Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
1
PROTEIN AND LIPID SOURCES FOR USE IN AQUAFEEDS AND
ANIMAL FEEDS AND A PROCESS FOR THEIR:PREPARATION
This patent applicationis a divisional patent application of Canadian
patent application serial number 2,408,551, filed on May 8; 2001.
Field of the Invention
The present invention rel tes to a novel process for the production of
nutritionally upgraded protein and lipid sources for use in aquafeeds and
other animal feeds. More specifically, the present invention relates to a
process involving the co-processing of animal offal(s) with oilseed(s); the
invention also relates to products produced thereby:
In addition, the invention relates to cold pressed plant oils suitable for
arganic
human foods, as well as products for use as components in organic
fertilizers, both produced by the process of the invention.
Background of the Invention
Feed accounts for on average 35-60% of the operating costs of salmon farms
and it represents the largest cost in the culture of other carnivorous aquatic
species. Moreover, the protein sources presently used account for about
51 % of the total feed cost and this percentage can be higher than this when
increased reliance is placed on imported premium quality fish meals: The
latter mainly originate from South America through the processing of whole
pelagic fish species like sardines and anchovies and they are used to meet
most of the dietary protein needs of fiarmed Canadian salmon. Accordingly,
salmon farming profitability is marginal in Canada.
Currently, aquatic 'feeds contain high levels of fish meal and oil, which are
mostly imported, to produce a protein-rich and sometimes lipid-rich (e.g.
salmon diets) aquatic feed. However, as noted hereinabove, such fish meal
and oil can be very expensive and this will be especially true in the future
due
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2
to progressively increasing demands that are being placed on the finite global
supplies of fish meal and oil. Hence, alternative economical sources of
protein and lipid are required.
One known approach is to use less expensive plant protein sources in
aquafeed that have been pecially processed so that they are in the form of
nutritionally upgraded protein meals, concentrates, and isolates. These may
be used either singly or in -combination with rendered animal protein
ingredients such as poultry-by-product meal. To date, each of these protein
products, such as canola meal, soybean meal, and poultry-by-product meal
have been processed (produced) separately and then these protein sources
have been blended together in dried and finely ground form in appropriate
ratios for a particular aquatic species at the time of diet formulation and
preparation
U.S. Patent No. 4,418,086 to Marino et al. discloses the preparation of an
animal feed which comprises (a) a proteinaceous matrix, (b) fat or oil, tc) a
sulfur source, (d) farinaceous material, (e) a plasticizer and tf) water. The
method disclosed involves the blending of the ingredients together,
introducing the mixture into an extruder and subjecting it to shear forces,
mechanical work, heat and pressure such that the product temperature prior
to discharge is at least 280 degrees F: This patent is concerned with the
production of an animal feed with a "meat like texture":
U.S. Patent No. 3,952,115 to Damico'et al. relates to a feed where an amino
acid is utilized as an additive to fortify a proteinaceous feed.
U. S. Patent No. 4,973,490 to Holrnes discloses the production of animal feed
products utilizing rape seed in combination with another plant species.
U.S. Patent No. 5,773,051 to Kirn relates to a process for manufacturing a
fish feed which refloats after initially sinking. This document discloses a
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
process including blending conventional fish feed containing fish meal, wheat
meal, soybean meal and other substances and compressing the mixture at
a constant temperature to produce a molded product.
Summanr of the Invention
In the present invention, here are several different aspects represented by
different process aspects, as well as several novel product compositions
resulting from different process aspects.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process
for preparation of nutritionally upgraded oilseed: meals, which are protein
and
lipid-rich and have a reduced fibre content; and plant oils from oilseeds for
use in fish or other non-human animal diets or human foods comprising the
steps of:
- providing a source of oilseed;
- subjecting said oilseed fo heat treatment to substantially reduce the
concentration of at least some antinutritional components normally
present in said oilseed to obtain heat-treated seed;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said heat-treated seed in particulate form with said animal
offal to form a mixture thereof;
- cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially
improve protein digestibility; and substantially free cellular water
present in said animal offal; as well as to facilitate separation of
protein from the lipid in said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and
- separating said cooked mixture into a s#ickwater fraction, a moisture
containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
In a second aspect of this invention, the above-described second aspect can
be rnodified as described herein to provide the third process aspect. In
particular, in the above aspecfthe modifications involve the preparation of
protein concentrates and lipid'sources from co-processing of animal offal with
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4
oilseed for use in fish or other non-human animal feeds, wherein the cold
pressing step of said meat fraction or said mixture obtained from the first
aspect above is carried out so as o substantially reduce the particle size of
said meat or said mixture and o yield a high value human grade oil and a
protein and lipid-rich meal with reduced fibre content. Thus, the second
aspect of the process comprises the further steps of:
- providing a source of unhydro(yzed animal offal;
- blending said protein and lipid-rich meal with said animal offal to form
a mixture thereof;
to - cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially
improve protein digestibility, and substantially free cellular water
present in said animal offal, as well as to facilitate separation of
protein from the lipid in said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain
a cooked mixture; and
- separating said cooked mixture intoa stickwater fraction, a moisture
containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
A third aspect of the process of the present invention involves the
preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from the co-processing
of animal offal with raw oilseeds for use in fish' or other non-human animal
20 diets: The third process aspect comprises the steps of:
- providing a source of raw oilseed;
- cold pressing said oilseed under conditions to substantially reduce
the particle size of said oilseed and obtain pressed raw seeds;
- providing a source of unhydroiyzed animal offal;
- blending said pressed raw seeds with said animal offal to produce a
mixture thereof;
- cooking said mixture under conditions to substantially improve
protein digestibility; and subsfantiallyfree cellularwater present in said
animal offal and facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in said
30 animal offal and said oilseed to obtain a cooked mixture; and
- separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
In a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for
preparation of protein concentrates and lipid sources from the co-processing
of animal offal with dried and then dehulled oilseeds for use in fish or other
non-human animal diets. In this fourth aspect, the process comprises the
steps of:
- providing a source of oilseed;
- drying said oilseed to produce a dried seed;
- dehulling said dried seed to produce a meat fraction and a hull
fraction or a mixture thereof;
-cold pressing said meatfraction or mixture under conditions selected
to substantially reduce particle size of said meat or mixture to yield a
high value human grade oil and protein and Lipid-rich meals with
reduced fibre content;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said protein and lipid-rich meal with said animal offal to form
a mixture thereof;
- cooking said mixture under conditions selected to substantially
improve protein digestibility, substantially free cellular water present
in said animal ofifal and facilitate separation of protein from the lipid in
said animal offal and said oilseeds to obtain a cooked mixture; and
- separating said cooked mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture
containing protein-rich fraction, and an animal feed grade oil fraction.
In a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for
producing a protein concentrate for use in animal and aquafeeds. As such,
the fifth aspect process steps comprise:
- providing a source of oilseed ;
- drying said oilseed to reduce its moisture content to below about
10% to obtain dried seed or subjecting said oilseed to heat treatment
under conditions selected to substantially deactivate, destroy or
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reduce the concentration of at least some of the antinutritional
components normally present in the oilseed to produce a heat-treated
seed;
- cold pressing or grinding saio dried seed or heat-treated seed to
reduce the particle size and yield human grade oil;
- providing a source of unhydrolyzed animal offal;
- blending said oilseed and said animal offal in ratios from about 10:90
to about 90:10 form a mixture thereof;
- extracting said mixture with a solvent; and
- removing said solvent to obtain a protein concentrate.
In all of the above process aspects there may be included the step of
extracting the protein rich fraction with a solvent and removing the solvent
to
obtain a protein concentrate.
In all of the above process aspects; there may also be included the step of
stabilizing said plant oils by adding an antioxidant:
In the fifth process aspect, there may be also included the step of cooking
said mixture to obtain a eooked'mixture prior to the extracting step. fn this
embodiment, there may be further included the step of separating the cooked
mixture into a stickwater fraction, a moisture containing protein-rich
fraction,
and an animal feed grade oil: If desired, there also may be provided the step
of drying the protein concentrate.
In each of the first to #ourth embodiments, one may also include, if desired,
the step of drying said protein-rich fraction to reduce its moisture content
to
below about 10°~, preferably 6°lo to 9°~.
In other preferred embodiments; in any of the first, second or fifth process
aspects, desirably the heat treatment is a rapid heat treatment.
The heat treatment may be carried out in one or more stages - for example,
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a two stage heat treatment can be employed where emperatures range from
about 100°C to 115°C, and for treatment times ranging from 1.5
minutes to
30 minutes or more depending on the specific components being treated.
Particularly suitable for the first three process aspects; as well as the
fifth
aspect, is where the oilseed is: selected from the group consisting of canola,
rape seed, soybeans, sunflower seed; flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed,
hemp and mixtures thereof. In either of the second; third or fourth process
aspects, the oilseed may be selected from the group consisting of canola,
rape seed, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed and
to mixtures thereof. In either of he first or fifth process aspects, the
oilseed
may also be a commercially available processed ground oilseed meal. In this
case, the initial steps involving rapid heat-treatment and cold pressing are
deleted. In the fourth process aspect; particularly suitable is where the
oilseed is sunflower. Particularly suitable forthe fifth process aspect is
where
the oilseed is selected from the group consisting: of canola, soybeans, cotton
seed, sunflower, hemp and mixtures thereof.
In the first to fifth aspects of the invention, the animal offal may be
selected
from the group consisting of fish processing waste, whole fish, fish by-catch,
squid offal, whole birds, beef offal, Iamb offal and mixtures thereof.
20 Particularly suitable in the sixth aspect is where the animal offal is a
fish
product or poultry. In preferred embodiments of these first to fifth aspects,
squid offal, poultry offal without feet, and whole birds including chickens,
turkeys and others without feathers can be used. In more preferred
embodiments, the fish offal or whole fish utilized include fish species having
low levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals such as mercury.
In all the above-mentioned aspects, preferred animal offal is a minced
unhydrolyzed animal offal. Also in these aspects if desired; the process may
include the step of dehulling thd heat-treated seed and the blending step may
include adding hot water to the mixture.
i
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The dehulling step in the second and fourth process aspects may be carried
out by a mechanical treatment with a gravity screening or air-classification
step and may also further include: a seed sizing step. Optionally the oilseed
can be treated by suitable techniques to remove the outer mucilage layer of
the seed coat before the seed is used; the preferred oilseed used in this
embodiment includes flax seed. In accordance with another embodiment,
especially when producing aquatic feeds, oilseed selected from eanola,
soybeans; sunflower seed, hemp or delinted cotton seed or mixtures thereof
is used, due to their global availability, cost, andlor high quality of
protein
to andlor lipid.
In the first to fifth aspects, the cooking step may be performed at a
temperature of from about 90°C to about 93'C and may further include
the
step of adding an antioxidant and/or a palatability enhancer to the cooked
mixture. In preferred embodiments, in these first to fifth process aspects,
the
antioxidant may be selected from the group consisting of ethoxyquin
(santoquin), butyiated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene
(BHT), tertiary butyl hydroquinone, natural antioxidants and mixtures thereof.
One or more of the foregoing antioxidants are also added to the dried protein
concentrate, and the animal feed grade lipid fraction. tn the case of the
20 former, the amount of antioxidant utilized is from about 200 ppm to about
250
ppm whereas the latter is supplemented with about 250 ppm to about 500
ppm antioxidant(s). In preferred embodiments, combinations of BHA and
ethoxyquin or ethyoxquin alone at highest level is used. The palatability
enhances may be selected from the group consisting of natural and synthetic
products based on krill; euphausiids and derivatives thereof, squid,
FinnstimT"" and mixtures thereof. in preferred embodiments of the invention,
other ingredients such as enzymes, fillers, as well as other sources of lipid
of plant or animal origin and other protein sources such as heat-treated field
peas or lupins may be added to the composition of the mixture.
30 The oilseed and the animal offal in the first to fourth process aspects are
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mixed together in a rafio of about 10:90 to about 90:10 by weight. Preferred
ratios in these aspects, as well as in the fifth process aspect is from about
25:75 to about 75:25 bynreight or from about 60:40 to about 40:60 by weight.
The amount of oilseed present in the mixture depends upon the sources of
oilseed and animal offal actually used. This amount also depends on
respective attendant concentrations of protein and lipid, as well as costs. In
accordance with one embodiment, the oilseed is present in a range of about
5% to about 78% by weighf: In preferred embodiments, the oilseed is
present in the amount of about 22% to about 78% by weight, and in more
preferred embodiments, the range is of about 40% to about 60% by weight.
In accordance with another embodiment, it is important to maintain an
optimal ratio of water (from endogenous and exogenous sources) to the oil-
free dry matter content ofi the oilseed in the initial mixture and usually
this is
found within the range of about 3-t3:1 wJw. Ratios within this range
facilitate
the removal of water soluble antinutritiona[ factors from the oilseed (in
press
liquor):
The mixture is further pressed:-and/or centrifuged using respectively either
a screw press equipped with perforated screens, an expeNer equipped with
flat steel bars set edgewise around the periphery and spaced to allow the
fluids to flow between the bars, a decanter centrifuge or any combination of
these. In preferred embodiments, depending upon the efficiency of
liquidlsolid separation the mixture is centrifuged before or after the
presscake
has passed through the screw press or expeller. This part of the process
removes fluids generally comprised of water that contains some soluble
protein and water soluble antinutritional factors stemming from the oilseed
such as glucosinolates; phenolic compounds and unwanted sugars including
oligosaccharides (raffinose and stachyose). Animal feed grade plant oil that
is enriched with fatty acids from the animal offal lipid is also removed
The drying step in the first to fifth process aspects may be performed at a
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
temperature of between about 70°G to about 85°G. As mentioned
above, the
separation step may be carried out in a screw press, expeller press or
decanter centrifuge, or any combination thereof. As an optional feature, the
stickwater fraction obtained after separation may be further condensed to
yield condensed solubfes. Preferred embodiments in these process aspects
further comprise, if desired; the step of stabilizing said condensed solubles
with an inorganic acid.
In each of the first to fifth process aspects, the step of incubating said
mixture
in the presence of one or more enzymes prior to the cooking step may further
to be included. Preferred enzymes used in this embodiment include the
enzyme phytase:
When a palatability enhancer is utilized, it may be selected from conventional
products based on krill, euphausiids, andlor squid or other tike palatability
enhancers such as Finnstim~''" or the like. The palatabiity enhancers may be
added to the dried protein concentrates in amounts ranging from about 1
to about 3% by weight.
The cooking step in the first to fifth process aspects is carried out using a
heat exchanger or through direct steam injection coupled with batch
processor. In these aspects as well as in the fifth aspect, the process may
further comprise, if desired, the initial step ofi deboning said animal offal
to
produced deboned animal offal and bones.
The cold pressing step in any of the second, fourth or fifth -process aspects
should be carried out at a temperature not exceeding 85°G, desirably
below
about 70°C.
In the first and fifth embodirnenfs of the process of the present invention,
the
source of the oil seed utilized is most desirably a commercially available
particulate processed oil seed meal, which has not been previously subjected
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to initial rapid heat treatment or cold processing.
The extraction step in the first o fifth process aspects may be carried out at
least twice; preferably the solvent used is or includes hexane.
An optional feature of various processes described above which involve
processing of oilseed prior to co-processing it with animal offal, can utilize
the
addition of hot water (from about 37°C to about 55°C) to ground
oilseed,
followed by adjustment of the: pH to a value of from about 5.5 to about 6.0
using an inorganic acid such as sulphuric acid; this treatment being carried
out in the presence of an enzyme such as the enzyme phytase.
l0 The various processes of the present invention can be economically and
readily carried out using conventional equipment. Such processes will
provide cost effective products which can be used in place of or added to
other known products in order to achieve additional sources of the desired
ingredients for use in fish or other non-human animal diets or human foods.
The use of inexpensive fish wastes and other animal offal in the various
processes of the present. invention is a positive way to deal with waste
streams rather than considering them as a liability.
As described hereinafter, it will be seen that the different processes can be
combined into one overall procedure allowing separation of products at
20 various stages of the process.
Turning now to the various novel products and compositions according to the
invention, the first product aspect relates to a protein source having from
about 40% to about 80% protein, desirably from about 55% to about 77%
protein calculated on a lipid-free dry weight basis, said source being adapted
for use in animal and aquafeeds and comprising an admixture of treated
oilseed protein and animal offal whereby said admixture is characterized by
at least one of the following:
,
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- enriched concentrations of essential amino acids and bioavailable
minerals relative to those present in said animal offal or untreated
oilseed;
-enriched concentrations of highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids relative
to those present initially in said oilseed if said source of animal offal is
fish;
- reduced concentrations of heat-labile and water soluble
antinutritional factors in an amount of at least 20% by weight relative
to non-treated oilseed protein;
- increased protein digestibility relative: to non-treated oilseed protein;
and
- a lipid concentration of less than 10% of dry weighfi of said source:
The first product aspect of the invention may also have a reduced content of
heat-labile and antinutritional components of at least 80% calculated on a
lipid-free dry weight basi . This product may further comprise if desired, an
antioxidant which may be selected from the group consisting of ethoxyquin
(santoquin), butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tertiary
butyl
hydroxyquinone, natural antioxidants and mixtures thereof. The amount of
antioxidant utilized will range depending on the components; generally
24 speaking, this will be from about 200 ppm to about 250 ppm in the protein
concentrate, and the animal feed grade lipid fraction resulting from the
production of the concentrate may be supplemented with about 250 ppm to
about 500 ppm antioxidants. In preferred embodiments, a combination of
BHA and ethoxyquin or ethoxyquin alone at highest levels is used.
The above product invention also comprises -enrichment of at least one
amino acid selected from the group consisting -of arginine, histidine,
isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, cystine, phenylalanine, tyrosine,
threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Preferred amino acids altered in this
product are selected from lysine, methionine or cystine. This product also
30 comprises enrichment of at least one mineral selected from the group
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1
consisting of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper
and zinc. Preferred minerals altered in thin product are selected from
calcium, phosphorus, sodium;' zinc or mixtures thereof.
This first product comprises enrichment of at least one n-3 highly saturated
fatty acid; this is preferably at least one fatty acid selected from
eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) if said
source of animal offal is fish.
The heat-labile and water soluble antinutritional components in the first
product are most desirably selected from glucosinates, phenolic compounds
including sinapine, chlorogenic acid; oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitor,
saponins and isoflavones or mixtures thereof.
The digestibility of the first product of the invention is about at least 89%
for
Atlantic salmon in sea water (fecal settling columns or the Guelph System of
fecal collection was used), This percentage rnay vary and is desirably as
high as possible, e.g., in the order of from about 92% to about 100%.
The oilseed in the firsf product of the invention is selected from the group
consisting of canoia, rapeseed, soybeans, sunfHower seed, flax seed,
mustard seed, cotton seed; hemp and mixtures thereof. In preferred
embodiments, as an optional feature, the oilseed may be heat-treated.
The animal offal in the first product is most desirably selected from the
group
consisting of whole fish, fish by-catch, fish processing waste, squid offal,
whole birds, beef offal, lamb offal and mixtures thereof.
The protein and lipid contents of the first product are present in an amount
within the range (respectively) of about 50% to about 77°~6 calculated
on a
lipid-free dry weight basis and less than about 10% by weight if the step
involving organic solvent extraction has been employed.
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14
In accordance with a further embodiment, phytate-reduced protein
concentrates can be produced. The process involves an additional step
consisting of adding hot water (temperature of about:37°G to about
55°C) to
the ground oilseed in the presence of the enzyme phytase. It should be
mentioned that the moisture content of the ground oilseed should be raised
to about 80% or more and the pH should be about 5.5 to about 6.0 by
addition of an inorganic acid, such as sulphuric acid. The mixture is then
incubated for about 30-minutes and not more than 240 minutes, before being
mixed with the animal offal.
The protein source of this first productfinds particular use for animal and
fish
feeds to cost effectively and extensively replace high nutritive value protein
sources such as premium quality fish meal, or conventionally processed
oilseed meals that have lower nutritional value. The advantage of the above
products according to the present invention, is that they may be produced in
a very economical manner by co-processing - sources of protein that
heretofore have been processed separately without the attendant benefits of
enhancing the nutritive value of the oilseed protein fraction through protein
and mineral complementation from the animal offal and by concurrent
reduction of the concentrations of heat-labile and water soluble
antinutritional
factors as well as phytic acid if the optional initial step of phytase
pretreatment of the oilseed is adopted. These protein products provide
significant advantages to animal and fish feed manufacturers which in
addition to the economicsavings, also providehighly desirable and digestible
proteins that have excellent amino acid profiles relative to the essential
amino
acid needs of commercially important animals and fish.
A secand product aspect relates to an animal feed grade oil for use in animal
and aquafeeds comprising an admixture of treated oilseed oil and animal
offal, said admixture having an enriched n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid
content (20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3) relative to non-treated oilseed oil if the animal
offal used is fish or poultry that have been fed diets comprising adequate
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
concentrations of one or more fish products. The oilseed oil of the third
product is desirably oil derived from seeds selected from canola, soybeans,
sunflower seed, flax seed, hemp and mixtures thereof. In this third product,
the oil utilized may be derived from oilseed that has been heat-treated:
Preferred oilseeds in this embodiment is oil derived from canola seed since
the product may further comprise an enriched monounsaturated fatty acid
content (18:1 n-9) relative to non-treated oilseed oil.
The feed grade oils of this aspect of the present inventian will find utility
in
animal and fish foods; they have the advantage that they can be produced
l0 in a very efficient and economis manner and they provide highly nutritional
sources of enriched unsaturated fatty acid contents. The latter lipid sources
are highly desirable particularly for use in fish feeds to partially replace
premium quality fish oil that may be expensive anti difficult to obtain. This
is
specially true if the plant oil fraction has been enriched with n-3 highly
unsaturated fatty acids from the fish offal fraction. These oils can be
utilized
individually or, if desired, combined with other known and conventional oils
at the time of feed manufacture.
A third product aspect relates to a composition of condensed solubles for use
as constituents in organic fertilizers comprising an admixture of treated
oilseed and animal offal whereby said admixture has an enriched soluble
nitrogen content; water soluble carbohydrate content, water soluble
antinutritional component content and mineral content.
In accordance with a preferred :aspect of the invention, the original hull
fraction may be directed for use in ruminant diets either as is or pretreated
with carbohydrases. In accordance ,with another embodiment, the original
hull fraction is used in the production of organic fertilizers where it serves
as
a carrier medium that is completely broken down enzymatically during
aerobic or anaerobic decomposition processes.
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The oilseed in the third product is selected from canola, rape seed,
soybeans, sunflower seed, flax seed, mustard seed, cotton seed; hemp and
mixtures thereof. optionally in this third product, the oilseed may be heat-
treated.
The animal offal in the third product of the invention is selected from fish
processing waste, whole fish, fish by-catch, squid offal, wholebirds, beef
offal, Iamb offal and mixtures thereof.
The water soluble antinutritional component in the third product is selected
from glucosinates, phenoliccompounds including sinapine, chiorogenic acid,
oligosaccharides, saponins or' isoflavones. In this third product, the soluble
carbohydrate is selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides and
oligosaccharides.
The mineral in the third product is selected from calcium, phosphorus,
magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, iron and zinc.
In a fourth product aspect of the present invention, there is provided a
protein
concentrate containing an admixture of a co-processed oilseed and
unhydrolyzed animal offal, said concentrate being suitable for use in fish and
non-human animal diets, said oilseed comprising a heat-treated dehulled
oilseed substantially free of flaxseed, mustard seed, rapeseed and cotton
seed, said protein concentrate having:
- from about 38% to abouf 58°~ prot~in on a dry weight basis;
-from about 52°/« to about 77%, desirably up to about 57% protein on
a lipid-free dry weight basis;
-from about 2.7% to about 4:6% methionine arrd cystine calculated as
a percent of protein;
-from about 4.3°1o to about 7.9°~ lysine calculated as a percent
of said
protein;
- from about 24% to about-37°~ lipid on a dry weight basis;
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
17
- from about 1.7% to about 1 t7°~ crude fibre on a lipid-free dry
weight
basis;
- from about 0.7°~ to about 3.6% calcium on a lipid-free dry weight
basis; and
- from about 0:06°~ to abowt 0.30% sodium on a lipid-free dry weight
basis.
The fourth product may further comprise at least one of trypsin inhibitor,
glucosinolates, sinapine, chlorogenic acid and mixtures thereof. In preferred
embodiments of this seventh product aspect, the trypsin inhibitor is in an
l0 amount of up to about 2500 units/g on a lipid-free dry weight basis; the
glucosinolates are in an amount of up to 4.0 ~,moleslg of total glucosinolates
on a lipid-free dry weight basis; sinapine is in an amount of up io about 1.2%
on a lipid-free dry weight basis; and the chlorogenic acid is in an amount of
up to about 1.7°~ on a lipid-freedry weight basis.
The oilseed in this fourth product may be partially or totally dehulled if
desired.
The high digestible protein content, moderate content of highly digestible
lipid, reduced fibre content and substantially reduced heat-label and water
soluble antinutritional factor content of the seven#h product make them
20 suitable as major replacements for fish meal and other conventional sources
of .protein used in fish and non=human animal diets. Their enriched content
of at least some of the essential amino acids and minerals, togetherwifh their
economical cost of production will make such products highly desirable as
feed stuff commodities throughout the world.
In a fifth product aspect of the ,present invention, there is also provided an
animal feed grade oil comprising oil derived from an admixture of a co-
processed oilseed and unhydr~lyzed animal offal, said oil being substantially
free of flaxseed oil, mustard seed oil, rapeseed oil and cotton seed oil, said
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
18
animal feed grade oil having:
-from about 60% to about 92% of total fatty acids as unsaturated fatty
acids;
- from about 8°!° to: about 50% of total fatty acids as (n-6)
fatty acids;
- from about 0.5% to about 35°r6 of total fatty acids as (n-3) fatty
acids;
- from about 3% to about 25°I° of total fatty acids as n-3
highly
unsaturated fafty acids; and
- a peroxide value less than about 8 milliequivalents per kg of oil at
the time of production.
i0 The oilseed in this fifth product rnay be a raw oilseed: or a heat-treated
oilseed. In preferred embodiments of this eighth product, the animal offal
is a fish product and the product further comprises (20:5n-3+22:6n-3}.
The fifth product has a generally high content of n-3 highly unsaturated
fatty acids compared to the oil from the initial oilseed used if the source of
animal offal is fish and hence it is desirable far use in both fish and animal
diets. The additional benefits of this type of product include ease of
production, economical attributes, readily available sources of natural
products far obtaining the oil, and its adaptability to incorporation into
existing animal diets, as well as its utility as a separate dietary
20 component.
It will be understood that reference to the above described products which
are suitable for animal and fish feeds; refers to products which can be
used by numerous types of species. For example, depending on the
geographic location, fish feeds are used in fish farming operations for
salmon, trout, tilapia, carp; catfish, sea bream and many other warm water
as well as cold water species: of commercial importance. in the case of
animal feeds, conventional farming practices utilize such feeds for poultry,
hogs, swine and cattle.
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
In further explanation of the various embodiments of both the products
and process aspects of the present invention, the solvent used for
extracting the mixture obtained from co-processing of oilseed and animal
offal includes hexane or other compatible solvents used in the animal feed
or human food industry.
In various embodiments of the process and product aspects of the present
invention, the ash content in the protein concentrates can be regulated as
desired by controlling the concentration of bone in the animal offal. Thus,
the ash can be controlled by, using a deboning tep to obtain offal with the
l0 ' desired bone content. Bones in wet or dry form of different types of
offal
can be utilized, with varying degrees of bone coarseness. By way of
example, the ash content can thus be controlled by controlling the amount
of bone added to the mixture of oilseed and animal offal.
In the process and product aspects of the present invention, when
referring to animal offal such as birds or chickens, it is to be understood
that a most preferred embodiment is the use of offal without bird
feathers.
In both the process and product aspects of the present invenfiion, when
using dehulled seeds, the term "dehulled" is intended to mean seeds
20 which have substantially all-of their hulls removed. However; in many
cases, partially dehulled seeds can be employed as otherwise noted
herein, and to this end; dehulled seeds are: those which have had at least
55% of their hulls removed.
The above described products can be produced by the various processes
described herein; specific embodiments of such processes producing the
products will be described hereinafter in greater detail.
As used in the specification, the term "unhydrolyzed" in describing the
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
animal offal refers to animal offal which has less than about 20°~ by
weight of hydrolyzed content, :desirably less than 5% and most desirably
no hydrolysis whatsoever (fresh, unspoiled). In mast preferred
embodiments, the amount of hydrolyzed content is as close as
possible to 0°~ in order to best achieve the highest nutritive value in
the
products that are formed.
In this invention, the animal offal is preferably in a particulate form such
as
that which would be obtained by processing procedures resulting in
minced offal. Well knawn techniques in the offal processing art can be
to employed to obtain such minced offal.
Brief Description of the Drawing
Having generally described the invention, reference will be made to the
accompanied drawing which illustrates the preferred embodiments only:
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the process according to the
present invention.
Detailed Descriaation of the Invention
The steps involved in the process of the invention are broadly represented
in Figure 1. In this Figure, there is illustrated a-schematic representation
of theco-processing of animal offal(s) with oilseeds) to yield cold pressed
20 oil indicated as product 1; hulls from dehulled oilseed meats indicated as
product 2; nutritionally upgraded,oilseed meal produced from heat treated,
dehulied and cold pressed oilseed indicated as product 3; animal-
feed grade oil indicated as product 4; condensed solubles indicated as
product 5; and high nutritive value protein concentrate indicated as
product 6. Other products of the invention are obtained by further
processing the above-mentioned products as will be described in greater
detail hereinafter.
In accordance with certain ernbodirnents of the invention, undehulled
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
21
oilseed (A) is used in the process. Other embodiments involve dehulled
seed (B) and raw seed. Dehulled seed is preferred when it is desired to
feed monogastric species such as fish and poultry; and the preferred raw
seed used in this embodiment includes canola, sunflower, or delinted
cottonseed.
The following examples are presented to describe embodiments of the
invention and are not meant to limit the invention unless otherwise stated.
Examples 1 to 10 outlined below described each step involved in the
process of the invention;
EXAMPLE 1: Animal offal
A common batch of whole Pabific herring was used as the main source of
animal offal for the project. Soori after the herring were caught, they were
rapidly block frozen by McMillan J.S. Fisheries Ltd., Vancouver; BC and
stored at -40°C for about 9 months. At this time, about 500 kg of
herring
were transported to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, West
Vancouver Laboratory where they were held at -20°C until small
batches of
about 50 kg were partially thawed for each test run. The thawed herring
were cold extruded using a Butcher Boy equipped with an auger, cutter knife,
and perforated plate having holes with diameter 9.52 mm.
Fresh poultry affal (headsand viscera minus feet) was also used for some
trials that involved co-processing the offal with partially dehulled animal
feed
grade sunflower seed (designated as batch 2 hereinafter). The offal was
obtained from WestCoast Reduction Ltd., Vancouver, BC and was stored for
one night at -20°C under cover before being handled as described above
for
the herring.
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
22
EXAMPLE 2: oilseeds
The four oilseeds that have been tested successfully in this project include
Goliath
canola seed (CloutierAgra Seeds lnc:, Winnipeg, MB); soybeans (InfraReady
Products
Ltd., Saskatoon SK), sunflower (cpmpletely dehulled confectionary grade seed
obtained
from North West Grain, St. Hilaire, MN; USA (batch 1 ) and undehulled animal
feed
grade seed obtained from Cargilf Incorporated, Wayzata, MN; USA; batch 2), and
devitalized hemp seed (SeedteclTerramax, Qu'Appelle, SK sterilized by
InfraReady
Products Ltd., Saskatoon SK). Delinted glandless cottonseed (California
Planting
Cottonseed Distributor, Bakersfield; CA, USA) and brown flax (.InfraReady
Products Ltd.,
Saskatoon, SK) were also tested in the process. The analytical results
pertaining to
products based on the former are pending. it was concluded that flax seed
would be
suitable for the process provided that the seed is almost totally dehulled or
the outer
mucilage layer of the seed coat is removed through an economical process.
EXAMPLE 3: Heat treatment or micronization of oilseeds
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, specially for canola, soya, flax
and hemp,
an initial heat treatment was-performed. The process involved subjecting the
whole
seeds to infrared energy so that the seed temperature reached 110-115°C
for 90
seconds. Subsequently, the micronized seeds were held for 20-30 min, depending
upon the seed source, in an insulated tank where temperatures ranged from 100-
110°C
(residual cooking conditions). These conditions inactivated enzymes such as
myrosinase in canola and tryp in inhibitors in Soya as well as peroxidase and
cyanogenic glucosides. Further, they ensured devitalization of viable germ
tissue in
hemp, improved starch digestibifify; and destroyed or reduced the
concentrations of
heat labile antinutritional factors other than those mentioned above.
Sunflower seeds (batches 1 and 2) were not micronized before co-processing
with
animal offal but the batch 1 seedswere dried to ~ 10% moisture to ensure
proper seed
storage and facilitate dehulting. Thus, only non-micronized dehulled sunflower
seeds
were tested in this study
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
23
EXAMPLE 4: Oilseed dehulling
Micronized canola; soya, hemp end flax and non-micronized animal feed-grade
sunflowerwere dehulled. The process involved seed sizing, impact dehuiling
(Forsberg
model 15-D impact huller), screening and air classification (Forsberg model
4800-18
screener and screen-afire).
EXAMPLE 5: Oilseed cold-pressing
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the oilseeds (micronized or raw),
except
soya and micronized dehulled hemp were cold-pressed at a temperature not
exceeding
85°C, using a Canadian designed and manufactured laboratory scale Gusta
cold press
l0 (1 HP Model 11, Gusta Cold Press; St. Andrews, Manitoba, Canada). This
served to
remove some (dehulled seeds) or a significant proportion (undehulled seeds) of
the
residual oil (organic human food gradeoii) and concomitantly reduced the
particle size
of the oilseed before it was co-processed with minced animal offal in various
proportions
(improved the efficiency of the ubsequent aqueous extraction of the water
soluble
antinutritional factors and oligosacoharides present in the oilseed).
In a more preferred embodiment, specially for soya, the particle size was
further
reduced, using a modified crumbles (model 7065, V11:W. Grinder Corp., Wichita,
Kansas). This machine was equipped after modification with dual motorized
corrugated
rolls. One of these had a fixed speed whereas the speed of the other could be
varied.
20 For the purpose of this investigation; the variable speed roller was
adjusted to rotate
much faster than the fixed speed roller to achieve a shearing action.
EXAMPLE 6: Mixing or co-processing step
Thawed; ground; whole animal offal (mostly herring, but in two cases poultry
offal minus
feet; was used) and oilseeds that had been micronized or dried as described in
Example
3 or in raw form and either cold pressed or ground as described in Example 5
were first
combined in various proportions. fn preferred embodiments; the usual
percentages of
offal to oilseed were 75:25; 50:50; or 25:75 (w/w). Thereafter, 100 mg of
santoquin
(antioxidant) per kg of mixture in: a marine oil carrier (1 glkg) were added.
Then hot
water was added to the mixture in such away that fihe ratio of water to oil-
free dry
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
24
matter present in the oilseed was maintained between 3-6:1 (w/w), depending
upon the
source and proportion of oilseed in the mixture. Both he endogenous water
originating
from the offal and the exogenous water were considered when calculating the
aforementioned ratios.
EXAMPLE 7: Cooking step
The mixture obtained from co-processing of animal offal and oilseed (Example
6) was
cooked for about 27 min at 9a-93°C in the steam jacketed cooker secfion
of a pilot-scale
fish meal machine (Chemical Res~areh Organization, Esbjerg, Denmark), that was
equipped with a heated auger (it is notworthy that the cooking step could have
also
been pertormed by using a heat exchanger with a positive displacement pump or
through direct steam injection coupled with processor). The cooking step was
undertaken to: ( 1 ) minimise the loss Qf soluble protein through protein
denaturation, (2)
destroy or reduce the concentration of heat labile antinufritional factors
present in the
oilseed (especially importantwh~n processing non-micronized seeds and
micronized
soya}, {3) liberate the bound cellular water and lipid in the offal and the
oilseed, and (4)
subject the oilseed to aqueous washing to facilitate removal of the water
soluble
antinutritional factors originating from this source.
EXAMPLE 8: Pressing step
Significant but not total removal of tha latter as well as lipid (animal-feed
grade product)
was accomplished by passing the cooked mixture through the fish meal machine
screw
press that was equipped with perforated screens and then a laboratory-scale
press
{Vincent model CP-4; Vincent Corp., Tampa Florida). Constituents in he
waterfraction
of the press liquids consisted of water soluble carbohydrates such as
monosaccharides,
disaccharides, or problem sugars like raffinose and stachyose, phenolic
compounds,
glucosinolates (when canola used), chlorogenic acid (when unflower used),
isoflavones
and saponins (when soybeans used} as well as some soluble nitrogen and water
soluble vitamins. In preferred embodiments; the presscake in each case was
dried in
the steam jacketed drier portion of the above-mentioned fish meal machine at
75-83°C
to produce dried protein and lipid-rich products.
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
EXAMPLE 9: Drying step
In one preferred embodiment, further drying of the protein products was
necessary to
reduce their moisture content. The drying was performed for about 30 min to
reduce
their moisture content o less than 10%. This was accomplished using a custom
designed vertical stack (stainless steelmesh trays) pellet cooler that was
equipped with
two elecfiric base heaters and a op mounted variable speed fan. The
temperature of
the upward drawn air was maintained between 70°C and 80°C during
the process. All
protein and lipid sources stemming from the above process, including the cold-
pressed
oils were further stabilized with santoquin (ethoxyquin). In a more preferred
10 embodiment, specially in the case of the dried protein products, 100 mg of
santoquin
were added per kg of product in a marine oil carrier (1 glkg). Then, each of
the products
was vacuum packaged in oxygen .impermeable bags and stored at -20°C
pending
chemical analysis or their evaluation in a digestibility trial (see below). In
another
embodiment, specially in relation to the oils, 500 mg, of santoquin were added
per kg
and then each lipid source was; stored at 4-5°C in 1 L black plastic
bottles.
EXAMPLE 10: Separation step
In preferred embodiments, the press liquid was separated into water and lipid
fractions
using an Alpha de Laval batch dairy centrifuge (Centrifuges Unlimi ed Inc.,
Calgary,
Alberta). Then; the water fraction was condensed to about one third of its
original
20 volume using a steam jacketed bowl cooker.
EXAMPLE 11: Preparation of protein concentrates
Protein concentrates that are mostly based on proteinfrom canola, soya,
sunflower and
hemp were prepared by hexane extracting the products that originated from the
co-
processing of 1:1 combinations of whole herring and each of the preceding
oilseeds. In
this regard, 200 g of each of the four protein products were extracted four
times with
hexane-(5:1 v/w). During each extraction, the mixture was held for 30 min
(stirred once
after 15 min) before being filtered through Whatman No.1 fiifier paper in a
Buchner
funnel. Following hexane extraction; each protein product was placed on a tray
that was
lined with aluminum foil and then it was air-dried overnight. Then, each
product was
placed in the pellet cooler described in Example 9, where it was dried at
about 70-80°C
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
26
for 15 min to remove any residual traces of hexane.
EXAMPLE 12: In viVO protein digestibility experiments
!n a preferred embodiment, the in vrvo availability (digestibility) of protein
in some of the
test protein sources thafiwere prepared by co-processing various proportions
of whole
herring with canola, soya, sunflower and hemp was determined using Atlantic
salmon
in sea water as the test animal. Two experiments were conducted and the
experimental
conditions for each are provided in the table 1 below, wherein the flow rate
of the
oxygenated, filtered, ambient sea water was 6 - B L/rnin, feeding frequency
was twice
daily, ration was maximum (fish fed to satiation), and the photoperiod was
natural.
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
27
Table 1.
Variable Ex eriment 1 Experiment 2
Fish source NorAm Aquaculture, NorAm Aquaculture,
Campbell River, BC Campbell River,
BC
Range in initial 76.6-85.8 54.2-61.6
mean
weight (g)
Number of fish per 15 15
tank
Tanks per diet 3 3
Stocking density <8.6 <6.2
(kglm')
Water temperature 8.9-9.1 9.0-9.5
(C)
Salinity (g!L) 29-31 28-30
Dissolved oxygen 8.5-9.4 7.5-9.0
(mglL)
Fecal collection 14 13
period
The design of the digestibility tanks and the fecal collection procedures have
been
described by Hajen eral: (1993a,b. Aquacu(ture 112: 321-348). The experimental
diets
consisted of 29.85% test protein producf, 69:65% reference diet, and 0:5%
chromic
oxide as the indigestible marker. Table 2 outlined-below provides the
ingredient and
proximate composition of the reference diet used in the digestibility
experiments.
Table 2.
In redients _ (glkg; air-dry basis
LT Anchovy meat 643.2
Blood flour; spray-dried 41.0
Pregelatinized wheat starch 80.9
Raw wheat starch 26:9
Vitamin supplement " 18.9
Mineral supplement ~' 18.9
Menhaden oil; stabilized 3' 122.4
Soybean lecithin 9.46
Choline chloride (60%) 4.73
Vitamin C, monophosphate (42%)3.38
Permapell 9.46
Finnstim T"" 14.2
DL-methionine 1:51
Chromic oxide 5.00
Level of:
Dry matter 924-926
Protein 452-453
Lipid 184
Ash 118-123
"The vitamin supplement provided the following amountslkg of diet on an air-
dry basis:
vitaminA acetate, 4731 IU; chof~cafciferoi (D~}, 2271 iU; DL-a-tocopheryl
acetate (E),
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
28
284 IU; menadione, 17.0 mg; D-calcium pantofhenate, 159.3 mg; pyridoxine HCI,
46.6
mg; riboflavin, 56.8 mg; niacin, 283.8 mg; folic acid,14.2 mg; thiamine
mononitrate, 53.0
mg; biotin, 1.42 mg; cyanocobalamin (B~2), 0.085 mg; inositol, 378:5 mg.
2' The mineral supplement provided the following (mglkg diet on an air-dry
basis):
manganese (as MnSO,~ ~ H20), 71.0; zinc (as ZnS04 ~ 7H20), 85.2; cobalt {as
CoCl2
6Hz0), 2.84; copper {as CuS04 v 5H20); 6:62; iron (as FeS04 v 7H20), 94.6;
iodine (as
KI03 and KI;1:1 ), 9.46; fluorine (as NaF); 4.73; selenium {as Na2Se03), 0.19;
sodium (as
NaCI), 1419; magnesium {as MgS04 - 7H20), 378; potassium (as KzS04 and KZC03,
1:1), 1419.
~' Stabilized with 0.5 g santoquinlkg oil.
After adjustment of all experimenfal diet mashes to a moisture content of 9%;
they were
cold pelleted using a California model CL type 2 pellet mill. Diet particle
size was
adjusted to suit fish size. The reference and experimental diets that were
used in the
study were stored at 5°C in air-tight containers until required.
The reference and experimental diets tmixture of reference and test diet) and
lyophilized
fecal samples were analyzed for levels of moisture, protein and chromic oxide
at the
DFO, West Vancouver Laboratory (WUL) using the procedures described below.
Subsequently, the digestibility coef~iciertts for protein were determined for
each diet
according to Cho et al. (1985. Finfish nutrition in Asia: methodological
approaches to
research and development. tDRC Ottawa, Gnt.,154p. ). Then, the digestibility
coefficients
for each of the protein products themselves were calculated according to
Forster ( 1999.
Aquaculture Nutrition 5: 143-145).
The results of chemical analyses of the protein sources used in this study and
of the
products derived from the co-processing of animal offals {herring or poultry
offal) with
canola, sunflower, soya and hemp treated as described above are presented in
Tables
3-20. The results have been expressed on a dry weight basis and a lipid-free
dryweight
basis since the mechanical pressing of lipid from the cooked blends of offal
and oilseed
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
29
was variable and not complete. This is a function of the design of the presses
and other
conventional presses available in industry can be of higher afficiency.
Examples 13 to 16 outlined hereinafter give the results of chemical analyses
performed
on products obtained in accordance with the process of the invention from:
canola and
canola-based products, sunflower and sunflower-based products, soya and soya-
based
products, as wail as hemp and'hemp-based products. The chemical analyses were
performed according to the following methods:
Concentrations of protein, moisture; and ash in the protein sources and
products that
were prepared as well as in all test diets and fecal samples were determined
at the
l0 Department of Fisheries and Oceans, West Vancouver Laboratory (DFO-WVL)
using
the procedures described by Higgs et al. (1979. Irk J.E: Halver, and K. Tiews,
ads.
Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeecl Technology, i/ol. 2. Heenemann
Uerlagsgesellschaft
MbH., Berlin, pp. 191-218).
Similarly, the fatty acid compositions of the cold pressed oils and animal
feed grade oils
stemming from the press liquids were determined at the same laboratory using
the
procedures of Silver et al. (1993. In S.J. Kaushik and P. Luquet, ads. Fish
nutrition in
practice. IVt" International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding, INRA,
Paris, pp.
459-468).
Moreover; the chromic acid concentrations in diets and lyophilized fecal
samples were
20 determined at the DFO-VWL using the methods of Fenton and Fenton (1979.
Can. J.
Anim. Sci., 59: 631-634).
Concentrations of crude fibre (AOCS Official Method Ba 6-84), lipid (Troeng,
S. 1955.
J:A.O.C.S. 32:124-126), chlorogenic acid (capillary electrophoresi method
developed
by M. Marianchuk at the POS Pilot Pl~nt Corp.) and sinapine (capillary
electrophoresis
method developed by P. Koiodziejczyk et al. at the POS Pilot Plant Corp.) in
the
oilseeds and test protein products aswell as measurements of trypsin inhibitor
(AOCS
Official Method Ba 12-75 reapproved 1997) and urease (AOCS Official Method Ba
9-58
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
reapproved 1993) activities in soya: and sunflower seeds and protein products
were
determined at the POS Pilot Plant Corps, Saskatoon; SK. according to the
methods cited
in the parentheses.
Determinations of the amino acid concentrations in the oilseeds and test
protein
products were conducted by AAA: Laboratory; Mercer Island, 1IVA, USA using the
general procedures described by Mwachireya et at. (1999. Aquacuiture Nutrition
5: 73-
82).
Levels of phytic acid in all oilseeds and in the products derived from the ca-
processing
of oilseeds and animal offal were determined by Ralston Analytical
Laboratories, Saint
10 Louis, MO using the procedures described by Forster et al. (1999.
Aquaculture 179:
109-125).
Mineral concentrations in the oilseeds and the protein products were
determined by
Norwest Labs, Surrey, BC using plasma spectroscopy (Higgs et al.; 1982.
Aquaculture
29: 1-31 ).
Concentrations of glucosinolate compounds (total of all the different types of
glucosinolates) present in canola and canola- based products were measured by
Dr.
Phii Raney, of Agriculture & Agri-Food-Canada, Saskatoon, SK according to the
methods of Daun and McGregor (9981. Glucosinolate Anaiysis of Rapeseed
(Canola).
Method of the Canadian Grain Commission Revised Edn. Grain Research
Laboratory,
20 Canadian Grain Commission; Winnipeg; Manitoba, Canada).
Measurements of soy isoflavones namely, daidzein, glycifiein; genistein, and
saponins
were conducted by Dr. Chung-Ja C: Jackson, of the Guelph Center for Functional
Foods, University of Guelph Laboratory Services and have been reported here as
the
total for the preceding compounds (the methodology in each case is the subject
of a
patent application and hence has not been published).
EXAMPLE 13: Results obtained for canola and canola-based products
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
31
Table 3 outlined below gives the percentages of extensively dehulled and
partially
dehulled Goliath canola seedandof hulls in relation to seed size after
dehulling by
Forsberg Incorporated, Thief River Falls, MN.
Table 3.
Seed sizelfraction Wei ht k
Extensively 35.8 39.4
dehulled; lar a "
Extensively 10.8 11.8
dehulled; smaal "
Partially dehulled; 20.4 22.4
lar g 2r
Partially dehulled; 14:3 15.7
small 2'
Hulls small ~' 3:33 3.66
Hulls; lar a ~' 6.49 7.13
Total 91.1 100
" The extensively dehulled eanola as identified visually by the lack of hulls
in the
material was used in the tests reported below (referred to as dehulled canola)
~' The partially dehulled canola could be subjected to further dehulling,
directed into
ruminant diets, andlor mixed at a low proportion with animal offal and then co-
processed
to create a nutritionally upgraded protein source for monogastrics.
3' The hulls contained little visible evidence of canol'a meats and had low
density.
Table 4 gives the percentages of presscake and oil obtained after cold
pressing raw,
undehulled and micronized; dehulled Goliath canola seed using a laboratory
scale
Gusta press.
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
32
Table 4.
Raw, undehulled Micronized, dehuiled
Fraction canola seed canola seed
Presscake % 68:3 84.0
Oil /a 31.7 16:0
Total 100 100
Table 5 sets out the initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous
sources to
oilseed lipid-free dry mattes content and percentage yields (air-dry product,
moisture-
free product, and lipid-free dry weight product) from the co-processing of
different
blends of whole herring (WH) with dehulled, micronized (DC) and undehulled raw
l0 Goliath canola seed (URC):
Table 5.
Protein product"Initial ratio-ofAir-dry Moisture- Lipid-free
hot product free productdry product
water to oilseed(%) (%) (%)
lipid-free
dry
matter w/w
WH75DC25 5:1 29:4 27.0 19.4
WH50DC50 5:1 32.7 31.1 20.4
WH37.5DC62.5 5:1 34.8 31.8 20.0
WH75URC25 4:5:1 30:5 27.1 19.0
WH50URC50 5:1 30.9 29.8 21.3
WH25URC75 5:1 29:6 28:6 20.5
" Numbers following WH, DC, and URC refer to initial percentages of these
products
20 in the herringlcanola seed blends (canola seed was cold pressed to remove a
significant
portion of the oil and reduce the particle size of the starting material
before blending with
herring and santoquin; 0:1 glkg of mixed product before water addition) before
their co-
processing using cooking temperatures of 90-93°C and drying
temperatures of
77-83°C.
In Table 6, the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude fibre
(CF) as
well as phytic acid (PA), tots( glucosinolates (TG), and sinapine in whole
herring (WH),
dehulled micronized cold pressed Goliath canola (DC), undehulled raw cold
pressed
Goliath canola (URC), and six protein products produced by the co-processing
of
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
33
different proportions of WH with either DC or URC (expressed on a dry weight
basis,
DWB or lipid-free dry weighfi basis; L~DWB) are provided. The composition of a
seventh protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH50DC50 is
also
shown (WH50DC50-hexane) togetherwith the apparent protein digestibility
coefficients
for some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the test
animal) is also
provided.
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
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0
~ d~ N M Q (flQ ON ~ ~t(~Ot0
'. r I'~: M'~f'r ~-~A7I~.O
= V ~ T~ ~ O ~ N toOM O N GDNtt
O O ~~ (V~ ~ ~ ~ NM p ~-tt)I~.
h N O tnOp00~ O NN d' M N (O
Z U G~Nbra~~,,:r-, ~ ~to d: cfla~~,
GO~h N [~e- ,r.N O O N et'
~ j ON M Q O O tt~CpN ~ O NO
~
Q7~hO M ~ ~:~ c/'N~ O
(fl ~j
Q r
C
~ ~ ,,., , , ,,
N
~ N ~N N ' ~
O (flN ~ r a M ~
. ~
O
O
N 0'~ ~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ ~'~t
Q u u ' ~ M u
7 ~ 7
.
O d(~C T N M N ~ ~ ~;~~
~
H
00NM ~ ~ ~ ~ N t,4(O~ N ~D l~
r i
O unt~N O ~ N N ~C M M
V ~ r d'G
O
U cflao~ o~o~.-W cfl~cflao ~-r~
M ~~O~ O hlCC<37~tClh,. ~ M f-'
d7Md'N CO00to00M~ ~- N
U ~ ~ ~ O COM N NN Ob O N h
00:CON 00
0 O NtS~eh~ ~ ~ ~ r N
OpN tt~N
Z c~a3O ~ ,,n
N ~0~O~~M eN-' ' ', ' , ' ''
O
'~ ~ ~
S ~ ' ~ O
~,'
D
Y
O C_
t
J -J.....J i
m
~ ~.
' O
n o o :~C U a I~-D m _=a z
_
0 0
'._' N
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
Table 7 provides the concentrations of essential amino acids (% of protein)
and selected
minerals (Nglg of lipid-free dry rnatfer) in whole herring (WH), micronized,
dehulled, cold
pressed Goliath canola (DC), undehulled, raw cold pressed Goliath canola
{URC), and
six protein products produced by the co-processing of different propotions of
WH with
either DC or URC. The amino acid and mineral concentrations in a seventh
protein
product, produced by hexane extraction of WH50DC50 are also shown (WH50DC50-
hexane).
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
=U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N r~..~ ~ co0
O O O d N p~j
~-CV r
00~ O d.
~ ~ N N
O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( N f COct
D
~ N O ~ ~ T W
~N
n apL'.T T ~.N
p N CD00
~ , , , , i , y ... N r
r
,NN ~ N O ~ ~
--
~
V
O i ~ ~ ~ O ~ O
t0~ "~71 ~ ~l. I ~DCOM N O p N N M
fVd'-: ~t' d'~-tc)
I~.
. r N ~p~-r,O f~.
T O
~ t001T~O b N ~ ~ ~ N N ~ N O)N ~
~''N .~:no ~ ~t r. ~fo nri
t,On Wit'C~ODN tt~M ~ (~M ~C1 ~ ~ d'M ~ O r
~ ~l'CO~ N D CO - DUO ~ M ~'
1 O r C f ~ O M O O
' . ~'
'~ r:ci~tao d W aD ~t.=Sri ~ N ,.~ ~ aj~-
p t ~
M ~ i.~. M N ~-~C?N '~t' 00 M C~cD ~ O aDc4
~ - ~ N ~ ~ CQ
N CD00~ O ~ O 00(O(D M ~ ~
t~.~cviv ~o ~r~t ao er~--~.ri N N b.M ~ T
V M ~,~ o ~ ~or:
~ a n i ~ ~ ~ ~ i N
l~'d'OpI~.f~.tt? CO N N ~' r ~ O a ~ O 00
O W N ~t ODtta N C4I~-M y ":N O O
0 ~
I~N d'I'~M ~Ch n. ~ r tfi ~ ~ 1 V ~ ~rj
...
_ _ M M r,d.O
~ ~ c '~ ~ O~'~ tlj ~ M p (DO N N O
t O~J ~ tn 'C~ tn
O r d. ~ M h ,d.r ~ M O ~ ~ ~
'O
O N
C C
.I- i
O C L
C ~ O.0 ; y
m O ~OO C ~O .~.C ~ O ~~ O O
C U N ~ ~ ~ -
. C ~ E v7~ O
C ,~a ~ .~ ~ o m o o ~ cLo.~ ~ _ ~
.~
~ ' O ~ N ~ .~O ~ ._~ ~ U p '.O~ ~
n Nj
~ Z
cnrns-~-'~Q~ ...n~ ' s I-to ~ N .C~ O O O .~
uJ-v~t= ~ ~~ i- > U a:~ cna U N
I-
a
4m Va m
0 0
N
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
37
Table 8 sets out the percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated,
unsaturated,
(n-6), (n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) +
22:6 (n-3)) in
whole herring (WH), undehulfed raw cold pressed Goliath canola (URG), and the
press
lipids resulting from th a co-processing of different proportions of WH with
DC or URC.
t
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
CO M c~ 1~. M
~ N eat?-- 00
I ~ ~ N M ~ T O , e
~ N (D N Ct7
~ N d' CO ' N i~~~. ~ c'V O
O
J Z V' i i ~ ~ r i n ~ ~ i
f~. O vt~ O OD e- G~ GU
N r- pp O
M u~ Ice. OD' ~ ~ ,~ O
O ~ h.. M
U ~ ~- f~ ~ C~ T T
N ~
Q
0D
M ~
M ~ O O) O d' b' CO ~ Ice.
l~ ~y tt~ T CD
~
M ~ T O
~ d' T O M r- QO T 'l-
Wit" h
~ N h. ct DO '~T O M n" CO O t1'
M N O tn
N~ Mr.:C'rj~n; N' ~~N N
U t~. et m o 0~ M [..,. i~..
'~ N OD O C) r1' ~ N C7a
O ~ N CO N aO N CO
c~ M
N r
'
O O ai I
o0 . d
M
'C3
O
O
.
' 4' ~
;i7~..-. ....-.t7 '
...~ M
~
07 Ci~ N ~ ~ M
cM M ('~ 3
C
C C ~ C ~ '. ... "
C' _ ... L O
.......r O
......~
~''''"e- N M ;N tn +~ I' Z
Ln CD + ,;~
.. a1
.~,~"
O O ~
D O
O
O
ii T
T
T
N N F_
W- _ (
I~- H-
O
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
39
EXAMPLE 14: Results obtained for sunflower and sunflower-based products
in Table 9, initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources to
oilseed
lipid-free dry matter and percentage yields (air-dry product, moisture-free
product, and
lipid-free dry weight product):from the co-processing of different blends of
whole herring
(WH) or poultry offal (PO) with dehulled, raw sunflower seed, batch 1 (DRSF,)
or batch
2 (DRSF2) are provided
Table 9.
Protein productInitial ratio Air-dry Moisture- Lipid-free
" of hot
water to oilseed product free dry product
lipid-free dry (I) product (%)
matter
wfw
WH75DRSF 25 5:1 30.4 28.2 19:7
WH50DRSF 50 3:1 ' 31.6 29.0 19.4
WH25DRSF 75 3:1 31.7 31.1 19.9
P050DRSF 50 6:1 46:9 43.0 31.3
'~ Numbers following WH, DRSF:and PO refer to initial percentages of these
products
in the herring/sunflower seed and poultrylsunflower seed blends (sunflower
seed was
cold pressed to remove a significant portion of the oil and reduce the
particle size of the
starting material before blending with herring or poultry and santoquin; 0.1
glkg of mixed
product before water addition) before their co-processing using cooking
temperatures
of 90-93°C and drying temperatures of 77-83°C.
Table 10 gives the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude
fibre (CF),
phytic acid (PA), trypsin inhibitor activity (TI); urease activity (UA) and
chlorogenic acid
(CA) content in whole herring (WH); poultry offal (PO), dehulled, raw cold
pressed
sunflower, batch 1 (DRSF,), and five protein products produced by the co-
processing
of different proportions of WH or PO with either DRSF, or dehulled, raw cold
pressed
sunflower, batch 2 (DRSF2) (expressed on a dry weight basis, DWB or lipid-free
dry
weight basis, LFDWB). The composition of a sixth protein product that was
produced by
hexane extraction of WH50DRSF;50 is also shown (WH50DRSF,50-hexane) together
with the apparent protein digestibility coefficients for some of the products
(Atlantic
salmon in sea water used as the fiest animal).
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
p
pip ONO N ~ ~ 00 ~ p O1 (p N
M I,n N ~ tD ~e- r N M ~p CO
V
O
Cif
t
~n co
N ~ CO ~ 0~0 t,~O r pip N tt7 h ~7 ~ Q ~ eh !-
~ d' CO M e-~ r- N ,N~ M ~ ~ p ~ ~ a
D
N
std ~ ~ 0 ~ OD N ~ ~ ~ OD
, ~ , , , ,
n M ~~ ~ M M ~ N
D ~'S M
N rN."
C
p ~ csi
~ Q~ ~ O a0 cfl ~Y ~t cQ 00 ~ N tn M CQ
~ I~~ ~ M. r t~~ -N 00 tvj ' M O. ~G d'
01 ~ 1',- M r. ~ ~,r~ ~. N ~ p Lfj Cp ~ ~ I,t7
Q ~ r
~~ N
t0
O .-. ai
r Q f~
~M
NM ~O'N,DOajI~:~ttp~ C~~ ~GO
C) in t~ M e- ~ .r N ~ N P ~ N ~,rj O O~
~ O
~ ~
O
~ ~ ~"~ pp ~, ~ .d. N O ~ ~
O tt7 M 1' ~ ~ d' r:
a? M ~ d' tt~ 00 tt7 M ~ ~ O ~ N
tn
'a 'm
N
N
00 Q M ~ ~~ ~ .O
N Ih~ h ~ O C~ , , , , , , v , , ' C
M M ~O ~' ~- r ' Q ~
v1 ~N
3 3
M
N ~ ~ ~?' ~ r , , v s , v v , ,
1~~ .~ O
3 0
-o
D O D D ~ D ;c -a v
c Q
'a 1~ o x
v~ c »: v r~,
m m m m ~ m ;p ~ ti .~.r~
a~ _m W_m ~ 'S ?~ 'S ~ _ ?~, ° o ~ °'
t""o c 'S D .. s p x D ~, 0 a m x D o Z CD o
0
d Qa ~Q U d
0 0
,.-! N
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
Table 11 gives the concentrations of essential amino acids (% of protein) and
selected
minerals (Ng/g of lipid-free dry matter) in whole herring (WH), poultry offal
(PO),
dehulled, raw, cold pressed sunflower, batch 1 (DRSF,), and four protein
products
produced by the co-processing of different proportions of WH or PO with either
DRSF,
or DRSFZ. The concentrations in a fifth pi-otein product, produced by hexane
extraction
of WH50DRSF,50, is also shown (WH50DRSF~50-hexane).
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
O
O
~ N COt0tnp t,t~N f,~O ~ N ~ N N rl'p O
~
N ~ ~ ~ ~ O
ODN ~ f0etCM1~ CMr-d' ~ t M ~
~
O
V
- ~ d'M t M ~~ ~ O O N t~CO M O M.a
1
C7~N ~tCO'd.Mr,; ,~~ tn
'
v
U
O
O G
O
~
_ O e- O
~ ~Qt~r ~ N ~ N p ~ ' ~ ~
'
d tDO O N ~ ,= NN
O ' O
N OON et'I'IslMI'~ e1e-d'
D~
a
c
'
a~
'r'u- ~ v ~ nr~'~' ~ aoo~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~
'
= ' , ~CD I N p p ~ ~f,~ ~O~~ ?
N ~
~ ~ , c
CON WittOtf7Mt.,.d..O ~ T N ~ ~ ~.M .
r- ~
N
D
cu .?
'
y a
u~ a~
r ~N O O
r I~ (fls1'00t0Opr-(~ p I~p ~ tnM M 00toO~ M
~y 9 M ' p
t N ~ 00h~i; fitN O ppO N O _'
'
I N '~3"t'~(OMf>.:'d'r l,t~ M O ~ N ~-N ~
M N -
r
D ~ '~f
N
LL (OC~~ N n ~0 ~ M p O 00tnM O ~ O C ,n
' M ~ vi
Q tnetM Ct1CC!Cf~ ~-N e- ~ ~ a M N~ o r
V ' p M j r
r C ~ ( ~rr; d. In ~ N O M ~
D N e- N Q 00 N
E N M
O ap00~Otfa I~~ M O -
' ' '
~ p r OQN e-'d (Qh-O ~~~ ~ ~ ~ i -
W.
00r M IntnM~ M O ~ 'p v O
>
4
.
~
iOt~(OO I~I~tn I'~r e- ~ ~ .r.d'~ p ~~ 'C D
' b c0
cQ(~tne1"d ~tn O tt~tn M p C O N N O-~..
~
O Q
Cflr eT00t~MI~ ~ r t0 ,O'f3~~ ~ tCj~N
3 ~n
~ ~
~ 3 ~
.~
.~
a
c
U
c
+c
G
N C~ N c
O N ,G G O O ~ N t~ O
.C 'C1
:.;,G C V C ~~ y NE -GN E 'V~
:
N N C ~ N 'UG t'C O ~ C ~'~N G ~ N O ~ w
O
: n p ~ , QT~ ~ c0 C~ r tpp p O G:) ~ c.~
_ 'N -
~
a
u.~4 = N ~ :~~a ~.-E-> ~U a ~ cna U i~
o
Q t- m o ,~ ~
' a~
z
~
>r
Q
N f'
0
N
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
43
In Table 12, percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated,
unsaturated, (n-6), (n-
3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) + 22:6 (n-3))
in whole
herring {WH), poultry offal (PO), dehuffed, raw, cold pressed sunflower, batch
1 (DRSF, ),
and the press lipids resulting from the co-processing of different proportions
of WH or
PO with DRSF, or dehulled, raw, cold pressed sunflower, batch 2 (DRSFz).
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
U
U
C
O
'O_
~ c~ t'~ 000 h. O p fl
~ O p M i~., .
0 rM M _
N
O
~ OOO ~ C O C
U' C'
~O
>'
O
~.
N
~ L tJl
U
~ N
~,,.
i ~ ~ ~ M
Q
Q
= C
.3
tt3
O
~ N
~ ~
,
~ ~ ~
'~J'~- N O M - O r
~ I'~ e O M ~
Q ~N
~
N CD d' 00 07 r- ~ N p~ .-.
r.. ~t7 d' p
~
Z ~ Cvj N Ctj tM ~ a7 ~-
~ ~' O
O
,~? N N d' cM ~- 00 N - of ~
~ Cfl
.-.
Q
N N D
N
O !L p p r. 0 r t~ to O U
0 N
b ~ M O ~ O N
O
ai r.. o r. oo r. co
o ci ci
J
(~ ~ ~ ~ ~' O ~ 00 (D O U-
0 G
M t~. u7 O tn
p
M ~ CV O M ~ e- ~j p ~ 'N
O
3
~- ~ N p ~
O N
~ M
ap p -C
C N p cci
O p ~
o
- c r r 3 0
oaioa V vcci
a~
a~
~'
a~
a
U .-. ~ .-. 'a a~ .-.., ~ o a
-
-
. ~ ~ M
. . ~ ~ P .~
.
~ C~ c'M
c'~ M
~ ~ ~ L ~ O
~ L
v
r- N M tf? ~~" ~ CO t6 ~ ~ N O
(O t"'"'D ~ f~ ' Z
.Q
t cCf ap 00 tip ttf C O O (A
i O clj O O O ;,
-
r cn Q !- E- ~
r- ~ N N F- i- O LY
I- C
Z Q ~3
~- N O
U
O
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
EXAMPLE 15: Results obtained for soya and soya-based products
In Table 13, the initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources
to
oilseed, lipid-free dry matter and percentage yields (air-dry product,
moisture-free
product, and lipid-free dry weight product} from the co-processing of
different blends of
whole herring (WH} with dehulledrnicronized (DSY) and undehulled raw soya seed
(URSY).
Table 13.
Protein productInitial ratio Air-dry Moisture- Lipid-free
" of hot product free productdry product
water to oilseed(%) (%) (%)
lipid-free'
dry
matter wlw
WH75DSY25 5:1 14.2 13:6 10.3
10 WH50DSY50 5:1 36.7 34:9 26.4
WH25DSY75 4:1 48.3 43:8 32.7
WH75URSY25 5:1 20.7 19.1 15.0
WH50URSY50 5:1 29:9 27.4 21.1
WH25URSY75 4:1 43.8 38.4 33.7
"Numbers following WH, DSY and URSY refer to initial percentages of these
products
in the herringlsoya blends (soya seed was ground to reduce the particle size
of the
starting material before blending with herring and santoquin; 0.1 glkg of
mixed product
before water addition} prior to their co-processing using cooking temperatures
of 90-93
°C and drying temperatures of 77-83 °C.
20 Table 14 shows the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude
fibre (CF)
as well as phytic acid (PA), total saponins, total isoflavones (TIF}, unease
activity (UA),
and trypsin inhibitor activity (Ti) in whole herring (WH), dehulled,
micronized, , soya
(DSY), undehulled, raw soya (tJRSY}, and six protein products produced by the
co-
processing of different proportions of WH with either DSY or URSY (expressed
on a dry
weight basis, DWB or lipid-free dryweight basis; LFDWB}: The composition of a
seventh
protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH5DDSY50 is also
shown
(WH50DSY50-hexane) together wi#h the apparent protein digestibility
coefficients for
some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the test animal).
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
N 0000 d'N M O N ~ N d'
~
~ M ~ N ~ N ' ~ , , M M
p ~ ~ ~ ~ N O d0
p
r
CO~ i~O st N ~ C~~ f~ Op~ ,,n
CO Cfli~ r.tL~ O ' n , , N N C'M
CD ODCflOD~- N O 00 p1
t~7
N
t'- r r. M u7 a0 p~CD M I~ ~ ~ N
~-
~ ~ ~ , , , , O ~ ,
N 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ T
0
O O Op~ N O M ~ ~ M 00 ~ N ~ N M N
p ~ Q di N ~ a
O
C N I' e-
C
(Of~ 00r N d'1~.M
X M d' t~O M 0 ~ ' , ,
r 0 , , , , , ,
Q~C~ COM r, ~.:T r
~
O
~
' ~' t~M ~ ~ ~tM i.f?~ i'~-N M 0 'OO
N
d 2 W t~ O ~ ~ C ~ O 00
f~. 0
. , N r N ~ r ~,~ d O
Q~
(fl
_
d' ~
u~')N ~ ~ N o N ado I~:~ ~ ~ N r-
h. to r c'M. ~ O h ,
tn toN [v;,~-~- N 6j r O O M ~ p OQ
I~.r1' etO ~ N <D 01O ~ pp
M M M ~..;Wit'et I~CO lfj, , , W t T ,
00M et'N
tn ~,~. tnN N N Q
r
T t0 N N M srN M 07! C4O - ~ r'r M
N ~ N st p ~ ~j T ~. ~ W r C7 ~tp e- ,
O)M tt7N ~7 COr N ~- a-e- N N M p O
0
f'
Z ~ 00 O ~ M ~
N d ~ ~ d T ' ' ' , , , , , , , ,
' 0
0
, ,
, ' , , ,
C
.
.r.
a; ~ ~ D ~ ~ D .-,D ~ D N D --~ D c
C J ~ ~ J ~ V'~ ~ C LJ-~f lL,.'~'
J J m J J s~
~
~m y ~m ~ j
j
a~ ~o ~~ a ~ ~' z
~
D.. D a J <( U a cn I= ~ I= .~
D D O D D ' D J
o a
"" N
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
47
Table 15 provides concentrations of essential amino acids (% of protein) and
selected
minerals (~g/g of Lipid free dry matter) in whole herring (WH), dehulled;
micronized, soya
(DSY), and three protein products produced by the co-processing of different
proportions of WH with DSY. The concentrations in a fourth protein product,
produced
by hexane extraction ofi WH50DSY50, is also shown (WH50DSY50-hexane).
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
00't~-r.DON I~-r.. O ~ p CO~ ~-- I~
00 CO00N OD
M d'u7u7t t7. d' r
~
n ~ i M M C5~ M ..O tn
' ~ ~
~' f N ~ f~.t.~N 00 d'r ~f' ~ N N COW N C
Q O
r r
'd'~7M O N O 00 d'O C~ M r"'~tt'~-O
CO~tCOO iceN I~ ~ ~i?~ N ~ C Cfl(O
O
. . ~ N 1 E E
I~.N '~ODC~M 04 d'r e~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ N C
O
I~.CVO ODp O f~..I'~r ~ O ~ h-O ~ f',.
- '
~ d t0~tt~:h N M M O M O O Cn,O
~
~ 1'~-N d't.CpN OD ~ ~-ifj '~~t'N ~ CflN S~
C
r r r ,
r h' O ~l7h tOM O r f'sODtD M dO"'d'ODI I~.M
N ~
M ~tCOCOi-M N IOM N r ~ 00N r
I~N ~f'Ice,I~..M OO ~ ~ N N M
. r N ~ ~ I
.Q
E-
" I~.00~C5M 'Cf'GOCO r tn~' h O ODO O (QM
~ d'~ ~ ' '
C!~ C ~ ~ t!7 N d ~i7
' .
h CV'd1~.CfJN 00 '~r ~ h..
N O M -V N ~
N
C,~I~Cfl0 1'.f'~~ Ice.r r ~ ~ ~ d'~ O r
O O u ' '
7 d d ~ tn 0 X17~ M O ~ ~ N N O
CO~-d'00~ M r.: d'r tf) M ~ r I d'~fjr
n
,
~ ~
C
i
~ +
C N
+ C
,C C .
C . C '
~ .~v ~ ~. ~
f~ N .~~ N V .~_~ ~ ~ ''''C ~ 'Vtn~ ~ ~ U
p
tnp ~ t/~~ ~ ~ ' ~~ C ~ ~ f6-O O O ~
m Q = ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ t-> ~ v ~ ~ cn~ U .
- N
CO
0
~' N
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
49
Table 16 provides the percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated,
unsaturated,
(n-6), (n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) +
22:6 (n-3)) in
whole herring (WH), micronized, dehulled, soya (DSY), undehuiled, raw soya
(URSY),
and the press lipids resulting from he co-processing of different proportions
of WH with
DSY or URSY.
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
N ~ ~ N O t~. f~ OD N N r- i.t~
CO c- N _
?~ ~ ~ N ~tm.f7 C~ N fM... N N
O
~ ~ ~ O t~ tc~ c~7 ~l' CO O ~c7 N
I~.. aD M
?y, ~ ~ r N t'- OD N IM ~ N CO
rte... ~ ~ ~I' O d' 0 O O d' h~. ~f7
N O ~ N
N ~ ~ M O
~
~. OD OD 00 CO N 00 M
N 00 t~. ~
1
M ~ f~.
~
Q ~ N ~ ~ N r
f0 ,. N
N
~
~p ~ ~ ~ (n N f~ M r- O
r (O
r C~ r-
~ N ~- ~ r
~ ~ N
N C
Cfl
.Q
I_ N tn
L t~ O f~ 1'- e- O CD I~-
N N tt~ M
O ~- 1~: M CO CV h N C~ C3i
e- tn
~ r- CO N N ice-
t- CO Cfi
N
'
Q
J
~t N N 0 M I~ OO O
0 ~t
'
~ o0 0
~' ~ o
~
u o ci
a o~i
cici
ao~no~oo v ct>o0 0
r. o 0 0
~ o
0 ioioo ~ o ci
o~i
Q7 t1' N CO GO N a0 N M C~
~ h- ~ CO O N ~ Op ~
~- Q tO ~ OCi N I'~ ~1' M e-
N .-. .-.
:O ,.~ .-~ ..-. .-~ .-.. '~ ~ Cfl M M
U O~ CS~MMM 4,3 ~ O C,
r- N M ~ cD ~ .~ ~ tn ~ ~ ~ 1~1
N OD 00 a0 O CV O ~ O O O O O
O
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
51
Example 16: Results obtained for hemp and hemp-based products.
In Table 17, the initial ratios of water from endogenous and exogenous sources
to
oilseed lipid-free dry matter and ;percentage yields (air-dry product,
moisture-free
product, and lipid-free dry weight product) from the co-processing of
different blends of
whole herring (WH} with dehulled, terilized (DHP) and undehulled sterilized
hemp seed
(UHP).
Table 17:
Protein productInitial ratio Air-dry Moisture- Lipid-free
" of hot product free productdry
water to oilseed product
lipid- (%)
free d matter
wlw
WH75DHP25 5:1- 3.04 2:93 2.80
WH50DHP50 4:1 20.4 19.9 15.1
WH25DHP75 3:1 37.3 32:6 23.2
WH75UHP25 5:1 15.0 14.7 11.9
WH50UHP50 5:1 36.9 36.4 31.4
WH25lJHP75 4:9 40:3 39.7 34.2
"Numbers following WH, DHP and UHP refer to initial percentages of these
products
in the herringlhemp blends (UHP seed was cold pressed to remove a significant
portion
of the oil and to reduce the particle size of the starting material before
blending with
herring and santoquin; 0.1 glkg of mixed product before water addition) prior
to their co
processing using cooking temperatures of 90-93°C and drying
temperatures of 77-83
°C.
Table 18 gives the concentrations of proximate constituents including crude
fibre (CF}
as well as phytic acid (PA} in whole herring-(WH), dehulled, sterilized hemp
(DHP), cold
pressed undehulled; sterilized hemp (UHP); and six protein products produced
by the
co-processing of different proportions of WH with either DHP or UHP (expressed
on a
dry weight basis, DWB or lipid-free dry weight basis, LFDWB). The composition
of a
seventh protein product that was produced by hexane extraction of WH50DHP50 is
also
shown (WH50DHP50-hexane) togetherwith the apparent protein digestibility
coefficients
for some of the products (Atlantic salmon in sea water used as the test
animal).
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
u~
Z fl- 0~0 due' N M e~- ~ M I~~" C~ CD
01 ~' ~ r e- r- N N N N
M M
C~0 N ~ M ~ M M h~..yf7 ai '
01 d' d'w- r- e- N N N CV
a
N ~ O N ~ ~ ~ t~ 0~0
a~ ~n co
z a ~ M ,~ ~ co N ~ d7 t' .- a~
N M t~. l~ ai
OO tn f'- N Gp ~ tn l~~ d' Cfl Cn
~ as ~ t0 ~' ap N ~ 1~.
h~~ M - r !' M ' ' ~
M lp tn
O
CO = ~ ~ ~ ~ r" ~ ~"' ~t N M ~-
QO aj a-% tn to Cfl
~ tt~ t~ N pp ~- M t0 M st C~
h N CO ~ tCf M N e- h~ ~i' ~ tn
j ~ N Gn ~ d' ai N to
D
N ~- Gn ~ CO (fl r- N I~ M
j ~ M M N ~ ~'N 7 M ~ i
M M N ~l7 N Ca e' N ~ I~
Q ~ M ~D t~f~ dj r ~ pip t j ~ n
M
N~ 0~0~ deN.~~' ' ' i i
W
N
N .L~
~ O
'Q C
c_ t~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-' N
ar u~ as ~ L ~ C~ D D
~ ~ Cl J ~ ~ ,J ~ .-~ Y -~ 4 Z
O
O
a o a' :~~ Q U a
0
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
53
Table 19 shows the concentratians ofiessential amino acids (°!°
of protein) and selected
minerals (~,glg of lipid-free dry matter) in whale herring (WH), dehulled,
sterilized hemp
(DHP), and three protein products produced bythe co-processing of different
proportions
of WH with DHP, or UHP. The conicentrations in a fourth protein product,
produced by
hexane extraction of WH50DHP50, are also shown (WH50DH1'S0-hexane).
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
~'r ~ ~ p ~ O (~'.tar~ N O ,~,~
'
r I ~ M M ~ j I'N ~ ~ N
w..1. ,
Q N ~I'h.~ M GO d'O tt7 T N ~ r
M T r
(ON O~O O N OD CflO O ~ ~ e-00~ ~ r
M O
~DL,.~ M O ~,Q M M ~- i
N 'fitf~-(fl_~ G~ ~ r tI~ ~ N p ~ ~ N T
p
~ y p ~ 0 ~ M M M M ~ N O ~ ~ u7
~ A
~ M r C ~ N r
'"D
~ N Wit'I~.,c~~f'QO d'O tn < p ODr r N
p p
N
r rte" QOM ice.N M T N O ~ O r"~ d0dD~ i'~r
N
V ~.f3O M O r-O e0d'~ ~ (DC4u~pp~ O
' ' -
00N d"a0I~..''d'00 d cOtti M N ~ N ~ e-r
H
d O r ~ N t-r ~ r O r.. N .Md.p pppOpGOO
'
= d:CON f~00-r~~ h d O ~ O N ~ ap~ (p
D r N Vii't0M '~t'O tMO d' r M ~ M ~ M ~-
h-,~O Iw.l~I,n I~T r p hM..~ ~ COOO r
' ' t t N
C
~ ~I7d d ~ ~ O7n , M O O I~N O
' ' ~ i d'rir
n
C~r d d0tI7M t ~ e-t M ~ r ~ L
U :i..
N
U
c o
.E + ~ cn
.c
~
~.. .~~ ~ ~Vo~ 'cm ~~_ ~ E ~ 'v~ .~~..
~ '~
o c a~o ~, o a~ ~so o a~
~ ~ ~ ' ~
N N .~' N ~ .~y ~ N ~ ~ t~0 :~~ U
..-.- 0 ' c c
~
~ v o ~ ~y~ ~ ~ ~ ,s~ o 0 0 ,
'
~ 4 _ ~ ~ ~ ~ a. 1-I-,:a g V p_~ cna U N
I-
a 4 00
0 0
N
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
Table 20 sets out the percentages of selected fatty acids and of saturated,
unsaturated,
(n-6), {n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA; 20:5 (n-3) +
22:6 (n-3)) in
whole herring (WH), dehulled, sterilized hemp (DHP), undehulled, sterilized
hemp
(UHP), and the press lipids resulting from the co-processing of different
proportions of
WH with DHP or UHP.
3
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
N ~ N c0 u7 t!~ O r. M u7 M
O'O O
~ M ~ O M Ci~ OMO M 0~ ~rj
t~ ~ !- Cf~ N CO ~f' ~ CO C~ Cfl O
11 M! ~' tJ7 d'
~ 00 1~.. cY7 u7 j 01'D. O NN Oi
~ N ~ (.. N M tI~ 00 N 00 O h~
~-' to O _
~
N r 00 00 (O ~h O ~-
t ~ e- t0
~ dj (D' ~ t.~ ~ fV
~ ~
~ CQ ~i- f ~ 00 d' N
~ r.
O
U
O ~
O ~ M i~. O d' Cfl QO N
N ~ O
N M
= 00 d ~ O
' ~' N N D ~ N 6n
O
l~ J
~ N O Q7 O O Wit' O O CO d'
~ M M ~ N
p DO M ~ ti' M N ~ M N 00
_ IN ~t O N O O O GD ~ NI
t~. t~ ~' O CO ~ OO? (OD ~ O
00 t~ 00 ~ Ln t~. t~
C C
D O O
a _ r _
C ~ ~
~ N
tn t 0
Z O 0 0
O
D
07 'ct N N 00 N M CD
CO CO
t~.. ~ (Q QO
Ch ~
~
Ci 0 Qi '00 N 1
- d' M
11.
'O .-. ,-.. .-. ~-. ~.. 'iJ O C(~ M M
U ~ CQ, f~ M M ~ ~ O O ~
~,~,, ~,...... C
~ N M ~ O ~ .~ ~ t0/~
N 00 ~ 00' O N O c9 O O O O O
l1. ~~.-NNI-fnI-=I-I-~°
0
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
57
The co-processing of animal offal with the foregoing: oilseeds pretreated
using the
methods according to the present invention resulted in nutritionally upgraded
protein
sources suitable for use.
The yields of these protein sources were good for all canola and sunflower-
based
products and this was also true for the soya and hemp-based products when
higher
concentrations (> 50% in initial mixture} of these treated oilseeds were used.
All of the
yields were likely underestimated of true values owing to the,difficulty in
quantitatively
collecting alt of the material from fhe drier portion of the fish meal
machine.
The oilseed-based protein products contained high concentrations of protein
that was
highly bioavailable to salmon (generally 89% to 100°l° of the
protein was noted to be
digestible in Atlantic salmon held in sea water depending upon the source and
percentage of the oilseed in the initial mixture of offal and oilseed and the
pretreatment
of the fatter and the offal before their co-processing}. Moreover, these
protein products
had significantly reduced concentrations of all heaf labile and water soluble
antinutritional factors except phytic acid relative to their respective
initial levels in the
oilseeds. Phytic acid was concentrated during the co-processing of offal with
oilseed
and the extent depended upon its initial concentration in the oilseed used in
the process.
The fatty acid compositions of the: animal feed grade lipid sources: produced
by the
process largely reflected the fatty acid compositions and lipid levels
contributed by the
different proportions of the animal,offal and oilseed'used initially in the
process. This
provides considerable scope to produce special ly designed lipid sources that
are tailored
to meet the fatty acid needs of various animal species.
The cold-pressing of oilseeds before they are blended with animal offal
yielded high
quality economically valuable human flood grade oils whose fatty acid
compositions can
be varied, depending upon market requirements and the selection of the oilseed
or
combination of oilseeds that are used in cold pressing. The high value of the
cold
pressed oils which can be generated in greater quantities wen undehulled seeds
rather
than dehulled seeds are cold pressed will contribute to the overall economic
viability of
CA 02482299 2004-10-13
58
the co-processing of animal offals with oilseeds.
The hulls resulted from the dehulling of the oilseeds used in his study and
the
condensed solubles produced by co-processing animal offal(s}with oilseeds)
likely will
be excellent organic fertilizer constituents. This is because they
collectively contain
soluble protein, some lipid and minerals and other components that can be
degraded by
aerobic or anaerobic bacterial processes into value-addod fertilizer products
making the
overall process described herein economically viable.
The rapid heat treatment of oilseeds to inactivate enzymes like the protease
inhibitors
in soya and clestruct heat labile antinutritional components coupled with the
dehulling of
oilseeds yield protein and lipid-rich products that potential can be used
directly in high
energy feeds such as those destined for aquatic species like salmon (salmon
grower
diets frequently contain 25-35% lipid on an air-dry basis and they are
produced by
extrusion processing technology).
