Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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METHOD FOR TREATING AN
ANIMAL CARCASS OR PLANT MATERIAL
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an improved method for treating animal
carcasses to reduce bacterial contamination of the carcass or retard
bacterial growth on the carcass.
Background of the Invention
Animals, such as, for example, poultry, red meat animals of all
kinds, fish and crustaceans are killed and their carcasses are processed
to produce food products for human consumption. Typically, the
processing of such animals includes evisceration, which may contaminate
the edible portion of the animal with unwanted bacteria, which may
multiply depending upon the sanitary conditions employed in further
processing steps. Bacterial contamination of the edible portions of the
animal may cause spoilage of the edible portions and illness of
consumers of the contaminated edible portions.
Treatment processes which involve contacting animal carcasses
with aqueous solutions containing alkali metal phosphates and which are
effective in reducing bacterial contamination and/or retarding bacterial
growth without substantial detriment to the organoleptic properties of the
carcasses are known, see, e.g., US 5,233,073. However, these
processes tend to introduce relatively high amounts of phosphate
compounds into treatment waste streams, which may be undesirable from
an environmental perspective.
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What is needed in the art is a method for treating animal carcasses
which is effective in reducing bacterial contamination and/or retarding
bacterial growth without substantial detriment to the organoleptic
properties of the carcasses and which does not produce a waste stream
containing a high amount of phosphate compounds.
Summary of the Invention
In a first aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for
treating animal carcass to reduce bacterial contamination of the carcass
or retard bacterial growth on the carcass, comprising contacting the
animal carcass with an aqueous solution comprising an effective amount
of an alkali silicate.
In a second aspect, the present invention is directed to a method
for treating animal carcass to reduce bacterial contamination of the
carcass or retard bacterial growth on the carcass, comprising contacting
the animal carcass with a substantially ethanol free aqueous solution
comprising effective amounts of two or more of an alkali silicate, an alkali
carbonate and an alkali hydroxide.
The treatment method of the present invention allows simple and
economical washing of animal carcasses to reduce bacterial
contamination of the carcass and/or retard bacterial growth on the
carcass, without substantial detriment to the organoleptic properkies of the
carcass and without generating a waste stream that contains a high
amount of phosphates.
In a third aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for
treating edible plant materials to reduce bacterial contamination of the
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edible plant materials or retard bacterial growth on the edible plant
materials, comprising contacting an edible plant material selected from
fruits and vegetables with an aqueous solution comprising effective
amount of an alkali silicate.
The treatment method of the present invention allows simple and
economical washing of fruits and vegetables to reduce bacterial
contamination of the fruits and vegetables or retard bacterial growth on
the fruits and vegetables, without substantial detriment to the organoleptic
properties of the fruits and vegetables and without generating a waste
stream that contains a high amount of phosphates. Such treatment may
extend the shelf life of the treated fruits and vegetables by providing
improved control of microrganisms involved in spoilage of the fruits and
vegetables.
Detailed Description of Invention and Preferred Embodiments
In a preferred embodiment, the treatment solution of the present
invention is efFective as a bacteriocide under the treatment conditions and
killing bacteria is one mechanism by which the treatment of the present
invention reduces bacterial contamination on the carcass.
As used herein, the terminology "reduce bacterial contamination or
retard bacterial growth" refers generally to reducing bacterial
contamination or retarding bacterial growth, as well as reducing bacterial
contamination and retarding bacterial growth.
As used herein, the terminology "animal carcass" refers generally
to the edible portion of any dead animal, including birds, fish, crustaceans,
shellfish and mammals. Birds include for example, chickens, turkeys,
geese, capon, game hens, pigeon, ducks, guinea fowl, pheasants, quail
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and partridges. Fish include, for example, catfish, trout, salmon, flounder,
tuna, swordfish, and shark. Crustaceans include, for example, crayfish,
shrimp, prawns, crabs and lobsters. Shellfish include clams, scallops,
oysters and mussels. Mammals include cattle, pigs, sheep, Iambs and
goats.
In a preferred embodiment, the animal carcass is eviscerated, that
is, the internal organs of the animal are removed from the carcass, prior to
treatment with the aqueous treatment solution according to the method of
the present invention. An eviscerated carcass typically comprises bones,
skeletal muscle and associated fascia. In a preferred embodiment, the
skin is not removed from the eviscerated carcass of a fish or a bird prior to
treatment with the aqueous treatment solution according to the method of
the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the skin is removed
from the eviscerated carcass of a mammal prior to treatment with the
aqueous treatment solution according to the method of the present
invention.
As used herein the terminology "edible plant materials" means
plant materials selected from fruits and vegetables that are typically used
as foods for humans. Suitable edible plant materials include, for example,
lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, carrots, spinach, kale, chard, cabbage,
broccoli, cauliflower, squash, beans, peppers, apples, oranges, pears,
melons, peaches, grapes, plums and cherries.
A used herein, the term "organoleptic" means the sensory
properties, including the appearance, texture, taste and smell, of food
products made from the carcass.
The bacterial contamination addressed by the method of the
present invention includes pathogenic bacteria, such as, for example,
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salmonellae, such as Salmonella typhimurium, S. choleraesuis and S.
enteriditis, as well as E. coli, camphylobacter and spoilage bacteria, such
as, for example, Pseudomonus aeruginosa.
In a preferred embodiment, the alkali silicate exhibits a solubility of
greater than 0.5 percent by weight (wt%) more preferably greater than 3
wt%, in water.
Compounds suitable as the alkali silicate component of the
treatment solution of the present invention are crystalline or amorphous
alkali silicate compounds according to formula (1 ):
M~O~m(Si02)~nH20 (1 )
wherein:
M is sodium or potassium,
m is a number, wherein 0.5 <_ m <_ 3.5, indicating the number of
moles) of the Si02 moiety per 1 mole of M20 moiety; and
n indicates the water content, expressed as wt% water, wherein
0% <_ n <_ 55%.
Suitable alkali silicates include, for example, sodium disilicates,
sodium metasilicates, potassium disilicates, and potassium metasilicates,
and may be in anhydrous or hydrated form.
In a preferred embodiment, the alkali silicate comprises one or
more metasilicates, which are crystalline products, according to
M20~(Si02) ~n'H20, wherein M is Na or K and n' is 0, 5, 6 or 9 and indicates
the number of moles of water per Si02 moiety. In a preferred
embodiment, the alkali silicate comprises one or more of anhydrous
sodium metasilicate, anhydrous potassium metasilicate, sodium
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metasilicate pentahydrate, sodium metasilicate hexahydrate and sodium
metasilicate nonahydrate. More preferably, the alkali silicate comprises
one or more of anhydrous sodium metasilicate, anhydrous potassium
metasilicate and sodium metasilicate pentahydrate. Even more
preferably, the alkali silicate comprises one or more of anhydrous sodium
metasilicate and anhydrous potassium metasilicate, and one or more of
sodium metasilicate pentahydrate and potassium metasilicate
pentahydrate.
In a preferred embodiment, the aqueous treatment solution
comprises greater than or equal to 0.05 percent by weight (wt%) alkali
silicate, more preferably from 0.1 wt% to saturation, still more preferably
from 1 to 15 wt%, and even more preferably from 5 to 10 wt%, alkali
silicate, wherein the ranges are calculated on the basis of the weight of
the anhydrous alkali silicate. Either the anhydrous form or a hydrated
form of the alkali silicate may be used to form the treatment solution,
provided that the appropriate adjustment is made to compensate for the
weight of any associated water of hydration. Unless otherwise specified,
the concentrations of alkali silicates given herein are based on the weight
of anhydrous alkali silicate.
In a highly preferred embodiment, the aqueous treatment solution
comprises from 0.1 to 8 wt%, more preferably from 1 to 6 wt% and even
more preferably from 2 to 4 wt% alkali silicate.
In a preferred embodiment, the aqueous solution comprises an
amount of alkali silicate, typically from greater than 3 wt% to 6 wt%, more
preferably from greater than 3 wt% to 5 wt% alkali silicate, effective to
reduce bacterial contamination of the animal carcass. In the preferred
embodiment, the method of the present invention is suitable as the
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primary step of a carcass processing line for reducing bacterial
combination of the carcass below a target value.
In an alternative embodiment, the aqueous,solution comprises an
amount of alkali silicate, typically from 0.5 wt% to 4 wt% alkali silicate
more preferably from 0.5 to 3 wt% alkali silicate, that is effective to retard
bacterial growth on the animal carcass, but that is not necessarily
sufficient to kill bacteria or otherwise reduce bacterial contamination of the
carcass. In a preferred embodiment, the less concentrated alkali silicate
solution is used in combination with other treatments, such as, for
example, treating the carcass with aqueous lactic acid solution, washing
the carcass with hot water, e.g., at a temperature of from about 160°F
to
about 180°F, or cleaning the carcass with steam and vacuum, wherein the
series of treatments are, in combination, effective to reduce bacterial
contamination of the animal carcass below a target value.
In a preferred embodiment, the aqueous treatment solution
consists essentially of a solution of alkali silicate in water. In an
alternative preferred embodiment, the aqueous treatment solution
consists of a solution of alkali silicate in water. As used herein, the term
"water" means tap water, that is, water as available onsite without
requiring purification, that may contain minor amounts of components
other than H20.
In a preferred embodiment, the treatment solution further
comprises an alkali carbonate or alkali bicarbonate according to formula
(2):
M~2-aHa~~s'n~H2~ ~2)
wherein:
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M' is sodium or potassium,
ais0or1,and
n" is a number wherein 0 <_ n" _< fully hydrated.
Suitable alkali carbonates include sodium carbonate, potassium
carbonate and may be in anhydrous or hydrated form. Suitable alkali
bicarbonates include sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate. In
a preferred embodiment, the treatment solution comprises one or more of
sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate.
In a highly preferred embodiment, the treatment solution comprises
greater than or equal to 0.05 wt%, more preferably from 0.1 wt% to
saturation, more preferably from 0.2 to 15 wt% and still more preferably
from 0.4 to 10 wt% alkali carbonate.
In an alternative embodiment, the aqueous treatment solution
comprises from 0.2 to 5 wt%, and even more preferably from 0.4 to 1.0
wt%, alkali carbonate.
In a preferred embodiment, the treatment solution further
comprises an alkali hydroxide according to formula (3):
M"OH (3)
wherein:
M" is sodium or potassium.
Suitable alkali hydroxides include, for example, sodium hydroxide,
potassium hydroxide. Preferably, the hydroxide comprises sodium
hydroxide.
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In a highly preferred embodiment, the treatment solution comprises
greater than or equal to 0.05 wt%, more preferably from 0.5 to 5 wt%, still
more preferably from 0.1 to 2 wt%, and even more preferably from 0.2 to
1 wt% of the alkali hydroxide.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed to a
method for treating animal carcass to reduce bacterial contamination of
the carcass or retard bacterial growth on the carcass, comprising
contacting the animal carcass with an aqueous solution comprising
greater than or equal to 0.05 wt% of an alkali silicate and greater than or
equal to 0.05 wt% of an alkali carbonate.
In a more highly preferred embodiment, the treatment solution
comprises from 0.1 wt% to saturation, more preferably from 0.5 to 10 wt%
alkali silicate, and even more preferably from 3 to 8 wt% alkali silicate and
0.1 wt% to saturation, more preferably from 0.2 to 15 wt%, and even more
preferably from 0.4 to 10 wt% alkali carbonate.
In a preferred embodiment, the aqueous treatment solution
consists essentially of a solufiion of alkali silicate and alkali carbonate in
water. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the aqueous treatment
solution consists of a solution of alkali silicate and alkali carbonate in
water.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed to a
method for treating animal carcass to reduce bacterial contamination of
the carcass or retard bacterial growth on the carcass, comprising
contacting the animal carcass with an aqueous solution comprising
greater than or equal to 0.05 wt% of an alkali silicate and greater than or
equal to 0.05 wt% of an alkali hydroxide.
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In a more highly preferred embodiment, the treatment solution
comprises from 0.1 wt% to saturation more preferably from 0.5 to 10 wt%,
and even more preferably from 3 to 8 wt% alkali silicate and from 0.5 to 5
wt%, more preferably from 0.1 to 2 wt%, and even more preferably from
0.2 to 1 wt% of the alkali hydroxide.
In a preferred embodiment, the aqueous treatment solution
consists essentially of a solution of alkali silicate and alkali hydroxide in
water. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the aqueous treatment
solution consists of a solution of alkali silicate and alkali hydroxide in
water.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed to a
method for treating animal carcass to reduce bacterial contamination of
the carcass or retard bacterial growth on the carcass, comprising
contacting the animal carcass with an aqueous solution comprising
greater than or equal to 0.05 wt% of an alkali carbonate and greater than
or equal to 0.05 wt% of an alkali hydroxide.
In a more highly preferred embodiment, the treatment solution
comprises from 0.1 wt% to saturation, more preferably from 0.2 to 15
wt%, and even more preferably from 0.4 to 10 wt%, alkali carbonate and
0.5 to 5 wt%, more preferably from 0.1 to 2 wt%, and even more
preferably from 0.2 to 1 wt% alkali hydroxide.
In a preferred embodiment, the aqueous treatment solution
consists essentially of a solution of alkali carbonate and alkali hydroxide in
water. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the aqueous treatment
solution consists of a solution of alkali carbonate and alkali hydroxide in
water.
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In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed to a
method for treating animal carcass to reduce bacterial contamination of
the carcass or retard bacterial growth on the carcass, comprising
contacting the animal carcass with an aqueous solution comprising
greater than or equal to 0.05 wt% of an alkali silicate, greater than 0.05
wt% of an alkali carbonate and greater than or equal to 0.05 wt% of an
alkali hydroxide.
In a more highly preferred embodiment, the treatment solution
comprises from 0.1 wt% to saturation, more preferably from 0.5 to 10 wt%
alkali silicate, and even more preferably from 3 to 8 wt% alkali silicate,
from 0.1 wt% to saturation, more preferably from 0.2 to 15 wt%, and even
more preferably from 0.4 to 10 wt%, alkali carbonate and 0.5 to 5 wt%,
more preferably from 0.1 to 2 wt%, and even more preferably from 0.2 to
1 wt% alkali hydroxide.
In a preferred embodiment, the aqueous treatment solution
consists essentially of a solution of alkali silicate, alkali carbonate and
alkali hydroxide in water. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the
aqueous treatment solution consists of a solution of alkali silicate, alkali
carbonate and alkali hydroxide in water.
The treatment solution may, optionally, further comprise other
components, such as for example, alkali metal salts, such as for example,
NaCI, KCI, and surfactants suitable for food use.
In a preferred embodiment, the treatment solution of the present
invention comprises less than 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than 0.2
wt%, ethanol. Even more preferably the treatment solution is substantially
free, more preferably free, of ethanol.
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In one embodiment, the aqueous solution may further comprise
less than 10 wt% alkali phosphate, preferably less than 5 wt% alkali
phosphate and more preferably less than 2 wt% alkali phosphate, in order
to provide an aqueous treatment solution with a reduced phosphate
content compared to know alkali phosphate antimicrobial treatments.
In a preferred embodiment, the treatment solution of the present
invention does not add any substantial amount of phosphates to the
carcass processing waste stream and comprises, prior to use, less than
0.2 wt%, more preferably less than 0.1 wt%, trialkali phosphate. Even
more preferably, the treatment solution is, prior to use, substantially free,
more preferably free, of trialkali phosphate. Phosphates of animal origin
may be present in used or recycled treatment solution and in carcass
processing waste streams.
In a preferred embodiment, the treatment solution exhibits a pH of
from about 11.5 to about 14, more preferably from about 12 to about
13.75, even more preferably from about 12.25 to about 13.5 and still more
preferably from about 12.75 to about 13.25.
The treatment solution is made by dissolving the components of
the solution in water.
In a preferred embodiment, the animal carcass is contacted with
the treatment solution after slaughter, either prior to, during or after
chilling, by dipping the carcass in the treatment solution or by spraying the
treatment solution on the carcass. In a preferred embodiment, the animal
carcass is contacted with the treatment solution by spraying the treatment
solution under a gage pressure of greater than 2 pounds per square inch
above atmospheric pressure (psig), more preferably from 2 to 400 psig,
onto all accessible surfaces of the carcass. In a preferred embodiment,
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bird carcasses are contacted with the aqueous treatment solution by
spraying the treatment solution onto the carcass at a pressure of from 3 to
40 psig. In a preferred embodiment, mammalian carcasses are contacted
with the aqueous treatment solution by spraying the solution onto the
carcass at a pressure of from 20 to 150 psig.
In a preferred embodiment, the treatment solution is at a
temperature of from about 0 to about 85°C, more preferably from 0 to
about 70 °C, still more preferably from about 10°C to about
50°C and
even more preferably from about 20°C to about 40°C.
In a preferred embodiment, the animal carcass is contacted with
the treatment solution for greater than or equal to about 1 second to about
5 minutes, more preferably from about 5 seconds to about 2 minutes, and
even more preferably from about 15 seconds to about 1 minute. The
preferred contact times refer to the duration of the active application
process, for example, dipping or spraying, used to contact the aqueous
treatment solution with the carcass. Once applied, the treatment solution
can be immediately rinsed off of the carcass or, alternatively, allowed to
remain on the carcass.
Animal carcasses that have been treated according to the present
invention can, immediately after such treatment, be processed according
to normal carcass process conditions, such as draining or chilling.
Optionally, the treatment solution residue may be rinsed from the carcass
prior to further processing.
In a preferred embodiment, the treatment solution is recovered and
recycled. Preferably, the recovered treatment solution is filtered to
remove solids prior to recycling. Preferably, the respective amounts of
the one or more components of the treatment solution are monitored and
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the composition of the treatment solution is controlled by adding water
and/or additional amounts of the metasilicate, carbonate and/or hydroxide
components to the solution.
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Example 1
Aqueous treatment solutions were made at 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30,
0.40, 0.50, 1.00, 2.50, 5.00, 10.0 and 20.0 % w/w of sodium hydroxide
(NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), AvGardT"" TSP dodecahydrate
(AVGARD), sodium carbonate (Na2C03), sodium metasilicate
nonahydrate, sodium chloride (NaCI) or potassium chloride (KCI). The
weight percentages for the sodium metasilicate nonahydrate were
calculated based on the total weight of sodium metasilicate nonahydrate,
i.e., including the water of hydration. An equal mixture of E.eoli ATCC
25922, E.eoli ATCC 8739 and E.coli 0157:H7 ATCC 43895 was
prepared. The bacteria mixture was contacted with each of the respective
treatment solutions by, in each case, adding a 1 ml sample of the bacteria
mixture to a 99 ml sample of the respective treatment solution. In each
case, the bacteria mixture was contacted with the respective treatment
solution for 15 seconds. Following the 15 seconds contact time, samples
of the treatment solution were subjected to a standard aerobic plate
count. The baseline bacterial level when 1 ml of the bacteria mixture was
added to 99 ml of sterile water was 850,000 colony forming units per ml
(cfu/ml). Results following contact with the treatment solutions are
reported in TABLES IA and 1 B below, in (cfu/ml).
TABLE 1A
Colony Forming Units per Milliliter
(cfu/ml)
Treatment Solution Concentration (%)
0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50
NaOH 140,000 60 -- <10 <10 <10
KOH 640,000 22,000 -- 300 <10 <10
Avgard 690,000 600,000 -- 550,000 280,000 110,000
Na2C03 -- -- -- -- -- 540,000
Na Meta -- -- 700,000 -- -- 100,000
Silicate
NaCI -- 720,000 -- -- --
KCI -- -- 800,000 -- -- --
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TABLE 1 B
Colony Forming
Units per
Milliliter
(cfulml)
Treatment Solution
Concentration
(%)
1.00 2.50 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
NaOH < 10 -- -- -- . -- --
KO H < 10 -- -- -- -- --
Avgard 150 -- -- -- -- --
Na2C03 100,00033,000 51,000 36,000 -- 20,000
Na Meta20 10 <10 <10 -- <10
Silicate
NaCI 680,000-- 810,000 770,000 770,000 780,000
KCI 930,000-- 880,000 690,000 800,000 1,000,000
Example 2
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated using a mixture of
Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, S. choleraesuis ATCC 4931, and
S. enteriditis ATCC 13076 in place of the E.coli mixture of Example 1.
The baseline bacterial level when 1 ml of the Salmonella bacteria mixture
was added to 99 ml of sterile water was at 630,OOOcfulml. Results are
reported in TABLES 2A and 2B below, in cfuiml.
TABLE 2A
__ _ _ Colony Forming Units per Milliliter
_ (cfuiml)
Treatment Solution Concentration
(%)
0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50
NaOH 220,000 20 -- 10 <10 <10
KOH 550,000 46,000 -- 40 <10 <10
Avgard 720,000 540,000 ---- 420,000 74,000 4,800
Na2C03 -- -- -- -- -- 350,000
Na Meta-- -- 640,000 -- -- 97,000
Silicate
NaCI -- -- 640,000 -- -- --
KCI -- -- 740,000 -- -- --
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TABLE 2B
Colony
Forming
Units
per
Milliliter
(cfu/ml)
Treatment SolutionConcentration
(%)
1.00 2.50 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
Na0 < 10 -- -- -- -- --
H
KO H < 10 __ __ __ __ __
Avgard 200 -- -- -- -- --
Na2C03 32,000 4,200 4,500 4,900 -- 4,300
Na Meta<10 <10 <10 <10 -- <10
Silicate
NaCI 700,000-- 640,000 570,000 690,000500,000
KCl 610,000-- 600,000 590,000 700,000630,000
Example 3
Samples of an equal mixture of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC
14028, S. choleraesuis ATCC 4931, and S. enteriditis ATCC 13076 were
contacted with each of the respective treatment solutions set forth in
TABLES 3A to 3M by, in each case, adding a 1 ml sample of the bacteria
mixture to a 99 ml sample of the respective treatment solution. The
aqueous treatment solutions were made by dissolving the following
components:
sodium metasilicate nonahydrate and NaOH (TABLES 3A and 3B),
sodium metasilicate nonahydrate and KOH (TABLE 3C),
sodium metasilicate nonahydrate and sodium carbonate (TABLES
3D, 3E and 3F),
sodium metasilicate nonahydrate and NaCI, KCI or AVGARD
(TABLE 3G),
NaOH and sodium carbonate (TABLES 3H and 31),
sodium carbonate and KOH (TABLE 3J),
sodium carbonate and KCI or NaCI (TABLE 3K),
NaOH and KCI (TABLE 3L), and
AVGARD and KCL (TABLE 3 M),
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in the amounts set forth in the respective TABLES, in water. The weight
percentages for the sodium metasilicate nonahydrate were calculated
based on the total weight of sodium metasilicate nonahydrate, i.e.,
including the water of hydration. In each case, the bacteria mixture was
contacted with the respective treatment solution for 15 seconds and then
subjected to a standard aerobic plate count Results are given below
TABLES 3A to 3M in cfu/ml. The baseline bacteria level for each test was
determined by contacting 1 ml of the bacteria mixture to 99 ml of sterile
water and is given in the 0.0%/0.0% data cell of each of the TABLES 3A
to 3M.
TABLE 3A
NaOH
(%)
Na Metasilicate0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
(%)
0.00 230,000160,000 110,00022,000390
0.20 150,000200,000 1,600 640 <10
0.40 100,00021,000 1,200 <10 <10
0.60 19,000 2,400 10 ~ <10 <10
0.80 420 <10 <10 <10 <10
1.00 40 <10 <10 <10 <10
TABLE 3B
NaOH
(%)
Na Metasilicate0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
(%)
0 900,000820,000 370,00020,000<10
0.2 790,000550,000 29,000 <10 <10
0.4 560,00018,000 <10 <10 <10
0.6 320,00030 <10 <10 <10
0.8 6,300 <10 <10 <10 <10
1 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10
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TABLE 3C
KOH (%)
Na Metasilicate0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
(%)
0.00 110,000 130,000 18,000 200
0.20 130,000 120,000 800 <10
0.40 110,000 180,000 <10 <10
0.60 90,000 250 <10 <10
0.80 3,500 <10 <10 <10
1.00 <10 <10 <10 <10
TABLE 3D
SODIUM
CARBONATE
(%)
Na 0.00 0.20 0.25 0.50 1.00 2.00 5.00 10.00
Metasilicate
(%)
0.00 730,000740,000680,000550,000120,00016,00028,00030,000
0.20 630,000400,000190,00026,000 8,000 2,20025,00028,000
0.40 350,00012,0002,000 120 410 2,80034,00031,000
0.60 8,600 180 170 <10 <10 110 3,800 20,000
0.80 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 4,400 16,000
1.00 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 1,100 4,200
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TABLE 3E
SODIUM CARBONATE (%)
Na ~ 0.00 0.25 0.50 1.00 2.00 5.00 10.00 T
Metasilicate
(°lo)
0.00 1,100,0 870,000 840,000 160,000 13,000 6,200 6,300
00
0.20 910,000 35,000 7,700 2,600 10,000 10,000
430,000
0.40 590,000 18,000 870 260 1,300 2,900 6,800
0.60 160,000 60 20 <10 80 no data7,600
0.80 400 <10 <10 <10 10 2,200 4,400
1.00 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 340 2,500
TABLE 3F
SODIUM )
CARBONATE
(%
Na 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 2.00 5.00 10.00
Metasilicate
(%)
0.00 820,000940,000580,000300,000110,0009,0006,700 6,400
0.20 970,000600,00056,000 15,000 2,400 1,8006,600 4,700
0.40 860,00020,0001,400 150 680 1,2003,200 4,800
0.60 270,0001,500 <10 <10 <10 <10 4,200 3,500
0.80 24,000 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 550 4,600
1.00 140 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 30 3,000
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TABLE 3G
NaCI KCI Avgard
(%) (%) (%)
Na Metasilicate0.00 20.00 20.00 0.25 0.50
(%)
0.00 650,000 520,000580,000440,000 71,000
0.20 780,000 200,000140,000100,000 1,800
0.40 340,000 150,000110,0003,300 360
0.60 8,300 6,600 44,000 70 10
0.80 110 49,000 8,800 <10 <10
1.00 <10 24,000 6,300 <10 <10
TABLE 3H
NaOH
(%)
-~~~ ~- Sodium0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Carbonate
(%)
0.00 1,100,000 1,200,000650,00072,000 80
0.25 950,000 350,000 1,200 <10 <10
0.50 790,000 12,000 <10 <10 <10
1.00 260,000 8,600 <10 <10 <10
2.00 47,000 6,300 10 <10 <10
5.00 58,000 28,000 6,600 20 <10
10.00 39,000 25,000 9,200 4,300 110
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TABLE 31
NaOH (%)
Sodium Carbonate0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
(%)
0 920,0001,100,000260,00020,000 940
0.25 880,000280,000 510 <10 <10
0.5 650,0007,000 70 <10 <10
1 340,0004,600 10 <10 <10
2 44,000 5,700 30 <10 <10
39,000 19,000 2,800 40 <10
28,000 21,000 11,000 2,600 770
TABLE 3J
KOH (%)
Sodium Carbonate0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
(%)
0.00 940,000 970,000 58,000 <10
0.25 930,000 75,000 40 <10
0.50 880,000 1,800 <10 30
1.00 280,000 1,700 <10 <10
2.00 40,000 6,400 <10 <10
5.00 45,000 18,000 150 <10
10.00 35,000 25,000 7,500 700
5
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TABLE 3K
KCI NaCI
(% ) (%)
Sodium Carbonate0.00 20.00 20.00
(l)
0.00 930,000 1,000,000980,000
0.25 870,000 300,000 650,000
0.50 1,200,000 220,000 400,000
1.00 120,000 140,000 310,000
2.00 44,000 100,000 180,000
5.00 39,000 39,000 88,000
10.00 18,000 7,200 41,000
TABLE 3L
1 b8 KCI (%)
NaOH (%) 0.00 20.00
0.00 1,000,000 110,000
0.05 1,000,000 140,000
0.10 420,000 19,000
0.15 1,800 4,300
0.20 280 400
TABLE 3M
1 b9 KCI (%)
Avgard (%) 0.00 20.00
0.00 590,000 610,000
0.25 470,000 160,000
0.50 65,000 33,000
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Example 4
The procedure of Example 3 was repeated, except that the
aqueous treatment solutions used in Example 4 were made by dissolving
the following components:
sodium metasilicate nonahydrate, sodium carbonate and NaOH
(TABLES 4A, 4B)
sodium metasilicate nonahydrate, sodium carbonate and KCI (4C
and 4D),
sodium metasilicate nonahydrate, NaOH and KCI (TABLES 4E and
4F),
sodium carbonate, NaOH and KCI (TABLES 4G and 4H),
sodium metasilicate nonahydrate, sodium carbonate, NaOH and
KCI (TABLES 41 and 4J),
in the amounts set forth in the TABLES, in water. The weight
percentages for the sodium metasilicate nonahydrate were calculated
based on the total weight of sodium metasilicate nonahydrate, i.e.,
including the water of hydration. Results are given below TABLES 4A to
4J in cfulml. The baseline bacteria level for each test was determined by
contacting 1 ml of the bacteria mixture to 99 ml of sterile water and is
given in the 0.0%/0.0% data cell of each of the TABLES 4A to 4J.
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TABLE 4A
All Below @ 0.05% NaOH
SODIUM CARBONATE
(%)
Na 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 2.00 5.00 10.00
Metasilicate
(%)
0.00 1,100,00068,000 5,1002,8001,300800 5,700 14,000
0.20 520,000 2,300 470 <10 20 1,2003,600 10,000
0.40 12,000 30 <10 <10 <10 20 no data3,400
0.60 20 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 4,100 5,600
0.80 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 2,100 3,500
1.00 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 180 2,500
TABLE 4B
All Below @0.10% NaOH
SODIUM
CARBONATE
(%)
Na Metasilicate0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.002.00 5.00 10.00
(%)
0.00 340,000 370 <10 10 <10 70 3,4004,600
0.20 42,000 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 970 4,000
0.40 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 1,100
0.60 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 2,000
0.80 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 1,900
1.00 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 2,900
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TABLE 4C
All Below @10.00% KCI
SODIUM CARBONATE (%)
Na 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 2.00 5.00 10.00
Metasilicate
(%)
0.00 840,000 85,000 65,000 72,000 63,000 34,000 17,000 8,500
0.20 51,000 45,000 39,000 43,000 35,000 21,000 11,000 8,100
0.40 22,000 25,000 21,00017,000 21,00019,00011,0006,000
0.60 5,200 9,000 11,00014,000 11,0009,300 3,600 4,200
0.80 6,700 3,400 23,0003,300 4,7004,600 6,100 3,100
1.00 2,200 3,600 5,000 4,900 4,7002,800 2,700 4,600
TABLE 4D
All Below @ 20.00% KCI
SODIUM CARBONATE (%)
-~ Na 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 2.00 ~ 5.00 10.00
Metasilicate
0.00 910,000150,000 8,200
80,000
60,000
48,000
29,000
14,000
0.20 29,000 26,00020,000 22,000 22,000 19,000 10,000
9,100
0.40 8,000 16,0005,400 14,000 9,100 11,00012,0003,700
0.60 5,700 11,0004,200 12,000 9,000 8,600 9,3002,400
0.80 4,100 23,000 5,100 10,000 5,600 2,900 2,300 2,500
1.00 1,700 16,000 3,500 10,000 3,800 2,900 3,000 2,800
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TABLE 4E
All Below @ 10.00% KCI
NaOH
(%)
Na Metasilicate0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
(%)
0 820,000 2, 800 1,100 < < 10
10
0.2 120,000 9,200 1,000 540 <10
0.4 19,000 1,800 30 30 <10
0.6 270 350 160 30 <10
0.8 50 160 10 30 <10
1 30 10 <10 <10 <10
TABLE 4F
All Below @ 20.00% KCI
NaOH
(%)
Na Metasilicate0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
(%)
0 890,00050,00020,000 480 740
0.2 84,000 39,00011,000 4,4001,800
0.4 38,000 10,0005,700 200 470
0.6 46,000 6,600 3,000 1,800180
0.8 16,000 4,400 2,200 1,80030
1 13,000 3,800 1,200 1,8001,400
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TABLE 4G
All Below @ 10.00% KCI
NaOH
(%)
~~-Sodium Carbonate0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
(%)
0 560,00043,000 1,700 <10 40
0.25 270,00040,000 4,300 30 30
0.5 170,00061,000 7,300 230 250
1 160,00078,000 19,000 900 510
2 210,00061,000 16,000 4,100 1,200
23,000 32,000 9,500 11,000 710
30,000 30,000 11,000 7,800 900
5
TABLE 4H
All Below @ 20.00% KCI
NaOH
(%)
Sodium Carbonate0 0.05 0.1 0 15 0.2
(%)
0 730,00047,000 11,000 200 70
0.25 400,00055,000 40,000 1,100 320
0.5 310,00034,000 19,000 9,700 810
1 270,00044,000 27,000 12,000 2,400
2 87,000 no data13,000 12,000 2,600
5 28,000 52,000 23,000 9,500 2,600
10 30,000 23,000 11,000 11,000 2,900
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TABLE 41
All Below @ 0.10% NaOH and 10.0%KCI
SODIUM
CARBONATE
(%)
~~~~~ ~~~Na0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 2.00 5.0O T~10.00
~~~
Metasilicate
(%)
0.00 290 3,3005,000 2,5006,90047,00012,00012,000
0.20 1,600 140 1,500 1,4004,8003,800 9,600 4,000
0.40 no . 1,900 540 1,7004,300 3,500 5,300
data 290
0.60 190 1,2001,800 270 760 2000 3,400 3,500
0.80 30 530 1,200 290 50 1,800 2,000 4,200
1.00 40 <10 20 30 40 60 2,800 1,900
TABLE
4J
All Below0.10%
@ NaOH
and
20.00%
KCI
SODIUM CARBONATE
(%)
Na 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 2.00 5.00 10.00
Metasilicate
(%)
0.00 12,00012,00011,000 14,00017,00022,00011,00012,000
0.20 5,100 7,50011,000 11,00011,0009,5008,200 7,500
0.40 3,400 2,3003,800 3,300 1,100 4,7006,300 2,700
0.60 1,400 2,9003,400 1,900 1,200 5,4002,800 1,300
0.80 2,700 200 1,100 700 1,200 400 1,700 700
1.00 2,700 600 900 600 500 800 900 2,400
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Example 5
Aqueous solutions were made by dissolving the components:
NaOH (TABLE 5A),
sodium metasilicate nonahydrate and sodium carbonate (TABLE
5B) and
sodium metasilicate nonahydrate and sodium carbonate/NaOH
(TABLE 5C) were
in the amounts set forth in the respective TABLES, in water. The weight
percentages for the sodium metasilicate nonahydrate were calculated
based on the total weight of sodium metasilicate nonahydrate, i.e.,
including the water of hydration. The pH of each solution was measured.
Results are set forth below in TABLES 5A to 5C.
TABLE 5A
NaOH (%)
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
pH 7.21 11.39 11.61 12.01 12.2
TABLE 5B
All Below @ 0.10lNaOH
pH
Sodium Carbonate
(%)
Na Metasilicate 0.00 0.25 0.75 2.00
(%)
0.00 7.21 12.05 12.15 12.41
0.20 12.08 12.14 12.26 12.98
0.60 12.20 12.34 12.56 13.01
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TABLE 5C
pH
Sodium Carbonate (%)
Na Metasilicate 0.00 0.50 0.75 1.00 2.00
(%)
0.00 7.21 11.02 11.22 11.32 11.43
0.60 11.97 12.03 12.06 12.22 12.76
1.00 12.15 12.23 12.46 12.78 13.02
Example 6
Aqueous treatment solutions were prepared, at concentrations of 4,
7, 10 and 13 wt%, from the following mixtures of dry ingredients:
Sodium metasilicate (Mixture A),
80 wt% sodium metasilicate and 20wt% TSP (Mixture B),
30 wt% sodium metasilicate and 70 wt% sodium carbonate
(Mixture C),
60 wt% sodium metasilicate and 40 wt% sodium carbonate
(Mixture D),
94 wt% sodium carbonate and 6 wt% sodium hydroxide (Mixture
E), and
97 wt% sodium carbonate and 3 wt% sodium hydroxide (Mixture
F),
and in addition at concentrations of 1 %, 2% and 3% for the sodium
metasilicate (Mixture A). The pentahydrate form of sodium metasilicate
was used to make the treatment solutions. The weight percentages for
the sodium metasilicate pentahydrate were calculated based on the total
weight of sodium metasilicate pentahydrate, i.e., including the water of
hydration.
Chicken carcasses were taken from a commercial chicken
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processing line after having been eviscerated and washed with water,
with carcasses for each set of tests being removed from the processing
line over the course of 7 hours over several days.
Each carcass was submerged by hand in a 5 gallon container of
test solution for 15 seconds, withdrawn from the test solution, allowed to
drip for 30 seconds, placed in a plastic bag and rinsed. The carcasses
were each rinsed by adding 400 milliliters of Butterfield's buffer (which had
first been acidified with HCI to a pH of from about 2 to about 3, in order to
allow neutralization of any residual alkalinity of the treated carcass) to the
plastic bag containing the carcass and then shaking the carcass in bag of
buffer solution for 1 minute. Samples of rinse solutions were then
immediately removed from the bag and chilled by placing containers of
the samples on water ice in shipping containers. The chilled samples of
rinse solution were then shipped overnight on water ice, without being
frozen themselves, to a lab for microbiological testing.
The tests were run in cycles, using one carcass per test, with each
cycle beginning with a control sample and proceeding through the test
solutions in order of increasing concentration of test solution and then
returning to the control solution to begin the next cycle. Clean sterile
rubber gloves were used for removing the chickens from the processing
line and for the dipping procedure. The gloves were changed between
carcasses.
E. coli counts were determined by subjecting rinse solution to E.
coli/coliform count plate testing (PetrifilmT"" (3M)) according to AOAC
Official Method 991.14. Results are reported as the number of colonies
per milliliter (CFU/mL).
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Salmonella counts were determined by subjecting 55 gram
samples of rinse solution, with three broth enrichment steps to
colorimetric deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization testing (GENE-TRAKTM
(Neogen Corporation)) according to AOAC Official Method 990.13.
Presumptive positive results were, in general, confirmed according to
FDA-BAM (8t" Edition Revision A, 1998). Results are reported as the
percentage of positive results, calculated as: ((number of positive results
in the test series/total number of samples in the test series) x 100).
In each case, an "Incident Rate" is reported as a percentage
calculated according to: ((number of positive results in the test series/total
number of samples in the test series) x 100). In the case of E. Coli
results, an average value ("Ave.") is reported as the arithmetic average of
the results for all days of the test series.
In TABLE 6A, for each set of results for a given test procedure, the
results for days 1, 2, 3 and 4 are each based on a sample size of 25
carcasses. In TABLE 6B, for each set of results for a given test
procedure, the results for day 1 are each based on a sample size of 11
carcasses, the results for days 2 and 3 are each based on a sample size
of 17 carcasses, the results for days 4 and 5 are each based on a sample
size of 20 carcasses and the result for day 6 is based on a sample size of
15 carcasses. In TABLES 6C-6H, for each set of results for a given test
procedure, the results for days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are each based on a
sample size of 17 carcasses and the result for day 6 is based on a sample
size of 15 carcasses.
Treatment with aqueous solutions of mixtures A- F did not, within
the range of concentrations used, result in any substantial detriment to the
visual appearance of the treated chicken carcasses.
CA 02451510 2003-12-18
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CA 02451510 2003-12-18
WO 03/003842 PCT/US02/21234
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CA 02451510 2003-12-18
WO 03/003842 PCT/US02/21234
-36-
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CA 02451510 2003-12-18
WO 03/003842 PCT/US02/21234
-37-
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CA 02451510 2003-12-18
WO 03/003842 PCT/US02/21234
-38-
The treatment method of the present invention allows simple and
economical washing of animal carcasses to reduce bacterial contamination of
the carcass and/or retard bacterial growth on the carcass, without substantial
detriment to the organoleptic properties of the carcass and without generating
a waste stream that contains a high amount of phosphates.
Example 7
The method of the present invention was applied to vegetables.
Aqueous treatment solutions were made with 2% wlw sodium metasilicate
pentahydrate (pH = 13.20) and 10% w/w sodium metasilicate pentahydrate
(pH = 13.71 ) in cold tap water. The weight percentages for the sodium
metasilicate pentahydrate were calculated based on the total weight of sodium
metasilicate pentahydrate, i.e., including the water of hydration. All wash
solutions were allowed to mix for 15 minutes on a stir plate. Stainless steel
trays (approximately 25 x 35 x 5 mm) were sanitized with 200 PPM sodium
hypochlorite and rinsed to be used as treatment wash basins. The aqueous
treatment solutions were then added to the sanitized trays.
Bolthouse carrots (obtained in 1 pound commercial packages) were
separated into 140 gram samples. Each of the samples was washed in
2000 grams of one of the aqueous treatment solutions or of cold tap water
by submerging the sample in the liquid for 10 minutes with occasional
mixing. After 10 minutes each sample was rinsed under cold running tap
water for 2 minutes in a sanitized stainless steel funnel. Rinsed carrots
were allowed to drain for 10 minutes on perforated plastic weigh boats.
Contaminant organisms were enumerated by grinding samples of the
treated carrots into Butterfield's phosphate buffer to make a 1:10 dilution.
CA 02451510 2003-12-18
WO 03/003842 PCT/US02/21234
-39-
This was then spread plate onto Standard Plate Count (SPC) agar.
Plates were incubated aerobically for 48 hours at 30°C.
The remaining treated carrots were transferred into sterile Whirlpak
bags and stored at 4°C for 1 month. Each week a sample was taken and
tested for the number of contaminants present.
The results of the microbiological testing are set forth in TABLE 7 as
Colony Forming Units/gram of carrot (CFU/g)
TABLE 7: Contaminant Count for Treated Carrots All counts are an
average of two samplings)
Sample Time Control 2% Sodium 10% Sodium
(CFU/g) Metasilicate Metasilicate
(CFU/g) (CFU/g)
Initial - Day 36,000 2,200 400
0
Week 1 1,600,000 120,000 52,000
Week 2 9,700,000 14,000 1,100
Week 3 15,000,000 18,000,000 1,800
Week 4 12,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000
After washing the two sodium metasilicate wash water basins
contained an orange tinge apparently from removal of the outer layer of
carrot. The 10% solution was a stronger color. The carrots from the 10%
treatment were slightly soft or mushy on the outside, the 2% treatment were
slightly softer than the water wash control, but did not appear objectionably
softer.
CA 02451510 2003-12-18
WO 03/003842 PCT/US02/21234
- 40 -
At the end of 1 month the control water wash carrots had a pale white outer
layer in spots, they appeared to have a dried out surface. The two samples
of carrots from the sodium metasilicate wash still remained orange and
appeared moist.
The treatment method of the present invention allows simple and
economical washing of edible plant materials to reduce bacterial
contamination of the edible plant materials and/or retard bacterial growth on
the edible plant materials, without substantial detriment to the organoleptic
properties of the edible plant materials and without generating a waste stream
that contains a high amount of phosphates.
