Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
CA 02494945 2005-02-04
DESCRIPTION
Raw Material for Animal Feed and Animal Feed Using the Same
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a raw material for animal feed
containing at feast one of vegetable protein (albumin} raw materials,
such as soybeans, soybean lees (defatted soybeans), wheat, barley,
corn gluten meal, and rice bran, and to animal feed using the raw
materials.
BACKGROUND ART
As well known, livestock and cultivated fishes and shellfishes are
an important protein supply source for human beings. Feed for
breeding and cultivating those livestock, fishes and shellfishes has been
studied in many fields for long years, and more efficient feed raw
materials have been developed. As raw materials for livestock feed,
soybean lees have received attention because of stability in supply and
a low cost. In practical use, however, the soybean lees are in a state of
sluggish growth because they contain oligosaccharides, a digestive
enzyme obstructing substance, an absorption obstructing substance, a
growth obstructing substance, etc. For that reason, a method of
providing better feed by removing unnecessary components with alcohol
washing and pickling is proposed. Also, a feed raw material having
improved digestion absorptivity is produced by incultivating and
fermenting molds (Aspergillus and Rhizopus), yeasts (Saccharomycea),
bacteria (Bacillus and Lactobacillus), etc. solely or in combination of two
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or more selected from them. Further, as a method of removing
unnecessary components in raw materials for animal feed, it is proposed
to decompose and remove those unnecessary components by adding
cellulase, galactanase or rhamnogalacturonase, which is an enzyme to
decompose saccharides or oligosaccharides, and/or phytase which is an
enzyme to decompose phytin (phytin acid), and further adding an
enzyme, which decomposes protein, for the purpose of increasing
digestibility. Those decomposition enzymes are also originated from
molds (Aspergillus and Rhizopus), yeasts (Saccharomycea), bacteria
(Bacillus and Lacfobacillus), etc. Thus, the above-mentioned methods
are intended to provide the required enzymes by cultivating microbes
that serve as supply sources for those decomposition enzymes, or by
producing them with genetic recombination. However, such techniques
require preliminary cultivation of microbes, such as molds, yeast and
bacteria, and hence necessitate close management from the microbial
point of view. Accordingly, there is a need for further simplifying the
overall process.
Meanwhile, the industry of breeding and cultivating fishes and
shellfishes is becoming more and more popular over the world, and a
demand for coastal fish meal as a feed protein source has noticeably
increased. In practice, however, a catch of coastal fishes fairly
fluctuates and feed producers are troubled with price fluctuations of fish
meal. Although attention has hitherto been focused on vegetable
proteins, particularly defatted soybean lees, as substitute protein for fish
meal in such a situation, there has been a limit in amount of the added
vegetable protein because of problems such as that an amino acid
balance is lost due to the difference of amino acids required by fishes
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and shellfishes under breeding and cultivating from amino acids
constituting the vegetable protein, that the vegetable protein contains
active factors of obstructing digestive enzymes, and that the hard-to-
digest saccharides in plants obstruct digestion and absorption. The
amino acid unbalance can be overcome by using a plurality of feed raw
materials, but development of a new technique has been demanded to
decompose and remove the hard-to-digest saccharides, e.g., phytin
(phytic acid).
Against the backdrop described above, with regard to feed for
breeding and cultivating fishes and shellfishes, studies have been
conducted to increase digestion of the vegetable protein by acting koji
(Aspergillus) on defatted soybean lees for fermentation. As a result of
studies, it is reported that a growing ability is inferior to the case of
employing no soybean lees, but is superior to the case of employing
unprocessed soybean lees (see Non-patent Reference 1 listed below).
Also, Patent Reference 1 discloses a method of inoculating
soybean tees into microbes for fermentation, and decomposing
oligosaccharides in the soybean lees, such as sucrose, raffinose and
stachyose, for removal. It is stated in Patent Reference 1 that microbes
used in ordinary processes for producing brewed foods and fermented
foods, such as Aspergillus, Saccharomyces and Lactobacillus, can be
used in the disclosed method, and that a growing ability is improved by
feeding, to young fries of yellowtails, fermented soybeans prepared by
inoculating those microbes into soybeans.
In practice, however, it is known that as a proportion of vegetable
protein raw materials in the feed raw materials increases, eating
activities of predatory fishes, such as yellowtails and red sea breams are
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reduced and a solution for such a reduction of the eating activities is
demanded (Non-patent Reference 2 listed below). Thus, the eating
activities must be induced by adding 5 to 10 % of krill meal.
Further, when using vegetable protein raw materials as raw
materials for animal feed, the vegetable protein raw materials must be
fermented by preliminarily cultivating microbes which are used in
ordinary processes for producing brewed foods and fermented foods.
Thus, there has been a demand for simplifying the processes.
Patent Reference 2 discloses feed for aquatic animals employing
a krill enzyme (euphausian enzyme). This feed is prepared by mixing
the krill enzyme while it retains activity. In other words, Patent
Reference 2 is based on the concept of promoting digestion of animals
by applying the krill enzyme along with the feed. However, the
disclosed feed cannot be used as universal feed raw materials for the
reason that there are many limitations in handling the feed, such as
non-use of heating, because the krill enzyme must be refined and added
to the feed while keeping activity of the krill enzyme.
Patent Reference 3 discloses usage of autolysed krill preparation
as a raw feed material. It states that krill proteases help digestion.
Patent Reference 1 JP,A 5-268881
Patent Reference 2 JP,A 8-242777
Patent Reference 3 W098/34498
Non-patent Reference 1 Journal of The Japanese Society of
Fisheries Science, Vol. 59, 1883-1888 (1993)
Non-patent Reference 2 Aoki, et al.: Sulsanzoshoku, 48, 73-79(2000)
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
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An object of the present invention is to provide a raw material for
animal feed which employs at least one of vegetable proteins such as
soybeans, defatted soybean lees, wheat, corn gluten meal, rice bran,
defatted rice bran, processed bran, rapeseed oil cakes, cottonseed oil
lees, and potato protein, and which has increased digestibility of the
protein and an effect of inducing eating activities of animals, as well as
to animal feed using the raw material for animal feed.
The present invention resides in a raw material for animal feed,
which have the following features (1 ) to (8).
(1 ) A raw material for animal feed, comprising a material prepared by
processing a vegetable protein raw material with a not-autolyzed krill
component.
(2) A raw material for animal feed according to the above (1 ),
wherein the treated material is obtained by mixing the vegetable protein
raw material and the not-autoiyzed krill component, and then aging a
mixture.
(3) A raw material for animal feed according to the above (1 ) or (2),
wherein the krill component is an enzyme present in krill or an enzyme
solution containing the enzyme present in krill.
(4) A raw material for animal feed according to the above (3),
wherein the enzyme solution is an enzyme solution having an enzyme
activity to decompose hard-to-digest saccharides.
(5) A raw material for animal feed according to any one of the above
(1 ) to (4), wherein a raw material or an additives for animal feed which
has protease inhibitory effects is used together when the vegetable
protein raw material is processed with the not-autolyzed krill component.
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(6) A raw material for animal feed according to any one of the above
(1 ) to (5), wherein the vegetable protein raw material is one or more
selected from among a group consisting of soybeans, defatted soybean
lees, corn gluten meal, raw bran, processed bran, wheat, rapeseed oil
lees, cottonseed oil lees, and potato protein.
(7) A raw material for animal feed according to any one of the above
(1 ) to (6, wherein the krill component is an Antarctic krill component.
(8) A raw material for animal feed according to any one of the above
(1 ) to (7), wherein the raw material for animal feed is a feed raw material
for fishes, echinoderms andlor crustaceans.
(9) A raw material for animal feed according to any one of the above
(1 ) to (8), wherein the animal feed is animal feed for fishes belong to
Sparidae, Salmonidae, Carangidae, or Scombridae.
Also, the present invention resides in animal feed having the
following feature (10).
(10) Animal feed prepared by mixing the raw material for animal feed
according to any one of the above (1 ) to (9).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a graph showing the efficacy of soybean flour, soybean
milk and glair, which have protease inhibitory effects, on krill enzymes.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
A raw material for animal feed according to the present invention
is a feed raw material that is used for stock raising, poultry farming, and
fish farming, and that is employed as a protein supply source. The feed
of the present invention is especially suitable for cultivating fishes and
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crustaceans. Examples of the cultivated fishes, echinoderms and
crustaceans include red sea breams, salmons, young yellowtails,
hardtails, trout, turbots, tunas, eels, sea urchin and shrimps, which are
usually cultivated.
In the present invention, any type of vegetable protein raw
material can be used so long as it is usually employed substituted for an
animal protein raw material of raw materials for animal feed. Main
examples of the vegetable protein raw materials include soybeans,
defatted soybean lees, corn gluten meal, raw bran, processed bran,
wheat, rapeseed oil lees, cottonseed oil lees, and potato protein.
Krill used in the present invention is preferably an Antarctic krill
because of being abundant as natural resources and having high
enzyme activity. However, any other type of krill can also be employed
so long as it has a comparable level of activity.
A krill component, which can be krill per se, a minced krill, or an
enzyme present in krill which is selectively obtained by squeezing the
krill, is mixed with the vegetable protein raw material, and then aging the
mixture.
It is to be noted that the krill, and the krill squeezed liquid, each
containing the in-krill present enzyme, must have activity effective in
decomposing hard-to-digest saccharides. This activity can easily
confirmed with thin layer chromatography. The activity of decomposing
the hard-to-digest saccharides is measured as follows. Taking krill as
an example, the krill is minced and a solid part is separated for removal.
After adding an oligosaccharide, such as cellobiose or maltohexaose, to
it so as to have a final concentration of 1 %, a resulting solution is
agitated at 40 °C for 2 hours. Then, the solution is subjected to
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centrifugal separation for 10 minutes under conditions of 3000 rpm and 4
°C, and a resulting 10 ~L of supernatant is spotted on a silica gel
thin-layer plate and developed by using a solution of butanol : propanol
water (1 : 3 : 2) for color development with a solution of orcinol sulfuric
acid. The activity of decomposing the hard-to-digest saccharides is
confirmed by checking whether spots of the oligosaccharide, such as
cellobiose or maltohexaose, disappear completely and only spots of
monosaccharides, which are possibly ~i-glucose, a-glucose, etc., appear
as a result of the above-mentioned process. Then, the krill used in the
present invention is limited to one for which the activity has been
confirmed in such a way.
The krill squeezed liquid is also used after confirming the activity
in the same way as that described above.
A raw material for animal feed according to the present invention
is produced through steps of adding the krill, the minced krill or the krill
squeezed liquid to the vegetable protein raw material containing the
hard-to-digest saccharides, aging a resulting mixture at 20 to 60 °C,
preferably 30 to 50 °C, for 1 to 48 hours, preferably 2 to 6 hours,
holding
the mixture at temperatures not lower than 80 °C, preferably 85
°C, for
10 minutes for sterilization under heating, and drying it. During the
aging step, the mixture is agitated. When the agitation is difficult to
perform, clear water may be added so that sufficient aging is ensured.
Though the time for the aging has to be controlled depending on the
amount of the enzyme for the amount of vegetable protein, it is favorable
to choose the condition to produce less free amino acids because free
amino acids make the feed consumption rate lower.
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Animal feed is prepared by using, as a raw material, the raw
material for animal feed according to the present invention.
The animal feed of the present invention can be produced by
processing and shaping the raw material for animal feed according to
the present invention together with any other type of feed raw material.
Since the raw material for animal feed according to the present invention
can be provided in the powdery form through the heating and drying
steps after processing the krill, it can easily be employed as raw
materials for various types of feed, particularly as a substitute for animal
protein. Regarding the field of fish farming, the raw material for animal
feed according to the present invention can be used as a substitute for
fish meal.
Operation
By adding the krill, the minced krill, or the krill squeezed liquid,
each having the activity of decomposing hard-to-digest saccharides, to
the vegetable protein raw material containing the hard-to- digest
saccharides, and then aging the mixture, digestibility of the vegetable
protein is improved.
Also, the improved digestibility of the vegetable protein gives the
raw material for animal feed with the effect of inducing eating activities
of animals.
Thus, it is possible to provide the raw material for animal feed,
which can noticeably reduce a proportion of the animal protein raw
material used in the feed. Further, the animal feed using the raw
material for animal feed can be provided.
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The present invention will be described in more detail below in
connection with Examples. Note that the present invention is in no way
restricted by the following Examples.
Example 1
After mincing 25 kg of krill having the activity of decomposing
hard-to-digest saccharides, 30 kg of defatted soybean was added to the
minced krill, and a resulting mixture was agitated under heating at 40
°C
for 2 hours, thereby preparing decomposed and defatted soybean lees
(hereinafter referred to as "soybean lees processed with minced krill").
Example 2
saccharides After squeezing krill having the activity of decomposing
hard-to-digest saccharides to obtain 10 weight% of squeezed liquid
(enzyme solution) from the krill, 30 kg of defatted soybean was added to
the minced krill, and a resulting mixture was agitated under heating at
40 °C for 2 hours, thereby preparing decomposed and defatted soybean
lees (hereinafter referred to as "soybean lees processed with krill
enzyme liquid").
Example 3
After mincing 25 kg of krill having the activity of decomposing
hard-to-digest saccharides, 250 g of glair and 30 kg of defatted soybean
was added to the minced krill, and a resulting mixture was agitated
under heating at 40 °C for 2 hours, thereby preparing decomposed and
defatted soybean lees (hereinafter referred to as "krill-processed
soybean lees added with glair").
Example 4
Breeding experiments were conducted for 56 days using red sea
bream (average weight of 17.9 g) as test fish. Mixed compositions of
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breeding feed used in the experiments are shown in Table 1, and
breeding results are shown in Table 2 and 3 given below.
Table 1
Mixed Compositions of Feed Used in Tests for Breeding Red Sea Bream
Zone Z_o_n_e Zone 3 Zone 4
1 2
Exam le Exam le Exam le
1 3 2
Fish meal 61.5 34.4 34.3 34.6
Soybean lees 37.5
rocessed with
krill
Krill-processed
soybean lees added 37.5
with lair
Soybean lees
processed with 26.4
krill
enz me li uid
Fish oil 8.0 8.1 8.7 8.1
Rice bran 15.5 5.0 4.5 4.8
Krill meal 11.1
Wheat 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
Starch 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
Mixture of vitamin2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
and
minerals
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Table 2
Zone Zone 2 ~ Zone Zone 4
1 ~ 3 Exam le
Exam le Exam le 2
1 3
Start of breedin 17.9 17.9 17.8 17.8
8'" Week after 60.6 59.5 61.1 62.0
start of I
breedin
Increase of wei 42.7 41.6 43.2 44.2
ht
Table 3
Feed Conversion Rate Free amino acids
(%) / Total amino acids
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in the feed
Zone _ ___ 84.1 2.4
1 fish meal ~
Zone Exam le 77.4 8.5
2 1
Zone Exam le 83.3 6.5
3 3
Zone Exam le 85.2 4.3
4 2
As will be apparent from those test results, a significant difference
in growth of the test fish was not found between Zone 1, in which no
defatted soybean lees were added, and other Zones. Thus, it was
confirmed that a large amount of defatted soybean lees processed with
the minced krill or the krill squeezed liquid (enzyme liquid) can be added
to feed for red sea bream. In other words, the effectiveness of aging of
the defatted soybean lees with krill was confirmed.
The growth of the zone 3, wherein glair, which has protease
inhibitory effects, was used together, was in no way inferior to that of the
zone 2, wherein glaire was not used. There was a negative correlation
between free amino acids I Total amino acids in the feed (%) and feed
consumption rate{%).
Example .
Breeding experiments were conducted for 84 days using rainbow
trout {average weight of 10.6 g) as test fish. Mixed compositions of
breeding feed used in the experiments are shown in Table 4, and
breeding results are shown in Table 5 and 6 given below.
Table 4
Mixed Compositions of Feed Used in Tests for Breeding Rainbow Trout
Zone Zone Zone Zone_8 Zone Zone
5 6 7 9 10
Components Fish ExampleExample Example Krill Commer-
meal
meal 1 3 2 cial
onl
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enzyme
Anchov meal 55.50 28.00 28.00 28.50 43.20 _26_.00
Krill meal 11.10 12.50 12.50
Defatted 25.00
soybean lees
processed
with
commercial
enz me
Soybean lees 37.50
processed
with
krill
Krill-processed 37.50
soybean lees
added with
lair
Soybean lees 26.40
processed
with
krill enzyme
li uid
Wheat meal 20.50 10.20 10.20 9.80 20.50 11.50
8~
defatted rice
bran
Ta ioca starch5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Sardine oil 14.00 14.30 14.30 14.20 13.80 15.00
Mixture of 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
vitamin and
minerals
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Table 5
Results of Tests for Breeding Rainbow Trout
Zone Zone Zone Zone 9 Zone
5 6 8 10
Fish Example Example Krill Commer-
meal 1 2 meal cial
only '
enz me
Start of breedin10.63 10.61 10.59 10.61 10.60
End of breeding27.24 27.61 29.15 25.06 23.61
84 da s
Increase of 16.61 17.00 18.56 14.45 13.01
weight
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Table 6
Feed Conversion Free amino acids
Rate / Total amino acids
(%) in the feed
Zone 5 fish meal 96.2 1.6
Zone 6 Exam le 87.4 7.3
1
Zone 7 Exam le 88.7 5.5
3
As will be apparent from Table 5, in comparison with the control
zone in which no defatted soybean lees were added, the zone using the
minced krill (Example 1 ) and the zone using the krill enzyme liquid
(Example 3) are more effective in increasing weight (growth). Also,
these two zones are more effective than the krill meal zone (zone 9) in
which only krill meal was added. Thus, it was confirmed that
processing the defatted soybean lees was effective. Further, it was
confirmed that fish growth was inferior in the zone using commercially
available cellulase (commercial enzyme zone). In other words, the
necessity of aging the defatted soybean lees with krill was found.
There was a negative correlation between free amino acids I Total
amino acids in the feed (%) and feed consumption rate(%).
Test example 1
Effects of protease inhibitors on krill eznymes
In this test example, Summer krill which was caught in February
2002 and Winter krill which was caught in May 2002 were used.
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Solutions (12%w/v) of soybean flour and glair power were
prepared. To 3.0 mL of the squeezed krill liquid of Summer krill and
Winter krill, 0.1 mL of water, soybean flour solution, soybean milk and
glair solution was added respectively. The concentration of soybean
flour or glaire was 0.4% in solid. Protease activities and glycosidase
activities were measured of these squeezed krill liquid. These activities
were compared with the value of control, wherein the activity (measured
by the increase of Absorbance) of control was 1.
As shown in Fig.1, soybean flour, soybean milk and glair inhibited
the protease of krill, however they did not inhibit the gfycosidase of krill.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present invention is able to provide a raw material for animal
feed using vegetable protein, which can increase digestibility of the
vegetable protein and develop an effect of inducing eating activities of
animals.
Also, the present invention is able to provide animal feed using
the raw material for animal feed as a raw material, which can noticeably
reduce a proportion of an animal protein raw material used in the feed.
