Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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METHOD FOR PREPARING A BUILDING MATERIAL COMPRISING SLAG
The present invention relates to a method for
preparing a building material. In addition, the invention
relates to the building material, obtainable by said method.
The invention further relates to a binder composition for
preparing a building material.
Cement is a so-called hydraulic binder material that
is widely used in the preparation of building materials. A
particular popular and well known variety of cement is
Portland cement. Portland cement is used in many applications
such as mortar, concrete, and other building materials such
as building blocks. Portland cement is produced by
pulverizing clinker to a specific area of generally about
3000 to 5000 cm2/g. Clinker is created in a cement kiln at
elevated temperatures from ingredients such as limestone,
sand clay and fly ash. The cement kiln dehydrates and
calcines the raw materials and produces a clinker composition
comprised of'tricalcium silicate (3CaO-SiO2), dicalcium
silicate (2CaO-Si02), tricalcium aluminate (3CaO-A12O3) and
tetracalcium aluminoferrite (4CaO-Al203-Fe203) . The resulting
clinker is typically ground to form fine dry cement powder.
The finely ground cement generally is mixed with sand, coarse
aggregate and water to produce mortars and concrete.
optionally, additives, such as plasticizers, may be added.
it is known to replace part of the Portland cement by
slag material, such as granulated blast furnace slag. Blast
furnace slag is a non-metallic product produced in the
process of iron production. Blast furnace slag consists
primarily of silicates, aluminosilicates, and calcium-
alumina-silicates. Different forms of slag product are
produced depending on the method used to cool the molten
slag. These products include air-cooled blast furnace slag,
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expanded or foamed slag, pelletized slag and granulated blast
furnace slag.
Granulated blast furnace slag is the glassy granular
material, formed when molten iron blast furnace slag is
rapidly chilled (quenched) by immersion in water. It is a
granular product with very limited crystal formation. This
type of slag consists primarily of silica (Si02) and alumina
(A1203) combined with calcium and magnesium oxides (CaO and
MgO).
As mentioned above, ground granulated blast furnace
slag is a cementitious material and has been used as a
partial substitute for (Portland) cement. Post-processing
blast-furnace slag to produce slag containing cement diverts
it from the solid waste stream and creates a valuable
product: it can substitute for a portion of Portland cement
in concrete (usually from 20-80 depending on the
application), improving strength and durability. Utilization
of slag cement not only lessens the burden on landfills, it
also reduces air emissions at steel plants through the
granulation process (as compared to the traditional air
cooling process). In addition, by using alternative
cementitious materials like slag cement to partially replace
portland cement, the production of carbon dioxide, as well as
the energy use is significantly reduced.
Ground granulated blast furnace slag is only
"latently" hydraulic, i.e. it does not bind automatically
after admixture with water. Thus, it requires the presence of
an activator to initiate the hydration process. Currently,
one of the most used activators is Portland cement. When
using Portland cement, however, relatively large amounts of
Ca(OH)2 are generated, which is an unstable and aggressive
compound which causes many problems such as carbonation and
resultant cracking of the concrete. Furthermore, concrete
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that has been produced with Portland cement will desintegrate
at high temperatures (above 500 C) as a consequence of the
decomposition of the excess Ca(OH)2 to CaO and H2O, causing
cracks and increased porosity.
Due to the important role of cement, concrete and
concrete-like products in the engineering and construction
industry, there is a continued need for improvements in the
preparation and composition of cement and concrete. In
particular, there is an ongoing search for cost-effective
ways to prepare binder materials having improved binding
properties for preparing stronger building materials.
The object of the present invention is to provide
such cost-effective method for preparing a building material
having improved properties.
This is achieved by the invention by providing a
method comprising of mixing an aggregate material, water and
a hydraulic binder material and one or more hydraulic
activators and allowing the building material to harden,
wherein the hydraulic binder material consists of slag
material.
According to the present invention, slag material is
used as the only hydraulic binder material, thus providing a
cost-effective cement composition for use in making building
materials.
The chemical and mineral composition of slag
material, such as granulated blast furnace slags
significantly differs from Portland cement, greatly
influencing the reactivity and microstructure of the hardened
cement and concrete. Thus, the building materials prepared
with the method according to the invention exhibit improved
properties in terms of water impermeability, tensile
strength, compressive strength, and resistance to attack by
acidic or salt water, sulphates, nitrogen and other chemicals
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and extreme and rapid temperature fluctuations. In addition,
skrinkage and crack formation of the building materials are
reduced as compared to building materials based on
conventional (Portland) cement.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention,
the slag material used is ground to a specific area of
approximately 3000-5000 cm2/g. That is, the slag material
used is ground to a fineness which is comparable to that of
Portland cement, approximately 3500 cm2/g. In contrast, prior
to the invention slag material generally was ground to
specific areas of at least 5000 cm2/g or more (up to 7000-
9000 cm2/g), contributing to much higher manufacturing costs.
According to the method of the invention, any
industrial slag material may be used as the hydraulic binder
material, in particular neutral or alkaline slags. Although
the slag material may vary in chemical and mineral
composition, a suitable cement composition can be made
irrespective of the type of slag or the age thereof when
slags are used wherein the ratio A1203/Si02 ranges from 0.1 to
0.6. Moreover, according to the present invention, relatively
"low-quality", and thus relatively inexpensive, slags may be
used wherein the ratio A1203/Si02 ranges from 0.1 to 0.3, due
to the strong binding capacity of the activated slags.
According to a further embodiment of the the
invention, slag material preferably is used wherein the ratio
CaO/Si02 ranges from 0.25-2.0, preferably 0.5-2Ø
Preferably, the slag material consists of ground
granulated blast furnace slag derived from iron production,
or slags derived from steel production or steel refinement.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention,
amorphous or glassy blast furnace slag is used. However, in
order to enhance the formation of crystals during hardening
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of the material ground slags comprising a crystalline phase
of 5-40% may be added.
In order to activate the latently hydraulic slags one
or more activators are added. Although a number of factors
5 influence the hydraulic activity of granulated blast furnace
slag, including chemical composition, glass content and
fineness, it has been found according to the present
invention that several types of slags can be activated by
using one or more alkaline activators. The activators used
preferably comprise alkali metals and/or solutions thereof,
such as sodium or potassium hydroxides, silicates and/or
carbonates or solutions thereof. By using a combination of
these alkaline activators a strongly alkaline mixture is
formed. Due to the low solubility of Ca(OH)2 in such strong
alkaline mixture, during hardening of the cement in
particular silicates and aluminosilicates are formed, which
contribute to the excellent properties of the building
material of the invention. For example, due to the remarkable
density and tensile strenght of the building material steel
reinforcement may even become unnecesary.
According to a preferred embodiment of the method of
the invention the activators consist of a mixture of at least
two of sodium hydroxide, waterglass and sodium metasilicate
and/or a solution thereof. Preferably, the activator consists
of a mixture of sodium hydroxide, waterglass and sodium
metasilicate and/or a solution thereof. According to the
present invention, it has been found that these activators
synergistically improve the binding capacity of the binder
material. That is, the individual activators cooperatively
enhance the binding capacity of the binder material.
Preferably waterglass is used wherein the ratio of
sodium:silicium is 1:1.5, preferably 1:1.2. Thus a binder
composition is obtained which binds within 30-45 minutes.
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Aggregates are inert granular materials, such as
sand, gravel and crushed stone which form an essential
ingredient in concrete. An additional advantage of the method
according to the present invention is the possibility of
using local and relatively cheap sand and other aggregates
due to the strong binding capacities of the cement
composition based on the activated slag material. Thus,
according to the invention abundant materials such as desert
sand, (polluted river and harbour) river sludge, unwashed sea
sand, (industrial) waste materials such as fly ash, and
ground glass may be used in the manufacture of building
materials. In addition, for hydration of the cement even salt
water may be used. The present invention thus provides a
highly cost-effective method for preparing a building
material by using slag material and other materials which
previously were to be considered as useless and/or waste
material.
Specific properties of the building material may be
improved by the addition of additives. Such additives (or
chemical admixtures) are the ingredients in concrete other
than the hydraulic binder material, water and aggregate that
are added to the concrete mix immediately before or during
mixing. They are mainly used to modify the properties of
hardened concrete and to ensure the quality of concrete
during mixing, transporting, placing and curing. Special
additives include plasticizers, shrinkage reducing admixtures
and alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors. The shrinkage
reducing admixtures control drying shrinkage and minimize
cracking.
According to a preferred embodiment'of the present
invention the water impermeability of the building material
is enhanced by admixing bivalent iron to the concrete mix.
The iron is oxidized into an alkaline medium by oxygen in the
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air. In a further preferred embodiment an additional
oxidative compound is added, such as potassium dichromate in
order to reduce shrinkage and minimize cracking.
Conventional supplementary cementing materials
contributing to the properties of hardened building material
through hydraulic or pozzolanic acitivity, such as natural
pozzolans and fly ash, may further also be used in the
building material according to the present invention.
The present invention further relates to a building
material obtainable with the method as described above.
In its simplest form building materials such as concrete are
a mixture of sand and other aggregate material, water and a
binder material, such as cement. The binder material when
mixed with water forms a pasty binder composition which coats
the surface of the sand and coarse aggregates. Through
hydration the binder paste hardens and gains strength to form
the rock-like mass known as concrete. The character of the
concrete is determined by the quality of the binder material.
The invention further relates to a hydraulic binder
composition for preparing a building material, as described
above. In particular, the invention relates to a binder
material consisting of slag material and one or more
activators. According to the invention the binder material
can be prepared from readily available materials anywhere in
the world. The hydraulic binder material binds when mixed
with a variety of other materials, such as desert sand, and
water. The binding process results in building materials with
remarkable properties, i.e. having a very high strength,
density, hardness, heat resistance, impermeability etc.,
which will be clear from the following examples which are
merely illustrative and not intended to limit the invention
in any way.
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EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1:
A building material with the following composition was
prepared:
1. 540 kg Basalt 0/2
2. 680 kg Basalt 2/5
3. 630 kg Basalt 5/8
4. 270 kg quartz sand 0/2
5. 320 kg ground slag material (3800 Blaine)
6. 10 kg iron powder
7. 3.2 kg phosphate (soluble P2O5)
8. 2.2 kg borate
9. 205 kg activator
Components 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were mixed for four minutes
until a homogenous mass is obtained. Thereafter the remaining
components 2 and 3 were admixed.
The activator comprises: sodium metasilicate, sodium
hydroxide and water glass.
The used slag material had the following composition:
A1203 10.0%
CaO 40.50
Si02 35.5%
Ti02 0.50
P205 0.010
Na2O 0.4%
MnO 0.3%
MgO 7.0%
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K20 0.7-6
FeO 0.3-0.
CaS 0.70
Sample bodies were prepared and after 28 days the tensile
strength and compressive strength were measured.
Results:
Sample body Tensile strength Compressive strength
1 10.6 N/mm2 97.6 N/mm2
2 10.5 N/mm2 101.2 N/mm2
3 10.3 N/mm2 101.2 N/mm2
EXAMPLE 2
The building material according to the invention (C),
when compared to quality (high-grade) concrete (A) and
granite-monolith (B) has excellent properties in terms of
water permeability. This may be best illustrated by the
following theoretical example. Thus, assuming three
containers (10 x 10 x 10 m) are made, the thickness of the
walls being 20 cm, and assuming that the containers are
filled with water and that loss of water is only possible
through leakage through the walls of the containers the
following results would be obtained.
A: within 100 days the container looses 1,000,000 of water
due to the permeability of the walls (KF=10-6) .
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B: within 20,000 days (approximately 55 years) the container
looses 1,000,000 of water due to the permeability of the
walls K=10-') .
5 C: within 100,000,000 days (around 270,000 years) the
container looses 1,000,000 of water due to the permeability
of the walls (KF=10'12)
EXAMPLE 3
Immersion of the building material of the invention into
various media
A building material comprising of the following components
was prepared:
Industrial ashes comprising heavy metals 1,110 kg
Slag material (3500 Blain) 1,680 kg
"Basaltsplitt" 0,100 kg
"Basaltmehl" 0,050 kg
Activator TK1 0,375 kg
Activator TK2 0,375 kg
sodium metasilicate in solid form 0,115 kg
TK1: 30 units of sodium hydroxide in 200 liters of water,
which is mixed with 100 units of waterglass.
TK2: 100 units sodium metasilicate in 400 units of water.
15 sample bodies sized ca. 4x4x16 cm and 4 sample bodies
sized ca. 4x4x8 cm were prepared. One sample body was
evaluated for both tensile strength: 5.5 N/mm2and
compressive strength: 39.9 N/mm2 prior to immersion.
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During the first test series the reaction of the sample
bodies to various defined aggressive media was evaluated. The
immersion period was set at three months. Once per month the
aggressive solutions and the water of the control series was
changed and the state of the samples visually assessed. The
pH and conductivity of the changed media was measured, and
the "used" solutions were stored to measure the chloride and
sulphate levels.
Media used:
- tap water
- distilled water
- North Sea water
- Waste fluid
- Acid buffered to pH 3.0-3.5
- sulphate solution (10% Na2SO4-solution)
- chalk dissolving carbon dioxide
14 sample bodies of 4 x 4 x 16 cm were tested. The 2 small
sample bodies were used as control series. The 14 sample
bodies were cut into 8 parts of each ca. 4 x 2 x 4 cm, which
were numbered 1-14, measured and weighed. The fragments of
the sample bodies were numbered, e.g. 1/1, 1/2, 1/3...1/8,
measured and weighed, as well. All together, 112 samples were
produced using this methodology.
For every medium, including the control series (tap water) 16
sample bodies were available and immersed in two glass
bottles, per medium.
The sample bodies were immersed for three months using an
immersion temperature of 20 C. The first change of media took
place after one month, the second after two months.
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Results:
After 1 month all sample bodies remained unchanged. However,
on the surface of some of the sample bodies a white or multi-
coloured layer could be observed.
The solutions were partly clear (tap water, distilled water
and buffered acod), slightly coloured (carbon dioxide,
sulphate solution), opaque (sea water) and brown-yellow and
cloudy (waste water).
After the second month again no change could be observed.
Even after the third month, at the end of the immersion, no
visible changes in the sample bodies and the solutions could
be detected.
The measurements of pH values are depecited in Table 1. The
values for each containers and the average values are given.
Table 2 contains the conductivity measurements (DIN 38, 404,
Sec 4) following completion of the immersion process.
The results of the individual sample bodies are listed in
Tables 3-9. The density of the sample bodies prior to the
final evaluation apart from those immersed in sulphate
solution was between 1.96-1.97 kg/dm3. It is significant to
note the noticeably lower level of the density of the sample
bodies placed in sulphate solution, which had an average
value of 1.88 kg/dm3. While the deviation from the standard
of raw densities in every other sample was 0.01-0.02 kg/dm3,
the samples immersed in sulphate solution had 0.45 kg/dm3
deviation.
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It is important to note that the measured raw
densities of the samples immersed in sulphate solution had
raw denities similar to the other samples prior to immersion.
Apparently, a reaction took place during the immersion which
indicates that sulphate has penetrated into the sample bodies
and becomes crystallized.
The average measured compressive strenght of the
samples after the immersion was 44.45 N/mm2. This meets the
standards of samples immersed in tap water. The average
compressive strenght values are lower than thse of the
control series with the exception of the compressive strenght
of samples immersed in sulphate, which have an average value
of 48.10 N/mm2. In summary, following three months of
immersion the sample bodies showed no significant damage.
They remained solid.
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Table 1.
Original After
solution Change 1 Change 2 Change 3
Tap water 8.2 12.2 11.4 11.5
12.2 Av 12.2 11.3 Av 11.3 11.3 Av 11.4
Distilled 6.1 12.1 11.0 11.3
12.1 12.2 11.5 11.2 11.4 11.3
Waste water 8.7 12.2 11.1 10.8
12.1 12.1 10.8 11.0 10.8 10.8
Chalk CO2 6.5 7.0 6.9 7.4
6.9 6.9 7.1 7.0 7.5 7.5
Seawater 7.7 12.4 10.0 9.9
12.4 12.4 10.3 10.2 10.0 10.0
Buffered acid 3.2 12.4 11.8 11.7
12.3 12.3 11.7 11.8 11.6 11.7
Sulfate sol. 7.8 12.8 12.4 12.1
12.7 12.7 12.4 12.4 12.1 12.1
Table 2- Conductivity (DIN 38 404, Section 4)
S/cm Total value Mid-value
Tap water 950/ 880 905
Distilled water 740/ 820 780
Waste Water 1070/ 1050 1060
Chalk CO2 830/ 850 840
Seawater 95400/95600 95500
Buffered Acid 980/ 820 900
Sulfate solution 39500/39500 39500
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Table 3.
Glass 3 Tap water 3/2-10/2
Glass 4 Tap Water 11/2-4/3
1 3/2 40.20 37.90 18.30 54.87 1.97 1523.6 74738.7 49.05 888.51
2 4/2 40.40 37.70 18.20 54.18 1.95 1523.1 59731.4 39.22 889.5:
3 5/2 39.80 37.70 18.40 54.17 1.96 1500.5 66392.0 44.25 890.15
4 6/2 41.00 37.50 18.50 55.42 1.95 1537.5 66079.2 42.98 885.7:
5 7/2 41.00 38.10 18.90 57.81 1.96 1562.1 6910 _.1 44,24 886.8:
812 41.40 37.90 18.80 57.00 1.93 1569.1 67834.0 43.23 844.00
7 9/2 40.50 37.60 Y8.80 56.72 1.98 1522.8 65066.8 42.72 878.51
8 1012 39.80 38.20 18.50 54.52 1.94 1520.4 73060.2 48.05 889.57
Mt11I 40.51 37.82 18.55 55.59 1.96 1532.37 67750.06 44.22 881.61
StA 0.58 0.24 0.26 1.41 0.02 22.91 4706.80 3.11 15.66
VKa 1.44 0.64 1.38 2.53 0.81 1.50 6.95 7.04 1.78
------- - ---- - -- -
9 11/2 39.60 37.70 18.40 54.01 1.97 1492.9 57106.9 38.25 888.76
10 12/2 41.60 37.80 18.20 55.57 1.94 1572.5 68085.8 43.30 878.09
11 13/2 40.30 37.60 18.40 54.30 1.95 1515.3 57213.7 37.76 882.93.
12 14/2 40.60 37.90 18.50 55.68 1.96 1538.7 58167.4 37..80 883.91
13 1/3 41.10 310.50 18.60 57.51 1.95 1582.3 89311.1 56.44 891.67
14 2/3 39.30 37.90 18.60 54..89 1.98 1489.5 79148.5 53..14 891.21
15 V3 U. 'JU 6U M90 1.48 1. 97 6?6.6
16 4/3 40.20 37.90 18.30 54.32 1.95 1523.6 72808.4 47.79 885.30
f1t11 60.45 37.59 18.49 55.47 1.96 1532.60 .69814.79 45.51 886.50
StA 0.77 0.27 0.22 1.38 0.01 34.02 11845.43 7.34 4.79
VKo 1.891 0.71 1.17 2.50 0.66 2.22 16.97 16.12 0.54
- -------------------1------------------ -------- ------- ------ ------ ------
---- ------
- -------- j
---- -------------- ------- ------- ---- ---- ------ ---------
Mt41 I 40.41 37.56 18.52 55.53 1.96 1532.49 68782.43 44.86 884.06
!StA 0.66 0.25 0.23 1.35 0.01 28.02 8772.42 5.48 11.47
1VKo 1.63 0.66
1.25
2.43 0.72 1.83 12.75 12.22 1.30
Col. 1: Sample body; Col.2: Length (mm); Col. 3: Width (mm);
Col. 4: Weight (g); Col. 5. Density (kg/dm3); Col. 6 Pressure
area (mm-); Col. 7: Compr. strength (N/mm2); Col.8 F/t (N/s).
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Table 4.
Glass 1 distilled water 1/1-8/1
Glass 2 distilled water 9/1-2/2
Col. 1: Sample body; Col.2: Length (mm); Col. 3: Width (mm);
Col. 4: Weight (g); Col. 5. Density (kg/dm3); Col. 6 Pressure
area (mm2); Col. 7:-Compr. strength (N/mm2); Col.8 F/t (N/s).
Nr Kennzeichnung Lange 1 Breite b Hohe h Gevicht Rohdichte Druckfl. A F Max
Druckfest. F/t (Ist)
[mm] [mm] [mm] (9) ^(k9/dm3] (mm') (N] (N/e1'] (N/s]-
1 1/1 40.20 35.70 18.30= 51.78 1.97 1435.1 62134.7 43.30 897.09
2 2/1 39.60 38.00 18.40 55.06 1.99 1504.8 63035.0 41.89 881.85
3 3/1 39.40 37.40 18.40 53.93 1.99 1473.6 66651.4 45.23 888.79
4 4/1 40.30 38.40 18.00 55.61 2.00 1547.5 70908.7 45.82 878.01
511 40.70 37.40 18.60 55.88 1.97 1522.2 67818.7 44.55 882.91
6 611 41.50 33.00 18.40 56.82 1.96 1577.0 61303.1 38.87 885.72
7 7/1 41.30 37.80 18.70 57.13 1.96 1561.1 73273.8 46.94 887.95
8 811 60.10 37.50 18.70 55.44 1.97 1503.7 68833.4 45.77 889.61
NtU 40.39 37.52 18.44 55.21 1.98 1515.64 .66746.87 44.05 886.49
StA 0.75 0.82 0.23 1.71 0.01 46.91 4311.41 2.62 5.81
VKo 1.85 2.17 1.26 3.09 0.73 3.10 6.46 5.95 0.66
9 9/1 40.80 38.40 18.90 58.63 1.98 1566.7 69718.5 44.50 881.84
10/1 39.40 39.10 18.70 56.68 1.96 1540.5 73479.8 4.7.70 887.78
11 1111 40.10 38.40 18.50 56.07 1.97 1539.8 62722.2 40.73 857.80
12 12/1 42.10 38.50 18.10 57.50 1.96 1620.8 75906.0 46.83 883.16
13 13/1 40.40 38.90 18.40 56.63 1.96 1571.6 62417.0 39.72 887.58
14 14/1 41.10 38.40 1.8.80 57.96 1.95 1578.2 57885.1 36.68 878.93
1/2 40.80 38.40 18.50 56.61 1.95 1566.7 68200.2 43.53 869.14
16 212 40.20 37.90 18.50 55.51 1.97 1523.6 71259.6 46.77 880.45
-- - - ------------ --
titw 40.61 38.50 18.55 56.92 1.96 1563,51 67$98.56 43.31 878.34
StA 0.80 0.36 0.25 1.03 0.01 29.93 6173.22 3.94 10.15
VKo 1.97 0.94 1.35 1.81 0.47 1.91 9.12 9.10 1.16
---------- - --- -------- -
rVr 40.50 31.01 18.49 56.06 1.97 1539.57 67221.71 43.68 882.41
0.76 0.79 0.24 1.62 0.01 45.35 5167.31 3.26 9.03
187 2.08, 1.30 2.90 0.68 2.95 7.69 7.45 1.02
------------- -------- ----------1-----------i--- -- ---- -- ------ ------
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Table 5.
Glass 5 Waste water 5/3-12/3
Glass 6 Waste water 13/3-6/4
Col. 1: Sample body; Col.2: Length (mm); Col. 3: Width (mm);
Col. 4: Weight (g) ; Col. 5. Density (kg/ dmi3) ; Col. 6 Pressure
area (mmz) ; Col. 7: Compr. strength (N/mm2) ; Col. 8 F/t (N/s) .
Nr Kennzeichnung Lange 1 Breite b~j Me h Gevichtl Rohdichte Druckfl. A F Max
Druckfest. Flt (Ist)
(mm) [mm]i (mm) (g] [k9/dm3) [mm']. [N]I [N/em'] (Nis)
1 5/3 40.20 1?. E01 18.50 54.861 1.95 1519.6 77233.5 50.83 888.24
2 6/3 40.40 37:80 18.40 55.02 1.96 1527.1 62569.6 40.97 894.10
3 7/3 41.20 37.7' 19.00 56.731 1.92 1553.2 74349.6 47.87 884.74
4 8/3 41.50 37.801 18.90 56.67 1.91 1568.7 74059.7 44.21 883.28
9/3 40.10 38.10 18.50 56.07 1.98 1527.8 68337.5 44.73 873.95
6 10/3 41.00 37.70 18.50 56.07 1.96 1545.7 72251.5 46.74 884.59
7 11/3 40.80 37.80 18.40 55.83 1.97 1542.2 69581.1 45.12 892.75
8 12/3 40.50 38.00 18.50 55.67 1.95 1539.0 73533.2 47.78 884.42
ttW 60.71 37.84 18.59 55.84 1.95 1540.42 71489.47 46.41 885.76
StA 0.50 0.14 0.23 0.69 0.02 15.89 4561.93 2.89 6.26
VKo 1.22 0.37 1.23 1.26 1.21 1.03 6.38 6.22 0.71
9 13/3 40.90 37.70 18.40 54.95 1.93 1541.9 54444.2 35.31 900.92
14/3 40.50 37.90 18.20 55.09 1.97 1534.9 54650.2 35.60 890.72
11 1/4 41.90 38.40 18.70 58.77 1.95 1609.0 70954.5 44.10 890.46
12 2/4 41.00 37.70 18.50 56.61 1.98 1545.7 70618.8 45.69 892.22
13 3/4 39.40 37.70 18.70 55.26 1.99 1485.4 73220.4 49.29 890.46
14 414 40.20 37.90 18.40 54.84 1.96 1523.6 61570.2 40.61 897.71
5/4 40.50 37.50 18.60 55.65 1.97 1518.7 68360.4 45.01 889.74
16 6/4 60200 37.70 18.20 54.36 1.98 1508.0 63454.6 42.08 887.98
t1tW 40.55 37.81 18.46 55.68 1.97 1533.41 64659 15 42.19 892.53
StA 0.75 0.22,7 0.20 1.42 0.02 36.25 7345.16 4.90 4.44
-
VY.o --~--- 1.84 0.71 1.08 ----2-55 i---- 0.93
---- 2.36
11.36
--- 0.50
--- 11.62
Mtw 60.63 -37.82 18.52 55.761 1.96 1536.91 68074.31 44.30 889.14
StA 0.62 0.21 0.22 1.09 0.02 27.28 6879.69 4.66 6.30 - - [-- - 1
YKo 1.52 0.55 1.17 1.961-- 1.13 ---1.77
10.11 10.06 0.71
CA 02596848 2007-08-02
WO 2005/075374 PCT/EP2005/001221
18
Table 6.
31 Glass (7+8) "carbonic acid" 7/4-8/5
Col. 1: Sample body; Col.2: Length (mm); Col. 3: Width (mm);
Col. 4: Weight (g); Col. 5. Density (kg/dm3); Col. 6 Pressure
) F//t /,.T /.
'7r. . Cv rength D/rT / 2 Co-1.8 t,
are a (mm') r ~ Ol . Iiip r . S ti..~ciiyi.i iiiLit/ J) .
Ur Kennzeichnung Lange I Breite b .45he h Geuicht Rohdichte Druckfl. A F Max
Druckfest. Flt (1st).
(mm] [mm] (mm] [9) (kg/dm3] [mm'] (N] [N/mm'] [N/s)
1 7/4 41.60 37.70 18.40 57.33 1.99 1568.3 71999.7 45.91 885.90
2 8/4 40.10 37.80 18.50 55.25 1.97 1515.8 61974.5 40.89 887,71
3 9/4 40.10 37.60 18.50 54.66 1.96 1507.8 60288.4 39.99 889.87
4 10/4 41.90 37.60 18.50 57.33 1.97 1575.4 68253.6 43.32 878.09
11/4 41.40 37.70 18.20 56.23 1.98 1560.8 61593.0 39.46 886.55
6 1214 39.90 37.70 18.60 55.15 1.97 1504.2 65873.2 43.79 883.81
7 13/4 40.40 37.70 15.60 56.45 1.99 1523.1 57763.0 37.93 881.75
8 1414 40.40 37.80 18.00 54.19 1.97 1527.1 64004.0 61.91 880.14
11W 40.72 37.70 18.41 55.83 . 1.97 1535.31 63968.68 41.65 884.23.
StA 0.78 0.08 0.21 1.19 0.01 28.47 4600.64 2.61 4.02
VKo 1.92 0.20 1.14 2.13 0.55 1.85 7.19 6.26 0.45
9 1/5 42.20 35.50 18.30 53.83 1.96 1498.1 659?2.4 64.04 881.50
215 39.30 37.40 18.40 53.46 1.98 1469.8 66063.9 44;95 880.18
11 3/5 40.70 37.80 18.20 55.61 1.99 1538.5 71549.6 46.51 887.06
12 4/5 40.50 37.80 . 18.90 57.43 1.98 1530.9 59327.1 38.75 889.04
13 5/5 41.40 39.40 18.60 59.34 1.97 1631.2 70359.3 43.13 887.11
14 6/5 40.70 38.30 19.10 58.44 1.96 1558.8 78843.4 50.58 886.38
7/5 40.30 38.00 18.00 54.82 1.99 1531.4 69199.7 45.19 856.36
16 8/5 39.60 388.60 18.50 55.40 1.96 1528.6 70305.9 45.99 886.56
MtI 40.59 37.85 18.50 56.10 1.97 1535.90 68952.66 44.89 861.78
StA 0.93 1.13 0.36 2.26 0.01 47.06 `_=534.67 3.33 10.70
VKo 2.28 2.98 1.96 1 4.03 0.59 3.06 3._0 7.42 1.21
--- ---------------- ------- ------- ---------1---------- -------- -_--_._-----
------ ----
1---T--- ---------- ------T----------T---------T----------7--------T-----7----
-----T------T-- ------~
t1tw 40.66 37.771 18.66 55.97 1.97 1535.61 66460.67 43.27 883.60
StA 0.83 -.78 0.29 1.75 0.01 37.57 5572.80 3.34 7.91
VKo 2.04 2.06 1.57 3.13 0.55 2.45 8.39 7.72 0.90
CA 02596848 2007-08-02
WO 2005/075374 PCT/EP2005/001221
19
Table 7.
Glass 9 Sea Water 9/5-2/6
Glass 10 Sea Water 3/6-10/6
-Col. 1: Sample body; Col.2: Length (mm); Col. 3: Width (mm);
Col. 4: Weight (g); Col. 5. Density (kg/dm3); Col. 6 Pressure
area (-,-rim 2) ; Col. 7: Compr. strength (N/mm2) ; Col. 8 F/ t (iv/ s)
Nr Kennzeichnun9 Lange 1 Breite b Hohe h Gevicht Rohdichte Druckfl. A F flax
Druckfest. Fit.(ist)
(md] (mm) (mm) (s]' (ke/dm3) (mm'] (N] (N/Mm'] (N/s]
1 9/5 41.30 37.70 18.40 56.42 1.97 1557.0 60601.2 38.92 887.85
2 10/5 39.40 38.20 18.50 55.18 1.98 1505.1 63973.4 42.51 877.23
3 11/5 39.70 38.50 18.70 57.00 1.99 1528=.4 65239.9 42.68 889.42
4 12/5 39.70 =38.00 18.70 55.46 1.97 1508.6 73072.0 68.40 893.50
.5 13/5 40.40 38.10 18.70 57.03 1.98 1539.2 68291.8 46.37 881.93
6 14/5 60.60 37.60 19.50 58.11 1.95 1526.6 64522.8 42.27 885.97
7 '1/6 41.60 38.70 18.70 58.72 1.95 1609.9 72663.5 45.13 884.42
8 2/6 39.80 38.20 18.60 56.40 1.99 1520.4 67277.0 44.25 883.12
KtW 40.31 38.12 18.72 56.79 1.97 1536.90 66948.96 63.57 885.43
StA 0.81 0.37 0.33 1.21 0.02 33.82 4299.56 2.73 6.97
VK0 2.00 0.97 1.78 2.13 0.87 2.20 6.42 6.26 0.56
9 3/6 40.00 38.10 19.00 57.16 1.97 1524.0 69825.3 65.82 880.09
4/6 40.40 38.30 19.10 57.74 1.95 1547.3 64232.9 61.51 895.03
11 5/6 60.40 38.40 18.90 56.99 1.94 1551.4 6546.8 42.20 894.19
12 6/6 41.30 38.00 18.80 57.74 1.96 1569.4 67917.9 4`3.28 891.16.
13 7/6 40.80 38.00 18.30 56.15 1.98 1550.4 64133.7 41.37 571.38
14 8/6 40.70 38.10 18.701 57.22 1.97 1550.7 72144.71 46.52 881.54
9/6 40.80 38.10 18.50 56.77 1.97 1554.5 61028.5 39.26 870.21
16 10/6 39.90 .,38.10 18.70 55.84 1.96 1520.2 61448.1 40.42 891.54
Ktw 40.54 38.14 18.75 56.95 1.96 1545.98 65774.97 42.55 884.39
StA 0.46 0.14 0.26 0.68 0.01 16.22 3927.69 2.53 10.02
VKo 1.13 0.37 1.40 1.20 0.63 1.05 5.-?7! 5.96 1.13
11W 40.42 38.13 18.76 56.87 1.97 1541.44 66361.96 43.06 884.91
StA 0.65 0.27 0.29 0.95 0.02 26.05 4024.12 2.60 7.66
VKo 1.60 0.71 1.55 1.67 0.77 1.69 6.06 6.03 0.87
------------ - -
CA 02596848 2007-08-02
WO 2005/075374 PCT/EP2005/001221
Table 8.
Glass 11 Buffered acid pH 3.2 11/6-4/7
Glass 12 Buffered acid pH 3.2 5/7-12/7
Col. 1: Sample body; Col.2: Length (mm); Col. 3: Width (mm);
Col. 4: Weight (g) ; Col. 5. Density (kg/ dm3) ; Col. 6 Pressure
area (mm2) ; Col. 7: Compr. strength (N/mm2) ; Col. 8 F/t (N/s) .
Nr Kennzeichnung L8nge 1 Breite b NShe h Gevicht Rohdichte Druckfl. A F Max
Druckfest. F/t (1st)
(mm] (mm] [mm] (g) (kg/dm3] [mm') (N) (N/an'] (N/s]
1 11/6 39.50 38.00 -18.70 55.34 1.97 1501.0 6¾460.7 44.28 881.71
2 12/6 42.00 37.90 19.20 58.89 1.93 1591.8 68368.0 42.95 885.32
3 13/6 40.20 38.00 18.80 56.35 1.96 1527.6 61615.9 40.34 888.76
4 14/6 40.50 37.90 19.00 57.00 1.95 1534.9 57518.9 37.47 889.94
5 1/7 41.00 38.70 18.50 57.16 1.95 1586.7 71694.5 45.18 888.72
6 2/7 40.10 38.00 18.50 55.54 1.97 1523.8 60265.5 39.55 817.95
7 3/7 40.30 38.30 18.80 57.00 1.96 1543.5 77218.3 50.03 892.76
B 4/7 40.40 38.10 18.90 56.58 1.94 1539.2 62478.1 40.59 887.65
NtW 40.50 38.11 18.80 56.73 1.96 1543.57 65702.69 42.55 879.10
StA 0.74 0.27 0.24 1.10 0.02 31.02 6544.65 3.96 24.92
VKo 1.82 0.71 1.27 1.94 0.77 2.01 9.96 9.30 2.84:
9 5/7 39.80 37.80 18.60 55.47 1.98 1504.4 66697.2 46.33 892.83
10 617 40.40 37.90 18.70 56.32 1.97 1531.2 60112.9 39.26 887-.05
11 7/7 41.00 38.10 18.30 55.99 1.96 1562.1 69550.6 44.52 890.9.5
12 817 61.20 38.00 18.40 56.05 1.95 1565.6 68261.2 43.60 887.03
13 917 40.40 37.90 18.70 55.42 1 1531.2 65522.2 42.79 893.83
141 10171 40.90 38.10 18.50 56.68 1.97 1558.3 79736.0 51.17 887.55
15 1117 40.40 38.20 18.80 56.62 1.95 1543.3 66697.2 43.22 883.82
16 12/7 40.40 38.00 18.70 55.70 1.94 1535.2 73891.8 48.13 896.65
-- --------- - - - -- -- - ---- ----
11tH 40.56 38.00 18.59 56.03 1.96 1541.40 68808.65 44.63 839.96
StA 0.45 0.13 0.171 0.49 0.02 20.41 5872.81 3.59 4.30
UKoy--------_,---- --- 1.10 0.34 0.9 0.87 0.80 1.3't 8.531 8.05 0.48
-
------------------ --- --------- ----- -------- --------- --------- -------- --
-=-- -
Mt' 40.53 38.06 18.69 56.38] 1.96 1542.49 67255.57 43.59] 884.53
StA 0.59 0.21 0.23 0.90 0.01 25.39 6217.44 3.81 18.17
VKo
--------------- ---145 0^56 1.23 1.59 I_-_-0-7b -----1.6 5 ---- 9.24 8.73 2.05
CA 02596848 2007-08-02
WO 2005/075374 PCT/EP2005/001221
21
Table 9.
Glass 13 sodium sulphate solution 13/7-6/8
Glass 14 sodium sulphate solution 7/8-14/8
Col. 1: Sample body; Col.2: Length (mm); Col. 3: Width (mm);
Col. 4: Weight (g); Col. 5. Density (kg/dm3); Col. 6 Pressure
area (mm2) ; Col. 7: Compr. strength (N/mm2) ; Col. 8 F/t (N/s) .
Nr Kennzeichnung Lange 1 Breite b Me h Gevicht Rohidichte Drucktl. A F haz
Druckfest. Fit=Ust)
[mm] [mm] [mm] (9] (kg/&3] [mm'] [N] [N/WI (N/s]
1 13/7 40.40 37.90 18.90 57.38 1.98 1531.2 73182.3 47.80 896,49
2 14/7 40.40 38.10 18.80 57.58 1.99 1539.2 60860.6 39.54 875.28
3 1/8 40.50 38.40 18.70 57.83 1.99 1555.2 71603.0 46.04 886.11
4 2/8 40.90 38.00 18.50 57.29 1.99 1554.2 78080.4 50.24 884.66
3/8 39.70 38.00 18.60 55.70 1.99 1508.6 76249.3 5U-154 889.91
6 4/8 40.30 37.60 18.80 56.63 1.99 1515.3 69474.3 65.85 889.78
7 5/8 39.50 38.10 18.60 55.88 2.00 1504.9 80087.0 53.22 887.62
8 6/8 39.90 37.90 18.90 57.02 2.00 1512.2 72846.6 48.17 878.88
ntw 40.20 38.00 18.72 56.91 1.99 1527.60 72797.93 47.67 885.59
StA 0.46 0.23 0.15 0.78 0.00 20.28 5953.04 4.10 6.26
VKo 1.15 0.60 0.79 1.37 0.24 1.33 8.18 8.61 0.71
9 7/8 41.60 38.30 19.00 59.72 1.97 1593.3 80689.7 50.64 884.26
8/8 41.50 37.90 182.00 57.11 0.20 1572.8 81679.9 52.06 881.29
11 9/8 40.10 37.90 18.80 56.64 1.98 1519.8 73563.7 48.40 892.76
12 10/8 41.90 37.90 18.70 58.85 1.98 1588.0 70122.8 44..16 895.81
13 11/8 41.10 37.90 18.80 58.46 2.00 1557.7 76707.1 49.24 878.58
14 12/8 41.40 38.20 18.90 59.01 1.97 1581.5 76432.4 48.33 879.84
13/8 40.40 37.70 18.90 57.13 1.98 1523.11 73884.2 68.51 886.59
16 14/8 40.40. 38.00 18.50 56.63 1.99 1535.21 71671.6 46.69 887.42
ntu 41.05 37.97 39.20 57.94 1.76 1558.92 75618.94 48.50 886.07
:tA 0.67 0.19 57.70 1.20 0.631 29.54 4136.60 2.39 6,19
I 90i 5.47 -- 4 9Z t R. 70
VKo 1.62 0.50 14719----2 08 --- 35 13 ----
----------
-------- - -- -- ---- ----------- --------- --------- -- ----------
------- i T---------7-
ntt: 40.62 37.99 28.96 57.43 1.88 154;=.26 74208.44: 48.09 88_.13
StA -------- - 0.71 0.20 40.81 1.11 0.45 29.34 5161.931 3.27 6.02
Ko - - -- '1.74 --- 0.53 ---- 1440.91 -- 1.94 23.83 1.90 6.96 6.81 0.63
-------- ---- --
