Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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Title: Shear Wall Panel
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to shear walls and, more
particularly, to a prefabricated shear wall panel for use in frame
construction.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Shear walls or shear wall panels are used to resist lateral
forces in a structure created, for example, by wind loads applied to the side
of a structure or earthquakes. Conventional shear walls typically fall into
three categories: (a) braced frames, (b) moment frames and (c) frames with
structural sheathing.
In braced frames, a stud wall has braces which extend
diagonally from the a rim joist or plate at the top of the wall to a rim
joist,
plate or foundation at the bottom of the wall. The braces cross one or more
of the studs and therefore requires cuts in the studs to let the bracing into
the wall or finish materials which can accommodate the protruding bracing
member. In order to avoid cutting the studs significantly or to minimize
how far the brace protrudes from the wall, the braces are typically made of a
steel strip or rod or a thin wooden board. Since the bracing member is
longer than the wall studs, the slenderness of the bracing member limits its
compressive strength and so the bracing members are installed in pairs
slanting in opposite directions to provide a tensile member to resist lateral
forces in either direction. In addition to these shortcomings, the braces
typically occupy significant lengths of the walls which are then unavailable
for windows.
In moment frames, various corners between studs and
plates or joists are reinforced, typically with triangular steel plates or
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wooden knees. With the corners reinforced, lateral movement is resisted
by moment in the studs which must bend before one of their ends can be
displaced laterally while remaining vertical. This method may be suitable
for timber frame or large I-beam structures in which the studs have large
cross sections, but is inefficient when applied to light framing using "2 by"
lumber or light metal channels. In these applications, the studs have
limited moment resistance and large numbers of stud to plate or joist
connections must be reinforced.
In frames with structural sheathing, plywood or oriented
strand board are nailed to the studs and any sills, headers etc. used to frame
openings. The sheathing panels are resistant to lateral deformation. When
properly attached to the wall, the sheathing panels transfer this resistance
to
the wall primarily as a shear force around the perimeter of the sheathing
panel. To resist this shear force, a concentrated nailing pattern is required
around the perimeter of the sheathing panel. Any openings for windows
require more intensive nailing and yet still weaken the panel such that
some building codes deem sections of the wall with openings to have no
lateral resistance. The process is time consuming and heavily dependant on
quality workmanship. Further, in recent years it has been discovered that
the tightly nailed sheathing panels in combination with an interior vapour
barrier trap moisture within the wall which often leads to fungus growth
and premature failure of the wall.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a shear
wall panel suitable for light framing, particularly in wood. It is a further
object of the present invention to provide such a shear wall panel that does
not require structural sheathing, that is suitable for pre-assembly in a
factory, and presents reduced interference with placing windows in the
structure.
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The invention is directed at a shear wall panel for a
building comprising,
a) a pair of spaced apart vertical members having upper
ends and lower ends;
b) an upper horizontal member extending between and
secured to the upper ends of the vertical members;
c) a lower horizontal member extending between and
secured to the lower ends of the vertical members;
d) at least four diagonal members joined end to end in a
mufti-segmented assembly having at least three vertices between a first end
and a second end,
wherein the mufti-segmented assembly is located inside of
the members in a), b) and c) above; one of the at least three vertices is
secured to each of the members in a) and b) above; and, the first end and
second ends are secured to the lower horizontal member.
The lower horizontal member is shear connected to a
foundation or laterally stabilized wall or floor below the shear wall panel.
The shear connection may include vertically oriented connectors connected
to the lower ends of the vertical members to resist upward tensile forces on
the vertical members. In an embodiment, these vertically oriented
connectors are wooden thrust blocks, preferably oriented so that the grain of
the wood is vertical with a hole through the thrust blocks to accept a rod
extending upwards from the foundation or a laterally stabilized wall or
floor of the building below the shear wall panel. Alternatively or
additionally, the shear wall panel may be connected to a foundation or
laterally stabilized wall or floor of the building below the shear wall panel
by tensile rods connected to a foundation or laterally stabilized wall or
floor
of the building below the shear wall panel. The tensile rods extend
vertically through the shear wall panel near the vertical members and are
secured to the shear wall panel near the top of the shear wall panel or near a
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solid structure adjacent the top of the shear wall panel.
Upper connectors transfer shear and tensile forces from a
roof, floor or wall of the building above the upper horizontal member to
the shear panel. In an embodiment, the upper shear connectors comprise
metal straps, a first portion of which have teeth bent out of the metal strap,
a second portion of which have holes for nailing through the metal strap
into the roof, floor or wall of the building. Tensile metal straps have teeth
whose width is parallel to a line dividing the first portion of the metal
strap
from the second portion of the metal strap. Shear metal straps have teeth
whose width is perpendicular to a line dividing the first portion of the
metal strap from the second portion of the metal strap
The invention is further directed at a shear wall panel as
described above having wooden members attached to each other with
toothed plates pounded through the members. The upper horizontal
member preferably has a notch or extends beyond a vertical member so that
the shear wall panel may be connected to the upper plates or upper
horizontal members of adjacent wall panels.
The invention is further directed at a metal strap for
connecting substantially abutting wooden members comprising, (a) a first
portion of the metal strap having teeth bent out of the metal strap; and, (b)
a
second portion of the metal strap having holes for nailing through the
metal strap. An embodiment has teeth whose width is parallel to a line
dividing the first portion of the metal strap from the second portion of the
metal strap. Another embodiment has teeth whose width is perpendicular
to a line dividing the first portion of the metal strap from the second
portion of the metal strap.
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Embodiments of the present invention will be described
with reference to the following drawings:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a shear wall panel
according to an embodiment of the invention.
Figure 2 is a perspective view of a portion of the shear wall
panel of Figure 1, the portion including a vertically oriented connecter
according to an embodiment of the invention.
Figure 3 is a perspective view of a shear wall panel
according to another embodiment of the invention.
Figure 4 is a perspective view of a shear wall panel
according to another embodiment of the invention.
Figure 5 is a perspective view of another embodiment of
the invention showing metal plate connectors.
Figure 6 is a perspective view of a shear connector
according to an embodiment of the invention.
Figure 7 is a perspective view of a tensile connector
according to an embodiment of the invention.
Figure 8 is a perspective view of shear wall panels
according to an embodiment of the invention in use in a first and second
floor of a building.
Figure 9 is a perspective view of the shear wall panel of
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Figure 1 with alternative vertically oriented connectors.
Figure 10 is a perspective view of the shear wall panels of
Figure 8 with alternative vertically oriented connectors.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to Figure 1, a shear wall panel 10 for a
building is shown. The shear wall panel 10 has a pair of spaced apart
vertical members 12 having upper ends 14 and lower ends 16. An upper
horizontal member 18 extends between and is secured to the upper ends 14
of the vertical members 12. A lower horizontal member 20 extends between
and is secured to the lower ends 16 of the vertical members 12. Four
diagonal members 22 are joined end to end to create a multi-segmented
assembly 24 inside of the rectangle formed by the vertical members 12,
upper horizontal member 18 and lower horizontal member 20. The multi-
segmented assembly 24 has three vertices 26, each attached to one of the
vertical members 12 or the upper horizontal member 18, preferably at their
midpoint. The multi-segmented assembly 24 also has first and second ends
27 attached to the lower horizontal member 20. In the embodiment shown
in Figure 1, the first and second ends 27 are joined to each other so that the
mufti-segmented assembly 24 is a polygon. In such cases, the first and
second ends 27 are preferably joined to the lower horizontal member 20 at
its midpoint.
The shear wall panel 10 is adapted for use in a light timber
frame. The vertical members 12, upper horizontal member 18, lower
horizontal member 20 and diagonal members 22 (collectively referred to as
members 28) are preferably made of wood. More preferably the members 28
are made of wood of the same width as studs in other parts of the Iight
frame so that the shear wall panel 10 will be of the same width as the
remainder of the wall. Further preferably, the members 28 are made of "2
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by" nominal dimensional lumber which is usually more economical than
using custom sized or larger dimension lumber. The "2 by" lumber may be
doubled or tripled as required to withstand the design forces on the shear
wall panel 10. For example, in shear wall panels 10 of up to 8 feet in width,
the members 28 are typically made of doubled "2 by" lumber.
Although the members 28 may be nailed together, they are
preferably connected with metal toothed plates 30 pressed or pounded
through the members 28 wherever an end of one member 28 is adjacent
another member 28. As in conventional stud framing, the upper
horizontal member 18 and lower horizontal 20 extend to cover the overlap
rather the vertical members 12. It is preferred if the members 28 directly
abut each other, but the toothed plates 30 advantageously allow for small
spaces between members 28 to be joined together such that moderately
imprecise joinery can be tolerated. The shear wall panel 10 is manufactured
by cutting and placing the members 28 on a table or work surface, positioned
as described above, and then pounding or pressing the toothed plates 30 into
the members 28 in the places described above and shown in the Figures.
The configuration of the shear wall panel 10 allows all of the metal plates 30
to be pressed or pounded from outside the perimeter of the shear wall panel
10 avoiding the need to create sub-assemblies or alternate between cutting
and placing operations and pressing or pounding operations .
Referring still to Figure 1, the shear wall panel 10 is shown
attached to the foundation 32 of a building. The shear wall panel 10 may
also be placed on top of a floor deck on top of the foundation 32 with
suitable modifications to the description below. When a lateral force F is
applied to the shear wall panel 10, it is resisted internally by compression
stresses c and tensile stresses t and externally by reaction force R exerted
by
the foundation 32. Depending on the direction of lateral force F, either of
the vertical members 12 can be placed in tension and tend to lift away from
the foundation 32. To counteract this tendency, vertically oriented
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connections 34 adjacent the intersections between the lower horizontal
member 20 and the lower ends 16 of the vertical members 12 connect the
vertical members 12 to the foundation 32. Referring to Figures 1 or 2, the
vertically oriented connection 34 is made of an anchor bolt 36 cast in the
foundation 32 which passes through the lower horizontal member 20 and a
vertically oriented connector 38, both of which have holes or spaces to
admit the anchor bolt 36. A washer 42 is placed nvPr the an~hnr t~~t~ ~z~
followed by a nut 40 which is threaded onto the anchor bolt 36 to complete
the connection to the foundation 32.
The vertically oriented connector 38 may be a thrust block
made of wood preferably oriented so that the grain of the wood is
substantially vertical to take advantage of the increased compressive
strength of the wood parallel to the grain. Such a vertically oriented
connector 38 is attached by a metal plate 30 to the lower end 16 of the
vertical member 12. Preferably, the metal plate 30 covers substantially all of
the thrust block to confine the thrust blocks deformation and increase its
compressive strength. Further preferably, the same metal plate 30 also
attaches to the lower horizontal member 20 to provide a secure connection
between the vertical member 12 and the lower horizontal member 20.
Vertically oriented connector 38 made of wood as shown
in Figures 1 and 2 are easily and inexpensively included in the shear wall
panel 10 during manufacture. The thrust blocks shown in Figures 1 and 2
in particular are made of two blocks of "2 by" material with a space between
them to accept the anchor bolts 36 thus avoiding the need to drill a hole
through the thrust blocks while allowing the anchor bolt 36 to be near the
vertical members 12 for low eccentricity. In narrow shear wall panels 10
(typically less than eight feet wide) under some loads, however, a wooden
vertically oriented connector 38 may need to be larger than shown and have
a plurality of holes for a plurality of anchor bolts 36 to provide sufficient
strength. In these cases, suitable commercially available vertically oriented
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connectors 38 are preferred.
Additional foundation connections 44 are made of anchor
bolts 36 cast in the foundation 32 which pass through the lower horizontal
member 20 and are held in place by a nut 40 and washer 42. Where the
shear wall panel 10 is attached to a floor attached to the foundation 32, the
vertically oriented connections 34 and foundation connections 44 pass
through the floor. In combination, the foundation connections 44, and
vertically oriented connections 34 shear connect the shear wall panel 10,
meaning that they transmit the reaction force R to the shear wall panel 10
and resist the tensile forces on the members 28 connected to the lower
horizontal member 20. For the purposes of calculations, however, it is
assumed that the vertically oriented connections 34 resist all of the tensile
forces on the vertical members 12. Where the mufti-segmented assembly 24
is a polygon, tensile forces on one diagonal member 22 are counteracted by
adjoining diagonal members 22. In these cases, special vertically oriented
connections 34 are typically not required where the diagonal members 22
attach to the lower horizontal member 20.
Depending on the exterior and interior wall coverings or
fixtures, milers 46 may be nailed into the shear wall panel 10 as required.
Similarly, if a window is required in the shear wall panel 10, headers 48 and
sills 50 can be nailed inside the shear wall panel 10. If these requirements
are known early enough, the nailers 46, upper sills 48 and lower sills 50 can
also be attached with metal plates when the shear wall panel 10 is
assembled. In shear wall panels 10 of sufficient width, the open space in the
centre of the shear wall panel 10 provides considerable architectural
freedom for placing windows within a shear wall.
Despite the large opening in its centre, the shear wall panel
10 is surprisingly effective in supporting vertical loads on the wall.
Vertical
load is first supported by the upper horizontal member 18 and transferred to
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the vertical members 12 and to the vertex 26 of multi-segmented assembly
24 abutting the upper horizontal member 18. The upper diagonal members
22 further transmit vertical load to the lower portions of the vertical
members 12. The lower diagonal members 22 counteract the lateral
component of the force transferred by the upper diagonal members 22 so
that the vertical members 12 are not bent laterally. Because the multi-
segmented assembly 24 can support a vertical load, a large opening is
provided without the need to design the upper horizontal member 18 as a
conventional header.
Referring now to Figures 3 and 4, alternate embodiments
of the shear wall panel 10 are shown which provide even greater space for a
window opening and, in the case of Figure 4, for a door opening. In these
Figures, the mufti-segmented assembly 24 is formed of additional diagonal
members 22 creating additional vertices 26. These additional vertices 26 are
connected by extenders 52 to the vertically oriented connectors 38 or corners
formed by the intersection of the vertical members 12 with either the upper
horizontal member 18 or, not shown, the lower horizontal member 20. In
other respects, the shear wall panels in Figures 3 and 4 are similar to the
shear wall panel 10 in Figure 1 although the distribution of internal forces
differs slightly. In Figure 4, an additional difference is that the first and
second ends 27 of the mufti-segmented assembly 24 are not joined to each
other to make a polygon. In this case, shear forces on the shear wall panel
10 creates an upwards force at one of the first or second ends 27 that is not
resisted by the other. To counter the upwards force, foundation connections
44 are placed adjacent the first and second ends 27. Depending on the load,
however, additional vertically oriented connections 34 may be required in
place of the foundation connections 44.
Referring now to Figure 5, a shear wall panel 10 is shown
attached to a superior structure 54 above it. The superior structure 54 could
be, for example, a roof, a header over a large opening such as a garage door
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or the wall or floor of a second story. In a high wind or during an
earthquake, for example, the superior structure 54 may be subject to a lateral
force applied above the upper horizontal member 18. Accordingly, moment
and shear forces will be created between the superior structure 54 and the
upper horizontal member 18 of the shear wall panel 10. In other cases, such
as where the superior structure 54 is a header over a large opening, similar
moment and shear forces are created when a lateral force is applied
anywhere to the structure. These forces are resisted by attaching the
superior structure 54 and the upper horizontal member 18 together,
preferably with strap connectors 56.
Referring to Figures 5, 6 and 7, the strap connectors 56 are
made of metal straps having a first portion 58 with teeth 60 bent out of the
metal strap and a second portion 62 with holes 64 for nailing through the
metal strap into the roof, floor or wall of the building. In Figure 7, a
tensile
metal strap 66 is shown, having teeth 60 whose width is parallel to a Iine
dividing the first portion 58 of the strap connector 56 from the second
portion 62 of the strap connector 56. As shown in Figure 5, the first portion
58 of the tensile metal strap 66 is attached to the upper ends 14 of the
vertical members 12 and the second portion 62 of the tensile metal strap 66
extends upwards from the shear wall panel 10 to be nailed to the superior
structure 54. In Figure 6, a shear metal strap 68 is shown having teeth 60
whose width is perpendicular to a line dividing the first portion 58 of the
strap connector 56 from the second portion 62 of the strap connector 56. The
first portion 58 of the shear metal strap 68 is attached to the upper
horizontal member 18 and the second portion 62 of the shear metal strap 68
extends upwards from the shear wall panel 10 to be nailed to the superior
structure 54.
Now referring to Figure 8, a shear wall panel 10 on a first
floor is attached to a second floor 70 of a superior structure 54. An upper
floor shear wall panel 110 is located above the shear wall panel 10 below,
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preferably such that their vertical members 12 are directly one above the
other. The tensile metal straps 66 are not used, but rather second floor
vertically oriented connectors 134 are used. The second floor vertically
oriented connectors 134 are analogous to the vertically oriented connections
34 except that the foundation bolt 36 is replaced by a through bolt 136
threaded on both ends to receive nuts 40 and upper thrust blocks 138 are
provided in the upper corners of the shear wall panel 10. The lower
horizontal member 20 of the upper floor shear wall panel 110 is shear
connected to the laterally stabilized floor wall or floor below by the second
floor vertically oriented connectors 134 and by shear metal straps 68. The
first portion 58 of the shear metal straps 68 is attached to the lower
horizontal member 20 and their second portion 62 extends downwards
from the upper floor shear wall panel 110 to be nailed to the second floor 70
or the shear wall panel 10 below. In this way, shear wall panels 10 can be
provided for multistorey buildings efficiently at least up to 4 stories high.
Where the foundation 32 is wood or separated from the shear wall panel 10
by a wooden floor deck, shear metal straps 68 (shown in dashed lines) may
be used with or in place of foundation connections 44.
To connect the shear wall panel 10 to an adjoining wall
panel, the upper-most board of the upper horizontal member 18 may be
extended beyond the vertical members 12. This extended board laps over
the top plate of an adjacent wall panel forming part of a conventional
double top plate. Alternatively, as shown in Figure 8, the entire upper
horizontal member 18 may be extended beyond the vertical members 12 in
which case the studs of an adjacent wall panel are attached directly to the
extended upper horizontal member 18. Finally, the shear wall panel 10 can
also be integrated into an adjacent wall panel by lapping one or more plates
from the adjacent panel over the upper horizontal member 1$ which
involves more material than the methods above but avoids the need for
extended upper horizontal members 18 which may be an advantage if the
shear wall panels 10 are assembled off site.
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Referring now to Figures 5, 9 and 10, a tensile rod
connection 100 is shown (in dashed lines in Figure 5) between a shear wall
panel 10, 110 and a foundation 32 (Figures 1 and 5) or laterally stabilized
wall 10 or floor 70 (Figure 8) of a building below the shear wall panel. This
alternative connection may be used in addition to or in place of the
previously described vertically oriented connections 34, 134. As for the
vertically oriented connections 34, 134, foundation connections 44 and shear
metal straps 68 may be used in addition to the tensile rod connection 100 but
are generally assumed not to resist any tensile forces on the vertical
members 12.
The tensile rod connection 100 comprises a tensile rod 102,
typically made of steel and threaded at least at its ends. The tensile rods
102
extend vertically through the shear wall panel 10, 110 near the vertical
members 12. The tensile rods 102 are secured near the top of the shear wall
panel 10, 110 or near a solid structure adjacent the top of the shear wall
panel 10, 110 such as a superior structure 54 (Figure 5), floor 70 or upper
floor shear wall panel 110 (Figure 8). The tensile rods 102 are secured to the
foundation 32 (Figures 1 and 5) or a laterally stabilized wall 10 or floor 70
(Figure 8) of a building below the shear wall panel, preferably by threaded
couplers 104 connected to anchor bolts 36 in a foundation 32 or to a threaded
rod 102 from a lower floor of the building which is in turn connected to the
foundation 32. The tensile rods 102 are preferably secured to the shear wall
panel 10, 110 by nuts 106 screwed down over washers 108 to put the tensile
rods 102 slightly in tension. The nuts 106 preferably abut (a) the top of the
upper horizontal member 18 of a shear wall panel 10 (as in Figure 1) where
no significant shear or moment forces are expected between a superior
structure 54 and the upper horizontal member 18, (b) the top of the superior
structure 54 (as in Figure 5) where significant shear or moment forces are
expected between a superior structure 54 and the upper horizontal member
18 and (c) the top of the lower horizontal member 20 of an upper floor shear
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wall panel 110 (as in Figure 8) when there is one. Vertically oriented
connectors 38 are described earlier are preferably used below each nut 106 or
below upper horizontal members 18 where a nut will be used above the
upper horizontal members.
It is to be understood that what has been described are
preferred embodiments of the invention. The invention, however, may be
altered and applied to alternative embodiments within the spirit of the
invention as described above, and the scope of the claims set out below. In
particular, the embodiments described above are suitable for use in light
timber framing. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art, however, that
the some aspects of the invention may be applied to other structural
systems, particularly light gauge metal, engineered steel and timber
framing.
