maintained by means of a valve 302. On operation of the valve, heat is evolved
by the adsorbent and vented to the atmosphere, resulting in the cooling of
liquid 303 in vessel 304.
In Figs. 27 and 28, heat pipes and adsorption (or absorption)
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compressors are employed. Heat pipes are devices with high thermal
conductance and may consist of a sealed pipe 310 provided with an internal
wick 313 (e.g, of stainless steel mesh) as a concentric lining to the pipe.
the
pipe is charged with a refrigerant 311. In operation, heat (from the liquid
314
in the vessel 315) applied to the lower end of the pipe, causes the liquid
refrigerant to evaporate. The resulting vapour travels to the upper "cool" end
where it condenses, surrendering energy. The liquid refrigerant returns
through the wick by capillary action to the lower "hot" end.
Adsorption (or absorption} compressor 313 is used to cool the upper end
of the pipe 3I0. This consists of a vessel containing a second
refrigerant/adsorbent (or absorbent) combination under pressure. When valve
312 is opened, the second refrigerant evaporates to the atmosphere causing a
temperature drop in the refrigerant/adsorbent vessel 313. This consequently
lowers the temperature of the upper end of pipe 310. The heat removed from
the pipe 310 is released to the atmosphere.
In the embodiment shown in Fig. 28, the adsorption (or absorption)
compressor 323 forms part of the heat pipe 310 (or is placed inside the heat
pipe 310). Absorption of heat from the liquid 314 is indicated by arrows H.
Figs. 29 to 34 show further possible arrangements for the operation of a
device according to the present invention.
In Figs. 29, 30, 31 and 32 (wherein like numerals denote like parts) a
simple pump 130, comprising a bellows 331 and a piston 332, is operatively
associated with an adsorption device in the form of a pipe 333 to create a
vacuum. The pipe 333 is charged with a refrigerant 334 (e.g. water) and an
adsorbent 335 (e.g. a zeolite or carbon) and the vacuum is created by means of
the pump 3 30. On operation of the pump, the vapour pressure of the
refrigerant 3 34 is lowered, leading to evolution of heat at the adsorbent 3 3
5
and consequent cooling of the liquid 336 within the container 337. The rate of
cooling of the liquid 336 can be controlled by appropriate control of the pump
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330. Air which is removed from the system in creating the vacuum may be
vented by way of a flap-valve (or other non-return valve) 338.
The device shown in Fig. 32 is intended to be used as a "portable" or
"pocket" heat-transfer device.
In Fig. 33, there is shown a further arrangement in which a valve (such as
a dimple valve) 3 70 is operable to allow the flow of refrigerant 3 71,
through
pipe 372, so as to interact with adsorbent 373, thus cooling the liquid 374
contained in vessel 375.
In Fig. 34, the refrigerant and adsorbent are combined and held under
pressure as shown at 380. A second adsorbent 381 (which may be the same or
different ) is placed in the opposite end of the device. The pressure on the
adsorbent/refrigerant combination 380 is maintained by operation of the
bellows 382 and piston 383. On releasing the pressure, the combination 380 is
adsorbed by the second adsorbent 381, thus cooling the liquid 384 contained
in vessel 385.
Referring to Fig. 35, there is shown a heat transfer device 410 comprising
a first part 416 comprising a cylindrical chamber 419 for an adsorbent for
418,
and a second part 420 which cools a beverage 422 to be cooled, and comprises a
double skin in the form of a pair of concentrically arranged outer and inner
walls 424, 426. Wicking means 428 is provided on and surrounds the inner wall
426. The wicking means 428 is soaked in a suitable refrigerant, for example
water can be a porous fabric material capable of dispersing the refrigerant
throughout the fabric by capillary action. One example of a suitable fabric is
that sold under the Trade Mark J-Cloth. The space between the outer and inner
walls 424, 426 is evacuated. Mixing means in the form of a disc 430 provided
with a plurality of perforations is provided in the beverage 422, the purpose
of
which is explained below.
Operative means in the form of a plunger 432 is provided in the first
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part 416 and comprises an elongate rod 434 extending between a button 436 to
be pressed to operate the operative means 432, and piercing means 438 at the
opposite end region of the rod 434 to pierce a membrane 440 separating and
isolating the first and second parts from each other. The operative means
extends through an elongate hole 43 5 through the cylindrical chamber 417.
The piercing means 438 is in the form of a substantially cylindrical
member, the lower end 439 being open. The edge of the cylinder surrounding
the open end is sharp and can readily pierce the membrane 440 which is in the
form of a suitable metal foil, for example aluminium foil.
In operation, the button 436 is depressed which causes the piercing
means 438 to pierce the membrane 440. Upon piercing of the membrane, the
water in the space between the outer and inner walls 424, 426 is adsorbed by
the adsorbent 418, and evaporates from the wicking means 428 thereby
extracting heat from the beverage 422. In order to ensure that heat is
extracted
from all parts of the beverage 422, the device 410 is inverted to enable the
mixing disc 430 to descend thereby creating eddy currents and stirring the
beverage.
As the water evaporates from the wicking means, it is absorbed by the
adsorbent 418 until all the water has been so adsorbed.
A ring pull 442 is provided to allow the beverage to be consumed.
Referring to Fig. 36, there is shown a modification of the device shown in
Fig. 36 in which the first part 416 is surrounded by heat absorption means, or
a
heat sink 444. The heat sink 444 absorbs heat from the adsorbent 418.
The heat sink 444 could, for example, be further wicking means, soaked
in a suitable refrigerant e.g. water, whereby as the adsorbent releases heat
of
adsorption, the refrigerant evaporates thereby removing the heat of adsorption
from the device. Again, the further wicking means could be a porous loth, for
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example a cloth sold under the Trade mark J-Cloth.
Alternatively, in an embodiment not shown, the further wicking means
could be provided around the inside walls of the elongate hole 435.
Micro capsules containing water may be provided in the further wicking
means to enhance the removal of heat of adsorption. The micro capsules may,
instead of water, contain phase change material.
Both the ffrst part and the second part of both embodiments, shown in
Figs. 31 and 36 are placed under vacuum.
The adsorbent is placed in a cylinder made from stainless steel or copper
mesh. The operative means extends through the hole 435 through the centre of
the cylinder.
Referring to Figs. 37 to 39, there is shown a heat transfer device 510
which comprises a first part 512 which holds an adsorbent 514 arranged in a
cylinder of stainless steels or copper mesh 516. The second part 518 is
provided on the first part 512 and extends into a beverage to be cooled 520.
The second part 518 consists of a cylindrical tube 522 having provided on the
inner surface thereof wicking means 524 which is saturated with a suitable
refrigerant, for example, water. Heat exchange means in the form of wire fins
526 extend outwardly from the tube 522. Both the first and second parts 512,
518 are under vacuum.
Operative means 528 is provided in the first part 512 and extends
through a bore in the cylinder holding the adsorbent 514. The operative means
528 comprises a button 530 and piercing 532 adapted to pierce a membrane
534 separating and isolating the first and second parts from each other. A
rigid
rod 536 extends between the button 530 and the piercing means 532 such that
depression of the button 530 causes the piercing means 532 to pierce the
membrane 5 34.
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Referring to Figs. 38A to 38C, there is shown the sequence of events for
using the device shown in Fig. 3 7.
Fig. 38A shows the device as it appears in Fig. 37, i.e. before operation.
Referring to 38B, when it is desired to consume the beverage 520, the
button 530 is pushed down. This causes the piercing means 532 to be pushed
through the membrane 534 by the rod 536.
Immediately this is done, the water on the wicking means 524 evaporates
and is adsorbed by the absorbent 516. This extracts heat from the beverage 5
20
and this heat extraction is e_n_h;:,eed ay iue fins 526.
When the heat transfer has been completed, and the beverage 520 is
cooled, a ring pull 538 can be pulled to allow the beverage 520 to be poured
into
a glass 540 for consumption.
Referring to Fig. 39, there is shown a modification to the device shown in
Fig. 37 in which the inside of the tube 522 forming the second part 518 is
provided with an internal arrangement 542 of looped wire.
Referring to Fig. 40, there is shown a further embodiment 6I0 in which a
first part 612 comprising a vessel having a double skin inner and outer wall
616, 618, the adsorbent 614 being arranged circumferentially around the outer
wall 618. An inner tube 620 extends into the beverage 622 and comprises
wicking means 624 arranged internally of the tube 620, and fins 626 extending
outwardly from the tubes 620 into the beverage 622. The second part 628 is
provided separate from the vessel, and ,comprises a copper container 630
holding a refrigerant 632, for example water. A conduit 636 extends from the
container 628 to a region adjacent the bottom of the tube 620. A valve 638 is
provided in the pipe 636 which is initially set to its closed position and,
upon
opening, allows water in the container 630 to flow into the tube 620. An
arrangement of conduits 640 extends from the tube 620 into the first part 612
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for the purpose of delivering evaporated refrigerant to the first part 612. A
water trap 642 is provided at the top of the tube 620 to connect the tube 620
to
the conduit arrangement 640, whereby any water condensing prior to entering
the conduit arrangement 640 is returned back to the tube 620 to undergo
evaporation again.
In operation, the valve 638 is opened and water from the container 630 is
emptied into the tube 620. The water is then dispersed by the wicking means
around the inside of the tube 620 and is evaporated by the transfer of heat
from the beverage via the fins 626. The evaporated water thereby extracts heat
from the beverage to cool it down. Water vapour passes through the tube via
the
conduit arrangement 640 into the first part 612 to be adsorbed by the
adsorbent 614 arranged on the outer wall 618. A covering of insulating
material 644 is provided around the inner wall 616 to ensure that, once
cooled,
the beverage 622 is kept cool. When the cooling process is completed, the ring
pull 646 can be puiled to allow the beverage to be consumed.
A lid 648 is provided which can be removed to allow the water in the
adsorbent 614 to be discharged thereby allowing the device to be used again.
Referring to Fig. 41, there is shown a modification to the device shown in
Figs. 1 and 2. The device shown in Fig. 4I is designated 710 and comprises an
inner cylinder 712 holding a beverage 714. Wicking means 716 is provided on
the wall of the cylinder 712. An outer wall 718 is provided on the inside
thereof
with an adsorbent 720 which extends substantially wholly around the inside of
the wall 718.
A container 722 is provided separate from the vessel and contains a
suitable refrigerant, for example water. The container 722 is connected to the
wicking means 716 via a conduit 724 and a valve 726. The space between the
inner and outer walls 712, 718 is under vacuum.
On operation, the valve 726 is opened to allow the water in the container
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722 to empty into the space between the two walls 718, 712 whereupon the
water is dispersed around the outside of the cylinder holding the beverage
714.
In evaporation the water therefrom extracts heat from the beverage 714. The
evaporated refrigerant is then adsorbed by the adsorbent 720 surrounding the
inside of the outer wall 718. In this way, the beverage 714 is cooled.
A plastic lid 728 is provided to cover the space between the inner and
outer wall 718, 712 and the conduits 724 is drilled into the lid 728. An
evacuation point 730 is provided on the lid, to allow the water adsorbed onto
the adsorbent 720 to be discharged therefrom to allow the device to be used
again. The container 722 can be refilled with water through a suitable fill
point
732. The container 722 is suitably formed from copper.
Referring to Fig. 42, there is shown a further embodiment 710 and is
formed in two separate but connected elements 712. The first element 712
comprises a large cylinder the adsorbent 718 extends substantially wholly
around the inside of the wall of the cylinder 716. A lid 720 is provided on
the
cylinder to allow water adsorbed onto the adsorbent 718 to be reused.
The second element 714 comprises a tubular member 722 having
provided on the outside thereof a plurality of fins 724. Wicking means 726
extends around the inside of the wall of the tube 722. A container 728,
initially
charged with a refrigerant, for example water is provided separately from the
tube 722 and is connected thereto by pipes 730 and a valve 732. A flange 734
is provided to connect the two elements 712, 714 together.
On operation, the first element 712 is connected to the second element
714 by the flange 734. The tube 722 is then inserted in a material to be
cooled,
and a valve 732 is opened to allow the water to enter the tube 722 to be
dispersed around the inside wall of the tube. Heat is transferred to the
inside
of the tube via the fins 724 to evaporate the water thereby cooling the
material,
The evaporated water is then passed into the first element 712 to be adsorbed
by the adsorbent 718. When the process is completed, the cooled material can
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PCT/GB99/00255
be consumed, and the first element can be used again by removing the water
from the adsorbent 718 by, for example, heating.
Where "heat-pipe" is referred to in the foregoing description, it is to be
understood as including any one or more of needle heat-pipes, loop heat-pipes
or micro heat-pipes.
Various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of
the invention. For example, each of the embodiments shown above comprises
one adsorber or absorber unit. The devices may comprise two or more absorber
or adsorber units to enhance the cooling/heating programme. Also, a device
may comprise a combination of solid/gas adsorption and liquid/gas absorption.
In the pocket/portable coolers/heaters (or, indeed any of the embodiments
shown in the drawings) the refrigerant may be desorbed fmm the adsorbent to
allow the adsorbent to be re-used. A fresh bubble ZO could then be presented
to
provide fresh refrigerant.
Whilst endeavouring in the foregoing specification to draw attention to
those features of the invention believed to be of particular importance it
should
be understood that the Applicant claims protection in respect of any
patentable
feature or combination of features hereinbefore referred to and/or shown in
the
drawings whether or not particular emphasis has been placed thereon.
