Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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CONFORMABLE CONTAINER LINERS
1o FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to liners of the type commonly utilized to line
drums, boxes, and other types of containers.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Liners, particularly those made of comparatively inexpensive polymeric
materials,
have been widely employed to line the interior of drums, boxes, and other
types of
containers to protect the containers from the intended contents and/or to
protect the
intended contents from contamination through contact with the container.
Liners have
also been utilized to provide a barner to leakage, particularly for liquid
products and
2o powdered or granular products such as cereal.
As utilized herein, the term "flexible" is utilized to refer to materials
which are
capable of being flexed or bent, especially repeatedly, such that they are
pliant and
yieldable in response to externally applied forces. Accordingly, "flexible" is
substantially
opposite in meaning to the terms inflexible, rigid, or unyielding. Materials
and structures
which are flexible, therefore, may be altered in shape and structure to
accommodate
external forces and to conform to the shape of objects brought into contact
with them
without losing their integrity. Liners of the type commonly available are
typically formed
from materials having consistent physical properties throughout the liner
structure, such
as stretch, tensile, and/or elongation properties.
3o With such liners, it is frequently difficult to provide liners which
precisely
accommodate the dimensions and volume of the container interior. Excess liner
material
bunches or puckers within the container, particularly at the bottom portion
where corners
or edges frequently intersect, leading to trapped air space between the liner
and the
container. In addition, liners which are too small likewise lead to poor
utilization of the
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interior space of the container.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a liner which is capable of
closely
conforming to the volume and/or dimensions of the interior of the container in
use.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a container liner comprising at least one sheet
of
flexible sheet material assembled to form a semi-enclosed container having an
opening
defined by a periphery. The sheet material has a preferential elongation axis
which
permits the liner to expand in response to forces exerted by contents within
the liner to
1o provide an increase in volume of the liner and conform the liner to the
interior volume of
a container.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and
distinctly claiming the present invention, it is believed that the present
invention will be
better understood from the following description in conjunction with the
accompanying
Drawing Figures, in which like reference numerals identify like elements, and
wherein:
Figure 1 is a plan view of a container liner in accordance with the present
invention in a closed, empty condition;
Figure 2 is a perspective view of the liner of Figure 1 in a container such as
a
drum;
Figure 3 is an elevational view of the liner of Figure 1 in a container such
as a
baby bottle;
Figure 4 is a perspective view of a container such as a cereal box suitable
for use
with a liner such as the liner of Figure 1;
Figure SA is a segmented, perspective illustration of the polymeric film
material
suitable for container liners of the present invention in a substantially
untensioned
condition;
Figure 5B is a segmented, perspective illustration of the polymeric film
material
3o suitable for container liners according to the present invention in a
partially-tensioned
condition;
Figure SC is a segmented, perspective illustration of the polymeric film
material
suitable for container liners according to the present invention in a greater-
tensioned
condition;
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Figure 6 is a plan view illustration of another embodiment of a sheet material
useful in the present invention; and
Figure 7 is a plan view illustration of a polymeric web material of Figure 6
in a
partially-tensioned condition similar to the depiction of Figure 5B.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
CONTAINER LINER CONSTRUCTION:
Figure 1 depicts a presently preferred embodiment of a container liner 10
to according to the present invention. In the embodiment depicted in Figure 1,
the container
liner 10 includes a body 20 formed from a piece of flexible sheet material
folded upon
itself along fold line 22 and bonded to itself along side seams 24 and 26 to
form a semi
enclosed container having an opening along edge 28. Liner 10 may also include
an
optional closure means 30 located adjacent to edge 28 for sealing edge 28 to
form a fully
enclosed container or vessel. Liners such as the liner 10 of Figure 1 can be
also
constructed from a continuous tube of sheet material, thereby eliminating side
seams 24
and 26 and substituting a bottom seam for fold line 22. Liner 10 is suitable
for containing
and protecting a wide variety of materials and/or objects contained within the
liner body.
Figure 1 shows a plurality of regions extending across the liner surface.
Regions
40 comprise rows of deeply-embossed deformations in the flexible sheet
material of the
body 20, while regions 50 comprise intervening undeformed regions. As shown in
Figure
l, the undeformed regions have axes which extend across the material of the
liner body in
a direction substantially parallel to the plane (axis when in a closed
condition) of the open
edge 28, which in the configuration shown is also substantially parallel to
the plane or
axis defined by the bottom edge 22.
In accordance with the present invention, the body portion 20 of the liner 10
comprises a flexible sheet material having the ability to elastically elongate
to
accommodate the forces exerted outwardly by the contents introduced into the
liner
within the outer container or vessel in combination with the ability to impart
additional
3o resistance to elongation before the tensile limits of the material are
reached. This
combination of properties permits the liner to readily initially expand in
response to
outward forces exerted by the liner contents by controlled elongation in
respective
directions. These elongation properties increase the internal volume of the
liner by
expanding the length of the bag material.
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Additionally, while it is presently preferred to construct substantially the
entire
liner body from a sheet material having the structure and characteristics of
the present
invention, it may be desirable under certain circumstances to provide such
materials in
only one or more portions or zones of the liner body rather than its entirety.
For example,
a band of such material having the desired stretch orientation could be
provided forming a
complete circular band around the liner body to provide a more localized
stretch property.
Alternatively, a region of such material could be provided where the liner
approaches the
juncture of container sides or corners, such as the where the bottom of a drum
meets the
sidewall.
1o Figure 2 depicts a liner such as the liner 10 of Figure 1 utilized in a
container 31
such as a drum for liquid or powdered products. In such a configuration, the
liner is
folded over the mouth of the container to facilitate filling, after which the
liner may be
secured with a closure of any suitable conventional design or may be sealed
along with
the container itself through the use of a lid or cover of any conventional
design. Figure 3
similarly depicts a liner 10 utilized in a container such as a bottle, more
particularly a
baby bottle 32. Figure 4 depicts a container in the form of a box such as a
cereal box 33,
which may employ a liner 10 therein for containing and preserving a product
such as
cereal.
Materials suitable for use in the present invention, as described hereafter,
are
2o believed to provide additional benefits in terms of reduced contact area
with a trash can or
other container, aiding in the removal of the liner after placing contents
therein. The
three-dimensional nature of the sheet material coupled with its elongation
properties also
provides enhanced tear and puncture resistance and enhanced visual, aural, and
tactile
impression. The elongation properties also permit liners to have a greater
capacity per
unit of material used, improving the "mileage" of such liners. Hence, smaller
liners than
those of conventional construction may be utilized for a given application.
REPRESENTATIVE MATERIALS:
To better illustrate the structural features and performance advantages of
container
liners according to the present invention, Figure SA provides a greatly-
enlarged partial
perspective view of a segment of sheet material 52 suitable for forming the
liner body 20
as depicted in Figures 1-2. Materials such as those illustrated and described
herein as
suitable for use in accordance with the present invention, as well as methods
for making
and characterizing same, are described in greater detail in commonly-assigned
U.S. Patent
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No. 5,518,801, issued to Chappell, et al. on May 21, 1996, the disclosure of
which is
hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Refernng now to Figure 5A, sheet material 52 includes a "strainable network"
of
distinct regions. As used herein, the term "strainable network" refers to an
interconnected
5 and interrelated group of regions which are able to be extended to some
useful degree in a
predetermined direction providing the sheet material with an elastic-like
behavior in
response to an applied and subsequently released elongation. The strainable
network
includes at least a first region 64 and a second region 66. Sheet material 52
includes a
transitional region 65 which is at the interface between the first region 64
and the second
l0 region 66. The transitional region 65 will exhibit complex combinations of
the behavior
of both the first region and the second region. It is recognized that every
embodiment of
such sheet materials suitable for use in accordance with the present invention
will have a
transitional region; however, such materials are defined by the behavior of
the sheet
material in the first region 64 and the second region 66. Therefore, the
ensuing
description will be concerned with the behavior of the sheet material in the
first regions
and the second regions only since it is not dependent upon the complex
behavior of the
sheet material in the transitional regions 65.
Sheet material 52 has a first surface 52a and an opposing second surface 52b.
In
the preferred embodiment shown in Figure SA, the strainable network includes a
plurality
of first regions 64 and a plurality of second regions 66. The first regions 64
have a first
axis 68 and a second axis 69, wherein the first axis 68 is preferably longer
than the second
axis 69. The first axis 68 of the first region 64 is substantially parallel to
the longitudinal
axis "L" of the sheet material 52 while the second axis 69 is substantially
parallel to the
transverse axis "T" of the sheet material 52. Preferably, the second axis of
the first
region, the width of the first region, is from about 0.01 inches to about 0.5
inches, and
more preferably from about 0.03 inches to about 0.25 inches. The second
regions 66 have
a first axis 70 and a second axis 71. The first axis 70 is substantially
parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the sheet material 52, while the second axis 71 is
substantially parallel
to the transverse axis of the sheet material 52. Preferably, the second axis
of the second
region, the width of the second region, is from about 0.01 inches to about 2.0
inches, and
more preferably from about 0.125 inches to about 1.0 inches. In the preferred
embodiment of Figure 5A, the first regions 64 and the second regions 66 are
substantially
linear, extending continuously in a direction substantially parallel to the
longitudinal axis
of the sheet material 52.
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The first region 64 has an elastic modulus E1 and a cross-sectional area A1.
The
second region 66 has a modulus E2 and a cross-sectional area A2.
In the illustrated embodiment, the sheet material 52 has been "formed" such
that
the sheet material 52 exhibits a resistive force along an axis, which in the
case of the
illustrated embodiment is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of
the web, when
subjected to an applied axial elongation in a direction substantially parallel
to the
longitudinal axis. As used herein, the term "formed" refers to the creation of
a desired
structure or geometry upon a sheet material that will substantially retain the
desired
structure or geometry when it is not subjected to any externally applied
elongations or
l0 forces. A sheet material of the present invention is comprised of at least
a first region and
a second region, wherein the first region is visually distinct from the second
region. As
used herein, the term "visually distinct" refers to features of the sheet
material which are
readily discernible to the normal naked eye when the sheet material or objects
embodying
the sheet material are subjected to normal use. As used herein the term
"surface-
pathlength" refers to a measurement along the topographic surface of the
region in
question in a direction substantially parallel to an axis. The method for
determining the
surface-pathlength of the respective regions can be found in the Test Methods
section of
the above-referenced and above-incorporated Chappell et al. patent.
Methods for forming such sheet materials useful in the present invention
include,
but are not limited to, embossing by mating plates or rolls, thermoforming,
high pressure
hydraulic forming, or casting. While the entire portion of the web 52 has been
subjected
to a forming operation, the present invention may also be practiced by
subjecting to
formation only a portion thereof, e.g., a portion of the material comprising
the bag body
20, as will be described in detail below.
In the preferred embodiment shown in Figure SA, the first regions 64 are
substantially planar. That is, the material within the first region 64 is in
substantially the
same condition before and after the formation step undergone by web 52. The
second
regions 66 include a plurality of raised rib-like elements 74. The rib-like
elements may be
embossed, debossed or a combination thereof. The rib-like elements 74 have a
first or
3o major axis 76 which is substantially parallel to the transverse axis of the
web 52 and a
second or minor axis 77 which is substantially parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the web
52. The length parallel to the first axis 76 of the rib-like elements 74 is at
least equal to,
and preferably longer than the length parallel to the second axis 77.
Preferably, the ratio
of the first axis 76 to the second axis 77 is at least about 1:1 or greater,
and more
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preferably at least about 2:1 or greater.
The rib-like elements 74 in the second region 66 may be separated from one
another by unformed areas. Preferably, the rib-like elements 74 are adjacent
one another
and are separated by an unformed area of less than 0.10 inches as measured
perpendicular
to the major axis 76 of the rib-like elements 74, and more preferably, the rib-
like elements
74 are contiguous having essentially no unformed areas between them.
The first region 64 and the second region 66 each have a "projected
pathlength".
As used herein the term "projected pathlength" refers to the length of a
shadow of a
region that would be thrown by parallel light. The projected pathlength of the
first region
l0 64 and the projected pathlength of the second region 66 are equal to one
another.
The first region 64 has a surface-pathlength, L1, less than the surface-
pathlength,
L2, of the second region 66 as measured topographically in a direction
parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the web 52 while the web is in an untensioned condition.
Preferably,
the surface-pathlength of the second region 66 is at least about 15% greater
than that of
the first region 64, more preferably at least about 30% greater than that of
the first region,
and most preferably at least about 70% greater than that of the first region.
In general, the
greater the surface-pathlength of the second region, the greater will be the
elongation of
the web before encountering the force wall. Suitable techniques for measuring
the
surface-pathlength of such materials are described in the above-referenced and
above
2o incorporated Chappell et al. patent.
Sheet material 52 exhibits a modified "Poisson lateral contraction effect"
substantially less than that of an otherwise identical base web of similar
material
composition. The method for determining the Poisson lateral contraction effect
of a
material can be found in the Test Methods section of the above-referenced and
above-
incorporated Chappell et al. patent. Preferably, the Poisson lateral
contraction effect of
webs suitable for use in the present invention is less than about 0.4 when the
web is
subjected to about 20% elongation. Preferably, the webs exhibit a Poisson
lateral
contraction effect less than about 0.4 when the web is subjected to about 40,
50 or even
60% elongation. More preferably, the Poisson lateral contraction effect is
less than about
0.3 when the web is subjected to 20, 40, 50 or 60% elongation. The Poisson
lateral
contraction effect of such webs is determined by the amount of the web
material which is
occupied by the first and second regions, respectively. As the area of the
sheet material
occupied by the first region increases the Poisson lateral contraction effect
also increases.
Conversely, as the area of the sheet material occupied by the second region
increases the
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Poisson lateral contraction effect decreases. Preferably, the percent area of
the sheet
material occupied by the first area is from about 2% to about 90%, and more
preferably
from about 5% to about 50%.
Sheet materials of the prior art which have at least one layer of an
elastomeric
material will generally have a large Poisson lateral contraction effect, i.e.,
they will "neck
down" as they elongate in response to an applied force. Web materials useful
in
accordance with the present invention can be designed to moderate if not
substantially
eliminate the Poisson lateral contraction effect.
For sheet material 52, the direction of applied axial elongation, D, indicated
by
to arrows 80 in Figure SA, is substantially perpendicular to the first axis 76
of the rib-like
elements 74. The rib-like elements 74 are able to unbend or geometrically
deform in a
direction substantially perpendicular to their first axis 76 to allow
extension in web 52.
Referring now to Figure SB, as web of sheet material 52 is subjected to an
applied
axial elongation, D, indicated by arrows 80 in Figure SB, the first region 64
having the
shorter surface-pathlength, L1, provides most of the initial resistive force,
P1, as a result
of molecular-level deformation, to the applied elongation. In this stage, the
rib-like
elements 74 in the second region 66 are experiencing geometric deformation, or
unbending and offer minimal resistance to the applied elongation. In
transition to the next
stage, the rib-like elements 74 are becoming aligned with (i.e., coplanar
with) the applied
2o elongation. That is, the second region is exhibiting a change from
geometric deformation
to molecular-level deformation. This is the onset of the force wall. In the
stage seen in
Figure SC, the rib-like elements 74 in the second region 66 have become
substantially
aligned with (i.e., coplanar with) the plane of applied elongation (i.e. the
second region
has reached its limit of geometric deformation) and begin to resist further
elongation via
molecular-level deformation. The second region 66 now contributes, as a result
of
molecular-level deformation, a second resistive force, P2, to further applied
elongation.
The resistive forces to elongation provided by both the molecular-level
deformation of the
first region 64 and the molecular-level deformation of the second region 66
provide a total
resistive force, PT, which is greater than the resistive force which is
provided by the
3o molecular-level deformation of the first region 64 and the geometric
deformation of the
second region 66.
The resistive force Pl is substantially greater than the resistive force P2
when (L1
+ D) is less than L2. When (L1 + D) is less than L2 the first region provides
the initial
resistive force P1, generally satisfying the equation:
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Pl=~AlxElxD)
L1
When (L1 + D) is greater than L2 the first and second regions provide a
combined total
resistive force PT to the applied elongation, D, generally satisfying the
equation:
PT = (A1 x E1 x D) + ~A2 x E2 x ~Ll + D - L2[)
L1 L2
The maximum elongation occurring while in the stage corresponding to Figures
SA and SB, before reaching the stage depicted in Figure SC, is the "available
stretch" of
the formed web material. The available stretch corresponds to the distance
over which the
second region experiences geometric deformation. The range of available
stretch can be
i5 varied from about 10% to 100% or more, and can be largely controlled by the
extent to
which the surface-pathlength L2 in the second region exceeds the surface-
pathlength L1
in the first region and the composition of the base film. The term available
stretch is not
intended to imply a limit to the elongation which the web of the present
invention may be
subjected to as there are applications where elongation beyond the available
stretch is
2o desirable.
When the sheet material is subjected to an applied elongation, the sheet
material
exhibits an elastic-like behavior as it extends in the direction of applied
elongation and
returns to its substantially untensioned condition once the applied elongation
is removed,
unless the sheet material is extended beyond the point of yielding. The sheet
material is
25 able to undergo multiple cycles of applied elongation without losing its
ability to
substantially recover. Accordingly, the web is able to return to its
substantially
untensioned condition once the applied elongation is removed.
While the sheet material may be easily and reversibly extended in the
direction of
applied axial elongation, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the
first axis of the
3o rib-like elements, the web material is not as easily extended in a
direction substantially
parallel to the first axis of the rib-like elements. The formation of the rib-
like elements
allows the rib-like elements to geometrically deform in a direction
substantially
perpendicular to the first or major axis of the rib-like elements, while
requiring
substantially molecular-level deformation to extend in a direction
substantially parallel to
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the first axis of the rib-like elements.
The amount of applied force required to extend the web is dependent upon the
composition and cross-sectional area of the sheet material and the width and
spacing of
the first regions, with narrower and more widely spaced first regions
requiring lower
5 applied extensional forces to achieve the desired elongation for a given
composition and
cross-sectional area. The first axis, (i.e., the length) of the first regions
is preferably
greater than the second axis, (i.e., the width) of the first regions with a
preferred length to
width ratio of from about 5:1 or greater.
The depth and frequency of rib-like elements can also be varied to control the
l0 available stretch of a web of sheet material suitable for use in accordance
with the present
invention. The available stretch is increased if for a given frequency of rib-
like elements,
the height or degree of formation imparted on the rib-like elements is
increased.
Similarly, the available stretch is increased if for a given height or degree
of formation,
the frequency of the rib-like elements is increased.
There are several functional properties that can be controlled through the
application of such materials to flexible liners of the present invention. The
functional
properties are the resistive force exerted by the sheet material against an
applied
elongation and the available stretch of the sheet material before the force
wall is
encountered. The resistive force that is exerted by the sheet material against
an applied
2o elongation is a function of the material (e.g., composition, molecular
structure and
orientation, etc.) and cross-sectional area and the percent of the projected
surface area of
the sheet material that is occupied by the first region. The higher the
percent area
coverage of the sheet material by the first region, the higher the resistive
force that the
web will exert against an applied elongation for a given material composition
and cross-
sectional area. The percent coverage of the sheet material by the first region
is
determined in part, if not wholly, by the widths of the first regions and the
spacing
between adjacent first regions.
The available stretch of the web material is determined by the surface-
pathlength
of the second region. The surface-pathlength of the second region is
determined at least
3o in part by the rib-like element spacing, rib-like element frequency and
depth of formation
of the rib-like elements as measured perpendicular to the plane of the web
material. In
general, the greater the surface-pathlength of the second region the greater
the available
stretch of the web material.
As discussed above with regard to Figures SA-SC, the sheet material 52
initially
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exhibits a certain resistance to elongation provided by the first region 64
while the rib-like
elements 74 of the second region 66 undergo geometric motion. As the rib-like
elements
transition into the plane of the first regions of the material, an increased
resistance to
elongation is exhibited as the entire sheet material then undergoes molecular-
level
deformation. Accordingly, sheet materials of the type depicted in Figures 5A-
5C and
described in the above-referenced and above-incorporated Chappell et al.
patent provide
the performance advantages of the present invention when formed into the
flexible liners
of the present invention.
An additional benefit realized by the utilization of the aforementioned sheet
to materials in constructing flexible liners according to the present
invention is the increase
in visual and tactile appeal of such materials. Polymeric films commonly
utilized to form
such flexible polymeric bags are typically comparatively thin in nature and
frequently
have a smooth, shiny surface finish. While some manufacturers utilize a small
degree of
embossing or other texturing of the film surface, at least on the side facing
outwardly of
the finished bag, bags made of such materials still tend to exhibit a slippery
and flimsy
tactile impression. Thin materials coupled with substantially two-dimensional
surface
geometry also tend to leave the consumer with an exaggerated impression of the
thinness,
and perceived lack of durability, of such flexible polymeric bags.
In contrast, sheet materials useful in accordance with the present invention
such as
2o those depicted in Figures 5A-SC exhibit a three-dimensional cross-sectional
profile
wherein the sheet material is (in an un-tensioned condition) deformed out of
the
predominant plane of the sheet material. This provides additional surface area
for
gripping and dissipates the glare normally associated with substantially
planar, smooth
surfaces. The three-dimensional rib-like elements also provide a "cushiony"
tactile
impression when the bag is gripped in one's hand, also contributing to a
desirable tactile
impression versus conventional bag materials and providing an enhanced
perception of
thickness and durability. The additional texture also reduces noise associated
with certain
types of film materials, leading to an enhanced aural impression.
Suitable mechanical methods of forming the base material into a web of sheet
material suitable for use in the present invention are well known in the art
and are
disclosed in the aforementioned Chappell et al. patent and commonly-assigned
U.S.
Patent No. 5,650,214, issued July 22, 1997 in the names of Anderson et al.,
the
disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Another method of forming the base material into a web of sheet material
suitable
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for use in the present invention is vacuum forming. An example of a vacuum
forming
method is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,314, issued to
Radel et al.
on August 3, 1982. Alternatively, the formed web of sheet material may be
hydraulically
formed in accordance with the teachings of commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No.
4,609,518
issued to Curro et al. on September 2, 1986. The disclosures of each of the
above patents
are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The method of formation can be accomplished in a static mode, where one
discrete portion of a base film is deformed at a time. Alternatively, the
method of
formation can be accomplished using a continuous, dynamic press for
intermittently
to contacting the moving web and forming the base material into a formed web
material of
the present invention. These and other suitable methods for forming the web
material of
the present invention are more fully described in the above-referenced and
above
incorporated Chappell et al. patent. The flexible liners may be fabricated
from formed
sheet material or, alternatively, the flexible liners may be fabricated and
then subj ected to
the methods for forming the sheet material.
Refernng now to Figure 6, other patterns for first and second regions may also
be
employed as sheet materials 52 suitable for use in accordance with the present
invention.
The sheet material 52 is shown in Figure 6 in its substantially untensioned
condition. The
sheet material 52 has two centerlines, a longitudinal centerline, which is
also referred to
hereinafter as an axis, line, or direction "L" and a transverse or lateral
centerline, which is
also referred to hereinafter as an axis, line, or direction "T". The
transverse centerline "T"
is generally perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline "L". Materials of
the type
depicted in Figure 6 are described in greater detail in the aforementioned
Anderson et al.
patent.
As discussed above with regard to Figures 5A-5C, sheet material 52 includes a
"strainable network" of distinct regions. The strainable network includes a
plurality of
first regions 60 and a plurality of second regions 66 which are visually
distinct from one
another. Sheet material 52 also includes transitional regions 65 which are
located at the
interface between the first regions 60 and the second regions 66. The
transitional regions
65 will exhibit complex combinations of the behavior of both the first region
and the
second region, as discussed above.
Sheet material 52 has a first surface, (facing the viewer in Figure 6), and an
opposing second surface (not shown). In the preferred embodiment shown in
Figure 6,
the strainable network includes a plurality of first regions 60 and a
plurality of second
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regions 66. A portion of the first regions 60, indicated generally as 61, are
substantially
linear and extend in a first direction. The remaining first regions 60,
indicated generally
as 62, are substantially linear and extend in a second direction which is
substantially
perpendicular to the first direction. While it is preferred that the first
direction be
perpendicular to the second direction, other angular relationships between the
first
direction and the second direction may be suitable so long as the first
regions 61 and 62
intersect one another. Preferably, the angles between the first and second
directions
ranges from about 45° to about 135°, with 90° being the
most preferred. The intersection
of the first regions 61 and 62 forms a boundary, indicated by phantom line 63
in Figure 6,
to which completely surrounds the second regions 66.
Preferably, the width 68 of the first regions 60 is from about 0.01 inches to
about
0.5 inches, and more preferably from about 0.03 inches to about 0.25 inches.
However,
other width dimensions for the first regions 60 may be suitable. Because the
first regions
61 and 62 are perpendicular to one another and equally spaced apart, the
second regions
have a square shape. However, other shapes for the second region 66 are
suitable and
may be achieved by changing the spacing between the first regions and/or the
alignment
of the first regions 61 and 62 with respect to one another. The second regions
66 have a
first axis 70 and a second axis 71. The first axis 70 is substantially
parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the web material 52, while the second axis 71 is
substantially parallel
2o to the transverse axis of the web material 52. The first regions 60 have an
elastic modulus
E1 and a cross-sectional area A1. The second regions 66 have an elastic
modulus E2 and
a cross-sectional area A2.
In the embodiment shown in Figure 6, the first regions 60 are substantially
planar.
That is, the material within the first regions 60 is in substantially the same
condition
before and after the formation step undergone by web 52. The second regions 66
include a
plurality of raised rib-like elements 74. The rib-like elements 74 may be
embossed,
debossed or a combination thereof. The rib-like elements 74 have a first or
major axis 76
which is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the web 52 and a
second or
minor axis 77 which is substantially parallel to the transverse axis of the
web 52.
3o The rib-like elements 74 in the second region 66 may be separated from one
another by unformed areas, essentially unembossed or debossed, or simply
formed as
spacing areas. Preferably, the rib-like elements 74 are adjacent one another
and are
separated by an unformed area of less than 0.10 inches as measured
perpendicular to the
major axis 76 of the rib-like elements 74, and more preferably, the rib-like
elements 74
CA 02375170 2001-11-23
WO 00/78626 PCT/US00/16963
14
are contiguous having essentially no unformed areas between them.
The first regions 60 and the second regions 66 each have a "projected
pathlength".
As used herein the term "projected pathlength" refers to the length of a
shadow of a
region that would be thrown by parallel light. The projected pathlength of the
first region
60 and the projected pathlength of the second region 66 are equal to one
another.
The first region 60 has a surface-pathlength, L1, less than the surface-
pathlength,
L2, of the second region 66 as measured topographically in a parallel
direction while the
web is in an untensioned condition. Preferably, the surface-pathlength of the
second
region 66 is at least about 15% greater than that of the first region 60, more
preferably at
to least about 30% greater than that of the first region, and most preferably
at least about
70% greater than that of the first region. In general, the greater the surface-
pathlength of
the second region, the greater will be the elongation of the web before
encountering the
force wall.
For sheet material 52, the direction of applied axial elongation, D, indicated
by
arrows 80 in Figure 6, is substantially perpendicular to the first axis 76 of
the rib-like
elements 74. This is due to the fact that the rib-like elements 74 are able to
unbend or
geometrically deform in a direction substantially perpendicular to their first
axis 76 to
allow extension in web 52.
Refernng now to Figure 7, as web 52 is subjected to an applied axial
elongation,
2o D, indicated by arrows 80 in Figure 7, the first regions 60 having the
shorter surface-
pathlength, L1, provide most of the initial resistive force, P1, as a result
of molecular-
level deformation, to the applied elongation which corresponds to stage I.
While in stage
I, the rib-like elements 74 in the second regions 66 are experiencing
geometric
deformation, or unbending and offer minimal resistance to the applied
elongation. In
addition, the shape of the second regions 66 changes as a result of the
movement of the
reticulated structure formed by the intersecting first regions 61 and 62.
Accordingly, as
the web 52 is subjected to the applied elongation, the first regions 61 and 62
experience
geometric deformation or bending, thereby changing the shape of the second
regions 66.
The second regions are extended or lengthened in a direction parallel to the
direction of
3o applied elongation, and collapse or shrink in a direction perpendicular to
the direction of
applied elongation.
In addition to the aforementioned elastic-like properties, a sheet material of
the
type depicted in Figures 6 and 7 is believed to provide a softer, more cloth-
like texture
and appearance, and is more quiet in use.
CA 02375170 2001-11-23
WO 00/78626 PCT/US00/16963
Various compositions suitable for constructing the flexible liners of the
present
invention include substantially impermeable materials such as polyvinyl
chloride (PVC),
polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP),
aluminum foil,
coated (waxed, etc.) and uncoated paper, coated nonwovens etc., and
substantially
5 permeable materials such as scrims, meshes, wovens, nonwovens, or perforated
or porous
films, whether predominantly two-dimensional in nature or formed into three-
dimensional
structures. Such materials may comprise a single composition or layer or may
be a
composite structure of multiple materials.
Once the desired sheet materials are manufactured in any desirable and
suitable
1o manner, comprising all or part of the materials to be utilized for the
liner body, the liner
may be constructed in any known and suitable fashion such as those known in
the art for
making such liners in commercially available form. Heat, mechanical, or
adhesive
sealing technologies may be utilized to join various components or elements of
the liner
to themselves or to each other. In addition, the liner bodies may be
thermoformed, blown,
15 or otherwise molded rather than reliance upon folding and bonding
techniques to
construct the liner bodies from a web or sheet of material.
REPRESENTATIVE CLOSURES:
Closures of any design and configuration suitable for the intended application
may
2o be utilized in constructing container liners according to the present
invention. For
example, drawstring-type closures, tieable handles or flaps, twist-tie or
interlocking strip
closures, adhesive-based closures, interlocking mechanical seals with or
without slider
type closure mechanisms, removable ties or strips made of the liner
composition, heat
seals, or any other suitable closure may be employed. Such closures are well-
known in
the art as are methods of manufacturing and applying them to flexible bags
similar in
structure to container liners of the present invention.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated
and
described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other
changes and
modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention.
3o It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes
and
modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
