Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
CA 02472173 2004-06-23
Studded Membrane With Drainage
The present invention relates to a studded or dimpled membrane for the
protection of buildings, and to a seal manufactured using the studded
membrane.
The present Invention refers to a studded membrane having studs on the front
surface suitable to support a filter fleece. The studded membrane is usually
manufactured in a flexible way from a plastic sheet on an embossing roller
used to
shape the studs in a continuous process, out to the desired length and rolled
up for
storage and transport. To protect the walls of buildings, in particular at the
underground level, the studded membrane is attached to the wall to be
protected.
From DE 31 27 265, a studded membrane is known having studs with planar
end faces formed on either side of a central plane. The reverse side studs
provide a
deeply Indented surface and serve to ventilate an air-gap and space
respectively
between the surface of the wall to be protected and the studded membrane. The
stud
structure provides high stress resistance of the studded membrane when it
absorbs
soil pressures. A relatively large ventilation space is created on the reverse
side of
the studded membrane. The stud pitch is wide, and the end faces of the studs,
which
fie flat against the wall, are relatively small. This is why the load
transferring
proportion of the reverse-side studs on the overall surface of the reverse
side of the
studded membrane Is only 5% with commercially available studded membranes.
This
results in a surface pressure between each stud and the wall of about 400
kN/m2 with
a soil pressure of 20 kN/ma, for example.
In the course of energy saving measures, more and more so-called perimeter
insulations are mounted on the surface of the exterior wall of the basement or
the
foundations of a building with new structures or refurbishments In the area of
the
foundations. Usually foamed plastics are used which, because of their cell
structure,
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may be integrated In a damp environment. if high soil pressures are to be
absorbed
by the studded membrane and transferred to the insulation of the wall, this
may lead
to a collapse of the cell structure of the insulating material, if the soil
pressure is only
transferred via the small surface percentage taken up by the end-faces of the
studs.
This results in an indentation of the studs into the insulating material so
that the
studded membrane loses its ventilating function. Since the soil pressure gets
higher
as the depth increases, a total loss of the hollow space between the
insulation and
the studded membrane may result, in particular at the foot of the wall.
Moreover, there is a risk that the raised, reverse-side studs of the studded
membrane prevent the studded membrane from sliding on the insulation board or
the
surface of the insulation without considerable frictional resistance when the
soil
settles.
When dampness penetrates Into the space between the reverse side of the
studded membrane and the wall to be protected, there Is a risk with
conventional
studded membranes, irrespective of whether the studded membrane has been
formed with unilaterally or bilaterally formed studs, that water will
accumulate
between the studded membrane and the wall.
Some embodiment of the present invention may prevent water accumulation
between the studded membrane and the outer surface of a building or an
insulation
on a building. Also, the risk of damaging the insulation or a seal of the wall
to be
protected may be prevented when the soil settles.
In some embodiments of the present invention, on the reverse side of the
studded membrane, a slip surface and a drainage is formed.
The slip surface prevents damage to an insulation of a building, which could
otherwise occur when the studded membrane is taken along by the soil as the
soil
settles, i.e. Is displaced relative to the surface of the insulation. This is
because due
to the pressure of the soil, the reverse side of the studded membrane lies
against the
surface of the insulation under a correspondingly high pressure. The
Insulation may
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be of foamed plastic, In particular in the form of boards as a so-called
perimeter
insulation, which are fastened to the surface of the exterior wall of the
foundations of
a building, as initially pointed out. The present approach can, however, also
be
applied to water-impermeable concrete or to a seal of a bitumous sheet (e.g.
cold
sealing bitumous sheeting).
With the drainage of the present invention on the reverse side of the studded
membrane, water, which may have penetrated into the space between the reverse
side of the studded membrane and the surface or exterior surface of the
insulation of
the building or the building Itself, can be discharged, thereby avoiding water
build-up
in the space. As pointed out In the following, there are various options to
create the
drainage between the studded membrane and the exterior surface of the
insulation or
the building itself.
Preferably, a water-permeable structural insert, such as a water-permeable
fleece or an otherwise draining, In particular a flexible, separating layer is
provided,
which is attached to the reverse side of the studded membrane over the entire
surface area or affixed in areas or spots. While the structural insert, such
as a water
permeable fleece, may be arranged with respect to its effectiveness also on
site
between the studded membrane and the surface of the insulation or the building
itself. However, a studded membrane is to be preferred, to the reverse side of
which
the structural Insert is attached, since In this way a clear spatial
orientation and In
particular combined mounting on the building site are possible. Whether the
structural insert is attached to the reverse side of the studded membrane over
the
entire surface area or only In areas or spots, depends on the eventual use.
Generally, a spot-wise attachment will suffice, which on the one hand will
create
sufficient bonding between the studded membrane and the structural insert, and
on
the other hand will allow the structural Insert to be detached from the
studded
membrane after the studded membrane has been mounted when settling of the soil
threatens to damage the Insulation on the building, I.e. cracks appear in the
insulation, when it is displaced together with the structural Insert because
there is no
or no sufficient slippage between the structural insert and the insulation.
Instead of a structural insert, or in addition to it, according to another
embodiment of the present invention, the studded membrane is provided with
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channels to create the reverse-side drainage. In the case of a structural
insert, the
water draining channels are formed by a water-permeable structure of the
material,
for example by a water-permeable fleece. In the present embodiment of the
present
invention, channels, however, refer to those formed on the back of the studded
membrane. The position, shape and size of the channels serve to dissipate
water
that has penetrated Into the space between the studded membrane and the outer
surface of the insulation or the building Itself. There are also various other
options to
create the channels on the back of the studded membrane, some of which are
identified in the following.
in the case of channels formed on the reverse side of the studded membrane,
they are to take up only a small proportion of the back surface of the studded
membrane - as measured against the slip surface available on the reverse side
of
the studded membrane - so that the sliding properties of the reverse side of
the
studded membrane are essentially maintained and the compressive forces are
spread across large surface portions of the reverse side of the studded
membrane.
A studded membrane embodied according to the present invention therefore
has channels which are narrow enough to ensure draining of water between the
studded membrane and the wall while the load transmitting area on the reverse
side
of the studded membrane Is only reduced to a small or negligible degree, i.e.
as little
as necessary. As will be explained with reference to an exemplary embodiment,
the
load transmitting surface is approx. 80% or more of the surface of the reverse
side of
the studded membrane if the studded membrane according to the present
Invention
is used. The insulating material or the Insulation of the wall will remain
undamaged.
The large contact area between the studded surface and the wall enables the
web to
slide on the insulating board or on the surface of the insulation without
considerable
frictional resistance when the soil settles. The insulation Is applied to the
foundation
In a slip-resistant manner.
Preferably, the channels of the drainage are formed as grooves on the reverse
side of the studded membrane. This embodiment is on the one hand especially
effective with respect to the draining properties and, on the other hand, the
channels
may easily be shaped, or shaped as an attendant process, as grooves on the
reverse
side of the studded membrane In an embossing process, such as by continuous
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deep drawing with rolling processes. With respect to effective drainage In
combination with the maintenance of the sliding properties of the studded
membrane
provided by a relatively high percentage of the load transmitting surface of
the
reverse side of the studded membrane, channels with a width of about 0.8 mm
and a
depth of about 0.5 mm, arranged diagonally, with a pitch of about 20 to 30 mm,
have
proven useful. Channels of this order on the one hand provide a relatively
large
pressure-absorbing surface with good sliding properties and on the other hand
an
effective drainage for intruded dampness.
Preferably it is provided that the channels extend In an "X" pattern In such a
way that there is always a downward pointing network of channels when the
membrane Is positioned on the building - irrespective of the mounting
orientation of
the studded membrane - wherein the channels may, for example, extend In a
direction diagonal to the longitudinal direction of the studded membrane. Such
an
arrangement of the channels of the studded membrane, each intersecting a stud
funnel, has the advantage that the drainage can occur Irrespective of the
mounting
orientation of the studded membrane. This means that there Is no mandatory
orientation for the studded membrane when it is mounted on the building.
The formation of webs on the reverse side of the studded membrane to form
drainage channels Is also a possible option for the drainage- The webs form a
space
between the studded membrane and the wall for water drainage. When selecting
their position, shape and size, it must be taken Into consideration, however,
that the
sliding properties of the studded membrane are not negatively afNicted in any
considerable way. For the preferable arrangement of the webs the same applies
as
discussed with reference to the positioning of the channels.
The Invention also covers studded membranes in which a slip film Is arranged
as a reverse-side slip surface. This embodiment of the Invention protects in
particular
thick bitumous layers that are being used as building seals ever more
frequently.
These material layers are applied to soil-contacting structural parts. They
then
dry and eventually form a "film" of bitumous rubber having a thickness of
between
three and four millimetres which serves to prevent dampness from penetrating
the
solid structural part from the surrounding ground. For the thick layering to
be able to
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bridge cracks - should there be movement within the structure - it Is
configured In
such a way that it Is not completely rigid In the set state. The bitumous
layer is meant
to be ductile which in turn makes it sensitive to mechanical Influences.
National regulations prescribe, among other measures, that slip layers are to
be provided for protection purposes, i.e. to prevent thrust forces from being
transmitted to the thick ductile layer when the soil settles.
The previously mentioned studded membranes of plastic material and a planar
foil or slip film, preferably also of plastic, are weakly bonded in spots. The
studded
membrane functions as a protective layer, and the slip film as a sliding
layer. In
principle, these multi-layer membranes have proven useful.
Due to their structure it may occur, however, that water becomes trapped
between the slip film and the thick layer, This occurs especially when the
upper seam
Is not tightly sealed, which is often the case. When this happens, hard rain
can run
down the fagade and behind the slip film. This need not necessary lead to
structural
damage if the bitumous layer is intact.
There is, however, at least some potential risk, since water Is held for long
periods of time and the slightest damage or processing fault could lead to
dampness
penetrating Into the interior due to the persistent water pressure. This is
why there Is
always a potential risk when dampness is introduced between the reverse side
of the
slip film and the thick bitumous layer or a protective coating with the same
effect. This
is why an accumulation of water, which enters the space between the thick
layer and
the slip film, and water pressure resulting therefrom should be avoided. For
this
purpose, the slip film Is made water-permeable. The water-permeability of the
slip
film in combination with the drainage between the studded membrane and the
slip
film have the effect of guiding water which has collected between the slip
film and the
isolation or wall to be protected through the slip film into the layer where
the drainage
is situated so that water may be discharged toward the bottom.
According to this embodiment of the present invention, the slip film is made
moisture-permeable, in particular water-permeable, across Its entire surface
area.
This can be accomplished, for example, by micro-perforation. It is also
possible for
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the slip film to be of a water-permeable material having a slip surface at the
front or
contact side. As such, the term "slip film" means a water-permeable sliding
layer,
such as a fine-fibre fleece with a small pore size, but having a smooth
surface with
good sliding properties on the front. In this embodiment, the studded membrane
equipped with a slip film is very similar to the studded membrane described
further
above, having a water-permeable structural Insert, such as a water-permeable
fleece, as a drainage. This Is because a fleece transports dampness not only
In the
transverse, but also in the longitudinal direction, i.e. also towards the
bottom, when
the studded membrane with the fleece is mounted on the building in an
essentially
vertical, or at least tilted, position. A foil which is rendered water-
permeable by means
of raw-material additives, such as minerals, is also suitable- In the present
application, the term "water" principally comprises all manner of dampness,
including,
for example, water vapour. The same applies to "water-permeable", meaning
permeability for all kinds of dampness in the entire application.
The important thing is that the foil be permeable to water, but not permeable
to
bitumous mass, which could also migrate through the perforations or through
the
open structure of the slip film due to the lateral pressure applied by the
soil. This is
why the perforated holes or the pores of the open structure should have a
diameter
which allows water to enter, but prevents the ductile bituminous mass from
doing so.
In commercially available protective membranes, such as DELTA-GEO
DRAIN of the applicant of the present application, a drainage or seepage
layer has
not been provided on the side of the building. On the contrary, care has been
taken
to create a contacting surface between the studded membrane and the slip film
which is as smooth as possible.
A drainage or seepage layer between the studded membrane and the slip film
can be created In various ways. Essentially the same applies as discussed
above
with respect to the drainage between the reverse side of the studded membrane
and
the surface of the insulation or of the building.
Thus, a structural insert, for example, a fleece or fleece material may be
Inserted, the thickness of which must be such that water can flow on the
inside of the
fleece plane towards the bottom and out of the multi-layer web. This can be,
for
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example, an open-pore foam or even a fleece of polypropylene endless fibres
which
is thermally or mechanically strengthened. It can also be a fleece of stacked
fibres.
The spot-wise or area-wise bonding between the studded membrane and the slip
film, which Is necessary with Industrially manufactured studded membranes of
this
type, and can be achieved by spot welding or adhesive bonding, is preferably
carried
out by adhesive bonding also in the multi-layer studded membrane of the
present
Invention. When a structural Insert, such as a fleece, Is Inserted between the
studded
membrane and the slip film, the bond is created, for example by bilateral spot-
wise or
area-wise adhesive bonding of the structural insert or the fleece to the
studded
membrane on the one hand and to the slip film on the other. The preceding
remarks
also apply to the embodiment mentioned further above of a studded membrane
with
a water-permeable structural insert as a drainage on the reverse side of the
studded
membrane.
An advantageous production of the fleece and the slip film is accomplished
when a fleece material is coated with a plastic material, such as
polyethylene, Le.
when the slip film is formed by coating the insert or fleece material, and
then
perforated.
Instead of the separating drainage or seepage layer, or In addition to it, a
drainage may be formed at the contacting surface of the studded membrane or on
the front or the contacting surface of the slip film. As explained above, the
shaping Is
carried out appropriately directly when the studded membrane or the slip film
are
made.
It Is also possible to create a drainage by providing structures forming
channels on the front side of the slip film which on the one hand receive and
drain
seeping water and on the other hand however do not affect the desired sliding
action
by their dimensions. Examples of suitable dimensions and pitches of the
channels
have already been mentioned in the context of the reverse side of the studded
membrane.
Webs may also be used to form a drainage on the slip film, creating a space
for draining water between the studded membrane and the slip film. When
selecting
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the position, shape and size, it should be noted, however, that the desired
sliding
action between the studded membrane and the slip film is not affected.
Instead of protrusions on the contacting surface of the studded membrane,
elevations can also be formed on the contacting surface of the slip film,
which create
channels draining water towards the bottom. In this case, the slip film alone
has both
the function of water drainage from the back to the front side, i.e. drainage
in the
transverse direction, and of forming channels between the contacting surfaces
of the
studded membrane and the slip film, so that water is guided or seeps toward
the
bottom where it is discharged using a,drain. This embodiment and function of
the slip
film does not exclude, however, a combination with measures described above or
In
the following.
Preferably, the protrusions on the contacting surface of the slip film form a
draining stud structure with a slip surface on the end faces of the studs.
This may be
a micro stud structure.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the slip film may be
laminated onto the structural insert or geotextile, or It may be formed by
coating the
insert or fleece (geotextile) material with plastic.
According to the respective needs, a geotextile may be mounted an the end
faces of the front studs of the studded membrane, as it is principally the
case with the
conventional studded membrane DELTA-GEO DRAIN of the applicant.
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Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a studded membrane for
protection of buildings, wherein the studded membrane has a building side
which
faces a building to be protected, and a slip surface and a drainage are formed
on the
building side, wherein the drainage defines a downward drainage path for
water,
wherein a slip film and a water permeable structural insert are arranged at
said slip
surface of said studded membrane, said water permeable structural insert
defining
said drainage, wherein said slip film is of water-permeable material, wherein
said
water permeable structural insert is attached to the building side of said
studded
membrane over the entire surface area thereof or in an area-wise or spot-wise
manner, and wherein said water permeable structural insert defines a slip
surface
lying flat against said slip surface of said studded membrane.
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a studded membrane for
protection of buildings, wherein the studded membrane has a building side
which
faces a building to be protected, a first slip surface and a drainage are
formed on the
building side, and wherein the drainage defines a downward drainage path for
water,
wherein a slip film is arranged at said first slip surface of said studded
membrane,
and wherein said slip film is of water-permeable material with a second slip
surface
on the front side of said slip film lying flat against the slip surface of the
studded
membrane, wherein said studded membrane has channels to form the drainage.
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a seal for buildings,
comprising a studded membrane, and wherein on a building side of the studded
membrane a first slip surface and a drainage are provided, wherein the
drainage
defines a downward drainage path for water, wherein a slip film and a water
permeable structural insert are arranged at said first slip surface of said
studded
membrane, said water permeable structural insert defining said drainage,
wherein
said slip film is of water-permeable material, wherein said structural insert
is attached
to the building side of said studded membrane over the entire surface area
thereof or
in an area-wise or spot-wise manner, and wherein the water permeable
structural
insert defines a second slip surface lying flat against the first slip surface
of the
studded membrane.
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Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a seal for buildings,
comprising a studded membrane, and wherein on a building side of the studded
membrane a first slip surface and a drainage are provided, wherein the
drainage
defines a downward drainage path for water, and wherein a slip film is
arranged at
said first slip surface of said studded membrane and wherein said slip film is
of water-
permeable material with a second slip surface on the front side of said slip
film lying
flat against the first slip surface of the studded membrane, wherein said
studded
membrane comprises channels to provide said drainage.
The seal using a studded membrane of the above-described type is to
be provided on the exterior surface of a building or on an insulation of such
an
exterior surface.
The structure according to the present invention of the seal or the
studded membrane with a slip film may be limited to the top edge of the
studded
membrane
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structure when In the position of use, If a predetermined mounting orientation
of the
studded membrane is given and adhered to, wherein the edge area according to
the
present invention always forms the top edge area of the protective membrane
attached to the building, i.e. the area where water is enclosed between the
studded
membrane and the insulation or between the slip film and the thick layer when
the
top edge seam Is not sealed in a water-tight manner. Since it is usually
Impossible to
predict which mounting orientation - In a longitudinal or transverse direction
- will be
used when the studded membrane is mounted on the building, as a precaution the
entire surface area of the studded membrane is configured as provided In the
present
invention.
In any case, an improved studded membrane and/or seal according to the
present invention, with or without slip film, has the same protective effect
as the
commercially available protective membrane, such as DELTA-GEC} DRAIN, but
avoids the possible collection of water between the studded membrane and the
insulation on the wail to be protected, or the creation of water pockets
between the
thick layer and the slip film In the case of a top edge seam which is not
sealed.
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the
accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. I is a schematic cross-sectional view of a building seal with a studded
membrane having a slip surface and a drainage on the back;
Fig. 2 is a view of the back surface of the studded membrane of Fig. 1,
showing the drainage consisting of a network of channels;
Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another building seal with a
studded membrane having a slip film;
Fig. 4 shows a detail of the top edge seam of the seal in Fig. 3, in an
enlarged
scale;
Fig. 5 shows the reverse side of the studded membrane of Figs. 3 and 4.
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In the cross-sectional view shown In Fig. 1, an Insulation 3, e.g. a perimeter
insulation of foamed plastic, Is mounted on an outer surface I of a building
2. To
protect insulation 3 against damage caused by the soil (not shown), a studded
membrane 4 of plastic (e.g. PE) is mounted in front of insulation 3, fixed
either to the
latter or to the outer surface I of building 2.
A water-permeable fleece 7 is mounted on the end faces 5 of studs 6 of
studded membrane 4 for draining the adjacent soil. Water penetrating through
fleece
7 into the space between fleece 7 and studded membrane 4 is drained towards
the
bottom by channels formed between studs 6.
To form a drainage 12 on the reverse side 8 of studded membrane 4,
channels 14 running diagonally - relative to the longitudinal direction of
studded
membrane 4 - are provided between stud funnels Go (cf. Fig. 2). Channels 14,
which
are about 0.8 mm wide and about 0.6 mm deep, are sufficient. The diagonal
interval
of channels 14 is about 20 to 30 mm, depending on the stud pitch. In Fig. 2, a
pitch of
stud funnels 6a of 28 mm is indicated, while the diameter of stud funnels 6a
Is 10
mm. Channels 14 are formed in one and the some processing step when studded
membrane 4 is manufactured. It Is also possible to provide both channels 14
and a
fleece for drainage 12. In any case channels 14 have the effect that water
penetrating into the space between Insulation 3 and reverse side 8 of studded
membrane 4 can seep toward the bottom within channels 14. In this way, the
function
of drainage 12 is ensured, and Infiltrated water is not held between
Insulation 3 and
studded membrane 4 for extended periods of time. At the same time, reverse
side 8
of studded membrane 4 forms a slip surface so that studded membrane 4 can
slide
on the Insulation without noticeable frictional resistance when the soil
settles.
Moreover, the soil pressure absorbed by studded membrane 4 on Its outside,
which
can be as high as 20 kN/m2, is transferred from a large percentage of reverse
side 8
of studded membrane 4 to Insulation 3, which in the present example is about
80% of
the overall surface area.
Alternatively, drainage 12 in the exemplary embodiment of Fig. I may be of a
water-permeable structural insert, such as a water-permeable fleece (or
geotextile) or
an otherwise draining, In particular flexible, separating layer, which Is
fixed to back 8
of studded membrane 4 over the entire surface area or In areas or spots. The
fleece
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or the fleece material must be of suitable thickness to drain water that has
penetrated
into the space between Insulation 3 and studded membrane 4 within the fleece
structure and through it toward the bottom, where It can drain away. The
fleece may
be of polypropylene endless fibres, which are thermally or mechanically
strengthened. The fleece may also be of batched fibres. In a preferred
embodiment,
a needled polyester endless fibre fleece having a basis weight of 110 g/m2 and
a
fibre diameter of about 4 dtex is used.
The structural Insert, e.g. a fleece, preferably of polyester or
polypropylene, is
bonded to the studded membrane after its production, namely preferably by
bilateral
spot or area-wise adhesive bonding of the fleece to reverse side 8 of studded
membrane 4. The fleece material may be provided with a plastic material, such
as
polyethylene, on the front surface adjacent to the studded membrane If a
relative
sliding movement between studded membrane 4 and the fleece is desired. The
reverse side of the fleece is formed as a slip surface, so that insulation 3
remains
undamaged, i.e. does not develop cracks, in particular, when studded membrane
4 is
displaced and with it the fleece when the soil settles.
In the third embodiment shown in Figs, 3 to 5, a seal 3a consists of a thick
layer, and on the reverse side 8 of studded membrane 4, a slip film 9 is
affixed spot-
wise or area-wise, which, just like studded membrane 4, Is of a plastic
material.
When thrust forces act from the soil on studded membrane 4, and displace it,
the
bond between studded membrane 4 and slip film 9 is released, so that studded
membrane 4 and slip film 9 may be slidingly offset without damaging seal 3a of
a
thick layer, which Is protected by the attached slip film 9. Up to this point
the multi-
layer studded membrane 4 used to provide building sealing as shown and
described
above has been known e.g. under the designation DELTA-GEO DRAIN* and is
available from the applicant.
The novel feature is a micro perforation 10 of slip film 9 which allows water
to
permeate it which, however, Is dimensioned such that the bituminous mass of
the
thick layer 3 of seal 3a cannot migrate through the micro perforation 10.
Another novel feature Is the arrangement of a thermally or mechanically
strengthened fleece 11, e.g. of polypropylene endless fibres between slip film
9 and
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reverse side 8 of studded membrane 4 to form a drainage 12, since the fleece
11 Is
water-permeable and allows water that has penetrated Into the space between
slip
film 9 and studded membrane 4 to seep toward the bottom and to drain from the
multi-layer structure. Instead of the fleece 11, drainage 12 can also consist
of a
channel structure on reverse side 8 of studded membrane 4 or on the front of
slip film
9. In this context, reference is made to the previously described embodiment
according to Figs. I and 2.
When the top edge seam 4a of studded membrane 4 Is not directly adjacent to
insulation 2, as shown In Figs. 3 and 4, but is, e.g. bent down, hard rain
running
down the fagade (schematically Indicated by arrows Pi) may form a water pocket
13
between slip flim 9 and the exterior surface of seal 3a. Starting from here,
the water
can then penetrate further and may enter through cracks or the like in seal 3a
until It
reaches the exterior surface 1 of the building 2.
With the arrangement according to the present invention, however, the water
having accumulated, e.g., as a water pocket 13 between seal 3a and slip film
9, can
escape through the micro perforation 10 of slip film 9 Into the space between
slip film
9 and studded membrane 4, as Indicated schematically by arrows P2, P3. Within
this
space, draining fleece 11 functions to further drain away the water, which can
then
seep through fleece 11, in which channels are formed, toward the bottom, where
it
can be discharged out of the multi-layer structure without pressure, and off
through a
drain.
Also in this exemplary embodiment, apart from draining the water between
studded membrane 4 and slip film 9, the sliding of studded membrane 4 is
ensured,
as well as an even transmission of pressure from the soil via studded membrane
4
and slip film 9 to insulation 3a.
Thus, embodiments of a studded membrane are provided for the protection of
buildings with a drainage and slip surface formed on the reverse side thereof,
with
the result that water Is drained
- between the studded membrane and the exterior surface of the building,
CA 02472173 2004-06-23
-14-
between the studded membrane and the seal,
- between the studded membrane and the Insuiatton.
