Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
CA 02449107 2003-12-O1
METHOD FOR PRODUCING FORGINGS MAINLY MADE OF METALS
AND ALLOYS OF TITANIUM GROUP AND A FORGING SYSTEM FOR
CARRYING OUT SAID METHOD
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of metals non-cutting
shaping, and particularly, to method of production of forged
pieces from ingots and preliminary deformed in forging
complexes billets; at that, these complexes consist of
hydraulic forging presses with one or two manipulators and
equipped with four-hammer block forging devices.
The invention can be used in machine-building and
metallurgical industries for producing of forged pieces
mainly of metals and alloys from the subgroup of Titanium
(Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium) and also for manufacturing of
forged pieces of Niobium, Tantalum and their alloys. All
these metals and alloys on their bases are combined by the
fact, that they actively absorb'gases and oxidize at high
temperatures when preheating before deformation and during
hot deformation itself.
A production process has been proposed for manufacturing of
zirconium alloy billets used for producing components for
cores of nuclear power reactors - fuel elements claddings
and other structural components. (Zaimovsky A.S., Nikulina
A.V., Reshetnikov N.G. Zirconium Alloys In Nuclear Power
Engineering. Moscow. Energoizdat. 1981. Pp. 51-71). The
production process comprises producing of ingot by vacuum-
arc (or electron beam) melting, forging of preheated ingot
with press or hammer to produce definitely sized rods, hot
extrusion of rods and cold rolling with intermediate and
final thermal treatments. The most important stage in the
production process is the method of manufacturing of forged
CA 02449107 2003-12-O1
2
pieces, comprising preheating of ingot to the ~-phase
temperature, followed by forging of the latter in press or
hammer at the temperature when zirconium alloy is in p and
a+~ phases. Additional billet preheatings are carried on, if
necessary.
Currently in use technology of forged pieces production by
forging in presses and hammers provides high metal quality
due to intensive deformation processing of metal cast
structure along the whole cross section of ingot.
But for all this, Zirconium and its alloys oxidize
intensively at high temperatures, which results in metal big
losses due to scaling. Besides, it is necessary to remove
gas-saturated layer from forged pieces's surfaces after
descaling. At this, the longer is the preheating of the
ingot (billet) followed by forging, the thicker surface gas
saturated layer has to be removed to provide that metal
quality corresponds to claimed requirements.
It has previously been proposed the forging technique for
Titanium alloy ingots, comprising the preliminary ingot
deformation by drawing it in press or hammer at the
temperature, which is 150-250°C higher than the temperature
of polymorphic transformation of ingot material; then
heating and final forging of semiproduct in radial-forging
machine (inventor's certificate USSR #1541867, c1.B21J/04,
1988).
Application of radial forging machine / RFM/ after hammer or
press forging allows to improve the surface quality of
forged pieces, to obtain geometrically correct and accurate
forging cross section.
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3
It has also been proposed previously the method of forged
pieces production, comprising ingot heating, followed by
forging in press with two manipulators during several stages
by quadrilateral swaging in four-hammer block forging
devices with additional macro-shift of metal in billet's
transversal plane at every single swaging, feeding and
tilting of billet. (Lazorkin V.A., Ckorniakov Yu.N., Tyurin
V.A., Zaluzhny Yu.G., Kulikov V.A., Degtiariova T.V.
Increasing of efficiency of forging drawing of billets of
special steels and alloys in presses. Magazine ~~Forging-
stamping production", 1999, #2, pp.3-S).
Application of four-hammer block forging devices allows to
improve sufficiently process efficiency, accuracy of final
forged pieces and metal yield in comparison with traditional
manufacturing processes of forged pieces in hammers and
presses.
It is also known the forging complex, consisting of forging
press equipped with movable tool table with several
positions of forging tool changing, forging tooling,
positioned on the tool table and two manipulators,
synchronized with press operation (Relis S.I., Lapin V.V.,
Sobolev Yu.V., Means of efficiency improvement of automatic
forging complexes application. Review. Moscow. NIImash.
1983, pp.2-13. Series C-3. Forging-stamping machine
building).
Forging complex provides simultaneous operation of press and
two manipulators in manual, semiautomatic and automatic
modes, which results in high level of process mechanization
and automatization, while tooling change is carried on by
moving of the tool table in predetermined position by
operator order from press control board.
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a
It is also known the forging complex comprising forging
press with upper and low plates with locks for clamping and
fixing of forging tooling; movable tool table with several
positions of forging tool change; forging tooling,
consisting of two or more four-hammer block forging devices,
located in positions of tool table; and two manipulators
(Lazorkin V.A., Ckorniakov Yu.N., Tyurin V.A., Zaluzhny
Yu.G., Kulikov V.A., Degtiariova T.V. Increasing of
efficiency of forging drawing of billets of special steels
and alloys in presses. Magazine ~~Forging-stamping
production", 1994, #2, pp.3-5).
This forging complex, which has been chosen as prototype of
the present invention, provides considerably higher
operative efficiency of the process in comparison with
automatic forging complexes equipped with traditionally used
tooling - flat and cut out hammer blocks.
However, with this forging complex it is difficult to
provide high accuracy and quality of geometry of round cross
section forged pieces, and to eliminate metal losses as
scale, especially when manufacturing forged pieces of
Titanium metals and alloys subgroup.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
An object of the invention is to establish the method of
producing of forged pieces and forging complex on base of
four-hammer block forging devices for this method
realization, which provide the increase of operative
efficiency, metal yield, accuracy of forged pieces and also
high surface quality of round cross section forged pieces,
mainly of Titanium metals and alloys subgroup.
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Solution of the problem is attained when the previously
proposed forged pieces production method, comprising ingot
heating, followed by forging in press with two manipulators
during several stages by quadrilateral swaging in four-
hammer block forging devices with additional macro-shift of
metal in billet's transversal plane at every single swaging,
feeding and tilting of billet is supplemented with
introduction of the following stages and production
parameters: forging is carried on in forging temperatures
admissible range, with forging reduction ratio 2.0 . 1 -
32.0 . 1 for one heating of ingot, in two stages, first the
rough forging in one or several four-hammer block forging
devices for rough forging, and then calibrating forging in
one four-hammer block forging device for calibrating forging
with forging reduction ratio 1.05 . 1 - 1.8 . 1 and
embracing of perimeter of billet cross section at every
single swaging by each pair of working sections of the
hammer blocks by 40-100.
A further solution of the problem is attained also when at
initial stage of rough forging, manipulator, which holds the
ingot, performs one feed of the ingot into working area of
four-hammer block forging device for rough forging, followed
by several ingot swaging and tilting stages without feed,
till the forged portion of the ingot is clamped by other
manipulator.
A further solution of the problem is attained also when
prior to forging in one or several four-hammer block forging
device for rough forging the forging of the ingot is carried
on by two hammer blocks.
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6
Besides, a further solution of the problem is attained also
when in previously proposed forging complex, comprising
upper and low plates with locks for clamping and fixing of
forging tooling; movable tool table with several positions
of forging tool change; forging tooling, consisting of two
or more four-hammer blocks forging devices, located in
positions of tool table; and one or two manipulators, the
following constructive changes have been carried on: in tool
table working sections there were mounted one or several
four-hammer block forging devices for rough forging and at
least one four-hammer block forging device for calibrating
forging with hammer blocks , the working surfaces of which,
while closing, repeat the shape of the final forged piece
cross section. At the same time, the area of free space
between hammer blocks of forging device for calibrating
forging with closed hammer blocks is 1.1 - 1.4 times less
than the area of free space between hammer blocks of forging
device for rough forging, having minimum area of free space
between hammer blocks at closed'position of hammer blocks,
and working surface of every hammer block in four-hammer
block forging device for rough forging is made in a form of
a plane parallel to hammer block's supporting plane with two
adjacent at 135-170° lateral planes.
And finally, solution of a problem is attained when in four-
hammer block forging device for calibrating forging of round
cross section forged pieces the hammer blocks of the same
pair symmetrically oriented relative to each other, have,
each of them, two working sections in the form of
projections, separated by made in the body of the hammer
block groove, to the inner part of which the working
projection of the second pair of hammer block, positioned in
mutually perpendicular plane, has been introduced with a
gap; at the same time the working surface of each hammer
CA 02449107 2003-12-O1
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block in its cross section has concave curvilinear shape
with variable curvature radius and curvature radius of
hammer block working surfaces, having two working sections,
is 1.05 - 1.25 times more than curvature radius of working
surfaces of the second pair of hammer blocks.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The patented production method of forged pieces and forging
complex for its realization are explained in the schematic
drawings /fig.l-10/.
Fig.l presents the schematic drawing of forging complex with
two manipulators, top view;
Fig.2 - front view of forging press with four-hammer block
forging devices;
Fig.3 - front view of forging press in position, at which
four-hammer block forging device for calibrating forging is
mounted in press working area;
Fig.4 - hammer blocks of four-hammer block forging device
for rough forging in closed position;
Fig.S - hammer blocks of four-hammer block forging device
for calibrating forging in closed position;
Fig.6 - hammer blocks of four-hammer block forging device
for calibrating forging of round cross section forged pieces
with curvilinear working surfaces;
Fig.7 - section A-A in Fig.6;
Fig.8 - section B-B in Fig.6;
Fig.9 - section C-C in Fig.7;
Fig.lO - section D-D in Fig.8.
In Fig. 6, dotted line shows forged piece diameter d after
calibration, and in Fig.9, 10 - curvature radii R1 and R of
working sections of hammer blocks, positioned in mutually
perpendicular planes.
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Forging complex consists of forging press 1, manipulators
2,3, movable tool table 4 with several /shown 9/ positions
of forging tooling change, forging tooling /four-hammer
block forging devices 5...8/, control board 9 / Fig. l/. Four-
hammer block forging device 5 is attached to upper 10 and
low 11 plates of press and tool table by means of special
clamps /not shown/ / Fig.2/. A number of four-hammer block
forging devices, located in position of tool table prior to
forging process, is defined depending on accepted production
process. However, it should be at least one four-hammer
block forging device for rough forging and one four-hammer
block forging device for calibrating of forged pieces 12 /
Fig.3/.
Working surface of every hammer block of forging device for
rough forging consists of central face /bc/ and adjacent to
it from two sides at an angle a = 135-170° two lateral faces
/bk and cf/ /Fig.4/.
The area of free space between hammer blocks in cross
section of forging device for rough forging /F/ with closed
position of hammer blocks is designated in Fig.4 by letters
abcd. The area of free space between hammer blocks in cross
section of forging device for calibrating forging !F~/ with
closed position of hammer blocks is designated in Fig.S by
letters a~b~c~d~. At the same time, the area of free space
between hammer blocks of forging device for calibrating
forging with closed hammer blocks is 1.1 - 1.4 times less
than the area of free space between hammer blocks of forging
device for rough forging, having minimum area of free space
between hammer blocks at closed position of hammer blocks,
i.e. the ratio F/F1 = 1.1 - 1.4 is maintained.
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9
THE PREFERRED VARIANT OF INVENTION EMBODIMENT
The claimed production method of forged pieces in described
(Fig.l...Fig.lO) forging complex is carried on as follows. At
first forging complex is prepared for operation. For this
purpose, necessary four-hammer block forging devices for
rough and calibrating forging with necessary sets of hammer
blocks are installed in position of tool table, and just
before discharge of the ingot /billet/ preheated to forging
temperature from the furnace, forging device 5 for rough
forging is supplied into working area of press 1 by means of
tool table 9 /Fig.2/. From press control board 9 operator
orders to attach the upper movable part of forging device to
the upper plate 10 of press movable crossbeam by means of
special clamps /not shown in drawing) /Fig.l,2/. After
performing of these steps forging press is ready for
operation.
Preheated to forging temperature ingot of Titanium subgroup
metals and alloys / Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium/ or
Niobium, Tantalum or their alloys are discharged from the
heating furnace and by means of manipulator 2 are fed to
press working area 1, where it is forged in four-hammer
block forging device 5 for rough forging /Fig. l/. In process
of plastic deformation after every single swaging by
manipulator 2 there is performed the feed of the ingot, or
after every single swaging there is performed the feed and
the tilting of the ingot around its longitudinal axis ,
depending on accepted forging process. When the specified
level of ingot extension is attained, manipulator 3 grips
the ingot by the forged portion and simultaneously with
manipulator 2 performs feed or feed with tilting of the
ingot /Fig. l/. Forging is carried on in permissible forging
temperatures range with forging reduction ratio 2 . 1 - 32.0
CA 02449107 2003-12-O1
(0
. 1 for one heating of the ingot /without additional
heating/. Forging is carried on in two stages, starting with
rough forging in one or several four-hammer block forging
devices for rough forging, and then calibrating forging in
four-hammer block forging device for calibrating forging
with forging reduction ratio 1.05 . 1 - 1.8 . 1 and
embracing of perimeter of billet cross section at every
single swaging by each pair of working sections of the
hammer blocks by 40-100.
When forging of ingots with large cross-sections, it is
possible to carry on the initial forging with two hammer
blocks with following forging of obtained intermediate ingot
in four-hammer block forging device for rough forging. This
is done because four-hammer block forging device for forging
of ingots with large cross-sections sometimes can't be
located inside press working zone.
Calibrating of forged pieces with square and rectangular
cross sections is carried on by hammer blocks with flat
working surfaces, and calibrating of forged pieces with
round cross sections is carried on by hammer blocks with
concave curvilinear surfaces.
When forging with high forging reduction ratio / Y> 8:1/,
drawing of the ingot is carried on in several four-hammer
block forging devices for rough forging. After completing of
ingot forging in four-hammer block forging device for rough
forging 5, billet is withdrawn from press working zone, the
movable part of forging device 5 is disconnected from press
upper plate 1 and this device is withdrawn from press
working zone /Fig. l/. Then four-hammer block forging device
for rough forging 6 is introduced into press working zone
and is attached by its upper movable portion to the plate of
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press 1. After this, forging of billet in forging device 6
is continued. If necessary, the same operation step is
carried on after mounting one more four-hammer block forging
device 7 for rough forging. The last, the final step -
calibration of forged piece 12, is carried on in four-hammer
block forging device 8 for calibrating forging, after it is
installed into press working zone IFig.3/.
Availability in the claimed forging complex construction of
preliminary prepared and installed in positions of tool
table four-hammer block forging devices for rough and
calibrating forgings and their consequent application during
forging process provides the possibility of obtaining of
high extensions / forging reduction ratio up to 32 . 1/ with
one heating of ingot in forging temperatures range. During
forging intensive deformation heating of billet takes place.
At the same time some quantity of billet heat, which is lost
when cooling in the air, is compensated by the intensive
heating of billet during its swaging in four-hammer block
forging devices.
To carry on forging with forging reduction ratio less than
2.0 . 1 is not rational, because manufacturing of products
of Titanium subgroup metals and alloys is not provided with
necessary quality of forged pieces.
Implementation of ingot forging with forging reduction ratio
more than 32.0 . 1 is not possible, because in this case the
billet is cooled to the temperature that is less~than
permissible forging temperature, and the heat produced as
the result of deformation heating is not enough to
compensate heat losses during billet cooling. When
calibrating with forging reduction ratio less than 1.05 . 1
it is not possible to provide forged pieces surface high
CA 02449107 2003-12-O1
L2
quality and accuracy, and calibration with forging reduction
ratio 1.8 . 1 sufficiently decreases process operative
efficiency and results in possible collar marks in billet
surface. When embracing of perimeter of billet cross section
at every single swaging by each pair of working sections of
the hammer blocks by less than 40%, it is not possible to
provide forged pieces surface high quality and accuracy, and
embracing of perimeter of billet cross section by more than
1000, is not possible with hammer blocks of such design.
In those cases, when it is necessary to carry on forging
with high forging reduction ratio /Y>15 . 1/, ingot /billet/
shall be as short as possible , so that the length of the
final forged piece should not exceed the maximum permissible
length provided in this equipment. Then, in the initial
stage of rough forging, manipulator, which holds the short
ingot, performs its single feed into working zone of the
four-hammer block forging device for rough forging, followed
by several swaging and tilting of ingot without feeding,
till the forged portion of the ingot is gripped by other
manipulator. Then forging is carried on with two
manipulators.
The ratio FJF~ = 1.10 - 1.4 provides high quality of forged
piece at transition stage from forging in four-hammer block
forging device for rough forging to calibrating forging in
four-hammer block forging device for calibrating forging.
Where F, F~ - are the space areas between hammer blocks in
cross-section of four-hammer block forging device for rough
and calibrating forging, consequently.
At F/F~ < 1.10 it is not possible to provide high quality of
forged pieces surface quality after calibration.
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13
At F/FJ > 1.4 the operative efficiency of the process is
decreased, collar marks may occur on the surface of forged
piece.
In four-hammer block forging device for rough forging each
hammer block has working surface, which is produced by three
faces /Fig.4/. Two lateral faces are adjacent to the central
face at an angle a = 135-170°. At a < 135° collar marks may
occur on the surface of forged piece, and at a > 170.° it is
not possible to provide high forging reduction ratio in one
four-hammer block forging device for rough forging.
To produce round cross-section forged pieces with diameter d
/In Fig.6 shown with dotted line/ with high surface quality
and high dimension accuracy, in four-hammer block forging
device for calibrating forging of round cross section forged
pieces, the hammer blocks of the same pair symmetrically
oriented relative to each other, have, each of them, two
working sections in the form of'projections 13 and 14,
separated by made in the body of the hammer block groove
with width L, to the inner part of which (L) the working
projection 15 of second pair of hammer blocks, positioned in
mutually perpendicular plane, has been introduced with a
gap, necessary for operation, symmetrically to the latter
/Fig.6-8/. At the same time the working surface of each
hammer block in its cross section has concave curvilinear
shape with variable curvature radius / Fig.9,10/. And
curvature radius R1 of hammer block working surfaces,
separated by the groove (L) is 1.05 - 1.25 times more than
curvature radius of working surfaces of the second pair of
hammer blocks l Fig.9,10/, thus the ratio . R1 = (1.05-
1.25)R2 is maintained.
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14
This design of hammer blocks for calibration allows to
compensate small / but existing/ widening of the billet
during its final calibration.
At R1< 1.5 R2 - significant increase of accuracy and surface
quality of forged piece is not attained.
At R1 > 1.25 R2 - surface quality gets worse and forged
pieces accuracy decreases.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
Example of industrial application of the invention. Ingot
with diameter 450 mm of zirconium alloy E110 was cut into
three equal pieces, each 1165 mm long (L=1165 mm), then these
pieces were preheated in electric batch-type furnace to the
temperature 950°C and forged in automatic forging complex
comprising two four-hammer block forging devices for rough
forging and one four-hammer block forging device for
calibrating forging; hydraulic forging press with effort
1250 t; and two forging manipulators, operating
synchronically with each other and press.
Weight of cast billet was 1205 kg. According to the present
invention the area of free space between hammer blocks of
forging device for calibrating forging with closed hammer
blocks was 1.2 times less than the area of free space
between hammer blocks of the second four-hammer block
forging device for rough forging, i.e. forging device for
rough forging with minimum area of free space between hammer
blocks of two similar devices at closed position of hammer
blocks. Working surfaces of each hammer block in four-
hammer block forging device for rough forging consisted of
central face, located parallel to supporting face of hammer
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block and two lateral faces, adjacent to the central face
from both sides at an angle 135°. As it was necessary to
produce round forged pieces with diameter 113 mm, for their
calibration it was used four-hammer block forging device,
the hammer blocks of one pair of which had two working
sections separated by the groove, and the hammer blocks of
the second pair, positioned in mutually perpendicular plane
- one working section. At the same time, curvature radii at
concave curvilinear surfaces of the first pair of the hammer
blocks were 1.15 times more than curvature radii of concave
curvilinear surfaces of the second pair of the hammer
blocks, i.e. there was maintained the ratio
R1 = 1.1582.
Cast billet with diameter 450 mm was forged according to the
following scheme: ingot ~ 450 mm -~ 360 x 360 mm -~ 290 x
290 mm --~ 220 x 220 mm -~ 160 x 160 mm -~ 120 x 120 mm -~~113
mm.
Forging was carried on in two stages: first rough forging in
two four-hammer block forging devices for rough forging,
then calibrating forging in four-hammer block forging device
for calibrating forging. Total forging reduction ratio was
15.9 . 1. Forging of the billet with cross section dimension
up to 220 x 220 mm (forging reduction ratio 3.28 . 1) was
carried on in the first forging device for rough forging,
and with cross section dimension up to 120 x 120 mm - in the
second four-hammer block forging device for rough forging.
During the second stage, square billet with cross section
120 x 120 mm was forged in four-hammer block forging device
for calibrating forging into forged pieces with diameter 113
mm (forging reduction ratio 1.44 . 1). During calibration
process, embracing of perimeter of billet cross section at
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1G
every single swaging by each pair of working sections of the
hammer blocks by 80-90% was carried on.
After forging, billets with diameter 109-°'s with hole
diameter 28.5 o.s mm and 190 mm long were produced from
obtained forged pieces with diameter 113 mm by mechanical
treatment.
Operative efficiency of forging process was 4681 kg/h,
diameter tolerance did not exceed ~ 1 mm, product yield was
84.6%.
Then the above mentioned billets were used for producing of
tubes 9.13 x 7.72 mm with quality meeting the requirements
of TU 95.2594-96.
To compare, as the base subject was accepted the
technological process for producing of forged pieces of the
alloy E110, valid in JSC "Chepetsky Mechanical Plant". Under
this technological process the preheated ingot is first
forged with hammer with dropping parts mass St, into forged
pieces with square cross section 110 x 110 mm with
preheating (or secondary heating) of the second portion of
the ingot. Then these billets were preheated and forged with
hammer with dropping parts mass 3t by flat hammer blocks to
diameter 117*1° mm. After forging, billets with diameter 109
o.s with hole diameter 28.5 o.s mm and 190 mm long were
produced from obtained forged pieces by mechanical
treatment. Operative efficiency of forging process was 2036
kg/h, diameter tolerance ~ 5 mm, product yield was 69.4y.
Thus, the operative efficiency of forging process in
comparison with the base technological process increased 2.3
times, tolerance of dimension of forged piece cross section
decreased 5 times, and metal yield increased by 15.2w.
CA 02449107 2003-12-O1
17
Tables 1 and 2 illustrate experimental data conforming
effectiveness of the claimed inventions (production method
and forging complex).
Table 1.
ExperTotal ForgingEmbracemOperatProductDiameRemarks
inventforgingreductient of ive yield, ter
# reduction billet effici'~ toler
on ratio cross ency, ance,
ratio at section kg/h
y~ calibraperimete
tion, r at
YK calibrat
ion,9
1 15.9 1.44 80-90 4681 84.6 1
. .
1 1
2 15.9 1.8 80-90 4170 84.1 1
. .
1 1
3 15.9 1.9 60-90 - - - Foreign
. :
1 1 . inclusion
s on
forged
piece
surface,
reject
4 15.9 1.05 80-90 4695 84.3 1
. .
1 1
15.9 1.03 80-90 - - - Ridges
. . on
1 1 forged
piece
surface,
reject
6 1.8 1.12 80-90 - - - Metal
. .
1 1 poor
quality
CA 02449107 2003-12-O1
18
because
of
insuffici
ent
cast
structure
processin
g
33 80-90 - -
.
1
1.4
.
- Billet
1
was
cooled
to
the
temperatu
re
less
than
permissib
1e.
Forging
is
stopped.
8 15.9 1.4 . 30 3900 83.1 2 Forged
.
1 1
piece
surface
has
hammer
blocks
imprints.
9 25.2 1.6 : 60-80 4190 84.5 1 Prior to
.
1 1
forging
in four-
hammer
blocks
forging
devices
ingot
CA 02449107 2003-12-O1
19
Table
2
ExperimeF/F~, a,~ R1/R2, Operativ D
iameter Remarks
nt # units degrees units a tolerant
efficien
cy, kg/h
1 1.2 135 1.15 4681 1
2 1~2 125 1.15 -
- Foreign
~ inclusi
~1'?S ~n
forged
piece
surface
CA 02449107 2003-12-O1
imprint
s on
forged
piece
surface
1.2 135 1.3 4680 2
Forged
piece
surface
qualitn
is
unsatis
factory
10 -
- - 2036 5 Hammer
basic I
I blcck
CA 02449107 2003-12-O1
21
subject coarse
i
imprint
s are
left
on
forged
piece
surface
11 - - - 3350 2-3 Hammer
I
prototy block
pe imprint
s on
forged
piece
surface
Compared to the prototype and the basic subject the claimed
production method of forged pieces mainly of Titanium
subgroup metals and alloys and forging complex for this
method realization provide increase of operative efficiency
1.4 - 2.3 times, metal yield by 2 - 15.20, decrease of
tolerances of forged pieces cross section dimension 2-5
times, and also improvement of forged pieces surface
quality.
