Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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PERMANENT STANDARDISED PRE-FASTENING SYSTEM FOR CIVIL CONSTRUCTION
Field of the Invention
The present invention refers to a civil construction system, used to obtain
any type of
structure for residential, commercial and industrial uses and alike. The
system is applicable to
different types of structures, including naval and fluvial, through which
permanent
standardized pre-fastening system for civil construction elements are used. In
the system,
fastening points are distributed on the structures with standardised distances
between them,
which serve as a standard to fasten any type of structure in general.
Description of the State of the Art
The construction of buildings in general and, more specifically, those
intended for residential
use, has been hindered by the limited availability of specialized labour, as
well as by the
inadequacy of most materials and systems used.
In fact, the construction of any building, no matter how simple, requires the
participation of
carpenters, bricklayers, plumbers, electricians, tilers and many other
specialists. The
conventional constructions use solid wood and plywood, bricks, concrete
blocks, roof tiles,
sand, lime, cement, conduits, piping, etc., materials such of different
characteristics that must
be joined into a harmonious assembly to complete the construction.
Additionally, the need to
coordinate the job of the various specialized labourers introduces delays in
the progress of
the works.
Another inconvenience associated to conventional constructions consists in the
considerable
volume of rubble produced at the worksite, generating environmental pollution
and increasing
its costs. One of the resources used to reduce construction time is using wood
as material for
the structures, walls and floors, either in the way of planks, laths, rafters
and beams, or in the
way of prefabricated modules in which wood is used in the way of plyboard or
agglomerates.
However, the hot and humid climate subjects this material to the attack of
fungus, rot and
insets, shortening its lifespan. Another inconvenience of wood is its
combustibility, making
expensive, but not always efficient, treatments mandatory. A further
inconvenience is the fact
that the options for wooden wall finishes are limited. Also, the present
construction systems
known in the art, in general do not have standardised components and
measurements in their
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structures, which generates waste and results in excessive delays regarding
the execution of
the works. In order to avoid such inconveniences, several standardization
schemes have
been proposed. However, none of them have been satisfactory, and are therefore
not being
adopted in a large scale.
An example of the known standardization technique is exemplified in patent
document GB
1452706 entitled A Cavity Wall Structure, which is reproduced in Figs. 1-a and
1-b of the
present application. According to what is shown, every wall segment has two
panels 2 set in
parallel at a distance S, being kept in this relation by distance pieces 3.
These distance
pieces have ledges 3' at both ends, which cooperate with grooves 2' in the
panels, inserting in
them, in order to provide a top joint of each panel with the next, keeping, at
the same time,
distance S between facing panels. In accordance to this invention, spaces A
are intended for
the passage of electric wiring and water piping, spaces B may be filled with
concrete.
The system in GB 1452706 has some inconveniences, the first of which is the
impossibility of
graduating the adjustment of the thicknesses of wall S and spaces B, which
dimensions are
preset due to distance pieces 3' and modules 2, respectively. A second
disadvantage is the
difficulty of accessing the outside of internal spaces A, when necessary, for
example, to install
a plug or switch, repair piping, etc... A third disadvantage applies to the
finishing of the walls,
since the decorative elements (tiles, panels of various patterns, etc.) must
be fastened by
permanent means, such as glue, screws or bard bolts to the outside of panels
2, making their
replacement or eventual repairs difficult. Another disadvantage is in the fact
of spaces B
being too narrow to allow a proper filling in with viscous concrete,
preventing that the wall be
used as a structural element to support loads, for example, the slab of the
floor above.
Additionally, distance pieces 3 have a set dimension that allows only a
certain pitch S
between panels 2. If a larger or smaller pitch is desired, the same distance
pieces cannot be
used, so others of various dimensions are necessary. Also, spaces B of a panel
(intended for
concreting) are not contiguous with those of the adjoining panel, making it
impossible to use
longitudinal reinforcing shields in the walls.
Summary of the invention
A first objective of the present invention is to provide a constructive system
that uses
standardised predetermined distances constructive elements as well as
fastening elements,
including reinforcing elements such as metallic screens, plates and partitions
of various
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thicknesses and others. The system of this invention, allows for mending
structural plates with
or without scales, curved, shores and set plates with or without systems to
the components.
By way of standardization, the present invention enables the application and
use of
predetermined distances of the measurements and components, applicable to any
type of
construction system. Accordingly, a second objective of the present invention
is to provide a
system that furnishes the standardization at predetermined distances of the
measurements
and components, applicable to any type of construction system. The types of
constructions
can be of a reverse construction system itself, clearance system,
prefabricated, temporary,
metallic structures and other fastening systems in general, allowing mending
structural plates
with or without scales, curved, shores and set plates with or without
complementary systems,
reinforcement for finishing plates and finishing panel connections with panels
or internal
systems, wires, cables, conduits, conductors in general, piping, etc.
A third objective of the present invention is to provide a system that allows
easy conservation,
installation, refurbishment, shoring, reconstitution of damaged portions
including placing and
removing scaffoldings without damaging parts in good shape.
A fourth objective is to provide a system in which the installation of
conduits, electric cables,
telephone or communication cables, piping and others can be carried out
without the need of
removing layers of plaster nor open cracks in the concrete or block brick
walls, or reinstall the
supports depending on each type of material.
A fifth objective of the present invention is to provide a system that allows
to take advantage
of the walls' , ceilings' and floors' internal spaces to install conductors,
conduits, piping, water
storage and treatment systems, fuse boxes, climatisation systems, alarm
systems, electronic
and mechanic equipment, monitors, solar energy systems, etc.
A sixth objective of the present invention is to provide a system that allows
both the
construction of walls with the simple partition function and walls with
structural function.
A seventh objective of the present invention is to provide a system that
allows building floors
and slabs without the need of disposable forms (multilaminated plywood sheet
or equivalent).
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Yet an eighth objective of the present invention is to provide a system in
which the finishing
elements can be easily laid, removed and replaced whenever desired, making it
possible to
modify the decorative aspect of the internal and external environments.
A ninth objective of the present invention is to reduce waste of materials and
production of
rubble that characterize civil construction conventional processes. This will
allow reusing
materials, except the components and structures that are being used within the
concrete,
such as finishing plates, structure plates, bolts and all the rest of the
components can be
reused.
A ninth objective of the present invention is to provide a system that allows
minimizing the use
of specialised labour.
A tenth objective is to reduce the construction time without compromising the
quality of the
finished building.
Finally, an eleventh objective is to provide a system that allows the easy
disassembly of the
construction and its reuse and/or reconstruction in another location.
The present invention seeks to provide a permanent pre-fastening system for
civil
construction structures, the system comprising: (a) structural or finishing
plates, having four
edges; (b) adjustable telescopic-type fastening pieces distributed on the
structural or finishing
plates at predetermined distances between them; the fastening pieces including
outer
structural reinforcing elements comprising shields, clamping means and
fastening means, and
(c) multifunctional locks, having two parts, for locking together the
structural or finishing plates
along their edges, wherein, the fastened pieces distributed on the structural
or finishing plates
at predetermined distances define a space and support means of a desired
standard
measurement between the structural or finishing plates, and wherein, the
adjustable
telescopic-type fastening pieces are able to adjust the length and have their
longitudinal
locking in different positions.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 shows the known technique to build modular walls, as exemplified in
patent document
GB 1452706.
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Fig. 2 shows a simple cavity wall, built according to the invention,
exemplifying the positions
relative to the several types of panels and its relation to the permanent
fastening elements, by
means of an blown up perspective view.
Fig. 3 shows a double cavity wall, by means of blown up view, according to the
principles of
5 the invention.
Fig. 4 shows the wall of the previous figure, by means of a cross section
view, partially
completed by fitting every element, according to the invention.
Fig. 5 shows, by means of a cross section view, the finished wall, after the
filling of one of the
cavities with concrete and some auxiliary systems installed in the first
cavity.
Fig. 6 shows an blown up view of a set of multifunctional fastening bolts
arranged in graded
order, according to the invention.
Fig. 7 shows the set de bolts after assembly by insertion.
Fig. 8 shows yet another view blown up of the set of fastening bolts.
Fig. 9 shows the use of a common screw inserted into the interior of the
internal order
fastening bolt as to provide a plate clamping and locking double head.
Fig. 10 illustrates the use of permanent fastening bolts together with
resistant rods in shoring
structures such as reinforced concrete slab.
Fig. 11 shows the same slab after its concreting.
Fig. 12 illustrates the simultaneous shoring of successive floor slabs by
means of resistant
rods, as well as the possibility of installing scaffoldings on ready walls.
Fig. 13 illustrates the application of the system on structures that, in
addition to the slab,
comprise a reinforcing beam, which includes collapsible telescopic tubes.
Fig. 14 shows part of one of the planes that delimit as wall cavities
illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3.
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Fig. 15 shows a first embodiment of parts that comprise the plane illustrated
in the previous
figure.
Fig. 16 shows a second embodiment of parts that comprise the plane illustrated
in Fig. 14.
Figs. 17a-g illustrates some types of multifunctional locks, used in the
interconnection and
mutual locking of parts that comprise the planes.
Fig. 18 shows the application of multifunctional locks on the part
longitudinal and transversal
joint to form planes.
Fig. 19 shows another plate embodiment as well as the use of multifunctional
locks for joining
it.
Fig. 20 details some types of troughs corresponding to the different
embodiments of parts
forming the planes, as well as the respective multifunctional locks.
Fig. 21 shows the forming of a through plane obtained by the combination of
through plates
constituted only bys troughs that cross at the centre of each plate.
Fig. 22 shows a plane equivalent to that of the previous figure, formed by
through plates
which troughs have a double row of teeth, side and top.
Fig. 23 illustrates some additional embodiments of multifunctional locks,
intended for specific
purposes.
Fig. 24 illustrates low cost modular distance pieces for low income
constructions.
Fig. 25 illustrates some accessories appropriate for the economical distance
piece of the
previous Figure.
Fig. 26 shows two supports for accessory elements. Fig. 27 shows a fastening
of the
reinforcing shields used in the reinforced concrete structures.
Figs. 28 and 29 show a second embodiment of the spacers used in fastening said
shields.
Fig. 30 shows, blown up, additional details of the shield fastening elements.
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Figs. 31, 32 and 33 illustrate the means used in concrete casting of a curved
part.
Figs. 34 and 35 illustrate the use of alternative distance pieces illustrated
in Figs. 28, 29 and
30.
Figs. 36-a, b and c illustrate shield fastening constituted by standardised
screens.
Fig. 37 exemplifies the execution of a reinforced concrete element such as a
wall, a column
or alike.
Fig. 38 shows in details the execution of the shield of the previous figure.
Fig. 39 illustrates, in details, a reusable clearance mould used in the
execution of the
concrete structure illustrated in Fig. 37.
Figs. 40 and 41 illustrate the application of the principles of the invention
for building stairs.
Figs. 42, 43 and 44 show side views of different execution phases of a step in
increased
scale.
Fig. 45 shows the use of curved clearance moulds when constructing a
cylindrical column.
Fig. 46 shows an accessory used to assemble electrical systems.
Fig. 47 illustrates the several types of troughs described previously,
together with the
respective multifunctional locks.
Fig. 48 illustrates some variations between the possible forms of plates that
can be used in
the system.
Figs. 49, 50 and 51 show a device and respective accessory fastening system
such as towel
racks or supports for selves or furniture bearded against the walls.
Fig. 52 illustrates the fastening of plates to modify the aesthetic aspect in
brick walls.
Figs. 53 up to 57 illustrate, by means of cross section views, some
possibilities of wall
construction, regarding the quantity of vertical planes.
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Fig. 58 illustrates different floor formats viewed in blueprint, including
curved, triangular, etc.
floors.
Fig. 59 shows the system used to execute a wall diagonal in relation to a
floor.
Fig. 60 shows a system similar to the previous one applied to a curved or
polygonal wall.
Fig. 61 illustrates an element that incorporates a hinge associated to the
respective fastening
bolt.
Fig. 62 illustrates some variations in the spacer bolts, as well as in the
formats of thee
respective heads.
Figs. 63, 64, 65 and 66 illustrate an alternative way to build stairs, with
balanced steps.
Figs. 67, 68 and 69 illustrate several details relative to the passage of
conductors using the
empty spaces of the permanent fastening bolts.
Figures 70, 71, 72-a, 72-b and 73 illustrate the use of the system in large
premoulded or
metallic structures.
Detailed description of the invention
The system of the present invention is fully based on prefabricated parts,
which uses
permanent standardised fastening elements, comprising multifunctional or
economical
fastening bolts, structural or finishing plates and multifunctional locks to
provide the top joint
between the latter.
In the system, said bolts perform the distance pieces and support means
function between
structural and finishing plates, allowing to change cavities or walls
thicknesses that house and
protect internal systems. The bolts can have bayonet or thread-type locking
means with
screw, groove, coated with rubber, equipped with antivibration means and
adapted according
to the requirements.
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The multifunctional fastening bolts are positioned substantially perpendicular
to the structural
and finishing plates, they are of a substantially cylindrical-tubular-shape.
They have graded
clamping elements on their external and internal surfaces allowing fastening,
in predefined
positions of the architectonical element component parts, said parts
comprising the walls or
cavities flat or curved delimiting surfaces, the clearance moulds for
concreting walls, columns
or slabs, reusable or not, reinforcing shields of reinforced concrete
structures, finishing plates,
etc.
The structural and finishing plates can be manufactured with any dimensions,
given that
multiple of the standard module adopted in the system, being provided with
embedding
elements to the fastening bolt ends as well as elements for fastening the
multifunctional locks.
The diameters of said multifunctional fastening bolts are arranged in a graded
order, in which
the bolts of any grade slide into the immediately larger grade bolts, the
bolts having reciprocal
locking mechanical means.
The locking mechanical means are constituted by bayonet type elements, locking
and
unlocking provided by axial rotation in an arch smaller to a complete turn.
The locking means are provided with a plurality of segmented ring ledges
around the internal
and external cylindrical surfaces of said bolts, the projecting ring segments
assuming arches
slightly smaller than the intervals between them.
In the case of fastening multifunctional bolts, internal (intermediary order)
bolts can be
removed and/or changed depending on the requirements, can even be adapted for
helicoid
("spiral") threaded screws allowing greater precision distance (depth)
adjustments to be
made, if necessary.
The intermediary order bolts can comprise a first portion having clamping and
locking means
and a second distance piece portion having plate fastening means on at least
one end. The
formation of bolts heads can be mechanical by predefined position, such as,
for example, bolt
with hinged head.
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The permanent or intermediary bolts have passing means for general use
internal and
external (low or average tension) wiring conductors, also allowing, in the
central groove, the
passage of high tension conductors.
The structural plates can be open or closed, the finishing plates always being
closed.
5 Permanent bolts can be used to build abutment walls; in this case the
central hole serves to
drain water and dry the earth, avoiding water accumulation.
Closed plates can be used as modular clearance moulds for concreting de walls,
slabs or
columns, such moulds can be reused.
The system comprises additional components cooperative with external clamping
elements of
10 external (larger order) fastening bolts allowing to position intermediary
elements such as,
reinforcing bars, if necessary. Cavities formed between two closed parallel
planes formed by
closed plates can be filled with acoustic or thermal isolation material,
concrete or equivalent.
Cavities formed between two planes can have piping, cabling, electronic or
electrical boards,
or communication, supervision, control, alarm or information processing
devices.
Every open plate is formed by horizontal and vertical trough-shaped strips,
which cross at the
center of the plate and are provided with fastening holes at such crossing.
Closed plates can have a structural or decorative function or both
simultaneously.
Structural plates serve as a mould for the entire structure of the work and
through these
plates the fastening bolts (or screws) position is defined in the standardized
permanent
prefastening system of the present invention. Structural plates serve as base
for fastening
any systems or structures and, on the finishing side, serve also as protection
"skeleton" for
the internal system (and finishing plates).
Plates with structural function are set at the ends of said fastening bolts or
at intermediary
recesses; and plates with finishing function are set at the ends of the
fastening bolts.
Structural plates can have four types of grooves intended to fitting the
multifunctional locks,
comprising:
- Single tooth groove (side teeth);
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- Double tooth groove (side and top teeth);
- Single tooth recessed groove (side teeth), and
- Smooth groove (without teeth).
Multifunctional locks can be used to provide the following functions:
- Splice the structure plates to each other;
- As fastening points for protection support of the finishing plates, and
- As fastening points to use any type of system.
Multifunctional locks are reusable and comprise a first lower component that
fits into the plate
groove and serves to set the lock in the referred groove, and a second top
component that
varies according to its use. The top component can comprise a top component
without holes,
used to splice plates with single tooth groove (recessed or not); and a top
component with
holes, used to splice structure plates. However, it is only possible to splice
structure plates
with double tooth groove with this type of lock, using the multifunctional
lock with holes
together with the structure plate with double groove or recessed groove for
passing wires,
which can be extended to go through several grooves.
Now referring to Fig. 2, which shows in a blown up view the constitution of a
simple cavity
wall, it is noted that it comprises two parallel structural planes 11 and 12,
at a distance
defined by the fastening bolts' length 14, said structural planes having
openings 15 that fit on
to the fastening bolt ends 14. The external finish of this wall is provided by
finishing plates 10
and 13, which are equipped with embedding elements 16 on their internal faces,
which fit into
double heads 17 of fastening bolts 14, being locked in the proper position.
Fig. 3 shows, in a blown up perspective, a wall, built according to the same
principles, which
has two cavities, the first one constituted by the space between parallel
planes 11 and 18 and
the second, between parallel planes 18 and 12, the finish being provided by
plates 10 and 13,
according to above description in connection to the previous figure. It can be
seen that the
width of the first cavity (distance between planes 11 and 18) is given by the
exposed portions'
length of fastening bolts 19, which perform the spacers' function. These bolts
19 also have a
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portion provided with fastening means, which cooperate with permanent
fastening bolts 14 in
which interior they are inserted and locked, such portion is not visible in
the figure. The
second cavity thickness (space between planes 18 and 12) continues to be
provided by
permanent fastening bolts' length 14.
Fig. 4 shows a cross section view of the previous figure's wall, after
assembling the main
elements, illustrating with greater detail the first cavity 20 and the second
cavity 30, the latter
intended to be filled with reinforced concrete. For this, reinforcing bars 31
are installed and
kept in position by means of components fastened to the permanent fastening
element 14,
the components having the distance pieces 32 as well as other parts not
described here, bur
they will be described in detailed later. Cavity 20 will remain available for
different
installations, such as piping 21.
Fig. 5 shows, by means of a cross section view, the same wall of the previous
figure, with its
assembly completed, which comprises filling said second cavity with concrete
33. The figure
shows also some possibilities of using said first cavity, seeing at the top,
the filling with heat,
noise and vibration-isolating material 22. It can also be seen in this portion
of the wall, the
passage of an electric conductor 23 that feeds a plug (or switch) 24,
installed on finishing
plate 10. The details of that passage are illustrated in connection with
figures 67, 68 and 69
and will be further described. At the figure's portion lower, screw 90
inserted in the permanent
bolt (not referred to) is shown, said screw serving to support decorative
articles such as
picture. Also in this portion of the wall another possibility of use is
illustrated, which consists in
providing a water reservoir 40. This reservoir can be used to store rainwater
collected by
pipes connected to the roof, will be treated by known methods, thus,
constituting an
emergency reservoir. Likewise, reservoirs of the type illustrated can be
installed in bathroom,
kitchen, etc. walls, being able to be associated to selective waste water pre-
treatment
systems of basins, kitchen sinks, etc.
Fig. 6 illustrates a set of fastening bolts with three orders bolts,
comprising the external bolt
14, the intermediary order bolt 35 and the lower order bolt 36. External bolt
14 (which in the
previous figure was described as performing the permanent fastening bolt
function) is
cylindrically shaped provided, on its external surface, with a plurality of
ledges 28 shaped as
segmented rings that surround said surface, arranged in parallel to each other
at regular
intervals equal to the thickness of said rings, covering the entire extension
of this fastening
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element, which ends are provided with catches 25 to lock said element against
turning. Said
locking is provided by the insertion of said catches 25 in slots 27 provided
in plates 11 and 12,
of Figs. 2 e 3, symbolically represented in the present figure by ring 26 for
representation
clearness purposes. Thus, when the wall is assembled by fitting openings 15
(referred to in
Fig. 2) in the ends of said permanent fastening elements 14, the latter will
be locked against
turning, which allows fastening of intermediary rings 29 in the desired
position, by moving a
long said element followed by a 45 degree turn, as illustrated by the arrows.
The referred Fig.
6 also shows the intermediary order bolt 35 that can be inserted into the
permanent fastening
element, and yet a second internal order bolt 36, of general use, provided
with a single head
37 that allows fitting finishing plates. Due to the fact that the interior of
this permanent
fastening element 14 is hollow, it serves for inserting high strength steel
rods 38, used in
shoring floors or slabs in upper levels during the construction of buildings
with various floors,
such as explained and detailed later in connection with figures 10 to 13. As
illustrated, the
outside relief of these rods is similar to that of the intermediary order
bolts, i.e., comprising
ledges shaped as segmented rings as well as ridges 39, which allow their
locking against
turning. Likewise, these high strength rods will also be able to be used as
scaffoldings
supports, when a repair in the inside or outside walls is necessary, even in
already finished
buildings. In this case, the finishing plates (not illustrated in the figure),
bolts 35 and 36 are
removed from the interior of the elements 14, allowing insertion, in the
latter, of the referred
high strength rods 38 that will support the scaffoldings. Once the repairs
have been
concluded, said rods are removed and the finishing elements are placed back.
Fig. 7 illustrates that high strength shields the same set of elements
fastening bolts after
assembly, highlighting the way slots 27 of sheet 12 (already illustrated in
Fig. 2) fit into
catches 25 to provide locking of external bolt 14 against turning.
Fig. 8 shows yet another view blown up of the set of fastening bolts.
Fig. 9 shows the use of a common helicoid threaded screw 42 inserted inside
fastening
internal order bolt 36, to provide a clamping and locking plate double head or
other elements.
The same figure shows an alternative way to provide the same effect, by using
a double head
fastening bolt 43.
As figures 10, 11, 12 and 13 illustrate the use of permanent fastening bolts
together with
resistant rods 38 in shoring structures above ground or of more than one
floor, such as
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reinforced concrete slabs. Fig. 10 shows that mould forma 44 is leaning on
supports 163 that,
in turn, are inserted in resistant rods 38 that project at the top and bottom
of the moulds that
delimit said slab, which is indicated in a lighter colour in Fig. 11, that
illustrates the already
cast slab.
Yet according to what Fig. 10 shows, said resistant rods cannot turn since
they are locked by
through plate 45, having slots (not referred to in the figure but similar to
slots 27 in Fig. 7) into
which ridges 39 of these rods (not referred to in this figure, but indicated
as 27 and 39
respectively in Fig. 6) are inserted. Said resistant rods also provide support
and fastening of
the rods or shield screens, as will be described in details in connection with
figures 37 and 38.
In Fig. 10 are also illustrated strong fasteners 53, which are used together
with the props, as
will be described in connection with Fig. 13.
The application of the shoring system is illustrated in Fig. 13, which shows
every constructive
element involved. This figure shows that strong fasteners 53 are fitted into
resistant rods 38,
above and below the slab. These fasteners supply the bearing points of the
cylindrical props
ends 164-166-165 that, as they are hollow, fit loosely into the ends of said
resistant rods. As
figure illustrates, said props are of the telescopic-type, constituted by
upper 164 and lower
tubes 165 joined, at the prop central region, by sleeve 166 into which they
slide. Said sleeve,
as well as portions of said tubes inserted in it, are provided with passing
openings (not
referred to) into which the passing bolts (equally not referred) slide
allowing their longitudinal
locking in different graded positions, making it possible to adjust the length
of said prop
formed by set 164-166-165 according to the vertical distance between
successive slabs. The
figure schematises said shoring, showing the upper end of tube 164 held from
below of strong
fastener 53 which, in turn, is inserted in the lower region of resistant rod
38. As already
described, this resistant rod crosses through the slab and its upper end,
which projects above
said slab receives by fitting in a second strong fastener 53, which bears the
lower end of tube
165, constituting part of the prop that will bear the weight of the higher
floors . Thus, the set of
props located under a slab, beam or alike, supplies the support, during its
assembly and filling
with concrete, transferring the vertical forces from its weight to strong
fasteners 53 inserted in
the upper ends of resistant rods 38 of the slab or beam of the lower floor. In
turn, these forces
are unloaded, by those resistant rods, to strong fasteners 53 fitted into
their lower ends and
from those fasteners to tubes 164 of the props that lean on the lower floors,
and so forth. By
means of the arrangement described, the intermediary slabs or beams are not
loaded, since
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the vertical loads from the higher floors are transmitted downward by the sets
formed by the
props, strong fasteners and resistant rods.
The system described herein will be able to be used to accelerate the
construction of
buildings with several floors, such as Fig. 12 schematizes. In this
illustration, the resistant
5 rods and the props associated are represented only by axes 160, for drawing
scale reasons.
Said axes spaced according to the modular distance adopted at the work,
therefore, the total
load is distributed by a plurality of these elements. This allows the
concreting of upper slabs
49 and 47 without being necessary to wait for the hardening and cure of lower
slab 46
(represented in the figure as a lost caisson slab) . Likewise, according to
the invention,
10 permanent fastening bolts 14 are built-in in the walls 50, making it
possible, if necessary, to
place internal or external scaffoldings 51 by removing intermediary order
bolts 35 and internal
order bolts 36 (not referred to in the figure) and inserting resistant rods 38
inside those
permanent 14, for temporary support of the scaffoldings.
Fig. 14 shows, with an exemplifying not limiting purpose, part of one of
planes 11 that delimit
15 the wall cavities illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3, showing in detail fastening
hole 15, centrally
located at the crossing of the vertical and horizontal grooves, as well as
locking slots 27,
which function has been described in connection with Figs. 6 and 7. As it will
be described in
detail below, the elements that delimit said grooves can assume several
configurations,
according to their height and the locking teeth with which they are equipped.
Thus, Fig. 15
shows a first embodiment of parts 11 a (see Figs. 17, 18 and 20) that comprise
planes 11
(Fig. 4), each part constituted by a square plate divided into four quadrants
54 (rectangular
or, as illustrated, square) which are delimited by frame-walls 55. Said
quadrants are spaced
between each other in a way to provider- orthogonal grooves or troughs between
them, with
width 59, the distance 60 of said frame-walls to the plate external edges
being half the width
of groove or trough 59. The embodiment illustrated in Fig. 15 is that of the
trough formed by
single tooth (side teeth) lower frame-wall, which main use is on the
structure's internal side,
where the larger volume systems are installed.
The groove or trough formed by the single tooth (side teeth) higher frame-wall
illustrated in
Fig. 16, comprises basic structural plate 11 b (see Figs. 17, 18 and 20) used
for all sides of
the structure. Contrary to the lower frame-wall of the previous figure, it
serves as support both
for the finishing plate and any outside plate. It is a basic plate, does not
have upper teeth for
CA 02602765 2011-09-01
16
use in situations in which it is not necessary to pass electrical connections
or other types of
systems, wires or cables, etc.
To form the planes, the structural plates must be joined between each other,
which are
performed by multifunctional locks, some of which are illustrated in Figs. 17.
According to this
figure, said multifunctional locks are formed by two cooperative coupled
parts, comprising a
first upper part 110-a and a second lower part 110-b, which constitutes a
"drawer" which
movement provides the locking of the part. As illustrated in 17-a and 17-c,
said upper part is
shaped as a rectangular slab, having on its lower face two grooves 111 and, on
the
longitudinal side edges, a plurality of concavities 112 with shape and inside
dimensions
corresponding to those of teeth 56 or 58. According to 17-b, drawer 110-b
substantially
shaped as a rectangular slab, with the same dimensions of said upper slab and
two
longitudinal ledges 113, that correspond to said grooves 111, into which they
slide. Both sides
are cut by a plurality of teeth 114, which profile corresponds to that of
teeth 56 or 58. At one
of the ends, this drawer has an end-plate shown in Fig. 17-b which movement is
indicated by
the arrow (seen in Fig. 17-e), which allows moving it between the fitting and
locking positions.
A fitting position is illustrated in Fig. 17-d and in the corresponding
detail, Fig. 17-f, which
shows teeth 114 aligned with concavities 112, this alignment allows the
insertion of the part in
the void of trough 59 between two frames, so teeth 56 or 58 penetrate without
any clearance
into said concavities 112. After this insertion, drawer 110-b is pushed in the
arrow's direction,
the part remaining as illustrated in 17-e and 17-g, so teeth 114 do not meet
said concavities
112 where teeth 56 or 58 (not illustrated in this figure) are embedded. Once
teeth 114 are
now positioned below teeth 56 or 58, depending on the type of plate being
used, part 110
remains locked and cannot be removed.
Fig. 18 shows the composition of a plane by grouping a plurality of plates
11a, joined by the
edges. The fastening and mutual locking of these plates can be performed by
means of two
types of multifunctional locks, the first 64 shorter and the second longer 65,
which length is
such it penetrates longitudinally in grooves or troughs of two adjoining
plates 11a. It shows
that lock 65 is structurally and functionally equivalent to that exemplified
in Fig. 17, being that,
in its assembly, it embeds into the grooves of the interconnected plates. On
the other hand,
lock 64, which could be called "transversal multifunctional lock", does not
insert into the
trough but above frame-walls 56, provided with specific lugs for this purpose,
as will be
described in detail later.
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Fig. 19 shows a third type of plate 11c in which the frame-walls are provided
with two series
of teeth, side series 62 and top series 63, allowing the passage of small
diameter electrical
conductors. The interconnection between plates of this type, with the purpose
of forming a
plane, can be performed by means of long multifunctional locks 65, described
previously, or
by of means transversal locks 66, which differ from the transversal 64 because
they have, a
long their side edges, two rows of square passing holes 67 into which upper
teeth 63 imbed
when the lock is installed. The figure also shows longitudinal lugs 68, which
"hug" frame walls
61, not allowing the mutual pitch of the plates joined by this lock.
Fig. 20 shows, in greater detail, the three types of grooves or troughs formed
by the frame-
walls, i.e., the simplest and lower ones in plates 11 a with frame walls
similar to those referred
to as 55 in Fig. 15, the deeper troughs in plates 11 b which higher frame-
walls follow the
standard referred to as 57 in Fig. 16 and the troughs of plates 11 c which
frame-walls have
side and top teeth such as 61 in Fig. 19. Fig. 20 also illustrates some of the
possibilities of
multifunctional lock embodiments, from the simplest lock 64 that embeds into
the
corresponding trough up to lock 66, equipped with holes 67 and lugs 68 for an
extremely
strong locking between the plates, and yet, multifunctional lock 69, similar
to the previous one
regarding side lugs 68 but without holes 67.
Fig. 21 shows the formation of an open plane obtained by means of the
combination of open
plates 70, constituted only by the trough-shaped strips that cross at the
centre of each plate,
where fastening hole 15 is located. In this example, said trough-shaped strips
are formed by
higher frame-walls following standard 57, but could use any of the other
standards previously
described. The joint between adjoining plates 70 can only be performed by
longitudinal
multifunctional locks 71, as illustrated in this figure.
Fig. 22 shows a plane equivalent to that of previous figure, formed by open
plates 72 in which
frame walls 61 have a double row of teeth, side 62 and top 63. For the joint
between the parts
both longitudinal multifunctional locks 71, used in the arrangement of the
previous figure, and
locks 66' , similar to those already described 66, although longer than the
latter, can be used.
Fig. 23 illustrates some additional embodiments of the multifunctional locks,
intended for
specific purposes. Thus, for example, lock 73 is used in electrical
installations that does not
require the use of conduits, where the conductive wires run through the
troughs, such as
trough 59 that can be seen in Fig. 15, grooves 74 helping to retain the
referred wires (not
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illustrated in figure). For a firmer clamping, lock 75 can be used, in which
grooves 76 are
located on the lower face, which remains juxtaposed at the bottom of the
trough when the
lock is installed.
Fig. 23 also illustrates, at the top left corner, angular lock 78, used to
construct the outside
corners, when plates meet forming two orthogonal planes, represented in the
figure in a
simplified way by troughs 77 and 77'. Obviously, the same principle maybe used
for the
meeting of planes in other angles, being enough to build part 78 according to
the angle
desired. Notwithstanding the fact that the figure illustrates an angular lock
usable on salient
edges formed by two planes the same constructive principle is applicable to
reentrant
dihedrons. Additionally, the same constructive principle is applicable to the
meeting of three
planes, i.e., to trihedrons, either convex or concave.
In low income and/or low cost constructions, complex fastening bolts 14, 35,
36 illustrated in
Fig. 6 will be able to be substituted with economical advantages by the
modular distance
pieces illustrated, in perspective and in longitudinal cross section, in Fig.
24. This part allows
the construction of walls with various thicknesses related to a standardized
module "m", such
as "m/2", "m/3" and "m/6", simply sectioning the distance piece illustrated at
cut points 79. In
an advantageous embodiment of the invention, there is m = 15 mm, being m/2 =
75 mm, m/3
= 50 mm and m/6 = 25 mm.
Some appropriate accessories for this type of distance piece are illustrated
in Fig. 25,
showing that those detailed in b and c, that the portion inserted inside the
distance piece is
provided with a self-tapping thread, since central longitudinal groove 80 of
the distance piece
is smooth, conversely to what occurs with the central grooves of the fastening
bolts 14 and
35.
Distance piece "a" has an outside surface with high relief finish to be better
concreted. Fig. 26
shows two supports for accessory elements that, used together with parts 11,
70, 72 and
alike, allow fastening of devices, equipment or piping.
The system proposed herein also innovates regarding fastening of reinforcing
bars used in
reinforced concrete structures. Fig. 27 shows a first way to perform such
fastening, in which
two parallel planes of reinforcing bars - such as two screens of the type
illustrated in Figs.
36-a and 36-b - are held at both ends of fastening bolts 81 by nuts 82 and
respective
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washers (optional, not referred to in the figure). As indicated in the partial
cross section view,
these nuts do not have helicoidal threads, being internally equipped with
segmented rings
cooperative with outside segmented rings of permanent bolts 81, their locking
being
performed by a 450 turn after their positioning along said bolts.
Fig. 28 shows a second embodiment of spacers 84, where embedding elements -
holes - are
orientated in two orthogonal directions, thus allowing the fastening of
stirrup bars, such as
occurs on the reinforced concrete beams. One of said spacer elements is
highlighted in Fig.
29, which can be advantageously built of mechanical high resistance material
or metallic
sheet. Fig. 30 shows, blown up, some details of the fastening elements,
illustrating, at the
upper left corner, distance piece element 84 in which the directions of the
embedding axes x
and y are orthogonal with each other (angle a = 90 ). In distance piece
element 85 angle a' is
different to 90 , permanent fastening bolts 81 being orientated in directions
that do not form a
right angle any more. On the right side of this board a set is illustrated
formed by bolt fastener
81, the respective nuts (not referred to) and bolt 83 having a head with a
clearance mould
retaining element for concreting. If the mechanical stress is reduced, instead
of nuts 82,
washers 86 can be used, which locking obeys the same basic principle as said
nuts, however,
of lower cost than the latter, since they can be produced by stamping. Yet
this board shows
set 87 that works together with flexible sheet 88, allowing full freedom of
forms in the
production of architectonic elements, as described bellow. In fact, Fig. 33
illustrates the
possibility of molding in concrete a curved part 87, assuring at the same time
the finishing
plates' fastening points that, in this case, are provided with double heads of
bolts 89. The
details of the elements used in this embodiment are shown in Figs. 31 and 32,
on the same
board.
The versatility made possible by using distance pieces 84 and 85, represented
in Fig. 32, is
illustrated in Figs. 34 and 35. In the first one, it can be seen how the use
of distance piece 85,
which faces are not orthogonal, facilitates the manufacture of the curved
portion of a
reinforced concrete part, such as a column.
Fig. 35 represents a column (or wall) with a larger width than the previous
one, this width
obtained by using spacers 84, in which ends permanent fastening bolts 81 are
inserted, which
are used both in fastening reinforcing bars 90 and positioning clearance
moulds and/or
CA 02602765 2011-09-01
outside finishing plates 91, by embedding concentric fasteners, such as
fasteners 83
illustrated in the previous figure. It also allows executing forms such as
sculptured stairs, etc.
The fastening method of a screen made up of reinforcing bars is illustrated in
Fig. 36-a, with
detailed views in the lower portion of this figure that show the reinforcing
rods 31 and two
5 types of clamping elements, i.e., threaded washers 93 as well as washer 92
which has no
threads, demanding, for its locking, the use of nuts 82. The separation
between the screens is
defined by the length of spacer 32. The detail of the lower right side shows
the set already
assembled, including finishing plate 95 inserted in the double head of the
clamping element.
The screens used can be of the diagonal type 94, such as illustrated in the
upper part of Fig.
10 36-a, comprised by horizontal and vertical rods, as illustrated in Fig. 36-
b. The combination of
both types of screen is shown in Fig. 36-c, being highly advantageous, since
it offers greater
resistance to stress in every direction. To be able to use them in the system,
the screens
must be manufactured with a distance p compatible with the module adopted for
the
constructive system.
15 Fig. 37 exemplifies the process adopted in executing a reinforced concrete
element such as a
wall, a column or alike. Inside the space formed by the planes constituted by
the
interconnected clearance moulds set 96 is reinforcing set of bars 97, which
constructive
principles have already been described in connection with Fig. 27. The
highlight of Fig. 38, as
well as in said Fig. 37, shows the insertion, in the ends of permanent
fastening bolts (not
20 referred to), secondary bolts 83, which provide the distance between the
fittings and the
concreted part faces, as well as fastening said clearance moulds 96, as will
be explained
latter.
Fig. 39 illustrates, in detail, clearance mould 96 and the respective process
of fastening to the
set. This plate, which is closed, metallic (or of a resistant and reinforced
material such as
engineering plastic, fibreglass or carbon, etc.) and reusable, is provided,
along its edges, with
elements that will work as clasps 98 that allow fast coupling and uncoupling
with the other
plates of the same type, by means of a top joint. The elements related to the
width direction
positioning of the element (wall, column, etc.) are oblong recess 99 having
passing opening
99' in its centre, with a diameter that allows the passage of fastening head
83'. The placement
sequence of this plate begins embedding holes 99' in said heads 83', which
project into
recess 99. Then, according to what detail b shows, keyhole-slot tags 120 are
inserted into
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these recesses in the direction of the arrow. These tags have in their lower
region a hole with
a diameter similar to that of hole 99' allowing it embedment in head fastening
83'. Said hole
communicates with an extension shaped as groove narrower in the tag upper
region superior,
so, when said tag 120 is pushed sliding downwards, as indicated in detail c,
its locking occurs
and consequent clamping of clearance mould 96. To disassemble these moulds,
once the
concrete is cured, the operation sequence is inverted, allowing the reuse of
every part.
Tag 120 is also used to fasten other elements, such as thick plate 95
illustrated in Fig. 36. For
such, a non-through hollow is opened, by means of a cutter, from the inside
face of this plate,
which can be, for example, a marble plate, and a tag similar to tag 120 is
fastened in this
hollow, by means of an adhesive. As a result, the plate can be embedded in or
released from
the fastening head.
The shield arrangement illustrated in Fig. 38 can also be used to build
stairs, as Fig. 40
shows. In this application, bolt heads 83 will supply the fastening points of
the step structures,
which are shown in greater detail, in Fig. 41. In this figure, the detail
shows a blown up view
of the elements of a step that is also detailed, in a semi-blown up view, in
detail b. The inside
rods of this step are sufficiently resistant to dismiss concreting, allowing
to obtain a lighter and
sufficiently strong structure. If the step is concreted, the structure
detailed in c is used, which
includes the rod fittings.
Fig. 42 shows a blown up side view of the step, in increased scale, as well as
details of its
assembly on the sloping set of reinforcing bars. Particularly, it shows
triangular part 150 with
keyhole slots 151 on its lower face, for fastening to the reinforcing bars'
bolt heads, said part
is provided with a plurality of embedment holes 152 to insert permanent
fastening bolts 83,
which will allow fastening the floor, riser and banister supports. Fig. 43
shows the step of the
previous figure, after its elements have been assembled, illustrating that the
floor and riser
finishing plates are already in place.
Fig. 44 shows the same structure of the previous figure, after the concreting
that, obviously,
will be performed before fastening floor 153 and riser 154 finishing plates,
these being
embedded in their places only after the concrete has cured. It also
illustrates banister 155,
equally fastened to a step structure.
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The use of the clearance moulds is not limited to building flat surface
elements. Thus, Fig. 45
shows how it is possible to use curved clearance moulds 196, forming a
cylindrical mould,
together with flexible steel (or resistant plastic) belt 188, where bolts 83,
intended to clamping
shield 197, are fastened to form a circular cross section column. Obviously,
the same
principle applies to the building of columns with other cross sections, such
as square, which is
also illustrated on the same, as well as "T", "L", etc. shaped. In the case of
columns that are
part of door frames, instead of some permanent fastening bolts 83, elements
192, illustrated
in Fig. 61, in a convenient number (for example, thee) arranged in a same
vertical line, are
used, said elements incorporating only one part, the hinge and the fastening
bolt.
Fig. 46 shows an accessory shaped as "tray" 121 used to assemble electrical
systems, such
as a circuit breaker board, which will be embedded into central space 122. In
this application,
the referred accessory has, as fastening elements, the troughs of open plates
72,
multifunctional locks 134 and 135, the latter having wire passing means 136.
The profiles of various types of troughs are illustrated in Fig. 47, together
with the respective
multifunctional locks. Profiles referred to as A, B and C correspond,
respectively, to troughs
11 b, 11 c and 11 a previously described. Profile D is a reduced height
profile, where the teeth
have a triangular cross section. The same board presents, in Fig. 48, some
variations among
the possible formats of the plates that can be used in the system.
As Figs. 49, 50 and 51 illustrate a system to fasten accessories such as towel
racks or
supports for shelves or furniture juxtaposed to the walls, generically
referred to as 123 or 129
in these figures, as illustrated in Fig. 49, outside element (i.e., that which
will project outside
the wall) 123 is linked to smooth cylindrical axis 124, which is hollow and
threaded at its lower
end. Said axis slides to be embedded into intermediary bolt 125, which has, at
its upper end,
a square nut 126. The referred axis is inserted in said bolt's internal space,
which also is
smooth in order to allow free rotation of the axis in its interior, being
fastened in this position
by screw 127 that is tapered at its internal thread. Note that axis 124 is
slightly longer than
bolt 125, as a result that, even after the full tightening of screw 127, the
axis rotation
continues possible axis.
Fig. 50 shows the insertion, in the arrow's direction, of bolt 125, inside
permanent bolt 14,
noting that the diameter of screw's head 127 is such that allows the free
passage of bolt 125,
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23
when of its insertion, by a through hole in finishing plate 128 (not
illustrated in Fig. 50 for
clarity reasons).
Fig. 51 shows the end of the insertion, which consists in the locking of bolt
125 in the interior
of permanent bolt 14 by means of a 45 turn of square nut 126, which faces,
then, are parallel
to the external element faces. For simple illustration reasons, said element
external 123 is
represented as a square cross section prism, however, it must be understood
that it will be
able to have any format compatible with its use, such as handle 129
illustrated in the same
figure.
When it is refurnishing only for aesthetical effects, which are limited to
modify the aspect of
already built walls, such as those of brick, plates 130 or 131, illustrated in
Fig. 52, can be
simply fastened to them. This fastening will be able to be performed by means
of adhesives,
nails or chucks. Said plates are provided with keyhole slots 138 which allow
embedding the
holes configured as "tags" of finishing plates 132 or 133.
Figs. 53 to 57 illustrate, by means of cross section views, some possibilities
of building walls,
showing, in a symbolic and highly simplified way, the various planes that
configure their
internal spaces. Thus, in Fig. 53, there is a three cavity wall and, in Fig.
54, a two cavity wall.
For constructions subject to tremors or vibrations, the permanent fastening
bolts can be
sectioned, as illustrated in Figs. 56 and 57, by inserting between both a
solid or elastic chuck.
The examples of embodiment presented previously refer implicitly to
rectangular rooms,
which is the format normally adopted. However, the system proposed offers
great flexibility of
formats, which reflect in a great variety of floor formats, flatly represented
in Fig. 58, such
floors can be curved, triangular, etc. In these cases, the non concordance of
the floor
fastening elements with those of the walls leant on said floors can occur,
these situations
illustrated with greater detail in Figs. 59 and 60.
Fig. 59 shows a through floor formed by through plates 72 - such as occurs,
for example, in
floors cast in concrete as is the case of slabs - and a diagonal wall, formed
by plates 11'.
According to this illustration, elements 142 are used to support and fasten
these plates,
comprising, at the upper vertical portion, multifunctional lock 144 to which
plates 11' are
fastened, in a conventional manner. Lower portion 143 of elements 142 is flat,
being fastened
CA 02602765 2011-09-01
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by means of adhesive glue to floor, in this case, clippings 72' must be
performed in order to
eliminate plates frame walls 72 at the gluing regions.
For freer format walls, for example, a curved format as that illustrated in
Fig. 60, elements
145 used to join plates 11' to the floor have a smaller base 146, allowing
full format freedom
for said wall. Fig. 62 illustrates some variations in the bolt distance
pieces, as well as in
formats of the respective heads (square, hexagonal, etc.).
The set of Figs. 63, 64, 65 and 66 illustrates an alternative format to build
stairs, with
balanced steps. According to the invention, the stairs comprise three basic
parts: a) support
structure, which can be shaped as a flat slab such as 97 in Fig. 40,
rectangular beam 193
such as in Fig. 65, circular as in Fig. 66, or any other format, according to
the project
aesthetic requirements; b) in-between, i.e., the structure that serves as
support for the steps,
with support for the floors and the risers, such as structures (b) and (c) in
Fig. 41. Triangular
parts 150 and correlate accessories in Fig. 42 or the modulated curved
structure of Fig. 64;
c) floors and risers, which can be of any material, such as wood, marble,
etc., provided with
embedding elements at the heads of the permanent fastening bolts according to
the above
Figs. Fastening by means of embedment has the advantage of allowing easy
replacement of
the worn steps or mirrors, or even, the modification of the aesthetic aspect
of the stairs,
without needing to refurbish its structure.
The above descriptions do not enclose all the possibilities of the method and
system
proposed, experts in the art can introduce modifications. Thus, for example,
permanent
fastening bolts 14 con be used advantageously in structures of abutment walls,
as the central
holes of these bolts provide water draining paths, allowing drying of the
earth held by the wall.
Likewise, the fastening and distance bolts can be used for the passage of the
electric wiring
conductors between opposite faces of a structure or through cavities, such as
is the case of
wire 23 illustrated in Fig. 5. The details of those passages can be seen in
Figs. 67, 68 and
69. The passage of low voltage conductor 151, which is inserted in the hollow
space inside
the fastening and distance bolt by means of a hole in head 154, is shown in
Fig. 68.
Obviously, this hole can be provided in fastening heads of various types, such
as double head
155 in the same figure, or cylindrical head 156 or even pressure embedment
head 157
illustrated in Fig. 69. For high voltage connections, for example, between the
outside and
inside of industrial buildings or high voltage chamber, the central groove of
the distance piece
CA 02602765 2011-09-01
bolt is used, which larger diameter allows the passage of conductors with
larger diameter
isolation sleeves, such as conductor 152 in Fig. 67. The same figure shows
that it will be
possible to insert medium voltage conductor 153 in the existing clearance
between the
segmented rings of an intermediary order bolt.
5 In addition to its use in constructing structures built and moulded at the
work site, the system
proposed also can be used in metallic structures or precast at the plant to
then be used at the
work site. Figures 70 to 73 illustrate the referred possibilities. In Fig. 70
shows metallic beam
170 having, in its lugs, permanent fastening bolts 14. Fig. 71 illustrates an
alternative manner
of fastening the permanent bolts on beam lugs 172, by means of bolts 171 which
match the
10 helicoid threaded screws in portion that is located internally (between the
lugs) . Fig. 72a
shows a precast concrete beam 173 where permanent fastening bolts 81 are
incrusted, and
match smaller diameter bolts 83. The highlight of Fig. 72b shows a cross
section view of the
same beam 173 with permanent 81 incrusted in the concrete.
Fig. 73 shows prefabricated slab 174, which is cast at the plant already with
the permanent
15 bolts 81, in order to make the later fastening of ceilings, floors, etc.,
possible once its
installed, by means of a crane, in the building its intended for.
