Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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FLASHTOASTER FOR READING SEVERAL TYPES OF FLASH MEMORY
CARDS WITH OR WITHOUT A PC
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to flash-memory readers, and more particularly for
interfacing several different types of flash-memory cards to a personal
computex.
BACKGROUND OF THE I1WENTIO1V
Digital cameras have become one of the most popular of electronic devices. In
a
recent year, more digital cameras were sold than traditional film cameras.
Images from
digital cameras can be downloaded and stored on personal computers. Digital
pictures
can be converted to common formats such as JPEG and sent as e-mail attachments
or
1o posted to virtual photo albums on the Internet. Vide as well as still
images can be
captured, depending on the kind of digital camera.
Digital cameras typically capture images electronically and ultimately store
the
images as bits (ones and zeros) on a solid-state memory. Flash memory is the
most
common storage for digital cameras. Flash memory contains one or more
electrically-
15 erasable read-only-memory (EEPROM) integrated circuit chips that allow
reading,
writing, and block erasing.
Early digital cameras required the user to download or transfer the images
from
the flash memory within the digital camera to a personal computer (PC). A
standard
serial cable was most widely used. However, the limited transfer rate of the
serial cable
2o and the large size of the digital images made such serial downloads a
patience-building
experience. Serial downloads could easily take half an hour for only a few
dozen images.
Digital camera manufacturers solved this problem by placing the flash memory
chips on a small removable card. The flash-memory card could then be removed
from the
digital camera, much as filin is removed from a standard camera. The flash-
memory card
25 could then be inserted into an appropriate slot in a PC, and the image
files directly copied
to the PC.
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Figure lA shows a flash memory card and adapter for transferring images from a
digital camera to a PC. A user takes pictures with digital camera 14 that are
stored in
image files on flash memory chip(s). The flash memory chip is contained in
CompactFlash card 16, which can be removed from digital camera 14 by pressing
a card-
eject button. Thus CompactFlash card 16 contains the image files.
While some smaller hand-held computers or personal-digital-assistants (PDA)
have slots that receive CompactFlash cards, most PC's do not. Laptop or
notebook PC's
have PC-card (earlier known as PCMCIA, Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association) slots that can receive PCMCIA cards. Many functions
have
1 o been placed on PCMCIA cards, such as modems, Ethernet, flash memory,
encryption
keys, and even rriiniature hard drives.
CF-to-PCMCIA adapter Z O is a passive adapter that contains an opening that
receives CompactFlash card 16. Figure 1B shows CF-to-PCMCIA adapter 10 with
CompactFlash card 16 inserted. Such CF-to-PCMCIA adapters 10 sell for as
little as $5-
15 10. CompactFlash is a trademark of SanDisk Corp. of Sunnyvale, California.
Figure 1 C shows a PC connected to a PCMCIA reader. Most laptop and notebook
PC's contain one or two PCMCIA slots 22 that CF-to-PCMCIA adapter 10 can fit
into.
Then the user merely has to copy the image files from CompactFlash card 16 to
the hard
disk of PC 20. Since high-speed parallel buses are used, transfer is rapid,
about the same
2o speed as accessing the hard disk. Thus a half hour serial-cable transfer
can be reduced to
less than a minute with the $5 CF-to-PCMCIA adapter.
Desktop PC's usually do not have PCMCIA slots. Then PCMCIA reader 12 can
be used. PCMCIA reader 12 accepts CF-to-PCMCIA adapter 10 and connects to PC
20
through a parallel or high-speed Universal Serial Bus (USB) cable.
Multiple Flash-Card Formats
Although the CompactFlash card format is relatively small, being not much more
than an inch square, other smaller cards have recently emerged. Figure 2A
illustrates
various formats of flash--memory cards used with digital cameras. Many digital
cameras
3o still use CompactFlash card 16, which can be inserted into CF-to-PCMCIA
adapter 10
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for transfer to a PC. Other smaller, thinner formats have emerged and are used
with some
manufacturer's digital cameras. For example, SmartMedia card 24 is less than
half an
inch long, yet has enough flash memory capacity for dozens of images.
SmartMedia to-
PCMCIA adapter 10' is available commercially for about $60. The higher cost is
believed to be due to a converter chip within adapter 10' . Also, different
adapters 10' ar-e
required for different memory capacities of SmartMedia card 24. SmartMaiia is
a
trademark of the SSFDC Forum of Tokyo, Japan.
Other kinds of flash-memory cards that are being championed by different
manufacturers include MultiMediaCard (IVflVIC) 28 and the related Secure
Digital Card
(SD) 26. MMC is a trademark of SanDisk Corp. of Sunnyvale, California while SD
is
controlled by the SD Group that includes Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.,
SanDisk
Corporation, Toshiba Corp. Another emerging form factor from SONY is Memory
Stick
18. Memory Stick has a PCMCIA/Floppy adapter while MMC has a floppy adapter.
The different physical shapes and pin arrangements of cards 24, 26, 28 and
Memory Stick 18 prevent their use in CF-to-PCMCIA adapter 10, Indeed, most of
these
cards 24, 26, 28 have less than a dozen pins, while CompactFlash card 16 has a
larger 50-
pin interface. Furthermore, serial data interfaces are used in the smaller
cards 24, 26, 28
while a parallel data bus is used with CompactFlash card 16.
Figure 2B shows a Memory Stick-to-PCMCIA adapter using an active converter
2o chip. Memory Stick 18 fits into an opening in Memory Stick-to-PCMCIA
adapter 15,
allowing adapter 15 and the Memory Stick to be plugged into a standard PCMCIA
slot
on a PC. However, adapter 15 has an integrated circuit (IC) converter chip 11
within it.
Converter chip 11 may be needed to convert the serial data format of Memory
Stick 18 to
the parallel data format of a 68-pin PCMCIA slot. Inclusion of converter chip
11 in
adapter 15 significantly increases the cost and complexity of adapter 15
compared to CF-
to-PCMCIA adapter 10 which is a passive adapter without a converter chip.
While the advances in flash-memory card technology are useful, the many
different card formats present a confusing array of interface requirements to
a PC.
Different adapters are needed for each of the card formats. PCMCIA card reader
12 can
be replaced with other format readers, such as a SmartMedia Card reader, and
even some
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multi-standard readers are available, such as a universal reader from hexar
Media that
reads CompactFlash or Smai kMedia in addition to PCMCIA.
What is desired is a universal adapter for flash-memory cards of several
different
formats. An adapter that accepts SmartMedia, MultiMediaCard, Secure Digital,
and
Memory Stick cards is desired. A flash-card reader with a single slot that
accepts any
format card using the adapter is desired. Special detection logic on the flash
reader is
desired to distinguish between the many flash-card formats is desirable. A low-
cost
passive adapter is desired that does not need an expensive converter chip. A
multi-format
reader is desired for a PC. A stand-alone flash reader is desired that can
copy image files
Io from flash cards without a PC is also desired.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
w,
A single-slot mufti-flash-card reader has a personal computer interface for
transferring data to a.personal computer. A converter means is coupled to the
personal
15 computer interface. It converts multiple flash-card interfaces to a format
used by the
personal computer interface. The multiple flash-card interfaces include a
CompactFlash
interface and smaller interfaces having fewer pins that the CompactFlash
interface.
A CompactFlash connector is coupled to the converter means. It receives a
CompactFlash card through a single slot in the single-slot mufti-flash-card
reader. The
20 CompactFlash connector makes electrical connection with the CompactFlash
card for
signals in the CompactFlash interface.
An adapter has a physical shape to removably insert into the CompactFlash
connector. The adapter has a mating CompactFlash connector that fits the
CompactFlash
connector. The adapter also has a smaller connector. The smaller connector
fits to other
25 flash-memory cards having the smaller interfaces.
A wiring means in the adapter connects between the smaller connector and the
mating CompactFlash connector. It directly connects signals from the smaller
connector
in the smaller interface with signals in the mating CompactFlash connector.
Thus the
adapter allows the other flash-memory cards having the smaller interfaces to
fit into the
3o CompactFlash connector through the single slot to be read by the converter
means.
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In further aspects the wiring means connects card select signals from all of
the
smaller interfaces to card select signals in the CompactFlash connector. The
converter
means includes a card-detect means that is coupled to sense the card select
signals. It
detects presence of a flash-memory card inserted into the CompactFlash
connector. Thus
the converter means detects presence of CompactFlash and the other flash-
memory cards
having the smaller interfaces.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure lA shows a flash memory card and adapter for transferring images from a
to digital camera to a PC.
Figure 1B shows CF-to-PCMCIA adapter 10 with CompactFlash card 16
inserted.
Figure 1 C shows a PC connected to a PCMCIA reader.
Figure 2A illustrates various formats of flash-memory cards used with digital
15 cameras.
Figure 2B shows a Memory Stick-to-PCMCIA adapter using an active converter
chip.
Figure 3A shows a universal CompactFlash adapter that accepts SmartlVledia,
MultiMediaCard, Secure Digital, and Memory Stick flash-memory cards.
2o Figure 3B shows a CompactFlash reader that reads SmartMedia,
MultiMediaCard, Secure Digital, and Memory Stick flash-memory cards through
passive
adapters to the CompactFlash form factor.
Figures 4A-E show card-type detection using the Al, AO pins of the
CompactFlash reader interface.
25 Figure 5 is a table of pin mappings for the SmartMedia, MMC/SD, and Memory
Stick to CompactFlash adapters.
Figure 6 is a diagram of a mufti-slot embodiment of the flash-card reader.
Figure 7 shows a flash-memory reader within a PC.
Figure 8 shows a PC chassis with a flash-card reader in one of the drive bays.
3o Figure 9 is a diagram of a stand-alone Flasli Toaster that accepts several
formats
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of flash-memory cards and can copy images to a removable disk without being
connected
to a host PC.
Figure 10 is a diagram of the converter chip for the flash-memory reader.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention relates to an improvement in flash-memory card readers.
The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the
art to make
and use the invention as provided in the context of a particular application
and its
requirements. Various modifications to the preferred embodiment will be
apparent to
1o those with skill in the art, and the general principles defined herein may
be applied to
other embodiments. Therefore, the present invention is not intended to be
limited to the
particular embodiments shown and described, but is to be accorded'the widest
scope
consistent with the principles and novel features herein disclosed.
The inventors have realized that a universal adapter can be constructed using
the
is CompactFlash card form factor. A reader that reads CompactFlash cards can
then read
any of the other flash-memory cards that plug into the CompactFlash adapter.
The
adapters are simple, inexpensive passive adapters without a conversion chip.
The inventors have found a pin mapping from the smaller flash-card formats to
CompactFlash that allows for easy detection of the type of flash-memory card
inserted
2o into the adapter. Detection of the type of flash-memory card is thus
performed
automatically by electronic detection by the CompactFlash reader. The
CompactFlash
reader is modified to perform this card-type detection. Signal conversion such
as serial-
to-parallel is performed by the CompactFlash reader rather than by the
adapter. Adapter
costs are reduced while CompactFlash reader cost is increased only slightly.
The
25 CompactFlash reader can use a single CompactFlash slot to read multiple
flash-card
types, including SmartMedia, MultiMediaCard, Secure Digital, Memory Stick, and
CompactFlash.
In another embodiment, the CompactFlash reader is somewhat larger, and has
multiple slots. The adapter is not needed in this embodiment. Instead, a slot
is provided
3o for each of the flash-memory card formats - SmartMedia, MultilvlediaCard,
Secure
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Digital, Memory Shick, and CompactFlash. A PCMCIA can also be added. This
CompactFlash reader can be connected to the PC by a USB cable, or it can be
located
within the PC chassis.
In a third embodiment, the CompactFlash reader is a stand-alone device that
can
operate without a PC. A removable disk media such as a R/W CD-ROM is included.
Images from the flash-memory card are copied to the removable disk media by
the
CompactFlash reader. A simple interface is used, such as having the user
presses a button
to initiate image transfer.
to Universal, Passive Adauters - Fibs. 3A-B
Figure 3A shows a universal CompactFlash adapter that accepts SmartMedia,
MultiMediaCard, Secure Digital, and Memory Stick flash-memory cards. Digital
camera
14 stores images on flash memory that is in one of several card types.
CompactFlash card
16 uses a 50-pin connector and transfers image data in a 16-bit parallel
format.
15 SmartMedia card 24 is smaller flash-memory card with a 22-pin interface and
transfers data in an 8-bit parallel format. SmartMedia adapter 30 converts the
22-pin
SmartMedia interface to fit within the 50-pin CompactFlash interface. When
SmartMedia
card 24 is plugged into SmartMedia adapter 30, both can be plugged into a
CompactFlash slot on a CompactFlash reader. Of course, ordinary CompactFlash
readers
2o will not be able to read SmartMedia card 24 since special signal conversion
is required
by the CompactFlash reader.
MultiMediaCard 28 and Secure Digital card 26 are flash-memory cards with
similar 9-pin interfaces. Serial data transfer is used through a single Data
I/O pin.
MMC/SD adapter 32 has an opening with a 9-pin connector to receive either
25 MultiMediaCard 28 or Secure Digital card 26. Once MultiMediaCard 28 or
Secure
Digital card 26 is inserted into MMC/SD adapter 32, then MMC/SD adapter 32 can
be
inserted into a CompactFlash slot on a special CompactFlash reader. The
CompactFlash
reader then detects the card type and performs serial-to-parallel conversion.
Memory Stick 18 is also a flash-memory card with a 9-pin, serial-data
interface,
3o but is narrower and longer than MultiMediaCard 28 or Secure Digital card
26. Memory
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Stick adapter 34 has an opening with a 10-pin connector to receive Memory
Stick 18.
Once Memory Stick 18 is inserted, Memory Stick adapter 32 can itself be
inserted into a
CompactFlash slot on a special CompactFlash reader. The CompactFlash reader
then
detects the card type and performs serial-to-parallel conversion.
Figure 3B shows a CompactFlash reader that reads SmartMedia,
MultiMediaCard, Secure Digital, and Memory Stick flash-memory cards through
passive
adapters to the CompactFlash form factor. CompactFlash reader 42 has an
opening or
slot with SO-pin connector 44 that accepts CompactFlash card 16. Controller
chip 40
performs handshaking with CompactFlash card 16 and performs data transfer.
1o CompactFlash reader 42 also connects to a PC over USB connector 46.
Controller chip
40 also controls the USB interface to the host PC, allowing image files to be
transferred
to the PC from CompactFlash card 16.
Other kinds of flash-memory cards can also be read by CompactFlash reader 42.
For example, adapter 34 allows Memory Stick 18 to be read. Memory Stick
adapter 34
~s has an opening that Memory Stick 18 fits into, while Memory Stick adapter
34 itself fits
into SO-pin connector 44, since adapter 34 has the same form factor as a
CompactFlash
card.
SmarkMedia card 24 can also be read by CompactFlash reader 42, using
SmartMedia adapter 30. Likewise, MultiMediaCard 28 or Secure Digital card 28
can be
2o read using MMC/SD adapter 32.
Adapters 30, 32, 34 are passive adapters that only connect pins from the
smaller
flash-memory cards to the SO-pin CompactFlash connector. An active converter
chip is
not required, greatly reducing cost and complexity.
2s Detection of Card Tyke - Figs. 4A-E.
Figures 4A-E detail detection of the type of flash-memory card by the
CompactFlash reader. Since the same CompactFlash slot is used for many kinds
of flash-
memory cards, a detection method is useful so that the user doesn't have to
explicitly
indicate what type of flash-memory card is inserted into the CompactFlash
reader.
30 The inventors have carefully examined the pins of the interfaces to the
various
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flash-memory cards and have discovered that type-detection can be performed by
examining two address pins. Address pins AO and A1 are the least-significant-
bits (LSB)
of the address of the 50-pin CompactFlash interface. These pins are normally
inputs to
the CompactFlash card and thus are driven by the CompactFlash reader. When the
reader
does not drive A0, A1 to the inserted CompactFlash card, the A0, A1 pins float
or are
pulled high by pullup resistors.
Address pins are not present on the other kinds of flash-memory cards.
Instead,
the address and data are multiplexed. For MMC/SD and Memory Stick, the address
is
sent serially. Using the adapters, pins from the other flash-memory cards can
be
to connected to the CompactFlash pins. Pins AO and A1 are used to detect the
type of card.
For SmartMedia; the addresses are sent by using a special control sequence
followed by
3 or 4 bytes of starting address.
In Figure 4A, the Al, AO pins of the CompactFlash reader interface are
highlighted. Converter chip 40 in the CompactFlash reader normally drives all
11 address
~ 5 pins in the CompactFlash interface when reading a CompactFlash card
plugged into
connector 44. The AO pin from the CompactFlash card plugs into connector cup
56,
while the A1 pin from the CompactFlash card plugs into connector cup 58 of 50-
pin
connector 44.
Card-type detector 50 has two pullup resistors added to lines A0, Al. Resistor
52
2o pulls line AO high to power (Vcc) when neither converter chip 40 nor a card
plugged into
connector 44 drives line A0. Likewise, resistor 54 pulls line A1 high when
line A1 is not
being actively driven. During detection mode, converter chip 40 is programmed
to not
drive lines A0, A1 and.instead use then as inputs to the detector logic.
In Figure 4B, a CompactFlash card is inserted into the connector for card-type
25 detection. CompactFlash card 16 is plugged into connector 44. Since AO and
A1 are
inputs to CompactFlash card 16, they are not driven by CompactFlash card 16.
During
detection mode, converter chip 40 also does not drive pins A0, A1. Thus lines
A0, A1 are
left floating and are each pulled high by resistors 52, 54.
Detection logic in converter chip 40 reads card-select pins CDO, CDl to detect
3o the presence of a flash-memory card. When a new card is present, detection
logic then
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reads pins A0, AI as inputs. Both inputs are high. The detection logic in
converter chip
40 recognizes the HH state of A0, AZ as indicating that a CompactFlash card is
plugged
into connector 44. Converter chip 40 then exits detection mode and configures
its
interface to connector 44 for the SO-pin CompactFlash interface as shown Iater
in Figure
S.
In Figure 4C, a MultiMediaCard or Secure Digital card is inserted into the
connector for card-type detection. MMC/SD card 28 (not shown) is plugged into
MMC/SD adapter 32 which is plugged into connector 44.
Converter chip 40 does not drive pins A1, AO during detection mode. Thus pin
1o A1 floats and is pulled high by resistor 54. The AO pin is driven low by
the MMC card.
Detection logic in converter chip 40 reads card-select pins CDO, CD 1 to
detect
the presence of a flash-memory card. When a new card is present, detection
logic then
reads pins A0, A1 as inputs. While AO is low, A1 is high. The detection logic
in
converter chip 40 recognizes the LH state of A0, Al as indicating that a MMC
or SD
card is plugged into connector 44. Converter chip 40 then exits detection mode
and
configures its interface to connector 44 for the 9-pin MMC/SD interface as
shown later in
Figure S.
In Figure 4D, a SmartMedia card is inserted into the connector for card-type
detection. SmartlVIedia card 24 (not shown) is plugged into SmartMedia adapter
30
2o which is plugged into connector 44. The adapter 30 does not connect pins
A0, A1 from
the CompactFlash interface to any pins on the SmartMedia card. Adapter 30
internally
connects pin A1 from the CompactFlash interface to the ground pin on the
CompactFlash
interface.
The SmartMedia card does not drive either pin Al, A0, although adapter 30
2s drives pin Al low. Likewise, converter chip 40 does not drive pins Al, AO
during
detection mode. Pin AO floats and is pulled high by resistor 52.
Detection logic in converter chip 40 reads card-select pins CDO, CDl to detect
the presence of a flash-memory card. When a new card is present, detection
logic then
reads pins A0, A1 as inputs. While AO is high, A1 is low. The detection logic
in
3o converter chip 40 recognizes the HL state of A0, A1 as indicating that a
SmattMedia card
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11
is plugged into connector 44. Converter chip 40 then exits detection mode and
configures
its interface to connector 44 for the 22-pin SmartMedia interface as shown
later in Figure
5.
In Figure 4E, a Memory Stick card is inserted into the connector fox card-type
detection. Memory Stick card 18 (not shown) is plugged into Memory Stick
adapter 34
which is plugged into connector 44..
Detection logic in converter chip 40 reads card-select pins CDO, CD 1 to
detect
the presence of a flash-memory card. When a new card is present, detection
logic then
reads pins A0, A1 as inputs. Both pins A0, A1 are low. The detection logic in
converter
to chip 40 recognizes the LL state of A0, A1 as indicating that a Memory Stick
card is
plugged into connector 44.
Pin Mapping - Fig. 5
Figure 5 is a table of pin mappings for the SmartMedia, MMC/SD, and Memory
15 Stick to CompactFlash adapters. The pin numbers for the smaller interfaces
for
SmartMedia, MMC/SD, and Memory Stick are not shown but can be in any order or
designation. The adapter connects the proper pin on the smaller interface to
the
CompactFlash pin number shown in Figure S. Simple wiring such as individual
wires,
flat cables, printed-circuit board (PCB), or wiring traces can be used.
20 .The ground pins on the smaller interfaces are connected to CompactFlash
pins 1
and 50. Power pins are connected to CompactFlash pins 13, 38. Pins 25, 26 are
the card
detect signals for CompactFlash, which the adapters connect to the card-detect
signals on
all smaller interfaces.
The CompactFlash connectors use pins 2-6, 21-23, 27-31, and 47-49 for the 16-
2s bit parallel data bus to the CompactFlash card. Pins 8, 10-12, and 14-20
form a separate
11-bit address bus. The separate data and address buses provide for rapid
random
addressing of CompactFlash cards. Other control signals include pins 6, 32
chip enables,
pin 9 output enable, pin 36 write enable, interrupt pin 37, reset pin 41, and
register REG
pin 44. REG pin 44 is the Attribute Memory Select, defined based on the CF
mode of
30 operation, i.e. PCMCIA I/O mode, IDE or PCMC1A Memory Mode.Several pins in
the
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12
50-pin interface are not connected.
The smaller SmartMedia interface also has a parallel data bus of 8 bits. These
are
mapped to pins 2-6, and 2i-23 of the CompactFlash interface to match the
CompactFlash
D0:7 signals. While no separate address bus is provided, address and data are
multiplexed. Control signals for latch enables, write enable and protect,
output enable,
and ready handshake are among the control signals. Output enable -OE and write
enable
-WE are mapped to the same function pins 9, 36 of the CompactFlash interface.
The
total number of pins in the SmartMedia interface is 22.
The Memory Stick and MMC/SD flash-memory-card interfaces are smaller still,
since parallel data or address busses are not present. Instead, serial data
transfers occur
through serial data pin DIO, which is mapped to pin 19 (Al). Data is clocked
in
synchronization to clock SCLK on pin 18. A command signal CMD or BS occupies
pin
(AO). The MMC/SD and Memory Stick interfaces require only 6 pins plus power
anc~~
ground.
15 Detection logic in converter chip 40 reads card-select pins CDO, CDl to
detect
the presence of a flash-memory card. When a new card is present, detection
logic then
reads pins A0, A1 as inputs to determine the card type. The pullup resistors
of Figure 4A
together with wiring inside the adapter and the card's behavior determines
whether A0,
A1 are pulled iow by the adapter or pulled high by the pullup resistors.
Multi-Slot Multi-Flash-Card Reader - Fig. 6
Figure 6 is a diagram of a multi-slot embodiment of the flash-card reader.
While
the single-slot embodiment of Figure 3B results in the smallest physical
design,
somewhat larger flash-card readers can be made that have separate slots for
each type of
flash-memory card, rather than a single slot. This negates the need for the
adapters.
Four connectors are provided in flash reader 42: a 50-pin CompactFlash
connector 62 that fits CompactFlash card 16, a 9 pin MMC/SD connector 64 that
fits
MultiMediaCard 28 or a Secure Digital card, a 22-pin SmartMedia connector 66
that fits
5martMedia card 24, and a 10-pin Memory Stick connector 68 that fits Memory
Stick
18.
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13
Each of the four connectors 62, 64, 66, 68 route their signals to converter
chip 40.
Converter chip 40 detects when a flash-memory card has been inserted into one
of the
connectors 62, 64, 66, 68 and configures itself to read files from the
inserted card using
the pin interface of Figure 5 corresponding to the card type.
Converter chip 40 executes various routines to perform handshaking with the .
flash-memory cards and accept data, either serially or in parallel. The data
is buffered
and then sent to the host PC 20 through USB connector 46. Converter chip 40
generates
the appropriate USB-interface signals to transfer the data to host PC 20.
Having separate connectors 62, 64, 66, 68 with separate slots in flash reader
42
to allows for card-to-card transfers. For example, images or other files from
Memory Stick
18 could be transferred to CompactFlash card 16 by converter chip 40 reading
serial data
from Memory Stick inserted into connector 68, converting to parallel, and
writing to
connector 62 and CompactFlash card 16. Each of the flash-memory cards in
connectors
62, 64, 66, 68 can be assigned a different drive letter by the operating
system, such as e:,
15 f , g:, and h:.
In this embodiment, flash reader 42 is contained in an external housing that
connects to host PC 20 through a USB cable. Of course, other cables and
interfaces such
as IEEE 1394 FireWire may be substituted.
2o Flash Reader Within PC - Fib. 7
Figure 7 shows a flash-memory reader within a PC. Four slots and four
connectors are provided in flash reader 42. A 50-pin CompactFlash connector 62
fits
CompactFlash card 16, a 9-pin MMC/SD connector 64 fits MultiMediaCard 28 or a
Secure Digital card, a 22-pin SinartMedia connector 66 fits SmartMedia card
24, and a
z5 10-pin Memory Stick connector 68 fits Memory Stick 18.
Each of the four connectors 62, 64, 66, 68 route their signals to converter
chip 40.
Converter chip 40 detects when a flash-memory card has been inserted into one
of the
connectors 62, 64, 66, 68 and configures itself to read files from the
inserted card using
the pin interface of Figure 5 corresponding to the card type. Each of the
flash-memory
30 cards in connectors 62, 64, 66, 68 can be assigned a different drive letter
by the operating
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14
system, such as e:, f.-, g:, and h:.
Converter chip 40 executes various routines to perform handshaking with the
flash-memory cards and accept data, either serially or in parallel. The data
is buffered
and then sent to the CPU 21 in PC 20 through an internal USB bus. Converter
chip 40
generates the appropriate USB-interface signals to transfer the data to CPU
21.
Figure 8 shows a PC chassis with a flash-card reader in one of the drive bays.
PC
20 is enclosed by a chassis or case that bas several drive bays allowing the
user or
manufacturer to insert peripherals such as hard and floppy disk drives, CD-ROM
and
DVD drives, and tape drives. HDD bay 72 contains a hard-disk drive, while FDD
bay 74
1o contains a floppy disk drive. These are connected by cables to cards
inserted into a USB,
ATA, or other expansion bus connectors on the motherboard.
Flash reader 42 is inserted into one of the drive bays. The four slots face
forward,
allowing the user to insert flash-memory cards into flash reader 42 much as a
floppy disk'
is inserted into the floppy-disk drive in FDD bay 74.
~ 5 Flash reader 42 can be installed by the user from a kit purchased at a
store, or it
can be pre-installed by an original-equipment manufacturer (OEM) or retailer.
The user
can easily transfer digital images from a digital camera, regardless of the
type of flash-
card used by the camera, due to the many different formats of flash-memory
cards read
by flash reader 42.
FlashToaster - Fig. 9
Figure 9 is a diagram of a stand-alone FlashToaster that accepts several
formats
of flash-memory cards and can copy images to a removable disk without being
connected
to a host PC. Digital photographers may not always have their PC's nearby.
While extra
2s flash-memory cards can be purchased and swapped in the digital camera,
these flash-
memory cards are somewhat expensive, especially when many high-resolution
images
are captured. Especially during a long trip away from the PC, the user may be
limited by
the capacity of the flash-memory cards.
FlashToaster 80 has four slots and four connectors are provided in
FlashToaster
80. A 50-pin CompactFlash connector 62 fits CornpactFlash card 16, a 9-pin
MMC/SD
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connector 64 fits MultiMediaCard 28 or a Secure Digital card, a 22-pin
SmartMedia
connector 66 fits SmartMedia card 24, and a 10-pin Memory Stick connector 68
fits
Memory Stick 18.
Each of the four connectors 62, 64, 66, 68 route their signals to converter
chip 40.
Converter chip 40 detects when a flash-memory card has been inserted into one
of the
connectors 62, 64, 66, 68 by sensing card select lines CDO, CD1 and configures
itself to
read files from the inserted card using the pin interface of Figure S
corresponding to the
card type.
Converter chip 40 executes various routines to perform handshaking with the
10 flash-memory cards and accept data, either serially or in parallel. The
data is buffered
and then sent either to host PC 20 through USB connector 46 or to removable
muss
storage 70. Converter chip 40 generates the appropriate USB-interface signals
to transfer
the data to host PC 20. Converter chip 40 also generates the control signals
for
removable mass storage 70, allowing the image data read from the flash-memory
card to
15 be written to removable disk 76. Removable disk 76 could be a standard or a
high-
density floppy diskette, a tape drive, a writeable CD-R/W disk, or other
proprietary
media such as LS 120 by Imation of Oakdale, Minnesota, or ZIP drives by Iomega
Corp.
of Roy, UT.
Each of the flash-memory cards in connectors 62, 64, 66, 68 can be assigned a
2o different drive letter by the operating system, such as e:, f , g:, and h:.
Removable mass
stoxage 70 can also be signed a drive letter.
When FlashToaster 80 is not attached to host PC 20, image files may still be
copied to removable mass storage 70. FlashToaster 80 may be carried along on a
trip by
the user, allowing the user to download image files to removable disk 76.
Since
removable disk 76 ordinarily has a much higher capacity than the flash-memory
cards,
many pictures may be captured when no access to host PC 20 is available.
FlashToaster
80 can be provided with battery power or with its own AC converter.
FlashToaster 80 is provided with a simple user interface, including light-
emitting
diode LED 78 and button 79. When the user inserts a flash-memory card into one
of
3o connectors 62, 64, 66, 68, and removable disk 76 is inserted into removable
mass storage
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70, the user presses button 79. This activates controller chip 40, which
determines which
of connectors 62, 64, 66, 68 has a memory card inserted, and copies the image
files to
removable mass storage 70. LED 78 can be programmed to blink during the
copying
process, and remain Iit when the copying is complete, or vice-versa. This
provides a
simple visual indication to the user of the copying progress. Errofs can be
indicated with
additional LED indicator lamps, or other blinking arrangements or colors.
Converter Chip - Fig. 10
Figure 10 is a diagram of the converter chip for the flash-memory reader.
1o Converter chip 40 can be implemented as a commercially-available micro-
controller chip
that is programmed to read and write Il0 pins that are connected to the flash-
memory-
card connectors and USB interface. Several different control and transfer
routines are
written and progranuned into RAM/ROM 94. CPU 92 then executes these routines.
A
high-level scanning routine can sense when a flash-memory card is inserted.
CPU 92 can
15 then begin execution of another routine specific to that type of flash-
memory card.
Transfer and handshake sub-routines can then be called.
General-purpose input-output GPIO 99 provides registers or I/O ports that
drive
external I/O pins of converter chip 40, or read the logic-levels or voltages
on input pins
to converter chip 40. CPU 92 can read registers in GPIO 99 that are written by
control
2o signals that are coupled to I/O pins of converter chip 40 from connectors
62, 64, 66, 68.
Control signals to the flash-memory cards can be switched high or low by
writing a 1 or
a 0 to a register for that control signal in GPIO 99.
Timers 96 are useful for asserting control signals for a required amount of
time.
For example, a control signal may need to be asserted for a specified number
of
25 microseconds. CPU 92 can write a 1 to a register in GPIO 99 and start a
timer in timers
96. Timer 6 can sent an interrupt to CPU 96 when the specified time has
elapsed, or CPU
92 can continuously or periodically poll timers 96 to determine when the
specified time
has elapsed. Then CPU 92 can write a 0 to the register in GPIO 99, causing the
control
signal to transition from 1 to 0.
3o Shifter 98 is connected to the data and clock signals from connectors 64,
68.
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When data is read from the flash-memory card, a clock is pulsed to synchronize
the data
transfer. Shifter 98 clocks in one bit (serial) or word (parallel) of data for
each clock
pulse. A cyclical-redundancy-check (CRC) can be performed on the data to
detect errors.
CPU 92 can request re-transmission of data from the.flash-memory card when an
error is
detected.
Data read by shifter 98 can be sent over internal bus 90 to be stored in a
buffer in
RAM1ROM 94. Later, CPU 92 can execute a routine to transfer this data from
RAM/ROM 94 to USB interface 100. USB interface 100 then transmits the data
over an
external USB link to a host PC. When a removable mass storage is present, some
of the
to UO pins from GPIO 99 can connect to the removable mass storage, or a
separate disk
controller can be included on controller chip 40.
ADVANTAGES OF TAE INVENTION
A universal adapter for flash-memory cards accepts cards of several different
15 formats. The adapter accepts SmartMedia, MultiMediaCard, Secure Digital,
and Memory
Stick cards. The flash-card reader with a single slot accepts any format card
using the
adapter. Special detection logic on the flash reader distinguishes between the
many flash-
card formats. The low-cost passive adapter does not need an expensive
converter chip. A
mufti-format reader is ideal for use with a PC. However, a stand-alone flash
reader can
2o copy image files from flash cards without a PC. Additionally, preparation
of media for
use in devices (format and erase operations) can be done using this reader.
A universal adapter is constructed using the CompactFlash card form factor. A
reader that reads CompactFlash cards can then read any of the other
flash=memory cards
that plug into the CompactFlash adapter. The adapters are simple, inexpensive
passive
2s adapters without a conversion chip.
The disclosed pin mapping from the smaller flash-card formats to CompactFlash
allows for easy detection of the type of flash-memory card inserted into the
adapter.
Detection of the type of flash-memory card is thus performed automatically by
electronic
detection by the CompactFlash reader. The CompactFlash reader is modified to
perform
3o this card-type detection. Signal conversion such as serial-to-parallel is
performed by the
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CompactFlash reader rather than by the adapter. Adapter costs are reduced
while
CompactFlash reader cost is increased only slightly. The CompactFlash reader
can use a
single CompactFlash slot to read multiple flash-card types, including
SmattMedia,
MultiMediaCard, Secure Digital, Memory Stick, and CompactFlash.
ALTERNATE EMBOD)aVVIENTS
Several other embodiments are contemplated by the inventors. Different flash-
card formats can be supported such as Smart Cards, and more or less than the
four slots
shown in the mufti-card flash reader can be included. Other adapters can be
used for
1o newer flash formats fox the single-slot CompactFlash reader. Any device
that needs
Control Bus, Clock, Data Bus and Address Bus can be designed to fit into this
slot.
Examples of such devitces include (but are not limited to) DSL Modhms;
Fingerprint
security devices, Miniature Hard disks, etc.
While the invention has been described as connecting to a personal computer PC
1s host, the host may also be an Apple computer such as the iMAC or G3. The
host may
also be a SUN computer, or any host computer using USB or 1DE interfaces. The
invention can also apply to Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) such as by Palm
Computer or other handheld appliances, such as a Cell phone with USB
capability.
The term "CompactFlash reader" has been used for simplicity, since digital
2o images are often read from the flash-memory card and then written to the
PC. However,
the CompactFlash readex is capable of reading files from the PC or from
another flash-
memory card and writing the file to the flash-memory card. Thus the
CompactFlash
reader is really a reader/writer.
In another embodiment, the CompactFlash reader is somewhat larger, and has
2s multiple slots. The adapter is not needed in this embodiment. Instead, a
slot is provided
for each of the flash-memory card formats - SmartMedia, MultiMediaCard, Secure
Digital, Memory Stick, and CompactFlash. A PCMCIA slot can also be added. This
CompactFlash reader can be connected to t<he PC by a USB cable, or it can be
located
within the PC chassis.
3o In a third embodiment, the CompactFlash reader is a stand-alone device that
can
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operate without a PC. A removable disk media such as a R/W CD-ROM is included.
Images from the flash-memory card are copied to the removable disk media by
the
CompactFlash reader. A simple interface is used, such as having the user
presses a button
to initiate image transfer.
The foregoing description of the embodiments of the invention has been
presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended
to be
exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many
modifications
and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended
that the scope of
the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the
claims
to appended hereto.
