Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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HIGH-PERFORMANCE FRICTION STIR WELDING TOOLS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Application No. 60/764,003 entitled "HIGH-
PERFORMANCE FRICTION STIR WELDING TOOLS" and filed January 31,
2006.
[0002] This application further claims the benefits of and
is a continuation-in-part of the following Patent
Applications:
[0003] No. 11/507,928 entitled "Hardmetal Materials for
High-Temperature Applications" and filed August 21, 2006,
which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.
60/710,016 entitled "HARDMETAL MATERIALS FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE
APPLICATIONS" and filed on August 19, 2005;
[0004] No. PCT/US2006/032654 entitled "Hardmetal Materials
for High-Temperature Applications" and filed August 21, 2006;
and
[0005] No. 11/081,928 entitled "High-Performance Hardmetal
Materials" and filed March 15, 2005, which is published as
U.S. Publicatoin No. US 2005-0191482-Al.
[0006] The disclosures of the above patent applications and
patent publications are incorporated by reference as part of
the specification of this application.
Background
[0007] This application relates to hardmetal compositions,
their fabrication techniques, and associated applications.
[0008] Hardmetals include various composite materials and are
specially designed to be hard and refractory, and exhibit
strong resistance to wear. Examples of widely-used hardmetals
include sintered or cemented carbides or carbonitrides, or a
combination of such materials. Some hardm.etals, called
cermets, have compositions that may include processed ceramic
particles (e.g., TiC) bonded with binder metal particles.
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Certain compositions of hardmetals have been documented in the
technical literature. For example, a comprehensive
compilation of hardmetal compositions is published in Brookes'
World Dictionary and Handbook of Hardmetals, sixth edition,
International Carbide Data, United Kingdom (1996).
[00091 Hardmetals may be used in a variety of applications.
Exemplary applications include cutting tools for cutting
metals, stones, and other hard materials, wire-drawing dies,
knives, minirng tools for cutting coals and various ores and
=10 rocks, and drilling tools for oil and other drilling
applications. In addition, such hardmetals also may be used
to construct housing and exterior surfaces or layers for
various devices to meet specific needs of the operations of
the devices or the environmental conditions under which the
devices operate.
[00103 Many hardmetals may be formed by first dispersing hard,
refractory particles of carbides or carbonitrides in a binder
matrix and then pressing and sintering the mixture. The
sintering process allows the binder matrix to bind the
particles and to condense the mixture to form the resulting
hardmetals. The hard particles primarily contribute to the
hard and refractory properties of the resulting hardmetals.
Stumtaty
[00111 This application describes designs of friction stir
welding (FSW) heads and associated FSW systems that use such
heads. In various implementations, a FSW head can include a
pin and a shoulder to which the pin is engaged. The head is
engaged to a shank which is in turn fixed to a rotor. The
rotor rotates the shank which spins the head during welding.
In operation, the spinning head is pressed to the interface of
two metal pieces to be welded together and is moved along the
interface. The pin and the shoulder are in direct contact
with the two pieces to weld them together. In some
imple,mentations, the pin and the shoulder are made of a
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hardmetal material described in this application. In other
implementations, the surfaces of the pin and shoulder may be
made of a material described in this application while the
inner parts of the pin and shoulder may be made of a different
material. Various materials described here exhibit high
hardness and toughness under a high temoperature experienced
by the pin and shoulder during the friction stir welding and
thus can be used for constructing the head.
[00121 For example, a friction stir welding tool head
described in this application includes a shoulder and a pin
engaged to the shoulder. At least one.part of each of the
shoulder and the pin includes a material described in this
application. This material can include, at least, (1) a first
material which includes at least one of or a combination of at
least one carbide, at least one nitride, at least one boride,
and at least one silicide, and (2) a second material that
binds the first material and includes rhenium, a mixture of
rhenium and cobalt, a nickel-based superalloy, a mixture of a
nickel-based superalloy and rhenium, or a mixture of a nickel-
based superalloy, rhenium and cobalt. The second material may
also include Mo, W, Ta, or Cr. In implementating the above
examples, the first material may include at least at least one
carbide selected from at least one of TaC, HfC, NbC, ZrC, TiC,
WC, VC, A14C3, ThC2, Mo2C, SiC and B4C, or at least one nitride
=25 selected from at least one of HfN, TaN, BN, ZrN, and TiN, or
at least one boride selected from at least one of HfB2, ZrB2,
TaB2, TiB2, NbB2, and WB.
[00137 The hardmetal materials described below include
materials comprising hard particles having a first material,
.30 and a binder matrix having a second, different-material. The
hard particles are spatially dispersed in the binder matrix in
a substantially uniform manner. The first material for the
hard particles may include, for example, materials based on
tungsten carbide, materials based on titanium carbide,
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materials based on a mixture of tungsten carbide and titanium
carbide, other carbides, nitrides, borides, silicides, and
combinations of these materials. The second material for the
binder matrix may include, among others, rhenium, a mixture of
rhenium and cobalt, a nickel-based superalloy, a mixture of a
nickel-based superalloy and rhenium, a mixture of a nickel-
based superalloy, rhenium and cobalt, and these materials
mixed with other materials. Tungsten may also be used as a
binder matrix material in hardmetal materials. The nickel-
based superalloy may be in the y-y' metallurgic phase.
[0014] In various implementations, for example, the volume of
the second material may be from about 3% to about 40% of a
total volume of the material. For some applications, the
binder matrix may comprise rhenium in an amount at or greater
than 25% of a total weight of the binder matrix of the final
material. For other applications, the second material may
include a Ni-based superalloy. The Ni-based superalloy may
include Ni and other elements such as Re for certain
applications.
[0015] Fabrication of the hardmetal materials of this
application may be carried out by, according to one
implementation, sintering the material mixture under a vacuum
condition and performing a solid-phase sintering under a
pressure applied through a gas medium. Such hardmetals may
also be coated on surfaces using thermal spray methods to form
either hardmetal coatings and hardmetal structures.
[0016] Advantages arising from various implementations of the
described hardmetal materials may include one or more of the
following: superior hardness in general, enhanced hardness at
high temperatures, and improved resistance to corrosion and
oxidation.
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[0017] Various specific implementations described in this
application are summarized as follows. The first group of 265
specific implementations is as follows.
1. A material comprising:
hard particles having a first material; and
a binder matrix having a second, different material, a
volume of said second material being from about 3% to about
40% of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium in an amount greater than 25% of a total
weight of the material, wherein said hard particles are
spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a substantially
uniform manner.
2. The material as in the above item no. 1 or below item
no. 14, wherein said first material includes a carbide
comprising tungsten.
3. The material as in the above item no. 2, wherein said
carbide comprises mono tungsten carbide (WC).
4. The material as in the above item no. 2, wherein said
first material further includes another carbide having a metal
element different from tungsten.
5. The material as in the above item no. 4, wherein said
metal element is titanium (Ti).
6. The material as in the above item no. 4, wherein said
metal element is tantalum (Ta).
7. The material as in the above item no. 4-, wherein said
metal element is niobium (Nb).
8. The material as in the above item no. 4, wherein said
metal element is vanadium (V).
9. The material as in the above item no. 4, wherein said
metal element is chromium (Cr).
10. The material as in the above item no. 4, wherein said
metal element is hafnium (Hf).
11. The material as in the above item no. 4, wherein said
metal element is molybdenum (Mo).
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12. The material as in the above item no. 2, wherein said
first material further includes a nitride.
13. The material as in the above item no. 2 or 12,
wherein said nitride includes TiN, ZrN, VN, NbN, TaN or HfN.
14. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material which
comprises a nitride; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material,
a volume of said second material being from about 3% to about
40% of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium, wherein said hard particles are spatially
dispersed in said binder matrix in a substantially uniform
manner .
15. The material as in the above item no. 14, wherein
said nitride includes TiN, ZrN, VN, NbN, TaN or HfN.
16. The material as in the above item no. 1, wherein said
binder matrix further includes cobalt (Co).
17. A material comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material,
a volume of said second material being from about 3% to about
40% of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium and nickel (Ni), wherein said hard
particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a
substantially uniform manner.
18. A material comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material,
a volume of said second material being from about 3% to about
40% of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium and molybdenum (Mo), wherein said hard
particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a
substantially uniform manner.
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19. A material comprising:
hard parti-cles comprising a first material; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material,
a volume of said second material being from about 3% to about
40% of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium and iron (Fe), wherein said hard particles
are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a
substantially uniform manner.
20. A material comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material,
a volume of said second material being from about 3% to about
40% of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium and chromium (Cr), wherein said hard
particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a
substantially uniform manner.
21. A material comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material,
a volume of said second material being from about 3% to about
40% of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium and a Ni-based superalloy, wherein said
hard particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix
in a substantially uniform manner.
22. The material as in the above item no. 21, wherein
said binder material further includes cobalt.
23. A material comprising:
hard particles having a first material having a mixture
selected from at least one from a group consisting of (1) a
mixture of WC, TiC, and TaC, (2) a mixture of WC, TiC, and
NbC, (3) a mixture of WC, TiC, and at least one of TaC and
NbC, and (4) a mixture of WC, TiC, and at least one of HfC and
NbC; and
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a binder matrix having a second, different material, a
volume of said binder matrix being from about 3% to about 40%
of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium, wherein said hard particles are spatially
dispersed in said binder matrix in a substantially uniform
manner.
24. A material comprising:
hard particles having a first material comprising a
material selected from at least one from a group consisting of
(1) WC, TiC, and TaC, (2) WC, TiC, and NbC, (3) WC, TiC, and
at least one of TaC and NbC, and (4) WC, TiC, and at least one
of HfC and NbC; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material,
a volume of said binder matrix being from about 3% to about
40% of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium and
a Ni-based superalloy, wherein said hard particles are
spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a substantially
uniform manner.
25. A material comprising:
hard particles having a first material having a mixture
of Mo2C and T.iC; and
a binder matrix having a second, different material, a
volume of said binder matrix being from about 3% to about 40%
of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium, wherein said hard particles are spatially
dispersed in said binder matrix in a substantially uniform
manner.
26. A material, comprising:
30. hard particles comprising a'first material which
comprises TiN, M02C and TiC; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material,
a volume of said binder matrix being from about 3% to about
40% of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
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comprising rhenium, wherein said hard particles are spatially
dispersed in said binder matrix in a substantially uniform
manner.
27. A material, comprising:
-hard particles comprising a first material comprising
M02C and TiC; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material,
a volume of said binder matrix being from about 3% to about
40% of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium and a Ni-based superalloy, wherein said
hard particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix
in a substantially uniform manner.
28. A method comprising:
forming a grade power by mixing a powder of hard
particles with a binder matrix material comprising rhenium;
processing the grade powder to use the binder matrix
material to bind the hard particles to produce a solid
hardmetal material, wherein the processing includes (1)
sintering the grade powder in a solid phase under a vacuum
condition, and (2) sintering the grade power in a solid phase
under a pressure in an inert gas medium.
29. The method as in the above item no. 28, wherein the
binder matrix material further includes a Ni-based superalloy.
30. The method as in the above item no. 29, wherein the
binder matrix material further includes cobalt.
31. The method as in the above item no. 28, wherein the
binder matrix material further includes cobalt.
32. The method as in the above item no_ 28, wherein each
sintering is performed a temperature below an eutectic
temperature of the hard particles and the binder matrix
material.
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33. A material comprising:
hard particles having a first material; and
a binder matrix having a second, different material
comprising a nickel-based superalloy, wherein said hard
particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a
substantially uniform manner.
34. The material as in the above item no. 33 or 47,
wherein said first material includes a carbide comprising
tungsten.
35. The material as in the above item no. 34, wherein
said carbide comprises mono tungsten carbide (WC).
36. The material as in the above item no. 34, wherein
said first material further includes another carbide having a
metal element different from tungsten.
37. The material as in the above item no. 36, wherein
said metal element is titanium (Ti).
38. The material as in the above item no. 36, wherein
said metal element is tantalum (Ta).
39. The material as in the above item no. 36, wherein
.20 said metal element is niobium (Nb).
40. The material as in the above item no. 36, wherein
said metal element is vanadium (V).
41. The material as in the above item no. 36, wherein
said metal element is chromium (Cr).
42. The material as in the above item no. 36, wherein
said metal element is hafnium (Hf).
43. The material as in the above item no. 36, wherein
said metal element is molybdenum (Mo).
44. The material as in the above item no. 34, wherein
said first material further includes a nitride.
45. The material as in the above item no. 34 or 44,
wherein said nitride includes at least one of ZrN, HfN, VN,
NbN, TaN and TiN.
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46. The material as in the above item no. 34 or 44,
wherein said first material includes a carbide.
47. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material which
5- comprises a nitride; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material
comprising a nickel-based superalloy, wherein said hard
particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a
substantially uniform manner.
10. 48. The material as in the above item no. 47, wherein
said nitride includes at least one.of ZrN, VN, NbN, TaN TiN
and HfN.
49. The material as in the above item no. 33 or 47,
wherein said nickel-based superalloy comprises primarily
15 nickel and also comprises other elements.
50. The material as in the above item no. 49, wherein
said other elements include Co, Cr, Al, Ti, Mo, Nb, W, and Zr.
51. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material; and
20 a binder matrix comprising a second, different material
which comprises a nickel-based superalloy and a second,
different nickel-based superalloy, , wherein said hard
particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a
substantially uniform manner.
25 52. The material as in the above item no. 51, wherein
said binder matrix further comprises rhenium.
53. The material as in the above item no. 52, wherein
said binder matrix further comprises cobalt.
54. The material as in the above item no. 33, wherein
30 said binder matrix further comprises rhenium.
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55. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material
which comprises a nickel-based superalloy, rhenium and cobalt,
wherein said hard particles are spatially dispersed in said
binder matrix in a substantially uniform manner.
56. A material comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material
which comprises a nickel-based superalloy and cobalt, wherein
said hard particles are spatially dispersed in said binder
matrix in a substantially uniform manner.
57. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material
which comprises a nickel-based superalloy and nickel, wherein
said hard particles are spatially dispersed in said binder
matrix in a substantially uniform manner.
58. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material
which comprises a nickel-based superalloy and iron, wherein
said hard particles are spatially dispersed in said binder
matrix in a substantially uniform manner.
59. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material
which comprises a nickel-based superalloy molybdenum, wherein
said hard particles are spatially dispersed in said binder
30= matrix in a substantially uniform manner.
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60. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material
which comprises a nickel-based superalloy and chromium,
wherein said hard particles are spatially dispersed in said
binder matrix in a substantially uniform manner.
61. The material as in the above item no. 33, wherein
said binder matrix further comprises another alloy that is not
a nickel-based alloy.
62. A material, comprising:
hard particles having a first material comprising TiC and
Ti.N; and
a binder matrix having a second, different material
comprising at least one of Ni, Mo, and Mo2C, wherein said hard
particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a
substantially uniform manner.
63. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material which
comprises TiC and TiN; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material
which comprises Re and at least one of Ni, Mo, and M02C,
wherein said hard particles are spatially dispersed in said
binder matrix in a substantially uniform manner.
64. The material as in the above item no. 63, wherein
said binder matrix further includes Co.
65. The material as in the above item no. 64, wherein
said binder matrix further includes a Ni-based superalloy.
66. The material as in the above item no. 63, wherein
said binder matrix further includes a Ni-based superalloy.
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67. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material comprising TiC
and TiN; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material
which comprises a Ni-based superalloy, and at least one of Ni,
Mo, and M02C, wherein said hard particles are spatially
dispersed in said binder matrix in a substantially uniform
manner.
68. A method comprising:
forming a grade powder by mixing a powder of hard
particles with a binder matrix material comprising a nickel-
based superalloy;
processing the grade powder to produce a solid hardmetal
material by using the binder matrix material to bind the hard
particles.
69. The method as in the above item no. 68, wherein said
processing includes sequentially performing a pressing
operation, a first sintering operation, a shaping operation,
and a second sintering operation.
70. (The method as in the above item no. 68, further
comprising: prior to the mixing, preparing the binder matrix
material to further include rhenium.
71. The method as in the above item no. 68, further
comprising: prior to the mixing, preparing the binder matrix
material to further include cobalt.
72. The method as in the above item no. 68, wherein the
processing includes a solid phase sintering in a hot isostatic
pressing process.
73. The method as in the above item no. 68, wherein the
processing includes (1) sintering the grade powder in a solid
phase under a vacuum condition, and (2) sintering the grade
power in a solid phase under a pressure in an inert gas
medium.
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74. The method as in the above item no. 68, further
comprising: prior to the mixing, preparing the hard particles
with a particle dimension less than 0.5 micron to reduce a
temperature of the sintering operations.
5= 75. A device, comprising a wear part that removes
material from an object, said wear part having a material
which comprises:
hard particles having a first material; and
a binder matrix having a second, different material
10= comprising rhenium and a Ni-based super alloy, wherein said
hard particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix
in a substantially uniform manner.
76. The device as in the above item no. 75, wherein said
binder matrix further includes a cobalt.
15 77. A device, comprising a wear part having a material
which comprises:
hard particles having a first material; and
a binder matrix of a second, different material
comprising a nickel-based superalloy, wherein said hard
20 particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a
substantially uniform manner.
78. A material comprising:
hard particles having a first material selected from at
least one from a group consisting of (1) a solid solution of
25 WC, TiC, and TaC, (2) a solid solution of WC, TiC, and NbC,
(3) a solid solution of WC, TiC, and at least one of TaC and
NbC, and (4) a solid solution of WC, TiC, and at least one of
HfC and NbC; and
a binder matrix having a second, different material, a
30 volume of said binder matrix being from about 3% to about 40%
of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium, wherein said hard particles are spatially
dispersed in said binder matrix in a substantially uniform
manner.
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79. The material as in the above item no. 78 or 87,
wherein the hard particles comprise WC, Ti.C, and TaC, and the
binder matrix is formed of pure Re.
80. The material as in the above item no. 79, wherein the
hard particles are about 72% of and the Re is about 28% of the
total weight of the material.
81. The material as in the above item no. 79, wherein the
hard particles are about 85% of and the Re is about 15% of the
total weight of the material.
82. The material as in the above item no. 79, wherein Ti.C
and TaC are approximately equal in quantity and have a total
quantity less than a quantity of the WC.
83. The material as in the above item no. 24, wherein the
hard particles comprise WC, TIC, and TaC.
84. The material as in the above item no. 83, wherein
each of TiC and TaC is from about 3% to less than about 6% in
a total weight of the material, and WC is above 78% and below
89% in the total weight of the material.
85. The material as in the above item no. 83, wherein the
binder matrix further includes Co.
86. The material as in the above item no. 83, wherein the
Ni-based superalloy comprises mainly Ni and other elements
including Co, Cr, Al, Ti, Mo, Nb, W, Zr, B, C, and V.
87. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material selected from
at least one from a group consisting of (1) WC, TiC, and TaC,
(2) WC, TiC, and NbC, (3) WC, TiC, and at least one of TaC and
NbC, and (4) WC, TiC, and at least one of HfC and NbC; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material,
a volume of said binder matrix being from about 3% to about
40% of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium, wherein said hard particles are spatially
dispersed irl said binder matrix in a substantially uniform
manner,
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wherein the binder matrix includes Re and a Ni-based
superalloy which includes Re.
88. The material as in the above item no. 21, wherein
said Ni-based superalloy includes Re.
89. The material as in the above item no. 24, wherein
said Ni-based superalloy includes Re.
90. The material as in the above item no. 21 or 47,
wherein said Ni-based superalloy includes Re.
91. A material comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material
which comprises a nickel-based superalloy, wherein said hard
particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a
substantially uniform manner,
wherein said Ni-based superalloy includes Re.
92. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material
which comprises a nickel-based superalloy, wherein said hard
particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a
substantially uniform manner,
wherein said Ni-based superalloy is in a y-y' phase.
93. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising a first material; and
a binder matrix comprising a second, different material
which comprises a nickel-based superalloy which comprises
nickel and other elements, said other elements comprising Co,
Cr, Al, Ti, Mo, Nb, W, Zr, and Re, wherein said hard particles
are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a
substantially uniform manner.
94. The material as in the above item no. 17, wherein
said first material comprises a boride.
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95. The material as in the above item no. 95, wherein
said boride is one of TiB2, ZrB2, HfB2, TaB2, VB2, MoB2, WB, and
W2B.
96. The material as in the above item no. 17, wherein
said first material comprises a silicide.
97. The material as in the above item no. 96, wherein
said silicide is one of TaSi2, Wsi2, NbSi2, and MoSi2.
98. The material as in the above item no. 17, wherein
said first material comprises a carbide.
99. The material as in the above item no. 98, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC,
NbC, TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
100. The material as in the above item no. 17, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitri.de.
101. The material as in the above item no. 100, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
102. The material as in the above item no. 100, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
103. The material as in the above item no. 102, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
104. The material as in the above item no. 102, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
105. The material as in the above item no. 18, wherein
said first material comprises a boride.
106. The material as in the above item no. 105, wherein
said boride is one of TiB2, ZrB2, HfB2, TaB2, VB2, MoB2, WB, and
W2B.
107. The material as in the above item no. 18, wherein
said first material comprises a silicide.
108. The material as in the above item no. 107, wherein
said si.licide is one of TaSi2, Wsi2, NbSi2, and MoSi2.
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109. The material as in the above item no. 18, wherein
said first material comprises a carbide.
110. The material as in the above item no. 109, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, MoaC, and WC.
111. The material as in the above item no. 18, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
112. The material as in the above item no. 111, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
113. The material as in the above item no. 111, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
114. The material as in the above item no. 113, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
115. The material as in the above item no. 113, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
116. The material as in the above item no. 19, wherein
said first material comprises a carbide.
117. The material as in the above item no. 116, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, Mo2C, and WC.
118. The material as in the above item no. 19, wherein
said first material comprises a boride.
119. The material as in the above item no. 118, wherein
said boride is one of TiBa, ZrB2, HfB2, TaB2, VB2, MoB2, WB, and
W2B.
120. The material as in the above item no. 19, wherein
said first material comprises a silicide.
121. The material as in the above item no. 120, wherein
said silicide is one of TaSi2, Wai2, NbSi2, and MoSi2.
122. The material as in the above item no. 19, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
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123. The material as in the above item no. 122, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
124. The material as in the above item no. 122, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
125. The material as in the above item no. 124, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
126. The material as in the above item no. 125, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
127. The material as in the above item no. 20, wherein
said first material comprises a boride.
128. The material as in the above item no. 127, wherein
said boride is one of TiB2, ZrB2, HfB2, TaB2, VB2, MoB2, WB, and
W2B.
129. The material as in the above item no. 20, wherein
said first material comprises a silicide.
130. The material as in the above item no. 129, wherein
said silicide is one of TaSi2, Wsi2, NbSi2, and MoSi2.
131. The material as in the above item no. 20, wherein
said first material comprises a carbide.
132. The material as in the above item no. 131, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
133. The material as in the above item no. 20, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
134. The material as in the above item no. 133, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
135. The material as in the above item no. 133, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
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136. The material as in the above item no. 135, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
137. The material as in the above item no. 135, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
138. The material as in the above item no. 21, wherein
said first material comprises a carbide.
139. The material as in the above item no. 138, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
140. The material as in the above item no. 21, wherein
said first material comprises a boride.
141. The material as in the above item no. 140, wherein
said boride is one of TiB2, ZrB2, HfB2, TaB2, VB2, MoB2, WB, and
W2B-
142. The material as in the above item no. 21, wherein
said first material comprises a silicide.
143. The material as in the above item no. 142, wherein
said silicide is one of TaSi2, Wsi2, -NbSi2, and MoSiz.
144. The material as in the above item no. 21, wherein
said first material comprises a nitride.
145. The material as in the above item no. 144, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
146. The material as in the above item no. 144, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
147. The material as in the above item no. 146, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC,
NbC, TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
148. The material as in the above item no. 147, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,V
and TaN.
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149. The material as in the above item no. 22, wherein
said first material comprises a boride.
150. The material as in the above item no. 149, wherein
said boride is one of TiB2, ZrB2, HfB2, TaB2, VB2, MoB2, WB, and
W2B.
151. The material as in the above item no. 22, wherein
said first material comprises a silicide.
152. The material as in the above item no. 151, wherein
said silicide is one of TaSi2, Wsi2i NbSi2, and MoSi2.
153. The material as in the above item no. 22, wherein
said first material comprises a carbide.
154. The material as in the above item no. 153, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC,
NbC, TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
155. The material as in the above item no. 22, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
156. The material as in the above item no. 155, wherein
said nitride includes at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
157. The material as in the above item no. 155, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
158. The material as in the above item no. 157, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC,
NbC, TaC, Cr2C3, Mo2C, and WC.
159. The material as in the above item no. 157, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one=of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
160. The material as in the above item no. 24, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
161. The material as in the above item no. 160, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
162. The material as in the above item no. 24, wherein
said binder matrix further comprises cobalt(Co).
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163. The material as in the above item no. 24, wherein
Re is from about 1.5% to about 24.4% of the total weight of
the material, and said Ni-based superalloy is from about 0.86%
to about 4.88% of the total weight of the material, and
wherein the first material comprises TiC which is from
about 3% to about 14.7% of the total weight of the material,
TaC which is from about 3% to about 6.2% of the total weight
of the material, and WC which is above about 64% and below
about 88% of the total weight of the material.
164. The material as in the above item no. 26, wherein
said binder matrix further comprises a Ni-based superalloy.
165. The material as in the above item no. 164, wherein
said binder matrix further comprises Co.
166. The material as in the above item no. 27, wherein
=15 said binder matrix further comprises Co.
167. The material as in the above item no. 27, wherein
said Re is from about 8.8% to about 23.8% of the total weight
of the material, and said Ni-based superalloy is from about
3.0% to about 10.3% of the total weight of the material, and
wherein said M02C is from about 13.8% to about 15.2% of the
total weight of the material, and said TiC is from about 59_4%
to about 65.7% of the total weight of the material.
168. The material as in the above item no. 47, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
169. The material as in the above item no. 168, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC,
NbC, TaC, Cr2C3, MoaC, and WC.
170. The material as in the above item no. 168, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
171. The material as in the above item no. 49, wherein
said other elements comprise Cr, Co,- Fe, Al, Ti, Mo, W, Nb,
Ta, Hf, Zr, B, C, Re.
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172. The material as in the above item no. 51, wherein
said first material comprises a carbide.
173. The material as in the above item no. 172, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
174. The material as in the above item no. 50, wherein
said other elements further comprise Fe, Ta, Hf, C, and Re.
175. The material as in the above item no. 51, wherein
said first material comprises a nitride.
176. The material as in the above item no. 55, wherein
Re is from about 0.4% to about 1.8% of the total weight of the
material, said Ni-based superalloy from about 2.7% to about
4.5% of the total weight of the material, and said cobalt from
about 3% to about 4.8% of the total weight of the material,
and
wherein said first material comprises WC which is from
about 90.4% to about 91.5% of the total weight of the
material, and VC which is from about 0.3% to about 0.6% of the
total weight of the material.
177. The material as in the above item no. 55, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
178. The material as in the above item no. 55, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
179. The material as in the above item no. 56, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
180. The material as in the above item no. 179, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
181. The material as in the above item no. 56, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
182. The material as in the above item no. 57, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
183. The material as in the above item no. 182, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
184. The material as in the above item no. 57, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
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185. The material as in the above item no. 58, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
186. The material as in the above item no. 185, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
187. The material as in the above item no. 58, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
188. The material as in the above item no. 59, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
189. The material as in the above item no. 188, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
190. The material as in the above item no. 59, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
191. The material as in the above item no. 60, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
192. The material as in the above item no. 191, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
193. The material as in the above item no. 60, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
194. The device as in the above item no. 75, wherein
said first material comprises a carbide.
195. The device as in the above item no. 194, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
196. The device as in the above item no. 75, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
197. The device as in the above item no. 196, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
198. The device as in the above item no. 196, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
199. The device as in the above item no. 198, wherein
said first material comprises WC, TiC, TaC and Mo2C:
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200. The device as in the above item no. 198, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TIC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC .
201. The device as in the above item no. 198, wherZein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
202. The device as in the above item no. 75, wherein
said first material further comprises a boride.
203. The device as in the above item no. 202, wherein
said first material comprises at least one of TiBz, ZrB2, HfB2,
TaB2, VB2, MoB2, WB, and W2B.
204. The device as in the above item no. 75, wherein
said first material further comprises at least one boride and
at least one carbide.
205. The device as in the above item no. 204, wherein
said first material comprises WC, TiC, TaC, and B4C.
206. The device as in the above item no. 75, wherein
said first material comprises a silicide.
207. the device as in the above item no. 75, wherein
said first material comprises at least one of TaSi2, WSi2,
NbSi2, and MoSi2.
208. The device as in the above item no. 75, wherein
said Re is from about 9.04% to about 9.32% of the total weight
of the material, and said Ni-based superalloy is from about
3.53% to about 3.64% of the total weight of the material, and
wherein said first material comprises WC from about
67.24% to about 69.40% of the total weight of the material,
Ti.C from about 6.35% to about 6.55% of the total weight of the
material, TaC from about 6.24% to about 6.44% of, TiB2 from
about 0.40% to about 7.39% of the total weight of the
material, and B4C from about 0.22% to about 4.25% of the total
weight of the material.
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209. The device as in the above item no. 75, wherein
said Re is from about 8.96% to about 9.37% of the total weight
of the material, and said Ni-based superalloy is from about
3.50% to about 3.66% of the total weight of the material, and
wherein said first material comprises WC from about
58.61% to about 66.67% of the total weight of the material,
TiC from about 14.69% to about 15.37% of the total weight of
the material, TaC from about 6.19% to about 6.47% of the'total
weight of the material, and M02C from 0 to about 6.51% of the
total weight of the material.
210. The device as in the above item no. 75, wherein
said binder matrix further comprises Ni.
211. The device as in the above item no. 75, wherein
said binder matrix further comprises Fe.
212. The device as in the above item no. 75, wherein
said binder matrix further comprises Mo.
213. The device as in the above item no. 75, wherein
said binder matrix further comprises Cr.
214. The material as in the above item no. 83, wherein
the Ni-based superalloy comprises mainly Ni and other elements
which comprise Cr, Co, Fe, Al, Ti, Mo, W, Nb, Ta, Hf, Zr, B,
C, Re.
215. The material as in the above item no. 91, wherein
said first material comprises a carbide.
216. The material as in the above item no. 215, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
217. The material as in the above item no. 91, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
218. The material as in the above item no. 217, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
219. The material as in the above item no. 217, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
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220. The material as in the above item no. 219, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, Mo2C, and WC .
221. The material as in the above item no. 91, wherein
said first material further comprises a boride.
222. The material as in the above item no. 221, wherein
said first material comprises at least one of TiB2, ZrB2, HfB2,
TaB2, VB2, MoB2, WB, and W2B.
223. The material as in the above item no. 91, wherein
said first material further comprises at least one boride and
at least one carbide.
224. The material as in the above item no. 223, wherein
said first material comprises WC, TiC, TaC, and B4C.
225. The material as in the above item no. 91, wherein
said first material comprises a silicide.
226. The material as in the above item no. 225, wherein
said silicide comprises at least one of TaSi2, WSi2, NbSi2, and
MoSi2 .
227. The material as in the above item no. 91, wherein
said binder matrix further comprises Ni.
228. The material as in the above item no. 91, wherein
said binder matrix further comprises Fe.
229. The material as in the above item no. 91, wherein
said binder matrix further comprises Mo.
230. The material as in the above item no. 91, wherein
said binder matrix further comprises=Cr.
231. The material as in the above item no. 92, wherein
said first material comprises a carbide.
232. The material as in the above item no. 231, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
233. The material as in the above item no. 92, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
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234. The material as in the above item no. 233, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
235. The material as in the above item no. 233, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
236. The material as in the above item no. 235, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TIC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
237. The material as in the above item no. 235, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
238. The material as in the above item no. 92, wherein
said first material further comprises a boride.
239. The material as in the above item no. 238, wherein
said first material comprises at least one of TiB2, ZrB2, HfB2,
TaB2, VB2, MoB2, WB, and W2B.
240. The material as in the above item no. 92, wherein
said first material comprises a silicide.
241. The material as in the above item no. 92, wherein
said first material comprises at least one of TaSi2, WSi2,
NbSi2, and MoSi2.
242. The material as in the above item no. 92, wherein
said second material further comprises at least one of Re, Ni,
Co, Fe, Mo, and Cr.
243. The material as in the above item no. 92, wherein
said second material further comprises at least another
different Ni-based superalloy.
244. The material as in the above item no. 92, wherein
said first material comprises WC from about 91.9% to about
30' 92.5% of the total weight of the material, and VC from about
0.3% to about 0.6% of the total weight of the material, and
wherein said Ni-based superalloy is from about 7.2% to about
7.5% of the total weight of the material.
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245. The material as in the above item no. 92, wherein
said first material comprises Ti.C and MoaC which are about
69.44% and 16_09% of the total weight of the material,
respectively, and wherein said Ni-based superalloy is about
14.47% of the total weight of the material.
246. The material as in the above item no. 93, wherein
said first material comprises a carbide.
247. The material as in the above item no. 246, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of Ti.C, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
248. The material as in the above item no. 93, wherein
said first material further comprises a nitride.
249. The material as in the above item no. 248, wwherein
said nitride comprises at least one of Ti.N, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
250. The material as in the above item no. 249, wherein
said first material further comprises a carbide.
251. The material as in the above item no. 250, wherein
said carbide comprises at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC,
TaC, Cr2C3, M02C, and WC.
252. The material as in the above item no. 250, wherein
said nitride comprises at least one of TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN,
and TaN.
253. The material as in the above item no_ 93, wherein
said first material further comprises a boride.
254. The material as in the above item no. 253, wherein
said first material comprises at least one of TiB2, ZrB2, HfBa,
TaB2, VB2, MoB2, WB, and W2B.
255. The material as in the above item no. 93, wherein
said first material comprises a silicide.
256. The material as in the above item no. 93, wherein
said first material'comprises at least one of TaSi2, WSi2,
NbSi2, and MoSi2.
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257. The material as in the above item no. 93, wherein
said second material further comprises at least one of Re, Ni,
Co, Fe, Mo, and Cr.
258. The material as in the above item no. 93, wherein
said second material further comprises at least another
different Ni-based superalloy.
259. The material as in the above item no. 93, wherein
said other elements in said nickel-based superalloy further
comprise Fe, Ta, Hf, B, and C.
260. A method, comprising:
preparing a metal surface for a thermal spray process;
and
performing the thermal spray process to coat a layer of a
hardmetal layer over the metal surface,
wherein the hard metal layer comprises:
hard particles having a first material, and
a binder matrix having a second, different material, a
volume of said second material being from about 3% to about
40% of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium in an amount greater than 25% of a total
weight of the material, wherein said hard particles are
spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a substantially
uniform manner.
261. A method, comprising:
.25 preparing a metal surface for a thermal spray process;
and
performing the thermal spray process to coat a layer of a
hardmetal layer over the metal surface,
wherein the hard metal layer comprises:
,30 hard particles having a first material having a mixture
selected from at least one from a group consisting of (1) a
mixture of WC, TiC, and TaC, (2) a mixture of WC, TiC, and
NbC, (3) a mixture of WC, TiC, and at least one of TaC and
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NbC, and (4) a mixture of WC, TiC, and at least one of HfC and
NbC; and
a binder matrix having a second, different material, a
volume of said binder matrix being from about 3% to about 40%
of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium, wherein said hard particles are spatially
dispersed in said binder matrix in a substantially uniform
manner.
262. A method, comprising:
lo preparing a metal surface for a thermal spray process;
and
performing the thermal spray process to coat a layer of a
hardmetal layer over the metal surface,
wherein the hard metal layer comprises:
hard particles having a first material having a mixture
of Mo2C and TiC; and
a binder matrix having a second, different material, a
volume of said binder matrix being from about 3% to about 40%
of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium, wherein said hard particles are spatially
dispersed in said binder matrix in a substantially uniform
manner.
263. A method, comprising:
preparing a metal surface for a thermal spray process;
and
performing the thermal spray process to coat a layer of a
hardmetal layer over the metal surface,
wherein the hard metal layer comprises:
hard particles having a first material; and
a binder matrix having a second, different material
comprising a nickel-based superalloy, wherein said hard
particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a
substantially uniform manner.
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264. A method, comprising:
preparing a metal surface for a thermal spray process;
and
performing the thermal spray process to coat a layer of a
hardmetal layer over the metal surface,
wherein the hard metal layer comprises:
hard particles having a first material comprising TiC and
TiN; and
a binder matrix having a second, different material
comprising at least one of Ni, Mo, and Mo2C, wherein said hard
particles are spatially dispersed in said binder matrix in a
substantially uniform manner.
265. A method, comprising:
preparing a metal surface for a thermal spray process;
and
performing the thermal spray process to coat a layer of a
hardmetal layer over the metal surface,
wherein the hard metal layer comprises:
hard particles having a first material selected from at
least one from a group consisting of (1) a solid solution of
WC, TiC, and TaC, (2) a solid solution of WC, TiC, and NbC,
(3) a solid solution of WC, TiC, and at least one of TaC and
NbC, and (4) a solid solution of WC, TiC, and at least one of
HfC and NbC; and
a binder matrix having a second, different material, a
volume of said binder matrix being from about 3% to about 40%
of a total volume of the material, said binder matrix
comprising rhenium, wherein said hard particles are spatially
dispersed in said binder matrix in a substantially uniform
manner.
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[00187 In addition, a second group of 288 specific
implementations described in this application is as follows.
1. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one carbide selected
from at least one of WC, TiC, and HfC; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium,
wherein the hard particles are less than 75% of a total
weight of the material and rhenium is greater than 25% of the
total weight of the material.
2. The material as in above item no. 1, wherein the at
least one carbide is TiC which is greater than about 26% of
the total weight of the material and the rhenium is less than
about 74% of the total weight of the material.
3. The material as in above item no. 1, wherein the at
least one carbide is WC which is greater than about 53% of the
total weight of the material, and the rhenium is less than
about 47% of the total weight of the material.
4. The material as in above item no. 1, wherein the at
least one carbide is HfC which is greater than about 48% of
the total weight of the material, and the rhenium is less than
about 52% of the total weight of the material.
5. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one carbide selected
from carbides that are formed from elements in IVb, Vb, and
VIb columns of the periodic table of elements, exclusive of
WC, TiC, and HfC; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium,
wherein the hard particles are less than 75% of a total
weight of the material and rhenium is between 4% to 72% of the
total weight of the material.
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6. The material as in above item no. 5, wherein the at
least one carbide is ZrC which is greater than about 32% of
the total weight of the material, and the rhenium is less than
about 68% of the total weight of the material.
7. The material as in above item no. 5, wherein the at
least one carbide is VC which is greater than about 28% of the
total weight of the material, and the rhenium is less than
about 72% of the total weight of the material.
8. The material as in above item no. 5, wherein the at
least one carbide is NbC which is greater than about 36% of
the total weight of the material, and the rhenium is less than
about 64% of the total weight of the material.
9. The material as in above item no. 5, wherein the at
least one carbide is TaC which is greater than about 51% of
the total weight of the material, and the rhenium is less than
about 49% of the total weight of the material.
10. The material as in above item no. 5, wherein the at
least one carbide is Cr2C3 which is greater than about 32% of
the total weight of the material, and the rhenium is less than
about 68% of the total weight of the material.
11. The material as in above item no. 5, wherein the at
least one carbide is M02C which is greater than about 39% of
the total weight of the material, and the rhenium is less than
about 61% of the total weight of the material.
=25 12. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one nitride from
nitrides of IVB and Vb columns in the periodic table; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium, wherein the rhenium is between about 4% to
about 72% of the total weight of the material.
13. The material as in above item no. 12, wherein the at
least one nitride is TiN which is between about 28% to about
89% of the total weight of the material.
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14. The material as in above item no. 12, wherein the at
least one nitride is ZrN which is between about 34% to about
92% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium is
between about 8% to about 66% of the total weight of the
material.
15. The material as in above item no. 12, wherein the at
least one nitride is HfN which is between about 50% to about
96% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium is
between about 4% to about 50% of the total weight of the
= material.
16. The material as in above item no. 12, wherein the at
least one nitride is VN which is between about 30% to about
91% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium is
between about 9% to about 70% of the total weight of the
material.
17. The material as in above item no. 12, wherein the at
least one nitride is NbN which is between about 34% to about
92% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium is
between about 8% to about 66% of the total weight of the
material.
18. The material as in above item no. 12, wherein the at
least one nitride is TaN which is between about 51% to about
96% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium is
between about 4% to about 49% of the total weight of the
material.
19. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one nitride from
nitrides of IVB and Vb columns in the periodic table; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a Ni-based superalloy which is between about 1.7% to
about 50% of a total weight of the material.
20. The material as in above item no. 19, wherein the at
least one nitride is TiN between aboti.t 50% to about 96% of the
total weight of the material and the Ni-based superalloy which
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is between about 4% to about 50% of =the total weight of the
material.
21. The material as in above item no. 19, wherein the at
least one nitride is ZrN between about 58% to about 97% of the
total weight of the material and the Ni-based superalloy which
is between about 3% to about 42% of the total weight of the
material.
22. The material as in above item no. 19, wherein the at
least one nitride is HfN between about 72% to about 98.2% of
the total weight of the material and the Ni-based superalloy
which is between about 1.8% to about 28% of the total weight
of the material.
23. The material as in above item no. 19, wherein the at
least one nitride is VN between about 53% to about 96% of the
total weight of the material and the Ni-based superalloy which
is between about 4% to about 47% of the total weight of the
material.
24. The material as in above item no_ 19, wherein the at
least one nitride is NbN between about 52% to about 97% of the
total weight of the material and the Ni-based superalloy which
is between about 3% to about 42% of the total weight of the
material.
25. The material as in above item no. 19, wherein the at
least one nitride is TaN between about 73% to about 98.3% of
the total weight of the material and the Ni-based superalloy
which is between about 1.7% to about 27% of the total weight
of the material.
26. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one carbide from
carbides of IVb, Vb, and VIb columns in the periodic table;
and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and a Ni-based superalloy,
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wherein the hard particles are between about 26.1 % to
about 98.4% of a total weight of the material.
27. The material as in above item no. 26, wherein the at
least one carbide is TiC between about 26.1% to about 95.1% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is not greater
than about 73.6% of the total weight of the material, and the
Ni-based superalloy is not greater than about 51.1% of the
total weight of the material.
28. The material as in above item no. 26, wherein the at
least one carbide is ZrC between about 32% to about 96% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is not greater than
about 67.7% of the total weight of the material, and the Ni-
based superalloy is not greater than about 44.1% of the total
weight of the material.
29. The material as in above item no. 26, wherein the at
least one carbide is HfC between about 47.7% to about 98.1% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is not greater
about 52.1% of the total weight of the material, and the Ni-
based superalloy is not greater about 29.2% of the total
weight of the material.
30. The material as in above item no. 26, wherein the at
least one carbide is VC between about 28.3% to about 95.6% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium does not exceed
about 71.5% of the total weight of the material, and the Ni-
based superalloy does exceed about 48.4% of the total weight
of the material.
31. The material as in above item no. 26, wherein the at
least one carbide is NbC between about 36% to about 96.9% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about 63.8% of the total weight of the material, and
the Ni-based superalloy is equal to or less than about 39.9%
of the total weight of the material.
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32. The material as in above item no. 26, wherein the at
least one carbide is TaC between about 51% to about 98.3% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about 48.8% of the total weight of the material, and
the Ni-based superalloy is equal to or less than about 26.5%
of the total weight of the material.
33. The material as in above item no. 26, wherein the at
least one carbide is Cr2C3 between about 32.4% to about 96.4%
of the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to
or less than about 67.3% of the total weight of the material,
and the Ni-based superalloy is equal*to or less than about
43.6% of the total weight of the material.
34. The material as in above item no. 26, wherein the at
least one carbide is M02C between about 39.6% to about 97.3%
of the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to
or less than about 60.2% of the total weight of the material,
and the Ni-based superalloy is equal to or less than about
36.3% of the total weight of the material.
35. The material as in above item no. 26, wherein the at
least one carbide is WC between about 52.9% to about 98.4% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about 46.9% of the total weight of the material, and
the Ni-based superalloy is equal to or less than about 25% of
the total weight of the material.
36. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one nitride from
nitrides of IVb and Vb columns in the periodic table; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and a Ni-based superalloy,
.30 wherein the hard particles are between about 28% to about
98.3% of a total weight of the material.
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37. The material as in above item no. 36, wherein the at
least one nitride is TiN between about 28% to about 95.6% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about 71.7% of the total weight of the material, and
the Ni-based superalloy is equal to or less than about 48.7%
of the total weight of the material.
38. The material as in above item no. 36, wherein the at
least one nitride is ZrN between about 34.5% to about 96.7% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about.65.30 of the total weight of the material, and
the Ni-based superalloy is equal to or less than about 41.4%
of the total weight of the material.
39. The material as in above item no. 36,.wherein the at
least one nitride is HfN between about 49.6% to about 98.2% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about 50% of the'total weight of the material, and
the Ni-based superalloy is equal to or less than about 27.5%
of the total weight of the material.
40. The material as in above item no. 36, wherein the at
least one nitride is VN between about 30% to about 96% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or less
than about 69_6% of the total weight of the material, and the
Ni-based superalloy is equal to or less than about 46.2% of
the total weight of the material.
41. The material as in above item no. 36, wherein the at
least one nitride is NbN between about 34.4% to about 96.7% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about 65.3% of the total weight of the material, and
the Ni-based superalloy is equal to or less than about 41.5%
of the total weight of the material.
42. The material as in above item no. 36, wherein the at
least one nitride is TaN between about 50.7% to about 98.3% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about 49.1% of the total weight of the material, and
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the Ni-based superalloy is equaZ to.or less than about 26.8%
of the total weight of the material.
43. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one carbide from
carbides of IVb, Vb, and Vib columns in the periodic table;
and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and cobalt,
wherein the hard particles are between about 26.1 % to
about 98.2% of a total weight of the material.
44. The material as in above item no. 43, wherein the at
least one carbide is TiC between about 26.1% to about 94.6% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about 73.6% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is equal to or less than about 54.1% of the total
weight of the material.
45. The material as in above item no. 43, wherein the at
least one carbide is ZrC between about 32% to about 96% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or less
than about 67.7% of the total weight of the material, and
cobalt is equal to or less than about 47.1% of the total
weight of the material.
46. The material as in above item no. 43, wherein the at
least one carbide is HfC between about 47.6% to about 97.8% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about 52.1% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is equal to or less than about 31.8% of the total
weight of the material.
47. The material as in above item no. 43, wherein the at
least one carbide is VC between about 28.3% to about 95.1% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about 71.4% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is equal to or less than about 51.5% of the total
weight of the material.
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48. The material as in above item no. 43, wherein the at
least one carbide is NbC between about 36% to about 96.5% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about 63.8% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is equal to or less than about 42.8% of the total
weight of the material.
49. The material as in above item no. 43, wherein the at
least one carbide is TaC between about 51% to about 98% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or less
.10 =than about 48.8% of the total weight of the material, and the
cobalt is equal to or less than about 28.9% of the total
weight of the material.
50. The material as in above item no. 43, wherein the at
least one carbide is Cr2C3 between about 32.4% to about 96% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about 67.3% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is equal to or less than about 46.6% of the total
weight of the material.
51. The material as in above item no. 43, wherein the at
.20 least one carbide is M02C between about 39.6% to about 97% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about 60.2% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is equal to or less than about 39.2% of the total
weight of the material.
52. The material as in above item no. 43, wherein the at
least one carbide is WC between about 52.9% to about 98.2% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is equal to or
less than about 46.9% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is equal to or less than about 27.4% of the total
weight of the material.
53. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one nitride from
nitrides of IVb and Vb columns in the periodic table; and
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a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and cobalt,
wherein the hard particles are between about 28% to about
98% of a total weight of the material.
54. The material as in above item no. 53, wherein the at
least one nitride is TiN between about 28% to about 95% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about 71.6%
of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt is up to
about 51.7% of the total weight of the material.
55. The material as in above item no. 53, wherein the at
least one nitride is ZrN between about 34.5% to about 96.3% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about
65.3% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt is
up to about 44.4% of the total weight of the material.
56. The material as in above item no. 53, wherein the at
least one nitride is HfN between about 49.8% to about 98% of
the total weight of the inaterial, the rhenium is up to about
50% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt is up
to about 30% of the total weight of the material.
57. The material as in above item no. 53, wherein the at
least one nitride is VN between about 30% to about 95.5% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about
69.6% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt is
up to about 49.3% of the total weight of the material.
58. The material as in above item no. 53, wherein the at
least one nitride is NbN between about 34.4% to about 96.3% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about
65.3% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt is
up to about 44.5% of the total weight of the material.
59_ The material as in above item no. 53, wherein the at
least one nitride is TaN between about 50.7% to about 98% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to d about
49.1% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt is
up to about 29.2% of the total weight of the material.
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60. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one carbide from
carbides of IVb, Vb, and VIb columns in the periodic table;
and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a Ni-based superalloy and cobalt,
wherein the hard particles are between about 45 % to
about 98% of a total weight of the material.
61. The material as in above item no. 60, wherein the at
least one carbide is TiC between about 45% to about 95% of the
total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy is up to
about 51.5% of the total weight of the material, and the
cobalt is up to about 54.5% of the total weight of the
material.
62. The material as in above item no. 60, wherein the at
least one carbide is ZrC between about 52% to about 96% of the
total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy is up to
about 44.4% of the total weight of the material, and cobalt is
up to about 47.4% of the total weight of the material.
63. The material as in above item no. 60, wherein the at
least one carbide is HfC between about 68% to about 98% of the
total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy is up to
about 29% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt
is up to about 32% of the total weight of the material.
64. The material as in above item no. 60, wherein the at
least one carbide is VC between about 48% to about 96% of the
total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy is up to
about 49% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt
is up to about 52% of the total weight of the material.
65. The material as in above item no. 60, wherein the at
least one carbide is NbC between about 57% to about 97% of the
total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy is up to
about 40% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt
is up to about 43% of the total weight of the material.
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66_ The material as in above item no. 60, wherein the at
least one carbide is TaC between about 71% to about 98% of the
total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy is up to
about 27% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt
is up to about 29% of the total weight of the material.
67. The material as in above item no. 60, wherein the at
least one carbide is Cr2C3 between about 53% to about 96% of
the total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy is
up to about 67.3% of the total weight of the material, and the
cobalt'is up to about 44% of the total weight of the material.
68. The material as in above item no. 60, wherein the at
least one carbide is Mo2C between about 60% to about 97% of
the total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy is
up to about 36.5% of the total weight of the material, and the
cobalt is up to about 39% of the total weight of the material.
69. The material as in above item no. 60, wherein the at
least one carbide is WC between about 72% to about 98% of the
total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy is up to
about 46.9% of the total weight of the material, and the
cobalt is up to about 27.5% of the total weight of the
material.
70. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one nitride from
nitrides of IVb and Vb columns in the periodic table; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a Ni-based superalloy and cobalt,
wherein the hard particles are between about 47% to about
98% of a total weight of the material.
71. The material as in above item no. 70, wherein the at
least one nitride is TiN between about 47% to about 96% of the
total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy is up to
about 49% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt
is up to about 52% of the total weight of the material.
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72. The material as in above item no. 70, wherein the at
least one nitride is ZrN between about 55% to about 97% of the
total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy is up to
about 42% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt
is up to about 45% of the total weight of the material.
73. The material as in above item no. 70, wherein the at
least one nitride is HfN between about 70% to about 98% of the
total weight of the material, the Ni.-based superalloy is up to
about 31% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt
=10 is up to about 27% of the total weight of the material.
74. The material as in above item no. 70, wherein the at
least one nitride is VN between about 50% to about 96% of the
total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy is up to
about 53% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt
is up to about 44% of the total weight of the material.
75. The material as in above item no. 70, wherein the at
least one nitride is NbN between about 55% to about 97% of the
total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy is up to
about 47% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt
is up to about 40% of the total weight of the material.
76. The material as in above item no. 70, wherein the at
least one nitride is TaN between about 70% to about 98% of the
total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy is up to
about 30% of the total weight of the material, and the cobalt
.25 is up to about 26% of the total weight of the material.
77. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one carbide from
carbides of IVb, Vb, and VIb columns in the periodic table;
and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium, a Ni-based superalloy and cobalt,
wherein the hard particles are between about 26 % to
about 98.3% of a total weight of the material.
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78. The material as in above item no. 77, wherein the at
least one carbide is TiC between about 26% to about 95% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about 73.6%
of the total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy
is up to about 51.3% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is up to about 54.3% of the total weight of the
material.
79. The material as in above item no. 77, wherein the at
least one carbide is ZrC between about 32% to about 96% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about 67.7%
of the total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy
is up to about 44.2% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is up to about 47.2% of the total weight of the
material.
80. The material as in above item no. 77, wherein the at
least one carbide is HfC between about 48% to about 98% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about 52.1%
of the total weight of the material,.the Ni-based superalloy
is up to about 29.3% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is up to about 31.8% of the total weight of the
material.
81. The material as in above item no. 77, wherein the at
least one carbide is VC between about 28% to about 96% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about 71.5%
of the total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy
is up to about 48.6% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is up to about 51.7% of the total weight of the
material.
82. The material as in above item no. 77, wherein the at
least one carbide is NbC between about 36% to about 97% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about 63.8%
of the total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy
is up to about 40% of the total weight of the material, and
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the cobalt is up to about 43% of the total weight of the
material.
83. The material as in above item no. 77, wherein the at
least one carbide is TaC between about 51% to about 98.3% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about
48.8% of the total weight of the material, the Ni-based
superalloy is up to about 26.6% of the total weight of the
material, and the cobalt is up to about 29% of the total
weight of the material.
84. The material as in above item no. 77, wherein the at
least one carbide is Cr2C3 between about 32% to about 96% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about
67.3% of the total weight of the material, the Ni-based
superalloy is up to about 43.8% of the total weight of the
material, and the cobalt is up to about 46.8% of the total
weight of the material.
85. The material as in above item no. 77, wherein the at
least one carbide is M02C between about 39% to about 97% of
the total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about
60.2% of the total weight of the material, the Ni-based
superalloy is up to about 36.4% of the total weight of the
material, and the cobalt is up to about 39.3% of the total
weight of the material.
86. The material as in above item no. 77, wherein the at
least one carbide is WC between about 53% to about 98% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about 46.9%
of the total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy
is up to about 25.1% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is up to about 27.5% of the total weight of the
material.
87. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one nitride from
nitrides of IVb and Vb columns in the periodic table; and
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a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium, a Ni-based superalloy, and cobalt,
wherein the hard particles are between about 28% to about
98.3% of a total weight of the material.
88. The material as in above item no. 87, wherein the at
least one nitride is TiN between about 28% to about 96% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about 71.6%
of the total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy
is up to about 48.8% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is up to about 51.9% of the total weight of the
material.
89. The material as in above item no. 87, wherein the at
least one nitride is ZrN between about 34% to about 97% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about 65.3%
of the total weight of the material,. the Ni-based superalloy
is up to about 41.6% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is up to about 44.6% of the total weight of the
material.
90. The material as in above item no. 87, wherein the at
least one nitride is HfN between about 50% to about 98% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about 50%
of the total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy
is up to about 27.5% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is up to about 30% of the total weight of the
material.
91. The material as in above item no. 87, wherein the at
least one nitride is VN between about 30% to about 96% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about 60%
of the total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy
is up to about 46.4% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is up to about 49% of the total weight of the
material.
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92. The material as in above item no. 87, wherein the at
least one nitride is NbN between about 34% to about 97% of the
total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about 65%
of the total weight of the material, the Ni-based superalloy
is up to about 42% of the total weight of the material, and
the cobalt is up to about 45% of the total weight of the
material.
93. The material as in above item no. 87, wherein the at
least one nitride is TaN between about 51% to about 98.3% of
=lo the total weight of the material, the rhenium is up to about
49% of the total weight of the material, the Ni-based
superalloy is up to about 27% of the total weight of the
material, and the cobalt is up to about 29% of the total
weight of the material.
.15 94. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC and TiC which are between
about 40% to about 96% and between about 0.3% to about 21% of
a total weight of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
20 comprises rhenium which is between about 4 % to about 54% of
the total weight of the material.
95. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC between about 44% to about
96% and TaC up to about 21% of a total weight of the material,
25 respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium which is between about 4% to about 48% of.
the total weight of the material.
96. A material, comprising:
30 hard particles comprising WC, TiC and TaC which are
between about 36% to about 95%, up to about 22%, and up to
about 25% of a total weight of the material, respectively; and
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a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium which is between about 4% to about 48% of a
total weight of the material.
97_ A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC and TiC which are between
about 60% to about 98%, and up to about 25% of a total weight
of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a Nickel-based superalloy which is between about 1.5
% to about 31% of the total weight of the material.
98. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC and TaC which are between
about 63% to about 98%, and up to about 26% of a total weight
of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the.hard particles and
comprises a Nickel-based superalloy which is between about 1.5
% to about 26% of the total weight of the material.
99. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC, Tic and TaC which are
between about 51% to about 98%, up to about 23%, and up to
about 26% of a total weight of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a Nickel-based superalloy which is between about 1.5
% to about 26% of the total weight of the material.
100. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC and TiC which are between
about 40% to about 98%, and up to about 24% of a total weight
of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and a Nickel-based superalloy which are up
to about 52% and 29% of the total weight of the material,
respectively.
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101. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC and TaC which are between
about 44% to about 98%, and up to about 24% of a total weight
of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and a Nickel-based superalloy which are up
to about 47% and about 25% of the total weight of the
material, respectively.
102. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC, TiC and TaC which are
between about 40% to about 98%, up to about 23%, and up about
26% of a total weight of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and a Nickel-based superalloy which are up
to about 53% and about 30% of the total weight of the
material, respectively.
103. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC and TiC which are between
about 40% to about 98%, and up to about 23% of a total weight
of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and cobalt which are up to about 53% and
about 31% of the total weight of the material, respectively.
104. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC and TaC which are between
about 44% to about 98%, and up to about 24% of a total weight
of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and cobalt which are up to about 47% and
about 28% of the total weight of the material, respectively.
105. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC, Tic and TaC which are
between about 40% to about 98%, up to about 23%, and up to
about 26% of a total weight of the material, respectively; and
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a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and cobalt which are up to about 53% and
about 33% of the total weight of the material, respectively.
106. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC and TiC which are between
about 58% to about 98%, and up to about 24% of a total weight
of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises cobalt and a nickel-based superalloy which are up to
about 33% and about 29% of the total weight of the material,
respectively.
107. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC and TaC which are between
about 61% to about 98%, and up to about 24% of a total weight
of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises cobalt and a nickel-based superalloy which are up to
about 28% and about 25% of the total weight of the material,
respectively.
108. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC, TiC and TaC which are
between about 57% to about 98%, up to about 23%, and up to
about 26% of a total weight of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises cobalt and a nickel-based superalloy which are up to
about 33% and about 30% of the total weight of the material,
respectively.
109. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC and TiC which are between
about 40% to about 98%, and up to about 24% of a total weight
of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises cobalt up to about 32% of the total weight of the
material, rhenium and a nickel-based superalloy which are up
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to about 54% and about 29% of the total weight of the
material, respectively.
110. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC and TaC which are between
about 45% to about 98%, and up to about 24% of a total weight
of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises cobalt up to about 28% of the total weight of the
material, rhenium and a nickel-based superalloy which are up
.10 to about 47% and about 26% of the total weight of the
material, respectively.
111. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising WC, TiC and TaC which are
between about 35% to about 93%, up to about 25%, and up to
'about 26% of a total weight of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises cobalt up to about 44% of the total weight of the
material, rhenium and a nickel-based superalloy which are up
to about 65% and about 41% of the total weight of the
material, respectively.
112. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC between about 19% to about
88% of a total weight of the material and M02C up to about 38%
of the total weight of the material; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium between about 9.5 % to about 65% of the
total weight of the material.
113. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiN between about 21% to about
89% of a total weight of the material and M02C up to about 36%
of the total weight of the material; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium between about 9% to about 63% of the total
weight of the material.
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114. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising Ti.C up to about 84% of a total
weight of the material, T.iN up to about 85% of the total
weight of the material, and M02C up to about 36% of the total
weight of the material; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium between about 9% to about 64% of the total
weight of the material.
115. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC up to about 83% of a total
weight of the material, TiN up to about 85% of the total
weight of the material, MoaC up to about 25% of the total
weight of the material, WC up to about 39% of the total weight
of the material, TaC up to about 30% of the total weight of
the material, VC up to about 11% of the total weight of the
material, and Cr2C3 up to about 16% of the total weight of the
material; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium between about 6%.to about 65% of the total
weight of the material.
116. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising T.i.C and Mo2C which are between
about 30% to about 90% and up to about 40% of a total weight
of the material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a nickel based superalloy which is between about 4%
to about 41% of the total weight of the material.
117. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiN and M02C which are up to
about 91% and up to about 38% of a total weight of the
material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a nickel based superalloy which is between about 4%
to about 38% of the total weight of the material.
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118. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN and MoaC which are up
to about 90%, about 91% and about 38% of a total weight of the
material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a nickel based superalloy which is between about 4%
to about 40% of the total weight of the material.
119. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN, M02C, WC, and TaC
which are up to about 90%, about 90%, about 25%, about 42%,
and about 36% of a total weight of the material, respectively,
the hard particles further comprising VC and Cr2C3 up to about
14% and 18% of the total weight of the material, respectively;
and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a nickel based superalloy which is between about 2%
to about 40% of the total weight of the material.
120. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN and Mo2C which are up
to about 90%, about 91% and about 38% of a total weight of the
material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and a nickel based superalloy which are up
to about 64% and about 40% of the total weight of the
material, respectively.
121. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN, M02C, WC, and TaC
which are up to about 89%, about 90%, about 26%, about 42%,
and about 33% of a total weight of the material, respectively,
the hard particles further comprising VC and Cr2C3 up to about
16% and 18% of the total weight of the material, respectively;
and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and a nickel based superalloy which are up
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to about 64% and about 40% of the total weight of the
material, respectively.
122. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN and M02C which are up
to about 90%, about 91% and about 38% of a total weight of the
material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and nickel which are up to about 64% and
about 42% of the total weight of the material, respectively.
123. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN, M02C, WC, and TaC
which are up to about 89%, about 90%, about 26%, about 42%,
and about 33% of a total weight of the material, respectively,
the hard particles further comprising VC and Cr2C3 up to about
16% and 18% of the total weight of the material, respectively;
and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and nickel which are up to about 64% and
about 42% of the total weight of the material, respectively.
124. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN and Mo2C which are up
to about 90%, about 91% and about 38% of a total weight of the
material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and cobalt which are up to about 64% and
about 43% of the total weight of the material, respectively.
125. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN, Mo2C, WC, and TaC
which are up to about 89%, about 90%, about 26%, about 42%,
and about 32% of a total weight of the material, respectively,
the hard particles further comprising VC and Cr2C3 up to about
16% and 18% of the total weight of the material, respectively;
and
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a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium and cobalt which are up to about 64% and
about 43% of the total weight of the material, respectively.
126. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN and MozC which are up
to about 90%, about 91% and about 38% of a total weight of the
material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a nickel-based superalloy and cobalt which are up to
about 40% and about 43% of the total weight of the material,
respectively.
127. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN, M02C, WC, and TaC
which are up to about 89%, about 90%, about 26%, between about
42%, and about 33% of a total weight of the material,
respectively, the hard particles further comprising VC and
Cr2C3 up to about 16% and 18% of the total weight of the
material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a nickel-based superalloy and cobalt which are up to
about 40% and about 43% of the total weight of the material,
respectively.
128. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN and M02C which are up
to about 90%, about 91% and about 38% of a total weight of the
material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a nickel-based superalloy and nickel which are up to
about 40% and about 43% of the=total weight of the material,
respectively.
129. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN, M02C, WC, and TaC
which are up to about 89%, about 90%, about 26%, about 42%,
and about 33% of a total weight of the material, respectively,
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the hard particles further comprising VC and Cr2C3 up to about
16% and 18% of the total weight of the material, respectively;
and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a nickel-based superalloy and nickel which are up to
about 40% and about 43% of the total weight of the material,
respectively.
130. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN and Mo2C which are up
to about 90%, about 91% and about 38% of a total weight of the
material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium, a nickel-based superalloy and cobalt which
are up to about 64%, about 40% and about 42% of the total
weight of the material, respectively.
131. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN, M02C, WC, and TaC
which are up to about 89%, about 90%, about 26%, about 42%,
and about 33% of a total weight of the material, respectively,
the hard particles further comprising VC and Cr2C3 up to about
16% and 18% of the total weight of the material, respectively;
and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium, a nickel-based superalloy and cobalt which
are up to about 63%, about 39% and about 42% of the total
weight of the material, respectively..
132. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN and M02C which are up
to about 90%, about 91% and about 38% of a total weight of the
.30 material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that liinds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium, a nickel-based superalloy and nickel which
are up to about 63%, about 40% and about 42% of the total
weight of the material, respectively.
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133. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN, M02C, WC, and TaC
which are up to about 89%, about 90%, about 26%, about 42%,
and about 33% of a total weight of the material, respectively,
the hard particles further comprising VC and Cr2C3 up to about
16% and 18% of the total weight of the material, respectively;
and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium, a nickel-based superalloy and nickel which
are up to about 63%, about 39% and about 42% of the total
weight of the material, respectively..
134. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN and Mo2C which are up
to about 90%, about 91% and about 38% of a total weight of the
material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium, nickel and cobalt which are up to about
63%, about 42% and about 42% of the total weight of the
material, respectively.
135. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN, M02C, WC, and TaC
which are up to about 89%, about 90%, about 26%, about 42%,
and about 33% of a total weight of the material, respectively,
the hard particles further comprising VC and Cr2C3 up to about
16% and 18% of the total weight of the material, respectively;
and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium, a nickel and cobalt which are up to about
63%, about 42% and about 42% of the total weight of the
material, respectively...
136. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN and Mo2C which are up
to about 90%, about 91% and about 38% of a total weight of the
material, respectively; and
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a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a nickel-based superalloy, nickel and cobalt which
are up to about 40%, about 42% and about 43% of the total
weight of the material, respectively.
137. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, Ti.N, M02C, WC, and TaC
which are up to about 89%, about 90%, about 26%, about 42%,
and about 33% of a total weight of the material, respectively,
the hard particles further comprising VC and Cr2C3 up to about
16% and 18% of the total weight of the material, respectively;
and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises a nickel-based superalloy, nickel and cobalt which
are up to about 40%, about 42% and about 42% of the total
weight of the material, respectively.
138. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN and M02C which are up
to about 90%, about 91% and about 38% of a total weight of the
material, respectively; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium, a nickel-based superalloy, nickel and
cobalt which are up to about 63%, about 39%, about 42% and
about 42% of the total weight of the material, respectively.
139. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising TiC, TiN, Mo2C, WC, and TaC
which are up to about 89%, about 90%, about 26%, about 42%,
and about 33% of a total weight of the material, respectively,
the hard particles further comprising VC and Cr2C3 up to about
16% and 18% of the total weight of the material, respectively;
and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium, a nickel-based superalloy, nickel and
cobalt which are up to about 63%, about 39%, about 42% and
about 42% of the total weight of the material, respectively.
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140. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one boride from
borides of IVB, VB and VIB columns in the periodic table; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium, wherein the rhenium is between about 4% to
about 76% of the total weight of the material.
141. The material as in above item no. 140, wherein the
at least one boride is TiB2 which is between about 24% to
about 87.5% of the total weight of the material, and the
rhenium is between about 12.5% to about 76% of the total
weight of the material.
142. The material as in above item no. 140, wherein the
at least one boride is ZrB2 which is between about 30% to
about 90.5% of the total weight of the material, and the
rhenium is between about 9.5% to about 70% of the total weight
of the material.
143. The material as in above item no. 140, wherein the
at least one boride is HfB2 which is between about 44.5% to
about 94.5% of the total weight of the material, and the
rhenium is between about 5.5% to about 55.5% of the total
weight of the material.
144. The material as in above item no. 140, wherein the
at least one boride is VB2 which is between about 27% to about
89% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium is
between about 11% to about 73% of the total weight of the
material.
145. The material as in above item no. 140, wherein the
at least one boride is NbB2 which is between about 34% to
about 92% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium
30- is between about 8% to about 66% of the total weight of the
material.
146. The material as in above item no. 140, wherein the
at least one boride is TaB2 which is between about 47% to
about 95% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium
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is between about 5% to about 53% of the total weight of the
material.
147. The material as in above item no. 140, wherein the
at least one boride is Cr3B2 which is between about 30.5% to
about 90.5% of the total weight of the material, and the
rhenium is between about 9.5% to about 69.5% of the total
weight of the material.
148. The material as in above item no. 140, wherein the
at least one boride is MOB2 which is between about 36% to
about 92.5% of the total weight of the material, and the
rhenium is between about 7.5% to about 64% of the total weight
of the material.
149. The material as in above item no. 140, wherein the
at least one boride is WB which is between about 53% to about
96% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium is
between about 4% to about 47% of the total weight of the
material.
150. The material as in above item no. 140, wherein the
at least one boride is W2B which is between about 53% to about
96% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium is
between about 4% to about 47% of the total weight of the
material.
151. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one silicide from
silicides of IVB, VB and VIB columns in the periodic table;
and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium, wherein the rhenium is between about 6% to
about 77% of the total weight of the material.
-30 152. The material as in above item no. 151, wherein the
at least one silicide is Ti5Si3 which is between about 23% to
about 87% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium
is between about 13% to about 77% of the total weight of the
material.
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153. The material as in above item no. 151, wherein the
at least one silicide is Zr6Si5 which is between about 28% to
about 90% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium
is between about 10% to about 72% of the total weight of the
material.
154. The material as in above item no. 151, wherein the
at least one silicide is NbSi2 which is between about 31% to
about 91% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium
is between about 9% to about 69% of the total weight of the
material.
155. The material as in above item no. 151, wherein the
at least one silicide is TaSi2 which is between about 38% to
about 93% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium
is between about 7% to about 62% of the total weight of the
material.
156. The material as in above item no. 151, wherein the
at least one silicide is MoSia which is between about 31% to
about 91% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium
is between about 9% to about 69% of the total weight of the
material.
157. The material as in above item no. 151, wherein the
at least one silicide is WSi2 which is between about 40% to
about 94% of the total weight of the material, and the rhenium
is between about 6% to about 60% of the total weight of the
material.
158. A material, comprising:
hard particles; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises tungsten.
159. The material as in above item no. 158, wherein the
hard particles comprise at least one carbide from carbides of
IVB, VB and VIB columns in the periodic table and the tungsten
is between about 4% to about 72% of the total weight of the
material.
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160. The material as in above item no.159, wherein the at
least one carbide is TiC which is between about 28% and about
89% of the total weight of the material, and the tungsten is
between about 11% and about 72% of the total weight of the
material.
161. The material as in above item no. 159, wherein the
at least one carbide is ZrC which is between about 34% and
about 92% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 8% and about 66% of the total weight
of the material.
162. The material as in above item no. 159, wherein the
at least one carbide is HfC which is between about 50% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 4% and about 50% of the total weight
of the material.
163. The material as in above item no. 159, wherein the
at least one carbide is VC which is'between about 30% and
about 90% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 10% and about 70% of the total
weight of the material.
164. The material as in above item no. 159, wherein the
at least one carbide is NbC which is between about 38% and
about 93% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 7% and about 62% of the total weight
of the material.
165. The material as in above item no. 159, wherein the
at least one carbide is TaC which is between about 53% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 4% and about 47% of the total weight
of the material.
166. The material as in above item no. 159, wherein the
at least one carbide is Cr2C3 which is between about 34% and
about 92% of the total weight of the material, and the
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tungsten is between about 8% and about 66% of the total weight
of the material.
167. The material as in above item no. 159, wherein the
at least one carbide is Mo2C which is between about 41% and
about 94% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 6% and about 59% of the total weight
of the material.
168. The material as in above item no. 159, wherein the
at least one carbide is WC which is between about 55% and
=10 about 96% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 4% and about 45% of the total weight
of the material.
169. The material as in above item no. 158, wherein the
hard particles comprise at least one nitride from nitrides of
,15 IVB and VB columns in the periodic table and the tungsten is
between about 4% and about 72% of the total weight of the
material.
170. The material as in above item no. 169, wherein the
at least one nitride is TiN which is between about 28% and
20 about 89% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 11% and about 72% of the total
weight of the material.
171. The material as in above item no. 169, wherein the
at least one nitride is ZrN which is between about 36% and
25 about 92% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 8% and about 64% of the total weight
of the material.
172. The material as in above item no. 169, wherein the
at least one nitride is HfN which is between about 52% and
30 about 96% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 4% and about 48% of the total weight
of the material.
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173. The material as in above item no. 169, wherein the
at least one nitride is VN which is between about 32% and
about 91% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 9% and about 68% of the total weight
of the material.
174. The material as in above item no. 169, wherein the
at least one nitride is NbN which is between about 36% and
about 92% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 8% and about 64% of the total weight
of the material.
175. The material as in above item no. 169, wherein the
at least one nitride is TaN which is between about 53% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 4% and about 47% of the total weight
of the material.
176. The material as in above item no. 158, wherein the
hard particles comprise at least one boride from borides of
IVB, VB and VIB colu.mns in the periodic table and the tungsten
is between about 3% and about 74% of the total weight of the
material.
177. The material as in above item no. 176, wherein the
at least one boride is TiB2 which is between about 26% and
about 88% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 12% and about 74% of the total
weight of the material.
178. The material as in above item no. 176, wherein the
at least one boride is ZrB2 which is between about 32% and
about 91% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 9% and about 68% of the total weight
of the material.
179. The material as in above item no. 176, wherein the
at least one boride is HfBa which is between about 46% and
about 95% of the total weight of the material, and the
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tungsten is between about 5% and about 54% of the total weight
of the material.
180. The material as in above item no. 176, wherein the
at least one boride is VB2 which is between about 28% and
about 90% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 10% and about 72% of the total
weight of the material.
181. The material as in above item no. 176, wherein the
at least one boride is NbB2 which is between about 36% and
about 92% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 8% and about 64% of the total weight
of the material.
182. The material as in above item no. 176, wherein the
at least one boride is TaB2 which is between about 49% and
about 95% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 5% and about 51% of the total weight
of the material.
183. The material as in above item no. 176, wherein the
at least one boride is Cr3B2 which is between about 32% and
about 91% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 9% and about 68% of the total weight
of the material.
184. The material as in above i.tem no. 176, wherein the
at least one boride is MoB2 which is between about 38% and
about 93% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 7% and about 62% of the total weight
of the material.
185. The material as in above item no. 176, wherein the
at least one boride is WB which is between about 55% and about
96% of the total weight of the material, and the tungsten is
between about 4% and about 45% of the total weight of the
material.
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186. The material as in above item no. 176, wherein the
at least one boride is W2B which is between about 56% and
about 97% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 3% and about 44% of the total weight
of the material.
187. The material as in above item no. 158, wherein the
hard particles comprise at least one silicide from silicides
of IVB, VB and VIB columns in the periodic table and the
tungsten is between about 6% and about 75% of the total weight
of the material.
188. The material as in above item no. 187, wherein the
at least one silicide is Ti5Si3 which is between about 25% and
about 88% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 12% and about 75% of the total
weight of the material.
189. The material as in above item no. 187, wherein the
at least one silicide is Zr6Si5 which is between about 30% and
about 90% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 10% and about 70% of the total
weight of the material.
190. The material as in above item no. 187, wherein the
at least one silicide is NbSi2 which is between about 33% and
about 91% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 9% and about 67% of the total weight
of the material.
191. The material as in above item no. 187, wherein the
at least one silicide is TaSi2 which is between about 40% and
about 93% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 7% and about 60% of the total weight
of the material.
192. The material as in above item no. 187, wherein the
at least one silicide is MoSi2 which is between about 31% and
about 91% of the total weight of the material, and the
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tungsten is between about 9% and about 67% of the total weight
of the material.
193. The material as in above item no. 187, wherein the
at least one silicide is WSi2 which is between about 42% and
about 94% of the total weight of the material, and the
tungsten is between about 6% and about 58% of the total weight
of the material.
194. The material as in above item no. 158, wherein the
binder matrix material further comprises rhenium in addition
to tungsten.
195. The material as in above item no. 194, wherein the
hard particles comprise at least one carbide from carbides of
IVB, VB and VIB columns in the periodic table, and
wherein the rhenium is less than about 73% and tungsten
is less than about 72% of the total weight of the material.
196. The material as in above item no. 195, wherein the
at least one carbide is TiC which is between about 26% and
about 89% of the total weight of the material.
197. The material as in above item no. 195, wherein the
at least one carbide is ZrC which is between about 32% and
about 92% of the total weight of the material.
198. The material as in above item no. 195, wherein the
at least one carbide is HfC which is between about 48% and
about 95% of the total weight of the material.
.25 199. The material as in above item no. 195, wherein the
at least one carbide is VC which is between about 28% and
about 90% of the total weight of the material.
200. The material as in above item no. 195, wherein the
at least one carbide is NbC which is between about 36% and
about 93% of the total weight of the material.
201. The material as in above item no. 195, wherein the
at least one carbide is TaC which is between about 51% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material.
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202. The material as in above item no. 195, wherein the
at least one carbide is Cr2C3 which is between about 32% and
about 92% of the total weight of the material.
203. The material as in above item no. 195, wherein the
at least one carbide is M02C which is between about 39% and
about 94% of the total weight of the material_
204. The material as in.above item no. 195, wherein the
at least one carbide is WC which is between about 53% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material.
205. The material as in above item no. 194, wherein the
hard particles comprise at least one nitride from nitrides of
IVB and VB columns in the periodic table, and
wherein the rhenium is less than about 71% and tungsten
is less than about 70% of the total weight of the material.
206. The material as in above item no. 205, wherein the
at least one nitride is TiN which is between about 28% and
about 90% of the total weight of the material.
207. The material as in above item no. 205, wherein the
at least one nitride is ZrN which is between about 34% and
about 92% of the total weight of the material.
208. The.material as in above item no. 205, wherein the
at least one nitride is HfN which is between about 50% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material.
209. The material as in above item no. 205, wherein the
at least one nitride is VN which is between about 30% and
about 91% of the total weight of the material.
210. The material as in above item no. 205, wherein the
at least one nitride is NbN which is between about 35% and
about 92% of the total weight of the material.
211. The material as in above item no.205, wherein the at
least one nitride is TaN which is between about 51% and about
96% of the total weight of the material.
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212. The material as in above item no.194, wherein the
hard particles comprise at least one boride from borides of
IVB, VB and VIB columns in the periodic table, and
wherein the rhenium is less than about 75% and tungsten
is less than about 73% of the total weight of the material.
213. The material as in above item no. 212, wherein the
at least one boride is TiB2 which is between about 24% and
about 88% of the total weight of the material.
214. The material as in above item no. 212, wherein the
at least one boride is ZrB2 which is between about 30% and
about 91% of the total weight of the material.
215. The material as in above item no. 212, wherein the
at least one boride is HfB2 which is between about 44% and
about 95% of the total weight of the material.
215A. The material as in above item no. 212, wherein the
at least one boride is VB2 which is between about 27% and
about 90% of the total weight of the.material.
216. The material as in above item no. 212, wherein the
at least one boride is NbrB2 which is between about 34% and
about 92% of the total weight of the material.
217. The material as in above item no. 212, wherein the
at least one boride is TaB2 which is between about 47% and
about 96% of the total.weight of the material.
218. The material as in above item no. 212, wherein the
at least one boride is Cr3B2 which is between about 32% and
about 91% of the total weight of the material.
219. The material as in above item no. 212, wherein the
at least one boride is MoB2 which is between about 36% and
about 93% of the total weight of the material.
220. The material as in above item no. 212, wherein the
at least one boride is WB which is between about 53% and about
96% of the total weight of the material.
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221. The material as in above item no. 212, wherein the
at least one boride is W2B which is between about 54% and
about 97% of the total weight of the material.
223. The material as in above item no. 194, wherein the
hard particles comprise at least one silicide from silicides
of IVB, VB and VIB columns in the periodic table, and
wherein the rhenium is less than about 76% and tungsten
is less than about 74% of the total weight of the material.
224. The material as in above item no. 223, wherein the
.10 at least one silicide is Ti5Si3 which is between about 24% and
about 88% of the total weight of the material.
225. The material as in above item no. 223, wherein the
at least one silicide is Zr6Si5 which is between about 28% and
about 90% of the total weight of the material.
226. The material as in above item no. 223, wherein the
at least one silicide is NbSi2 which is between about 31% and
about 91% of the total weight of the material.
227. The material as in above item no. 223, wherein the
at least one silicide is TaSi.z which is between about 38% and
about 93% of the total weight of the material.
228. The material as in above item no. 223, wherein the
at least one silicide is MoSi2 which is between about 31% and
about 91% of the total weight of the material.
229. The material as in above item no. 223, wherein the
at least one silicide is WSiz which is between about 40% and
about 94% of the total weight of the material.
230. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one nitride from
nitrides=of IVB and VB columns in the periodic table; and
a binder matrix that binds the'hard particles and
comprises rhenium which is less than 71% of a total weight of
the material and cobalt which is less than 52% of the total
weight of the material.
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231. The material as in above item no. 230, wherein the
at least one nitride is TiN which is between about 28% and
about 95% of the total weight of the material.
232. The material as in above item no. 230, wherein the
at least one nitride is ZrN which is between about 34% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material.
233. The material as in above item no. 230, wherein the
at least one nitride is HfN which is between about 50% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
234. The material as in above item no. 230, wherein the
at least one nitride is VN which is between about 30% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material.
235. The material as in above item no. 230, wherein the
at least one nitride is NbN which is between about 3496 and
about 96% of the total weight of the material.
236. The material as in above item no. 230, wherein the
at least one nitride is TaN which is between about 51% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
237. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one boride from
borides of IVB, VB and VIB columns in the periodic table; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium which is less than 75% of a total weight of
the material and cobalt which is less than 56% of the total
weight of the material.
238. The material as in above item no. 237, wherein the
at least one boride is TiB2 which is between about 24% and
about 34% of the total weight of the material.
239. The material as in above item no. 237, wherein the
at least one boride is ZrB2 which is between about 30% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material.
240. The material as in above item no. 237, wherein the
at least one boride is HfBz which is between about 45% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
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241. The material as in above item no. 237, wherein the
at least one boride is VB2 which is between about 27% and
about 95% of the total weight of the material.
242. The material as in above item no. 237, wherein the
at least one boride is NbB2 which is between about 34% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material.
243. The material as in above item no. 237, wherein the
at least one boride is TaB2 which is between about 48% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
244. The material as in above item no. 237, wherein the
at least one-boride is Cr3B2 which is between about 30% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material.
245. The material as in above item no. 237, wherein the
at least one boride is MoB2 which is between about 36% and
about 97% of the total weight of the material.
246. The material as in above item no. 237, wherein the
at least one boride is WB which is between about 53% and about
98% of the total weight of the material.
247. The material as in above item no. 237, wherein the
at least one boride is W2B which is between about 55% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
248. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one silicide from
silicides of IVB and VB columns in the periodic table; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium which is less than 76% of a total weight of
the material and cobalt which is less than 57% of the total
weight of the material.
249. The material as in above item no. 248, wherein the
at least one silicide is Ti5Si3 which is between about 24% and
about 94% of the total weight of the material.
250. The material as in above item no. 248, wherein the
at least one silicide is Zr6Si3 which is between about 28% and
about 95% of the total weight of the material.
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251. The material as in'above item no_ 248, wherein the
at least one silicide is NbSi2 which is between about 31% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material.
252. The material as in above item no. 248, wherein the
at least one silicide is TaSi2 which is between about 38% and
about 97% of the total weight of the material.
253. The material as in above item no. 248, wherein the
at least one silicide is MoSi2 which is between about 31% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material.
254. The material as in above item no. 248, wherein the
at least one silicide is WSi.2 which is between about 40% and
about 97% of the total weight of the material.
255. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one carbide from
carbides of IVB, VB and VIB columns in the periodic table; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium which is less than 74% of a total weight of
the material and molybdenum which is less than 57% of the
total weight of the material.
256. The material as in above item no. 255, wherein the
at least one carbide is TiC which is between about 26% and
about 94% of the total weight of the material.
257. The material as in above %tem no. 255, wherein the
at least one carbide is ZrC which is between about 32% and
about 95% of the total weight of the material.
258. The material as in above item no. 255, wherein the
at least one carbide is HfC which is.between about 48% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
259. The material as in above item no. 255, wherein the
at least one carbide is VC which is between about 28% and
about 95% of the total weight of the material.
260. The material as in above item no. 255, wherein the
at least one carbide is NbC which is between about 36% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
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261. The material as in above item no. 255, wherein the
at least one carbide is TaC which is between about 51% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
262. The material as in above item no. 255, wherein the
at least one carbide is Cr2C3 which is between about 32% and
about 95% of the total weight of the=material.
263. The material as in above item'no. 255, wherein the
at least one carbide is M02C which is between about 40% and
about 97% of the total weight of the material.
264. The material as in above item no. 255, wherein the
at least one carbide is WC which is between about 53% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
265. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one carbide from
.15 carbides of IVB, VB and VIB columns in the periodic table; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium which is less than 74% of a total weight of
the material and nickel which is less than 54% of the total
weight of the material.
266. The material as in above item no. 265, wherein the
at least one carbide is TiC which is between about 26% and
about 95% of the total weight of the material.
267. The material as in above item no. 265, wherein the
at least one carbide is ZrC which is between about 32% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material.
268. The material as in above item no. 265, wherein the
at least one carbide is HfC which is between about 48% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
269. The material as in above item no. 265, wherein the
at least one carbide is VC which is between about 28% and
about 95% of the total weight of the material.
270. The material as in above item no. 265, wherein the
at least one carbide is NbC which is between about 36% and
about 97% of the total weight of the material.
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271. The material as in above item no. 265, wherein the
at least one carbide is TaC which is between about 51% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
272. The material as in above item no. 265, wherein the
at least one carbide is Cr2C3 which is between about 32% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material.
273. The material as in above item no. 265, wherein the
at least one carbide is Mo2C which is between about 40% and
about 97% of the total weight of the material.
274. The material as in above item no. 265, wherein the
at least one carbide is WC which is between about 53% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
275. A material, comprising:
hard particles comprising at least one carbide from
carbides of IVB, VB and VIB columns in the periodic table; and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and
comprises rhenium which is less than 74% of a total weight of
the material and chromium which is less than 48% of the total
weight of the material.
276. The material as in above item no. 275, wherein the
at least one carbide is TiC which is between about 26% and
about 96% of the total weight of the material.
277. The material as in above item no. 275, wherein the
at least one carbide is ZrC which is between about 32% and
about 97% of the total weight of the material.
278. The material as in above item no. 275, wherein the
at least one carbide is HfC which is between about 48% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
279. The material as in above item no. 275, wherein the
at least one carbide is VC which is between about 28% and
about 95% of the total weight of the material.
= 280. The material as in above item no. 275, wherein the
at least one carbide is NbC which is between about 36% and
about 97% of the total weight of the material.
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281. The material as in above item no. 275, wherein the
at least one carbide is TaC which is between about 51% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
282. The material as in above item no. 275, wherein the
at least one carbide is Cr2C3 which is between about 32% and
about 97% of the total weight of the material.
283. The material as in above item no. 275, wherein the
at least one carbide is M02C which is between about 40% and
about 98% of the total weight of the material.
284. The material as in above item no. 275, wherein the
at least one carbide is WC which is between about 53% and
about 98.6% of the total weight of the material.
285. A method, comprising:
preparing a metal surface for a thermal spray process;
and
performing the thermal spray process to deposit a
hardmetal over the metal surface,
wherein the hard metal comprises:
hard particles comprising at least a material made of a
carbide, nitride, boride, or silicide; and
a binder matrix to bind the hard particles and comprising
at least rhenium.
286. A method, comprising:
preparing a metal surface for a thermal spray process;
- and
performing the thermal spray process to deposit a
hardmetal over the metal surface,
wherein the hard metal comprises:
hard particles comprising at least a material made of a
carbide, nitride, boride, or silicide; and
a binder matrix to bind the hard particles and comprising
at least a Ni-based superalloy.
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287. A method, comprising:
preparing a metal surface for a thermal spray process;
and
performing the thermal spray process to deposit a
hardmetal over the metal surface,
wherein the hard metal comprises:
hard particles comprising at least a material made of a
carbide, nitride, boride, or silicide; and
a binder matrix to bind the hard particles and comprising
at least tungsten.
[0019] These and other features, implementations, and
advantages are now described in details with respect to the
drawings, the detailed description, and the claims.
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Drawing Description
[0020] FIG. 1 shows one exemplary fabrication flow in making a
hardmetal according to one implementation.
[0021] FIG. 2 shows an exemplary two-step sintering process
for processing hardmetals in a solid state.
[0022] FIGS. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8show various measured
properties of selected exemplary hardmetals.
[0023] FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate examples of the thermal spray
methods.
[0024] FIG. 11 shows one example of a friction stir welding
tool system with a friction stir welding head that uses a
material described in this application.
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Detailed Description
[0025] Friction stir welding is a solid-state welding process
to join metal components without melting and to avoid various
adverse effects associated with traditional welding techniques
that melt the metal pieces. Notably, the friction stir welding
can be used to produce large welds in a variety of geometric
configurations, where a rotating cylindrical tool head is
plunged into a rigidly clamped workpiece, and then traversed
along the joint between two metal piences to be welded. The
tool is specially designed to provide a combination of
frictional heat and thermo-mechanical working to the workpiece
material as the tool traverses along the joint. A strong,
solid-state bond is formed in the wake of the tool.
[0026] FIG. 11 illustrates one example of a FSW system_ A FSW
head 102 is engaged to a shank 108 which is in turn fixed to a
rotor can include a pin and a shoulder to which the pin is
engaged. A chuck may be used to hold the shank so that the
rotor rotates the shank 108 which spins the head 102 during
welding. In operation, the spinning head is pressed to the
20- interface of two metal pieces 1 and 2 to be welded together
and is moved along the joint interface. The head 102 includes
a shoulder 104 that is engaged to the shank 108 and a pin 106
that is engaged to the shoulder 104. The pin 106 and the
shoulder 104 are in direct contact with the two pieces to weld
them together. In some implementations, the pin 106 and the
shoulder 104 are made of a hardmetal material described in
this application. In other implementations, the surfaces of
the pin and shoulder may be made of a material described in
this application while the inner parts of the pin and shoulder
may be made of a different material. Various materials
described here exhibit high hardness and toughness under a
high temoperature experienced by the pin and shoulder during
the friction stir welding and thus can be used for
constructing the head.
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[0027] Examples of the FSW head designs are also described in
U.S. Patent No. 6, 648,206 entitled "Frication stir welding
using a superabrasive tool" and U.S. Patent Publication No.
US2004/0238599(Al) entitled "Apparatus and method for friction
stir welding of high strength materials and articles made
thereform." The above two U.S. patent documents are
incorporated by reference as part of the specification of this
application.
[0028] In some implementations, the whole FSW tool or pin and
shoulder of the FSW tool may be made from a material such as a
cermet described in this application. For example, a cermet
may a metal bound ceramic particles from at least one
ccerameic material. Examples of the ceramics include
Carbides, Nitrides, Borides, and Silicides. Carbide may
include at least one of TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC, TaC, Cr3C2,
MOC, MoaC, WC, W2C. The nitride may include at least one of
TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN. The boride may include at least one
of TiB2, ZrB2, HfB2, VB2, NbB2, TaB2, Cr3C2, CrB2, Mo2C, MoB,
MoB2, W2C, WB. The silicide may include at least one of
Ti5Si3, Zr6Si5, Zr3Si2, Zr4Si3, ZrSi, HfSi2, NbSia, TaSi2, Mo3Si2,
MoSi2, W3Si2, WSiz . At least one or more metal binder
matesrials may be used to bind the pargicles, e.g., Re, a Ni
based superalloy, Re-Ni based superalloy, Re-Co, Re-Ni, Re-Fe,
Re-Cr, Re-Mo,, Ni based superalloy-Fe, Ni based superalloy-Ni,
Ni based superalloy-Co, Ni based superalloy-Cr, Ni based
superalloy-Mo, Ni based superalloy-Ni based superalloy, Re-Ni
based superalloy-Ni, Re-Ni based superalloy-Co, Re-Ni based
superalloy-Fe, Re-Ni based superalloy-Cr, and Re-Ni based
superalloy-Mo.
[0029] More examples of the materials for the shoulder and the
pin are described below.
[0030] Compositions of hardmetals are important in that they
directly affect the technical performance of the hardmetals in
their intended applications, and processing conditions and
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equipment used during fabrication of such hardmetals. The
hardmetal compositions also can directly affect the cost of
the raw materials for the hardmetals, and the costs associated
with the fabrication processes. For these and other reasons,
extensive efforts have been made in the hardmetal industry to
develop technically superior and economically feasible
compositions for hardmetals. This application describes,
among other features, material compositions for hardmetals
with selected binder matrix materials that, together, provide
performance advantages.
[0031] Material compositions for hardmetals of interest
include various hard particles and various binder matrix
materials. In general, the hard particles may be formed from
carbides of the metals in columns IVB (e.g., TiC, ZrC, HfC),
= 15 VB (e. g. , VC, NbC, TaC), and VIB (e. g. , Cr3C2, M02C, WC) in the
Periodic Table of Elements. In addition, nitrides formed by
metals elements in columns IVB (e.g., TiN, ZrN, HfN) and VB
(e.g., VN, NbN, and TaN) in the Periodic Table of Elements may
also be used. For example, one material composition for hard
.20 particles that is widely used for many hardmetals is a
tungsten carbide, e.g., the mono tungsten carbide (WC).
Various nitrides may be mixed with carbides to form the hard
particles. Two or more of the above and other carbides and
nitrides may be combined to form WC-based hardmetals or WC-
25 free hardmetals. Examples of mixtures of different carbides
include but are not limited to a mixture of WC and TiC, and a
mixture of WC, TiC, and TaC. In addition to various carbides,
nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and silicides may also be
used as hard particles for hardmetals. Examples of various
30 suitable hard particles are described in this application.
[00321 The material composition of the binder matrix, in
addition to providing a matrix for bonding the hard particles
together, can significantly affect the hard and refractory
properties of the resulting hardmetals. In general, the
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binder matrix may include one or more transition metals in the
eighth column of the Periodic Table.of Elements, such as
cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe), and the metals in the
6B column such as molybdenum (Mo) and chromium (Cr). Two or
more of such and other binder metals may be mixed together to
form desired binder matrices for bonding suitable hard
particles. Some binder matrices, for example, use
combinations of Co, Ni, and Mo with different relative
weights.
[0033] The hardmetal compositions described here were
developed in part based on a recognition that the material
composition of the binder matrix may be specially configured
and tailored to provide high-performance hardmetals to meet
specific needs of various applications. In particular, the
material composition of the binder matrix has significant
effects on other material properties of the resulting
hardmetals, such as the elasticity, the rigidity, and the
strength parameters (including the transverse rupture
strength, the tensile strength, and the impact strength).
Hence, the inventor recognized that it was desirable to
provide the proper material composition for the binder matrix
to better match the material composition of the hard particles
and other components of the hardmetals in order to enhance the
material properties and the performance of the resulting
hardmetals.
[0034] More specifically, these hardznetal compositions use
binder matrices that include rhenium, a nickel-based
superalloy or a combination of at least one nickel-based
superalloy and other binder materials. Other suitable binder
materials may include, among others, rhenium (Re) or cobalt.
A Ni-based superalloy exhibits a high material strength at a
relatively high temperature. The resulting hardmetal formed
with such a binder material can benefit from the high material
strength at high temperatures of rhenium and Ni-superalloy and
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exhibit enhanced performance at high temperatures. In
addition, a Ni-based superalloy also exhibits superior
resistance to corrosion and oxidation, and thus, when used as
a binder material, can improve the corresponding resistance of
the hardmetals.
C00357 The compositions of the hardmetals described in this
application may include the binder matrix material from about
3% to about 40% by volume of the total materials in the
hardmetals so that the corresponding volume percentage of the
hard particles is about from 97% to about 60%, respectively.
Within the above volume percentage range, the binder matrix
material in certain implementations may be from about 4% to
about 35% by volume out of the volume of the total hardmetal
materials. More preferably, some compositions of the
hardmetals may have from about 5% to about 30% of the binder
matrix material by volume out of the volume of the total
hardmetal materials. The weight percentage of the binder
matrix material in the total weight of the resulting
hardmetals may be derived from the specific compositions of
the hardmetals.
C00361 In various implementations, the binder matrices may be
formed primarily by a nickel-based superalloy, and by various
combinations of the nickel-based superalloy with other
elements such as Re, Co, Ni, Fe, Mo, and Cr. A Ni-based
superalloy of interest may comprise, in addition to Ni,
elements Co, Cr, Al, Ti, Mo, W, and other elements such as Ta,
Nb, B, Zr and C. For example, Ni-based superalloys may
include the following constituent metals in weight percentage
of the total weight of the superalloy: Ni from about 30% to
about 70%, Cr from about 10% to about 30%, Co from about 0% to
about 25%, a total of Al and Ti from about 4% to about 12%, Mo
from about 0% to about 10%, W from about 0% to about 10%, Ta
from about 0% to about 10%, Nb from about 0% to about 5%, and
Hf from about 0% to about 5%. Ni-based superalloys may also
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include either or both of Re and Hf, e.g., Re from 0% to about
10%, and Hf from 0% to about 5%. Ni-based superalloy with Re
may be used in applications under high temperatures. A Ni-
based super alloy may further include other elements, such as
B, Zr, and C, in small amounts.
[0037] Compounds TaC and NbC have similar properties to a
certain extent and may be used to partially or completely
substitute or replace each other in hardmetal compositions in
some implementations. Either one or both of HfC and NbC also
may be used to substitute or replace a part or all of TaC in
hardmetal designs. Compounds WC, TiC, TaC may be produced
individually and then mixed to form a mixture or may be
produced in a form of a solid solution. When a mixture is
used, the mixture may be selected from at least one from a
group consisting of (1) a mixture of WC, TiC, and TaC, (2) a
mixture of WC, TiC, and NbC, (3) a mixture of WC, TiC, and at
least one of TaC and NbC, and (4) a mixture of WC, TiC, and at
least one of HfC and NbC. A solid solution of multiple
carbides may exhibit better properties and performances than a
mixture of several carbides. Hence, hard particles may be
selected from at least one from a group consisting of (1) a
solid solution of WC, TiC, and TaC, (2) a solid solution of
WC, TiC, and NbC, (3) a solid solution of WC, TiC, and at
least one of TaC and NbC, and (4) a solid solution of WC, TiC,
and at least one of HfC and NbC.
[0038] The nickel-based superalloy as a binder material may be
in a y-y' phase where the y' phase with a FCC structure mixes
with the y phase. The strength increases with temperature
within a certain extent. Another desirable property of such a
Ni-based superalloy is its high resistance to oxidation and
corrosion. The nickel-based superalloy may be used to either
partially or entirely replace Co in various Co-based binder
compositions. As demonstrated by examples disclosed in this
application, the inclusion of both of rhenium and a nickel-
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based superalloy in a binder matrix of a hardmetal can
significantly improve the performance of the resulting
hardmetal by benefiting from the superior performance at high
temperatures from presence of Re while utilizing the
relatively low-sintering temperature of the Ni-based
superalloy to maintain a reasonably low sintering temperature
for ease of fabrication. In addition, the relatively low
content of Re in such binder compositions allows for reduced
cost of the binder materials so that such materials be
economically feasible.
[0039] Such a nickel-based superalloy may have a percentage
weight from several percent to 100% with respect to the total
weight of all material components in the binder matrix based
on the specific composition of the binder matrix. A typical
nickel-based superalloy may primarily comprise nickel and
other metal components in a y-y' phase strengthened state so
that it exhibits an enhanced strength which increases as
temperature rises.
[0040] Various nickel-based superalloys may have a melting
point lower than the common binder material cobalt, such as
alloys under the trade names Rene-95, Udimet-700, Udimet-720
from Special Metals which comprise primarily Ni in combination
with Co, Cr, Al, Ti, Mo, Nb, W, B', and Zr. Hence, using such
a nickel-based superalloy alone as a binder material may not
increase the melting point of the resulting hardmetals in
comparison with hardmetals using binders with Co.
[0041] However, in one implementation, the nickel-based
superalloy can be used in the binder to provide a high
material strength and to improve the material hardness of the
=30 resulting hardmetals, at high temperatures near or above 500
C. Tests of some fabricated samples have demonstrated that
the material hardness and strength for hardmetals with a Ni-
based superalloy in the binder can improve significantly,
e.g., by at least 10%, at low operating temperatures in
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comparison with similar material compositions without Ni-based
superalloy in the binder. The following table show measured
hardness parameters of samples P65 and P46A with Ni-based
superalloy in the binder in comparison with samples P49 and
P47A with pure Co as the binder, where the compositions of the
samples are listed in Table 4.
Effects of Ni-based Superalloy (NS) in Binder
Samp1e Co or NS Binder Iiv at Room Ksc at room Comparisoxx
Code Temperature temperature
Name (Kff1xs¾ne) (x106 Pa=m.liz)
P49 Co: 10 volume% 2186 6.5
P65 NS: 10 volume% 2532 6.7 Hv is about 16%
greater than
that of P49
P47A Co: 15 volume% 2160 6.4
P46A NS: 15 volume% 2364 6.4 Hv is about 10%
greater than
that of P47A
[0042] Notably, at high operating temperatures above 500 C,
hardmetal samples with Ni-based superalloy in the binder can
exhibit a material hardness that is significantly higher than
that of similar hardmetal samples without having a Ni-based
superalloy in the binder. In addition, Ni-based superalloy as
a binder material can also improve the resistance to corrosion
of the resulting hardmetals or cermets in comparison with
hardmetals or cermets using the conventional cobalt as the
binder.
[0043] A nickel-based superalloy may be used alone or in
combination with other elements to form a desired binder
matrix. Other elements that may be combined with the nickel-
based superalloy to form a binder matrix include but are not
limited to, another nickel-based superalloy, other non-nickel-
based alloys, Re, Co, Ni, Fe, Mo, and Cr.
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[0044] Rhenium as a binder material may be used to provide
strong bonding of hard particles and in particular can produce
a high melting point for the resulting hardmetal material.
The melting point of rhenium is about 31800 C, much higher than
the melting point of 1495 C of the commonly-used cobalt as a
binder material. This feature of rhenium partially-
contributes to the enhanced performance of hardmetals with
binders using Re, e.g., the enhanced hardness and strength of
the resulting hardmetals at high temperatures. Re also has
other desired properties as a binder'material. For example,
the hardness, the transverse rapture strength, the fracture
toughness, and the melting point of the hardmetals with Re in
their binder matrices can be increased significantly in
comparison with similar hardmetals without Re in the binder
matrices. A hardness Hv over 2600 Kg/mm2 has been achieved in
exemplary WC-based hardmetals with Re in the binder matrices.
The melting point of some exemplary WC-based hardmetals, i.e.,
the sintering temperature, has shown to be greater than 2200
C. In comparison, the sintering temperature for WC-based
hardmetals with Co in the binders in Table 2.1 in the cited
Brookes is below 15000 C. A hardmetal with a high sintering
temperature allows the material to operate at a high
temperature below the sintering temperature. For example,
tools based on such Re-containing hardmetal materials may
operate at high speeds to reduce the processing time and the
overall throughput of the processing.
[0045] The use of Re as a binder material in hardmetals,
however, may present limitations in practice. For example,
the desirable high-temperature property of Re generally leads
to a high sintering temperature for fabrication. Thus, the
oven or furnace for the conventional sintering process needs
to operate at or above the high sintering temperature. Ovens
or furnaces capable of operating at such high temperatures,
e.g., above 2200 C, can be expensive and may not be widely
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available for commercial use. U. S. Patent No. 5,476,531
discloses a use of a rapid omnidirectional compaction (ROC)
method to reduce the processing temperature in manufacturing
WC-based hardmetals with pure Re as the binder material from
6% to 18% of the total weight of each hardmetal. This ROC
process, however, is still expensive and is generally not
suitable for commercial fabrication.
[0046] One potential advantage of the hardmetal compositions
and the composition methods described here is that they may
provide or allow for a more practical fabrication process for
fabricating hardmetals with either Re or mixtures of Re with
other binder materials in the binder matrices. In particular,
this two-step process makes it possible to fabricate
hardmetals where Re is at or more than 25% of the total weight
of the binder matrix of the resulting hardmetal. Such
hardmetals with Re at or more than 25% may be used to achieve
a high hardness and a high material strength at high
temperatures.
[0047] Another limitation of using pure Re as a binder
material for hardmetals is that Re oxidizes severely in air at
or above about 3504C. This poor oxidation resistance may
dramatically reduce the use of pure Re as binder for any
application above about 300¾C. Since Ni-based superalloy has
exceptionally strength and oxidation resistance under 10002C,
a mixture of a Ni-based superalloy and Re where Re is the
dominant material in the binder may be used to improve the
strength and oxidation resistance of the resulting hardmetal
using such a mixture as the binder. On the other hand, the
addition of Re into a binder primarily comprised of a Ni-based
superalloy can increase the melting range of the resulting
hardmetal, and improve the high temperature strength and creep
resistance of the Ni-based superalloy binder.
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[0048] In general, the percentage weight of the rhenium in the
binder matrix should be between a several percent to
essentially 100% of the total weight of the binder matrix in a
hardmetal. Preferably, the percentage weight of rhenium in
the binder matrix should be at or above 5%. In particular,
the percentage weight of rhenium in=the binder matrix may be
at or above 10% of the binder matrix. In some
implementations, the percentage weight of rhenium in the
binder matrix may be at or above 25% of the total weight of
the binder matrix of the resulting hardmetal. Hardmetals with
such a high concentration of Re may be fabricated at
relatively low temperatures with a two-step process described
in this application.
[0049] Since rhenium is generally more expensive than other
materials used in hardmetals, cost should be considered in
designing binder matrices that include rhenium. Some of the
examples given below reflect this consideration. In general,
according to one implementation, a hardmetal composition
includes dispersed hard particles having a first material, and
a binder matrix having a second, different material that
includes rhenium, where the hard particles are spatially
dispersed in the binder matrix in a substantially uniform
manner. The binder matrix may be a mixture of Re and other
binder materials to reduce the total content of Re to in part
reduce the overall cost of the raw materials and in part to
explore the presence of other binder materials to enhance the
performance of the binder matrix. Examples of binder matrices
having mixtures of Re and other binder materials include,
mixtures of Re and at least one Ni-based superalloy, mixtures
of Re, Co and at least one Ni-based superalloy, mixtures of Re
and Co, and others.
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[0050] TABLE 1 lists some examples of hardmetal compositions
of interest. In this table, WC-based compositions are
referred to as "hardmetals" and the TiC-based compositions are
referred to as "cermets." Traditionally, TiC particles bound
by a mixture of Ni and Mo or a mixture of Ni and Mo2C are
cermets. Cermets as described here further include hard
particles formed by mixtures of TiC and TiN, of TiC, TiN, WC,
TaC, and NbC with the binder matrices formed by the mixture of
Ni and Mo or the mixture of Ni and Mo2C. For each hardmetal
composition, three different weight percentage ranges for the
given binder material in the are listed. As an example, the
binder may be a mixture of a Ni-based superalloy and cobalt,
and the hard particles may a mixture of WC, TiC, TaC, and NbC.
In this composition, the binder may be from about 2% to about
=15 40% of the total weight of the hardmetal. This range may be
set to from about 3% to about 35% in some applications and may
be further limited to a smaller range from about 4% to about
30% in other applications.
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TABLE 1
(NS: Ni-based superalloy)
Binder Composition for i8 Binder 2 Binder 3" Binder
Consposition Hard Particles Wt.96 Range Wt.% Range Wt.96 Range
Wc 4 to 40 5 to 35 6 to 30
Re
WC-TiC-TaC-NbC 4 to 40 5 to 35 6 to 30
WC 2 to 30 3 to 25 4 to 20
NS
WC-TiC-TaC-NbC 2 to 30 3 to 25 4 to 20
wc 2 to 40 3 to 35 4 to 30
Hardmetals NS-Re
WC-TiC-TaC-NbC 2 to 40 3 to 35 4 to 30
WC 2 to 40 3 to 35 4 to 30
Re-Co
WC-TiC-TaC-N'bC 2 to 40 3 to 35 4 to 30
WC 2 to 40 3 to 35 4 to 30
NS-Re-Co
WC-TiC-TaC-NbC 2 to 40 3 to 35 4 to 30
M02C-TiC 5 to 40 6 to 35 8 to 40
NS M02C-TiC-TiN-WC-
to 40 6 to 35 8 to 40
TaC-NbC
M02C-T1C 10 to 55 12 to 50 15 to 45
Cermets Re MozC-TiC-TiN-WC-
to 55 12 to 50 15 to 45
TaC-NbC
MozC-TiC 5 to 55 6 to 50 8 to 45
NS-Re Mo2C-TiC-TiN-WC-
5 to 55 6 to 50 8 to 45
TaC-NbC
[0051] Fabrication of- hardmetals with Re or a nickel-based
5 superalloy in binder matrices may be carried out as follows.
First, a powder with desired hard particles such as one or
more carbides or carbonitrides is prepared. This powder may
include a mixture of different carbides or a mixture of
carbides and nitrides. The powder is mixed with a suitable
10 binder matrix material that includes Re or a nickel-based
superalloy. In addition, a pressing lubricant, e.g., a wax,
may be added to the mixture.
[0052] The mixture of the hard particles, the binder matrix
material, and the lubricant is mixed through a milling or
attriting process by milling or attriting over a desired
period, e.g., hours, to fully mix the materials so that each
hard particle is coated with the binder matrix material to
facilitate the binding of the hard particles in the subsequent
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processes. The hard particles should also be coated with the
lubricant material to lubricate the materials to facilitate
the mixing process and to reduce or eliminate oxidation of the
hard particles. Next, pressing, pre-sintering, shaping, and
final sintering are subsequently performed to the milled
mixture to form the resulting hardmetal. The sintering
process is a process for converting a powder material into a
continuous mass by heating to a temperature that is below the
melting temperature of the hard particles and may be performed
after preliminary compacting by pressure. During this
process, the binder material is densified to form a continuous
binder matrix to bind hard particles=therein. One or more
additional coatings may be further formed on a surface of the
resulting hardmetal to enhance the performance of the
hardmetal. FIG. 1 is a flowchart for this implementation of
the fabrication process.
[0053] In one implementation, the manufacture process for
cemented carbides includes wet milling in solvent, vacuum
drying, pressing, and liquid-phase sintering in vacuum. The
temperature of the liquid-phase sintering is between melting
point of the binder material (e.g., Co at 1495 C) and the
eutectic temperature of the mixture of hardmetal (e.g., WC-Co
at 1320 C). in general, the sintering temperature of cemented
carbide is in a range of 1360 to 1480 C. For new materials
with low concentration of Re or a Ni-based superalloy in
binder alloy, manufacture process is same as conventional
cemented carbide process. The principle of liquid phase
sintering in vacuum is applied in here. The sintering
temperature is slightly higher than the eutectic temperature
30, of binder alloy and carbide. For example, the sintering
condition of P17 ( 25% of Re in binder alloy, by weight ) is
at 1700 C for one hour in vacuum.
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[0054] FIG. 2 shows a two-step fabrication process based on a
solid-state phase sintering for fabricating various hardmetals
described in this application. Examples of hardmetals that
can be fabricated with this two-step sintering method include
hardmetals with a high concentration of Re in the binder
matrix that would otherwise require the liquid-phase sintering
at high temperatures. This two-step process may be
implemented at relatively low temperatures, e.g., under 22000
C, to utilize commercially feasible ovens and to produce the
hardmetals at reasonably low costs. The liquid phase
sintering is eliminated in this two-step process because the
liquid phase sintering may not be practical due to the
generally high eutectic temperatures of the binder alloy and
carbide. As discussed above, sintering at such high
temperatures requires ovens operating at high temperatures
which may not be commercially feasible.
[0055] The first step of this two-step process is a vacuum
sintering where the mixture materials for the binder matrix
and the hard particles are sintered in vacuum. The mixture is
initially processed by, e.g., wet milling, drying, and
pressing, as performed in conventional processes for
fabricating cemented carbides. This first step of sintering
is performed at a temperature below the eutectic temperature
of the binder alloy and the hard particle materials to remove
or eliminate the interconnected porosity. The second step is
a solid phase sintering at a temperature below the eutectic
temperature and under a pressured condition to remove and
eliminate the remaining porosities and voids left in the
sintered mixture after the first step. A hot isostatic
pressing (HIP) process may be used as this second step
sintering. Both heat and pressure are applied.to the material
during the sintering to reduce the processing temperature
which would otherwise be higher in absence of the pressure. A
gas medium such as an inert gas may be used to apply and
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transmit the pressure to the sintered mixture. The pressure
may be at or over 1000 bar. Application of pressure in the
HIP process lowers the required processing temperature and
allows for use of conventional ovens or furnaces. The
temperatures of solid phase sintering and HIPping for
achieving fully condensed materials are generally
significantly lower than the temperatures for liquid phase
sintering. For example, the sample P62 which uses pure Re as
the binder may be fully densified by vacuum sintering at
2200 C for one to two hours and then HIPping at about 2000 C
under a pressure of 30,000 PSI in the inert gas such as Ar for
about one hour. Notably, the use of ultra fine hard particles
with a particulate dimension less than 0.5 micron can reduce
the sintering temperature for fully densifying the hardmetals
(fine particles are several microns in size). For example, in
making the samples P62 and P63, the use of such ultra fine WC
allows for sintering temperatures to be low, e.g., around
2000 C. This two-step process is less expensive than the ROC
method and may be used to commercial production.
.20 [0056] The following sections describe exemplary hardmetal
compositions and their properties based on various binder
matrix materials that include at least rhenium or a nickel-
based superalloy.
[0057] TABLE 2 provides a list of code names (lot numbers) for
some of the constituent materials used to form the exemplary
hardmetals, where H1 represents rhenium, and L1, L2, and L3
represent three exemplary commercial nickel-based superalloys.
TABLE 3 further lists compositions of the above three
exemplary nickel-based superalloys, Udimet720(U720),
Rene'95(R-95), and Udimet700(U700), respectively. TABLE 4
lists compositions of exemplary hardmetals, both with and
without rhenium or a nickel-based superalloy in the binder
matrices. For example, the material composition for Lot P17
primarily includes 88 grams of T32 (WC), 3 grams of 132 (TiC),
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3 grams of A31 (TaC), 1.5 grams of H1 (Re) and 4.5 grams of L2
(R-95) as binder, and 2 grams of a wax as lubricant. Lot P58
represents a hardmetal with a nickel-based superalloy L2 as
the only binder material without Re. These hardmetals were
fabricated and tested to illustrate the effects of either or
both of rhenium and a nickel-based superalloy as binder
materials on various properties of the resulting hardmetals.
TABLES 5-8 further provide summary information of compositions
and properties of different sample lots as defined above.
[00581 FIGS. 3 through 8 show measurements of selected
hardmetal samples of this application. FIGS. 3 and 4 show
measured toughness and hardness parameters of some exemplary
hardmetals for the steel cutting grades. FIGS. 5 and 6 show
measured toughness and hardness parameters of some exemplary
hardmetals for the non-ferrous cutting grades. Measurements
were performed before and after the solid-phase sintering HIP
process and the data suggests that the HIP process
significantly improves both the toughness and the hardness of
the materials. FIG. 7 shows measurements of the hardness as a
function of temperature for some samples. As a comparison,
FIGS. 7 and 8 also show measurements of commercial C2 and C6
carbides under the same testing conditions, where FIG. 7 shows
the measured hardness and FIG. 8 shows measured change in
hardness from the value at the room temperature (RT).
Clearly, the hardmetal samples based on the compositions
described here outperform the commercial grade materials in
terms of the hardness at high temperatures. These results
demonstrate that the superior performance of binder matrices
with either or both of Re and a nickel-based superalloy as
binder materials in comparison with Co-based binder matrix
materials.
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TABLE 2
Powder
Code Note
Composition
T32 WC Particle size 1.5 }un, from Alldyne
T35 WC Particle size 15 m, from Alldyne
Y20 Mo Particle size 1.7-2.2 pm, from Alldyne
L3 U-700 -325 Mesh, special metal Udimet 700
L1 U-720 -325 Mesh, Special Metal, Udimet 720
L2 Re-95 -325 Mesh, Special Metal, Rene 95
H1 Re -325 Mesh, Rhenium Alloy Inc.
132 TiC from AEE, Ti-302
121 TiB2 from AEE, Ti-201, 1-5 Eun
A31 TaC from AEE, TA-301
Y31 M02C from AEE, MO-301
D31 VC from AEE, VA-301
B1 Co from AEE, CO-101
Ki Ni from AEE, Ni-101
K2 Ni from AEE, Ni-102
113 TiN from Cerac, T-1153
C21 ZrB2 from Cerac, Z-1031
Y6 Mo from AEE Mo+100, 1-2 m
L6 Al from AEE Al-100, 1-5 Eun
R31 BaC from AEE Bo-301, 3 pm
T3.8 WC Particle size 0.8 m, Alldyne
T3.4 WC Particle size 0.4 m, OMG
T3.2 WC Particle size 0.2 in, OMG
TABLE 3
Ni Co Cr Al Ti Mo Nb W Zr B C V
R95 61.982 8.04 13.16 3.54 2.53 3.55 3.55 3.54 0.049 0.059
U700 54.331 17.34 15.35 4.04 3.65 5.17 .028 .008 .04 .019 .019 .005
U720 56.334 15.32 16.38 3.06 5.04 3.06 0.01 1.30 .035 .015 .012 .004
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TABLE 4
Lot No Composition (units in grams)
P17 H1=1.5, L2=4.5, 132=3, A31=3, T32=88, Wax=2
P18 H1=3, L2=3, 132=3, A31=3, T32=88, Wax=2
P19 H1=1.5, L3=4.5, 132=3, A31=3, T32=88, Wax=2
P20 H1=3, L3=3, 132=3, A31=3, T32=88, Wax=2
P25 H1=3.75, L2=2.25, I32=3, A31=3, T32=88, Wax=2
P25A H1=3.75, L2=2.25, 132=3, A31=3, T32=88, Wax=2
P31 31=3.44, 81=4.4, T32=92.16, Wax=2
P32 H1=6.75, 31=2.88, T32=90.37, Wax=2
P33 H1=9.93, B1=1.41, T32=88.66, Wax=2
P34 L2=14_47, 132=69.44, Y31=16.09
P35 31=8.77, L2=10.27, 132=65.73, Y31=15.23
P36 H1=16.66, L2=6.50, I32=62.4, Y31=14.56
P37 111=23.80, L2=3.09, I32=59.38, Y31=13.76
P38 K1=15.51, 132=68.60, Y31=15.89
P39 K2=15.51, I32=68.60, Y31=15.89
P40 H1=7_57, L2=2_96, I32=5.32, A31=5.23, T32=78.92, Wax=2
P40A H1=7.57, L2=2.96, I32=5.32, A31=5.23, T32=78.92, Wax=2
P41 H1=11.1, L2=1.45, I32=5.20, A31=5.11, T32=77.14, Wax=2
P41A H1=11.1, L2=1.45, I32=5.20, A31=5.11, T32=77.14, Wax=2
P42 31=9.32, L2=3.64, 132=6.55, A31=6.44, I21=0.40, R31=4.25, T32=69.40, Wax
P43 H1=9.04, L2=3.53, I32=6.35, A31=6.24, I21=7.39, R31=0.22, T32=67.24, Wax
P44 H1=8.96, L2=3.50, I32=14.69, A31=6.19, T32=66_67, Wax=2
P45 111=9.37, L2=3.66, 132=15.37, A31=6.47, Y31=6.51, T32=58.61, Wax=2
P46 111=11.40, L2=4_45, I32=5_34, A31=5.25, T32=73_55, Wax=2
P46A H1=11.40, L2=4.45, I32=5.34, A31=5.25, T32=73.55, Wax=2
P47 111=11.35, 31=4.88, 132=5.32, A31=5.23, T32=73.22, Wax=2
P47A H1=11.35, 31=4.88, I32=5.32, A31=5.23, T32=73.22, Wax=2
P48 H1=3.75, L2=2.25, I32=5, A31=5, T32=84, Wax=2
P49 111=7.55, 31=3.25, I32=5.31, A31=5.21, T32=78.68, Wax=2
P50 31=4.83, L2=1.89, I32=5.31, A31=5.22, T32=82.75, Wax=2
P51 H1=7.15, L2=0.93, I32=5.23, A31=5.14, T32=81.55, Wax=2
P52 B1=8, D31=0.6, T3.8=91.4, Wax=2
P53 B1=8, D31=0.6, T3.4=91.4, Wax=2
P54 B1=8, D31=0.6, T3.2=91.4, Wax=2
P55 H1=1.8, B1=7.2, D31=0.6, T3.4=90.4, Wax=2
P56 H1=1.8, B1=7.2, D31=0.6, T3.2=90.4, Wax=2
P56A H1=1.8, B1=7.2, D31=0.6, T3.2=90.4, Wax=2
P57 H1=1.8, B1=7.2, T3.2=91, Wax=2
.__.
6, T3.2=91_9, Wax=2
L2=4.5, D31=0.6, T3.2=91_5, Wax=25.09, A31=5.00, T3.2=75.43, Wax=2
5.09, A31=5.00, T3.2=75.43, Wax=2
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P63 H1=12_47, L2=0.86, I32=5.16, A31=5.07, T3.2=76.45, Wax=2
P65 H1=7.57, L2=2_96, I32=5.32, A31=5.23, T3.2=78.92, Wax=2
P65A H1=7.57, L2=2.96, I32=5.32, A31=5.23, T3.2=78.92, Wax=2
P66 H1=27_92, I32=4.91, A31=4.82, T3.2=62.35, Wax=2
P67 H1=24.37, L3=1.62, I32=5.04, A31=4.95, T32=32.01, T33=32.01, Wax=2
P69 L2=7.5, D31=0.4, T3.2=92.1, Wax=2
P70 L1=7.4, D31=0.3, T3.2=92.3, Wax=2
P71 L3=7.2, D31=0.3, T3.2=92.5, Wax=2
P72 H1=1.8, B1=7.2, D31=0.3, T3.2=90.7, Wax=2
P73 H1=1.8, B1=4.8, L2=2.7, D31=0.3, T3.2=90.4, Wax=2
P74 H1=1.8, B1=3, L2=4.5, D31=0.3, T3.2=90.4, Wax=2
P75 H1=0.8, B1=3, L2=4.5, D31=0.3, T3.2=91.4, Wax=2
P76 H1=0.8, B1=3, L1=4.5, D31=0.3, T3.2=91.4, Wax=2
P77 H1=0.8, B1=3, L3=4.5, D31=0.3, T3.2=91.4, Wax=2
P78 H1=0.8, 131=4.5, L1=3, D31=0.3, T3.2=91.4, Wax=2
P79 H1=0.8, B1=4.5, L3=3.1, D31=0.3, T3.2=91.3, Wax=2
[0059] Several exemplary categories of hardmetal compositions
are described below to illustrate the above general designs of
the various hardmetal compositions to include either of Re and
Nickel-based superalloy, or both. The exemplary categories of
hardmetal compositions are defined based on the compositions
of the binder matrices for the resulting hardmetals or
cermets. The first category uses a binder matrix having pure
Re, the second category uses a binder matrix having a Re-Co
alloy, the third category uses a binder matrix having a Ni-
based superalloy, and the fourth category uses a binder matrix
having an alloy having a Ni-based superalloy in combination
with of Re with or without Co.
[00601 In general, hard and refractory particles used in
hardmetals of interest may include, but are not limited to,
carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and silicides.
Some examples of Carbides include WC, TiC, TaC, HfC, NbC,
Mo2C, Cr2C3, VC, ZrC, B4C1 and SiC. Examples of Nitrides
include TiN, ZrN, HfN, VN, NbN, TaN, and BN. Examples of
Carbonitrides include Ti(C,N), Ta(C,N), Nb(C,N), Hf(C,N),
Zr(C,N), and V(C,N). Examples of Borides include TiB2, ZrB2,
HfB2, TaB2, VB2, MoB2, WB, and W2B. In addition, examples of
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Silicides are TaSi2, WsiZ, NbSi2, and MoSi.2. The above-
identified four categories of hardmetals or cermets can also
use these and other hard and refractory particles.
[0061] In the first category of hardmetals based on the pure
Re alloy binder matrix, the Re may be approximately'from 5% to
40% by volume of all material compositions used in a hardmetal
or cermet. For example, the sample'with a lot No. P62 in
TABLE 4 has 10% of pure Re, 70%of WC, 15% of TiC, and 5% of
TaC by volume. This composition approximately corresponds to
1o. 14.48% of Re, 75.43% of WC, 5.09% of TiC and 5.0% of TaC by
weight. In fabrication, the Specimen P62-4 was vacuum sintered
at 2100 C for about one hour and 2158 C for about one hour.
The density of this material is about 14.51g/cc, where the
calculated density is 14.50 g/cc. The average hardness Hv is
2627 35 Kg/mm2for 10 measurements taken at the room
temperature under a load of 10 Kg. The measured surface
fracture toughness KS is about 7.4 x106 Pa = ml/2 estimated by
Palmvist crack length at a load of 10 Kg.
[0062] Another example under this category is P66 in TABLE 4.
This sample has about 20% of Re, 60% of WC, 15% of TiC, and 5%
of TaC by volume in composition. In the weight percentage,
this sample has about 27.92% of Re, 62.35% of WC, 4.91% of
TiC, and 4.82% of TaC. The Specimen P66-4 was first processed
with a vacuum sintering process at about 2200 C for one hour
and was then sintered in the solid-phase with a HIP process to
remove porosities and voids. The density of the resulting
hardmetal is about 14.40g/cc compared to the calculated
density of 15.04g/cc. The average hardness Hv is about
2402 44 Kg/mm2 for 7 different measurements taken at the room
temperature under a load of 10 Kg. The surface fracture
toughness KS, is about 8.1 x106 Pa=m1/2. The sample P66 and
other compositions described here with a high concentration of
Re with a weight percentage greater than 25%, as the sole
binder material or one of two or more different binder
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materials in the binder, may be used for various applications
at high operating temperatures and may be manufactured by
using the two-step process based on solid-phase sintering.
[0063] The microstructures and properties of Re bound
multiples types of hard refractory particles, such as
carbides, nitrides, carbon nitrides, silicides, and borides,
may provide advantages over Re-bound WC material. For
example, Re bound WC-TiC-TaC may have better crater resistance
in steel cutting than Re bound WC material. Another example
is materials formed by refractory particles of M02C and TiC
bound in a Re binder.
[0064] For the second category with a Re-Co alloy as the
binder matrix, the Re-Co alloy may be about from 5 to 40 Vol%
of all material compositions used in the composition. In some
implementations, the Re-to-Co ratio in the binder may vary
from 0.01 to 0.99 approximately. Inclusion of Re can improve
the mechanical properties of the resulting hardmetals, such as
hardness, strength and toughness special at high temperature
compared to Co bounded hardmetal. The higher Re content is
the better high temperature properties are for most materials
using such a binder matrix.
[0065] The sample P31 in TABLE 4 is one example within this
category with 2.5% of Re, 7.5% of Co, and 90% of WC by volume,
and 3.44% of Re, 4.40% of Co and 92.12% of WC by weight. In
fabrication, the Specimen P31-1 was vacuum sintered at 1725C
for about one hour. slight under sintering with some
porosities and voids. The density of the resulting hardmetal
is about 15.16 g/cc (calculated density at 15.27 g/cc). The
average hardness Hv is about 1889 18 Kg/mm2 at the room
temperature under 10 Kg and the surface facture toughness Ks,
is about 7.7 x106 Pa=m1/2. In addition, the Specimen P31-1 was
treated with a hot isostatic press (HIP) process at about
1600C / 15Ksi for about one hour after sintering. The HIP
reduces or substantially eliminates the porosities and voids
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in the compound to increase the material density. After HIP,
the measured density is about 15.25g/cc (calculated density at
15.27 g/cc). The measured hardness Hv is about 1887 12 Kg/mm2
at the room temperature under 10 Kg. The surface fracture
toughness KS,: is about 7.6 x106 Pa =m112 .
[0066] Another example in this category is P32 in TABLE 4 with
5.0% of Re, 5.0% of Co, and 90% of WC in volume (6.75% of Re,
2.88% of Co and 90.38% of WC in weight). The Specimen P32-4
was vacuum sintered at 1800C for about one hour. The measured
density is about 15.58 g/cc in comparison with the calculated
density at 15.57 g/cc. The measured hardness Hv is about 2065
Kg/mm2 at the room temperature under 10 Kg. The surface
fracture toughness KS, is about 5.9 x106 Pa-m112. The Specimen
P32-4 was also HIP at 1600C / 15Ksi for about one hour after
Sintering. The measured density is about 15.57g/cc
(calculated density at 15.57 g/cc). The average hardness Hv
is about 2010f12 Kg/mm2 at the room temperature under 10 Kg.
The surface fracture toughness Ksc is about 5.8 x106 Pa=m1i2.
[0067] The third example is P33 in TABLE 4 which has 7.5% of
Re, 2.5% of Co, and 90% of WC by volume and 9.93% of Re, 1.41%
of Co and 88.66% of WC by weight. In fabrication, the
Specimen P33-7 was vacuum sintered at 1950C for about one hour
and was under sintering with porosities and voids. The
measured density is about 15.38 g/cc (calculated density at
15.87 g/cc). The measured hardness Hv is about 2081 Kg/mm2 at
the room temperature under a force of 10 Kg. The surface
fracture toughness Ksc is about 5.6 x106 Pa=m1/2. The Specimen
P33-7 was HIP at 1600C / 15Ksi for about one hour after
Sintering. The measured density is about 15.82g/cc
(calculated density=15.87 g/cc). The average hardness Hv is
measured at about 2039-!-18 Kg/mm2 at the room temperature under
10 Kg. The surface fracture toughness Ksc is about 6.5 x106
Pa=m1ia.
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TABLE 5 Re-Co alloy bound hardmetals
Temperature Density
Hv Ksc Grain
C g/cc
si.ze
Sinter HIP Calculated Measured Kg/mnn x10 Pa-m
P55-1 1350 1300 14.77 14.79 2047 8.6 Ultra-fine
P56-5 1360 1300 14.77 14.72 2133 8.6 Ultra-fine
P56A-4 1350 1300 14.77 14.71 2108 8.5 Ultra-fine
P57-1 1350 1300 14.91 14.93 1747 12.3 Fine
[0068] The samples P55, P56, P56A, and P57 in TABLE 4 are also
examples for the category with a Re-Co alloy as the binder
matrix. These samples have about 1.8% of Re, 7.2% of Co, 0.6%
of VC except that P57 has no VC, and finally WC in balance.
These different compositions are made to study the effects of
hardmetal grain size on Hv and Ksc.. TABLE 5 lists the
results.
TABLE 6 Properties of Ni-based superalloys, Ni, Re, and Co
Test
Temp. R-95 U-700 T3720 Nickel Rhenium Cobalt
C
Density
21 8.2 7.9 8.1 8.9 21 8.9
(g/c.c.)
Melting Point
1255 1205 1210 1450 3180 1495
( C)
Elastic Modulus
21 30.3 32.4 32.2 207 460 211
(GPa)
21 1620 1410 1570 317 1069 234
Ultimate
760 1170 1035 1455
Tensile
800 620
Strength
870 690 1150
(Mpa)
1200 414
21 1310 965 1195 60
0.296
760 1100 825 1050
Yield
800
Strength
870 635
(MPa)
1200
Tensile 21 15 17 13 30 >15
Elongation 760 15 20 9
M 800 5
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870 27
1200 2
Oxidation
Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Poor Good
Resistance
[0069] The third category is based on binder matrices with Ni-
based superalloys from 5 to 40% in volume of all materials in
the resulting hardmetal. Ni-based superalloys'are a family of
high temperature alloys with y' strengthening. Three
different strength alloys, Rene'95, Udimet 720, and Udimet 700
are used as examples to demonstrate the effects of the binder
strength on mechanical properties of the final hardm.etals.
The Ni-based superalloys have a high strength specially at
elevated temperatures. Also, these alloys have good
environmental resistance such as resistance to corrosion and
oxidation at elevated temperature.' Therefore, Ni-based
superalloys can be used to increase the hardness of Ni-based
superalloy bound hardmetals when compared to Cobalt bound
hardmetals. Notably, the tensile strengths of the Ni-based
superalloys are much stronger than the common binder material
cobalt as shown by TABLE 6. This further shows that Ni-based
superalloys are good binder materials for hardmetals.
[00701 One example for this category is P58 in TABLE 4 which
has 7.5% of Rene'95, 0.6% of VC, and 91.9% of WC in weight and
compares to cobalt bound P54 in TABLE 4 (8% of Co, 0.6% of VC,
and 91.4% of WC). The hardness of P58 is significant higher
than P54 as shown in TABLE 7.
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TABLE 7 Comparison of P54 and P58
Ksc
Sintering HIP Iiv, Kg/ncrn'
x106 Pa =ml/'
P54-1 1350C / lhr 2094 8.8
P54-2 1380C / lhr 2071 7.8
P54-3 1420C / lhr 1305 C 2107 8.5
P58-1 1350, 1380, 1400, 1420, 15KSI under Ar
1450, 1475 for 1 hour at 1 hour 2322 7.0
each temperature
P58-3 1450C / lhr 2272 7.4
P58-5 1500C / lhr 2259 7.2
P58-7 1550C / lhr 2246 7.3
[00711 The fourth category is Ni-based superalloy plus Re as
binder, e.g., approximately from 5% to 40 % by volume of all
materials in the resulting hardmetal or cermet. Because
addition of Re increases the melting point of binder alloy of
Ni-based superalloy plus Re, the processing temperature of
hardmetal with Ni-based superalloy plus Re binder increases as
the Re content increases. Several hardmetals with different
Re concentrations are listed in TABLE 8. TABLE 9 further
shows the measured properties of the hardmetals in TABLE 8.
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TABLE 8 Hardmetal with a binder comprising
Ni-based superalloy and Re
Comnpoeition, aseight ~ Sintering
Re to Binder
Q_ C_ Tenverature
Re Rene95 WC TiC TaC Ratio
700 720 C
P17 1.5 4.5 88 3 3 25% 1600-1750
P18 3 3.0 88 3 3 50% 1600-1775
P25 3.75 2.25 88 3 3 62.5% 1650-1825
P48 3.75 2.25 84 5 .5 62.5% 1650-1825
P50 4.83 1.89 82.75 5.31 5.22 71.9% 1675-1850
P40 7.57 2.96 78.92 5.32 5.23 71.9% 1675-1850
P46 11.40 4.45 73.55 5.34 5.24 71.9$ 1675-1850
P51 7.15 0.93 81.55 5.23 5.14 88.5% 1700-1900
P41 11.10 1.45 77.14 5.20 5.11 88.5% 1700-1900
P63 12.47 0.86 76.45 5.16 5.07 93.6% 1850-2100
P19 1.5 4.5 88 3 3 25% 1600-1750
P20 3 3 88 3 3 50% 1600-1775
P67 24_37 1.62 64.02 5.04 4.95 93.6$ 1950-2300
TABLE 9 Properties of hardmetals bound by
Ni-based superalloy and Re
Temperature, C Density, g/cc Hv Ksc
Sinter HIP Calculated Measured Kg/mm? x106Pa-ml12
P17 1700 14.15 14.18 2120 6.8
P17 1700 1600 14.15 14.21 2092 7.2
P18 1700 14.38 14.47 2168 5.9
P18 1700 1600 14.38 14.42 2142 6.1
P25 1750 14.49 14.41 2271 6.1
P25 1750 1600 14.49 14.48 2193 6.5
P48 1800 1600 13.91 13.99 2208 6.3
P50 1800 1600 13.9 13.78 2321 6.5
P40 1800 13.86 13.82 2343
P40 1800 1600 13.86 13.86 2321 6.3
P46 1800 13.81 13.88 2282 7.1
P46 1800 1725 13.81 13.82 2326 6.7
P51 1800 1600 14.11 13.97 2309 6.6
P41 1800 1600 14.18 14.63 2321 6.5
P63 2000 14.31 14.37 2557 7.9
P19 1700 14.11 14.11 2059 7.6
P19 1700 1600 14.11 2012 8.0
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P20 1725 14.35 14.52 2221 6.4
P20 1725 1600 14.35 14.35 2151 7.0
P67 2200 14.65 14.21 2113 8.1
P67 2200 1725 14.65 14.34 2210 7.1
[0072] Another example under the fourth category uses a Ni-
based superalloy plus Re and Co as binder which is also about
5% to 40% by volume. Exemplary compositions of hardmetals
bound by Ni-based superalloy plus Re and Co are list in TABLE
10.
TABLE 10 Composition of hardmetals bound by
Ni-based superalloy plus Re and Co
Composition, weight 9s
Re Co Rene95 U-720 U-700 WC VC
P73 1.8 4.8 2.7 90.4 0.3
P74 1.8 3 4.5 90.4 0.3
P75 0.8 3 4_5 91.4 0.3
P76 0.8 3 4.5 91.4 0.3
P77 0.8 3 4.5 91.4 0.3
P78 0.8 4.5 3 91.4 0.3
P79 0.8 4.5 3.1 91.3 0.3
[0073] Measurements on selected samples have been performed to
study properties of the binder matrices with Ni-based
superalloys. in general, Ni-based superalloys not only
exhibit excellent strengths at elevated temperatures but also
possess outstanding resistances to oxidation and corrosion at
high temperatures. Ni-based superalloys have complex
microstructures and strengthening mechanisms. In general, the
strengthening of Ni-based superalloys is primarily due to
precipitation strengthening of y-y' and solid-solution
strengthening. The measurements the selected samples
demonstrate that Ni-based superalloys can be used as a high-
performance binder materials for hardmetals.
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[0074] TABLE 11 lists compositions of selected samples by
their weight percentages of the total weight of the
hardmetals. The WC particles in the samples are 0.2 pm in
size. TABLE 12 lists the conditions for the two-step process
performed and measured densities, hardness parameters, and
toughness parameters of the samples. The Palmqvist fracture
toughness Ksc is calculated from the total crack length of
Palmqvist crack which is produced by the Vicker Indentor:
Ksc=0.087*(Hv*W)112. See, e.g., Warren and H. Matzke,
Proceedings Of the International Conference On the Science of
Hard Materials, Jackson, Wyoming, Aug 23-28, 1981. Hardness
Hv and Crack Length are measured at a load of 10 Kg for 15
seconds. During each measurement, eight indentations were
made on each specimen and the average value was used in
computation of the listed data.
TABLE 11
Weight 96 Vol %
Re in
Re Co R-95 WC VC 8inder
Binder
P54 0 8 0 91.4 0.6 0 13.13
P58 0 0 7.5 91.9 0.6 0 13.25
P56 1_8 7.2 0 90.4 0.6 20 13.20
P72 1.8 7.2 0 90.7 0.3 20 13.18
P73 1_8 4.8 2.7 90_4 0.3 20 14.00
P74 1_8 3 4.5 90.4 0.3 20 14.24
TABLE 12
Palmgvist
Cal. Measu.
Sample Sinter HIP Hardness,Hv Tougxsness
Code Condition Condition Density Density Kg/mm' Rsc,
g/c.c. g/c.c.
x106Pa=mliz
1360 C/1hr 14.58 2062t35 8.9t0.2
P54-5 14.63
1360 C/1hr 13050C/15KSI/1hr 14.55 2090t22 8.5t0.2
1550 C/1hr 14.40 2064 12 7.9t0.2
P58-7 14.50
1550 C/Zhr 13050C/15KSI/1hr 14.49 2246t23 7.3t0.1
1360 C/lhr 14.71 2064t23 8.2t0.1
P56-5 14.77
1360 C/1hr 13050C/15KSI/1hr 14.72 2133 34 8.6 0.2
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1475 C/1hr 14.77 .2036t34 8.5t0.6
P72-6 14.83
1475 C/lhr 1305 C/15KSI/1hr 14.91 2041t30 9.1t0.4
1475 C/1hr 14.70 2195t23 7.7f0.1
P73-6 14.73
1475 C/lhr 1305 C/151(SI/1hr 14.72 2217t25 8.1t0.2
1500 C/1hr
14.69 2173t30 7.4t0.3
and 1520 C/1hr
P74-5 14.69
1500 C/1hr
1305 C/15KSI/1hr 14.74 2223t34 7_7t0.1
and 1520 C/lhr
[0075] Among the tested samples, the sample P54 uses the
conventional binder consisting of Co. The Ni-superalloy R-95
is used in the sample P58 to replace Co as the binder in the
sample P54. As a result, the Hv increases from 2090 of P54 to
2246 of P58. In the sample P56, the mixture of Re and Co is
used to replace Co as binder and the corresponding Hv
increases from 2090 of P54 to 2133 of P56. The samples P72,
P73, P74 have the same Re content but different amounts of Co
and R95. The mixtures of Re, Co, and R95 are used in samples
P73 and P74 to replace the binder having a mixture of Re and
Co as the binder in the sample 72. The hardness Hv increases
from 2041(P72) to 2217 (P73) and 2223(P74).
TABLE 13
Weight 9s Vol. 96
WC WC Re in
Re R-95 Co TiC TaC Binder
(2 m) (0.2 m) Binder
P17 1.5 4.5 0 3 3 88 0 25 8.78
P18 3 3 0 3 3 88 0 50 7.31
P25 3.75 2.25 0 3 3 88 0 62.5 6.57
P48 3.75 2.25 0 5 5 84 0 62.5 6.3
P50 4.83 1.89 0 5.31 5.22 82.75 0 71.9 6.4
251 7.15 0.93 0 5.23 5.14 81.55 0 88.5 6.4
P49 7.55 0 3.25 5.31 5.21 78.68 0 69.9 10
P40A 7.57 2.96 0 5.32 5.23 78.92 0 71.9 10
P63 12.47 0.86 0 5.16 5.07 0 76.45 93.6 10
P62A 14.48 0 0 5.09 5.00 0 75.43 100 10
P66 27.92 0 0 4.91 4.82 0 62.35 100 20
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[0076] Measurements on selected samples have also been
performed to further study properties of the binder matrices
with Re in the binder matrices. TABLE 13 lists the tested
samples. The WC particles with two different particle sizes
of 2 m and 0.2 m were used. TABLE 14 lists the conditions
for the two-step process performed and the measured densities,
hardness parameters, and toughness parameters of the selected
samples.
TABLE 14
Cal. Measu. Palmqvist
Sample Sinter HIP Hardness,Hv
Code Condition Condition Density Density Kg/mmz Toughness**
g/C.c. g/c.C. Ksc, MPamo.5
P17-5 1800 C/lthr 1600 C/15KS1/Zhr 14.15 14.21 2092 3 7.2t0.1
P18-3 1800 C/1hr 1600 C/15KSI/1hr 14.38 14.59 2028 88 6.8 0.3
P25-3 1750 C/lhr 1600 C/15KSI/lhr 14.49 14.48 2193f8 6.5t0.1
P48-1 1800 C/1hr 1600 C/15KSI/lhr 13.91 13.99 2208t12 6.3 0.4
P50-4 1800 C/1hr 1600 C/15K51/lhr 13.9 13.8 2294t20 6.3t0.1
P51-1 1800 C/lhr 1600 C/15KSI/1hr 14.11 13.97 2309f6 6.6t0.1
P40A-1 1800 C/lhr 1600 C/15KSI/1hr 13.86 13.86 2321t10 6.3t0.1
P49-1 1800 C/1hr 1600 C/15KSI/lhr 13.91 13.92 2186t29 6.5t0.2
P62A-6 2200 C/lhr 17250C/30KSI/1hr 14.5 14.41 2688t22 6.7 0.1
P63-5 2200 C/lhr 17250C/30KSI/lhr 14.31 14.37 2562 31 6.7 0.2
P66-4 2200 C/lhr 15.04 14.40 2402t44 8.2t0.4
P66-4 2200 C/1hr 1725 C/30KSI/1hr 15.04 14.52
1725 C/30KSI/ihr
P66-4 2200 C/lhr 15.04 14.53 2438 47 6.9 0.2
+1950 C/30KSI/1hr
P66-5 2200 C/lhr 15.04 14.33 2092t23 7.3 0.3
P66-5 2200 C/lhr 1725 C/30KSI/lhr 15.04 14.63
1725 C/30KSI/1hr
P66-5 2200 C/lhr 15.04 14.66 2207t17 7.1t0.2
+1850 C/30KSI/1hr
[0077] TABLE 15 further shows measured hardness parameters
under various temperatures for the selected samples, where the
Knoop hardness Hk were measured under a load of 1 Kg for 15
seconds on a Nikon QM hot hardness tester and R is a ratio of
Hk at an elevated testing temperature over Hk at 25 C. The hot
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hardness specimens of C2 and C6 carbides were prepared from
inserts SNU434 which were purchased from MSC Co.(Melville,
NY).
TABLE 15
(each measured value at a given temperature is
an averaged value of 3 different measurements)
Testing Temperature, C
Lot No. Tiv @25
25 400 500' 600 700 800 900
Hk, Kg/mm2 1880 1720 1653 1553 1527 2092
17 25 t29 t6 3
P17-5
R, $ 100 91 88 83 81
1773 1513 1467 1440 1340 2028
Hk, Kg/mm2
32 12 21 10 16 88
P18-3
R, $ 100 85 83 81 76
1968 1813 1710 1593 2193
Hk, Kg/mm2
45 12 t0 5 8
P25-3
R, % 100 92 87 81
2000 1700 1663 1583 1540 2321
Hk, Kg/mm2
35 17 12 21 35 10
P40A-1
R, $ 100 85 83 79 77
1925 1613 1533 1477 1377 2208
Hk, Kg/nmt2
25 15 29 6 15 12
P48-1
R, ~ 100 84 80 77 = 72
2023 1750 1633 1600 2186
Hk, Kg/mm2
P49-1 32 t0 6 17 29
R, % 100 87 81 79
Hk , Kg/mm2 2057 1857 1780 1713 1627 2294
P50-4 25 15 20 6 40 20
R, $ 100 90 87 83 79
Hk, Kg/mm2 2050 1797 1743 1693 1607 2309
P51-1 26 6 35 15 15 6
R, ~ 100 88 85 83 78
Hk, Kg/mmz 2228 2063 1960 1750 2688
P62A-6 29 25 76 t0 22
R, $ 100 93 88 79
Hk, Kg/mm2 1887 1707 1667 1633 1603 2562
P63-5 6 35 15 6 25 31
R, % 100
Hk, Kg/mm2 1503 988 711 584 1685
C2 Carbide 38 9 t0 27 16
R, % 100 66 47 39
C6 Carbide Hk, Kg/mm2 1423 1127 1090 1033 928 1576
11
23 25 10 23 18
E
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R, $ 100 79 77 73 65
[0078] Inclusion of Re in the binder matrices of the
hardmetals increases the melting point of binder alloys that
include Co-Re, Ni superalloy-Re, Ni superalloy-Re-Co. For
example, the melting point of the sample P63 is much higher
than the temperature of 2200 C used for the solid-phase
sintering process. Hot hardness values of such hardmetals
with Re in the binders (e.g., P17 to P63) are much higher than
conventional Co bound hardmetals( C2 and C6 carbides). in
particular, the above measurements reveal that an increase in
the concentration of Re in the binder increases the hardness
at high temperatures. Among the tested samples, the sample
P62A with pure Re as the binder has the highest hardness. The
sample P63 with a binder composition of 94% of Re and 6 % of
the Ni-based superalloy R95 has the second highest hardness.
The samples P40A(71.9%Re-29.1%R95), P49(69.9%Re-30.1%R95),
P51(88.5%Re-11.5%R95), and P50(71.9%Re-28.1%R95) are the next
group in their hardness. The sample P48 with 62.5% of Re and
37.5% of R95 in its binder has the lowest hardness at high
temperatures among the tested materials in part because its Re
content is the lowest.
[0079] In yet another category, a hardmetal or cermet may
include TiC and TiN bonded in a binder matrix having Ni and Mo
or M02C. The binder Ni of cermet can be fully or partially
replaced by Re, by Re plus Co, by Ni-based superalloy, by Re
plus Ni-based superalloy, and by Re plus Co and Ni-based
superalloy. Samples P38 and P39 are examples of Ni-bound
cermets. The sample P34 is an example of Rene95-bound Cermet.
The P35, P36, P37, and P45 are Re plus Rene95 bound cermet.
Compositions of P34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, and 45 are listed in
TABLE 16.
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TABLE 16 Composition of P34 to P39
Weight =%
Re Rene95 Ni 1 Ni 2 TiC M02C WC TaC
P34 14.47 69.44 16.09
P35 8.77 10.27 65.37 15.23
P36 16.6 6.50 62.40 14.46
P37 23.8 3.09 59.38 13.76
P38 15.51 68.60 15.89
P39 15.51 68.60 15.89
P45 9.37 3.66 15.37 6.51 58.6 6.47
[0080] TABLES 17-29 list additional compositions with 3
exemplary composition ranges 1, 2, and 3 which may be used for
different applications.
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TABLE 17. Compositions that use pure Re as a binder for binding a
carbide from carbides of IVb, Vb, & VIb colu.mns of the Periodic
Table or a nitride from nitrides of IVb & Vb columns
Composition Range Composition Range 2 Composition Range Estimated
1 3 Malting Point,
Volume % Weight Volume % Weight % Volume Weight ~ c
Re Re 7.25 to 5 to 74 7.25 to 25 to 70 7.25 to 25 to 65 3000 to 3200
Bound 40 35 30
TiC
TiC 60 to 26 to 65 to 30 to 75 70 to 35 to 75
92.75 75 92.75 92.75
Re Re 3 to 40 9 to 68 4 to 35 12 to 63 5 to 30 14 to 58 3000 to 3200
Bound ZrC 60 to 97 32 to 65 to 96 37 to 88 70 to 42 to 86
ZrC 93 95
Re Re 16.75 to 25 to 16.75 to 25 to 47 16.75 25 to 42 3000 to 3200
Bound 40 52 35 to 30
HfC HfC 60 to 48 to 65 to 53 to 75 70 to 58 to 75
83.25 75 83.25 83.25
Re Re 3 to 40 11 to 4 to 35 14 to 67 5 to 30 17 to 62 2700 to 3100
Bound 72
VC VC 60 to 97 28 to 65 to 96 33 to 86 70 to 38 to 83
89 95
Re Re 3 to 40 8 to 64 4 to 35 10 to 59 5 to 30 12 to 54 3000 to 3200
Bound NbC 60 to 97 36 to 65 to 96 41 to 90 70 to 46 to 88
NbC 92 95
Re Re 3 to 40 4 to 49 4 to 35 6 to 44 5 to 30 7 to 38 3000 to 3200
Bound TaC 60 to 97 51 to 65 to 96 56 to 94 70 to 62 to 93
TaC 96 95
Re Re 3 to 40 9 to 68 4 to 35 12 to 63 5 to 30 14 to 57 1700 to 1900
Bound CrZC3 60 to 97 32 to 65 to 96 37 to 88 70 to 43 to 86
Cr2C3 91 95
Re Re 3 to 40 7 to 61 4 to 35 9 to 55 5 to 30 11 to 50 2300 to 2600
Bound MozC 60 to 97 39'to 65 to 96 45 to 91 70 to 50 to 89
M02C 93 95
Re Re 20 to 40 25 to 20 to 35 25 to 42 20 to 25 to 37 2700 to 2900
Bound 47 30
WC WC 60 to 80 53 to 65 to 80 58 to 75 70 to 63 to 75
75 80
Re Re 3 to 40 11 to 4 to 35 14 to 68 5 to 30 17 to 62 2900 to 3100
Bound 72
TiN TiN 60 to 97 28 to 65 to 96 32 to 86 70 to 38 to 83
89 95
Re Re 3 to 40 8 to 66 4 to 35 11 to 61 5 to 30 13 to 55 2900 to 3100
Bound ZrN 60 to 97 34 to 65 to 96 39 to 89 70 to 45 to 87
ZrN 92 95
Re Re 3 to 40 4 to 50 4 to 35 6 to 45 5 to 30 7 to 39 3000 to 3200
Bound HfN 60 to 97 50 to 65 to 96 55 to 94 70 to 61 to 93
HfN 96 95
Re Re 3 to 40 9 to 70 4 to 35 13 to 65 5 to 30 16 to 62 2100 to 2300
Bound VN 60 to 97 30 to 65 to 96 35 to 87 70 to 38 to 84
VN 91 95
Re Re 3 to 40 8 to 66 4 to 35 11 to 61 5 to 30 13 to 55 2300 to 2500
Bound NbN 60 to 97 34 to 65 to 96 39 to 89 70 to 45 to 87
NbN 92 95
Re Re 3 to 40 4 to 49 4 to 35 6 to 44 5 to 30 7 to 39 3000 to 3200
Bound F TaN 60 to 97 51 to 65 to 96 56 to 94 70 to 61 to 93
TaN 96 95
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TABLE 18. Compositions that use Ni-based superalloy(NBSA) in a
binder for binding a nitride from nitrides of IVb &Vb columns of the
Periodic Table.
Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range
3
Volume Weight % Volum.e Weight % Volume Weight=%
NBSA NBSA 3 to 40 4 to 50 4 to 35 6 to 44 5 to 30 7 to 39
TiN TiN 60 to 50 to 96 65 to 56 to 94 70 to 61 to
97 96 95 93
NBSA NBSA 3 to 40 3 to 42 4 to 35 4 to 37 5 to 30 5 to 32
ZrN ZrN 60 to 58 to 97 65 to 63 to 96 70 to 68 to
97 96 95 95
NBSA NBSA 3 to 40 1.8 to 28 4 to 35 2.4 to 24 5 to 30 3 to 19
HfN HfN 60 to 72 to 65 to 76 to 70 to 81 to
97 98.2 96 97.6 95 97
NBSA NBSA 3 to 40 4 to 47 4 to 35 5 to 42 5 to 30 7 to 36
VN VN 60 to 53 to 96 65 to 58 to 95 70 to 64 to
97 96 95 93
NBSA NBSA 3 to 40 3 to 42 4 to 35 4 to 37 5 to 30 5 to 32
NbN NbN 60 to 52 to 97 65 to 33 to 96 70 to 68 to
97 96 95 95
NBSA NBSA 3 to 40 1.7 to 27 4 to 35 2.3 to 23 5 to 30 3 to 19
TaN TaN 60 to 73 to 65 to 77 to 70 to 81 to
97 '98.3 96 97.7 95 97
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TABLE 19. Compositions that use Re and Ni-based superalloy
(Re+NBSA) in a binder for binding a carbide from carbides of IVb,
Vb, & VIb or a nitride from nitrides of IVb & Vb. The range of
the binder is from 1oRe + 99% superalloy to 99% Re + 1%
superalloy.
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight %
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.13 to 0.04 to 0.17 to 0.05 to 0.21 to
- 39.6 73_6 34.7 69.3 29.7 64.3
TiC NBSA 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to
39.6 51.1 34.7 45.9 29.7 40.4
TiC 60 to 97 26.1 to 65 to 96 30.5 to 70 to 95 35.5 to 92
95.1 93.6
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.16 to
- 39.6 67.7 34.7 62.9 29.7 57.5
ZrC NBSA 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to
39.6 44.1 34.7 39.0 29.7 33.8
ZrC 60 to 97 32 to 96 65 to 96 37 to 95 70 to 95 42 to 94
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 0.05 to 0.08 to
- 39.6 52.1 34.7 46.8 29.7 41.2
HfC NBSA 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.025 to 0.05 to 0.03 to 21
39.6 29.2 34.7 25 29.7
HfC 60 to 97 47.7 to 65 to 96 53 to 70 to 95 58.6 to
98.1 97.4 96.7
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.11 to 0.04 to 0.15 to 0.05 to 0.19 to
- 39.6 71.5 34.7 67.0 29.7 61.8
VC NBSA 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to
39.6 48.4 34.7 43.3 29.7 37.9
VC 60 to 97 28.3 to 65 to 96 32.8 to 70 to 95 38 to 92.8
95.6 94.2
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 0.05 to 0.13 to
- 39.6 63.8 34.7 58.7 29.7 53.1
NbC NBSA 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 30
39.6 39.9 34.7 35 29.7
NbC 60 to 97 36 to 96.9 65 to 96 41 to 70 to 95 46.6 to
95.8 94.8
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 38
- 39.6 48.8 34.7 43.5 29.7
TaC NBSA 0.03 to 0.016 to 0.04 to 0.02 to 0.05 to 0.03 to
39.6 26.5 34.7 ' 22.6 29.7 18.9
TaC 60 to 97 51 to 98.3 65 to 96 56.3 to 70 to 95 61.8 to
97.7 97.1
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.12 to 0.05 to 0.16 to
- 39.6 67.3 34.7 62.5 29.7 57.0
Cr2C3 NBSA 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to
39.6 43.6 34.7 38.6 29.7 33.4
Cr2C3 60 to 97 32.4 to 65 to 96 37.3 to 70 to 95 42.8 to
96.4 95.2 94.0
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.07 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 55 0.05 to 0.12 to
- 39.6 60.2 34.7 29.7 49.3
M02C NBSA 0.03 to 0.025 to 0.04 to 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to
39.6 36.3 34.7 31.6 29.7 26.9
M02C 60 to 97 39.6 to 65 to 96 44.8 to 70 to 95 50.5 to
97.3 96.4 95.5
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.07 to
- 39.6 46.9 34.7 41.7 29.7 36.3
WC NBSA 0.03 to 0.015 to 25 0.04 to 0.02 to 0.05 to 0.025 to
39.6' 34.7 21.3 29.7 17.8
wC 60 to 97 52.9 to 65 to 96 58.2 to 70 to 95 63.6 to
98.4 97.9 97.3
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 71.7 0.04 to 0.15 to 0.05 to 0.19 to 62
- 39.6 34.7 67.2 29.7
TiN NBSA 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to 38
39.6 48.7 34.7 43.5 29.7
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TiN 60 to 97 28 to 95.6 65 to 96 32.6 to 70 to 95 37.8 to
94.1 92.7
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 0.05 to 0.14 to
- 39.6 65.3 34.7 . 60.3 29.7 54.8
ZrN NBSA 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to
39.6 41.4 34.7 36.5 29.7 31.4
ZrN 60 to 97 34.5 to 65 to 96 39.4 to 70 to 95 45 to 94.5
96.7 95.6
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.05 to 50 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.08 to
- 39.6 34.7 44.7 29.7 39.2
HfN NBSA 0.03 to 0.017 to 0.04 to 0.02 to 0.05 to 0.03 to
39.6 27.5 34.7 23.5 29.7 19.6
HfN 60 to 97 49.8 to 65 to 96 55.1 to 70 to 95 60.7 to 97
98.2 97.6
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 69.6 0.04 to 0.14 to 0.05 to 0.17 to
- 39.6 34.7 65 29.7 59.6
VN NBSA 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to
39.6 46.2 34.7 41.1 29.7 35.8
VN 60 to 97 30 to 96 65 to 96 35 to 70 to 95 40 to 93.3
94.7
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 0.05 to 0.14 to
- 39.6 65.3 34.7 60.4 29.7 54.9
NbN = NBSA 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to
39.6 41.5 34.7 36.5 29.7 31.5
NbN 60 to 97 34.4 to 65 to 96 39.4 to 70 to 95 45 to 94.5
96.7 95.6
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.08 to
- 39.6 49.1 34.7 43.8 29.7 38.3
TaN NBSA 0.03 to 0.017 to 0.04 to 0.02 to 0.05 to 0.027 to 19
39.6 26.8 34.7 = 22.8 29.7
TaN 60 to 97 50.7 to 65 to 96 56 to 70 to 95 61.5 to 97
98.3 97.7
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TABLE 20. Compositions that use Re and Co (Re+Co) in a binder for
binding a carbide from carbides of IVb, Vb, & VIb or a nitride
from nitrides of IVb & Vb. The range of Binder is from 1%Re +
99% Co to 99% Re + 1%Co.
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume Weight % Volume % Weight ~ Volume ~ Weight %
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.13 to 0.04 to 0.17 to 0.05 to 0.20 to
- 39.6 73.6 34.7 69.3 29.7 64.3
TiC Co 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 0,05 to 0.08 to
39.6 54.1 34.7 48.9 29.7 43.3
TiC 60 to 26.1 65 to 96 30.4 to 70 to 95 35.5 to 91
97 to94.6 92.8
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.16 to
- 39.6 67.7 34.7 62.9 29.7 57.5
ZrC Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to
39.6 47.1 34.7 42.0 29.7 36.6
ZrC 60 to 32 to 96 65 to 96 37 to 95 70 to 95 42 to 93
97
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 0.05 to 0.08 to
- 39.6 52.1 34.7 46.8 29.7 41.2
HfC Co 0.03 to a.02 to 0.04 to 0.028 to 0.05 to 0.035 to 23
39.6 31.8 34.7 27 29.7
HfC 60 to 47.6 to 65 to 96 53 to 70 to 95 58.6 to
97 97_8 97.1 96.3
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.11 to 0.04 to 0.15 to 0.05 to 0.19 to
39.6 71.4 34.7 67.0 29.7 61.8
VC Co 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to
39.6 51.5 34.7 46.3 29.7 40.8
VC 60 to 28.3 to 65 to 96 32.8 to 70 to 95 38 to 92
97 95.1 93.5
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 0.05 to 0.13 to
- 39.6 63.8 34.7 58.7 29.7 53.1
NbC Co 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to
39.6 42.8 34.7 37.8 29.7 32.6
NbC 60 to 36 to 65 to 96 41 to 70 to 95 46.6 to
97 96.5 95.4 94.2
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 38
- 39.6 48.8 34.7 43.5 29.7
TaC Co 0.03 to 0.018 to 0.04 to 0.024 to 0.05 to 0.03 to
39.6 28.9 34.7 24.8 29.7 20.8
TaC 60 to 51 to 98 65 to 96 56.3 to 70 to 95 61.8 to
97 97.4 96.8
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.12 to 0.05 to 0.15 to
- 39.6 67.3 34.7 62.5 29.7 57.0
Cr2C3 Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to
39.6 46.6 34.7 41.5 29.7 36.1
Cr2C3 60 to 32.4 to 65 to 96 37.3 to 70 to 95 42.7 to
97 96 94.6 93.3
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.07 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 55 0.05 to 0.12 to
- 39.6 60.2 34.7 29.7 49.3
M02C Co 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to
39.6 39.2 34.7 34.3 29.7 29.4
M02C 60 to 39.6 to 65 to 96 44.8 to 70 to 95 50_5 to 95
97 97 96
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.07 to
- 39.6 46.9 34.7 41.7 29.7 36.3
wC Co 0.03 to 0.017 to 0.04 to 0.023 to 0.05 to 0.028 to
39.6 27.4 34.7 23.4 29.7 19.6
WC 60 to 52.9 65 to 96 58.2 to 70 to 95 63.6 to 97
97 to98.2 97
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 0.04 to 0.15 to 0.05 to 0.19 to 62
- 39.6 71.6 34.7 67.1 29.7
TiN Co 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 41
39.6 51.7 34.7 46.5 2s=7
-120- .
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TiN 60 to 28 to 95 65 to 96 32.6 to 70 to 95 37.8 to 92
97 93.4
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.11 to 0.05 to 0.14 to
- 39.6 65.3 34.7 60.3 29.7 54.8
ZrN Co 0.03 to 0.035 to 0.04 to 0.046 to 0_05 to 0.056 to 34
39.6 44.4 34.7 39.3 29.7
ZrN 60 to 34.5 to 65 to 96 39.4 to 70 to 95 45 to 93.8
97 96.3 95
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.08 to
- 39.6 50 34.7 44.7 29.7 39.2
HfN Co 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.026 to 0.05 to 0.03 to
39.6 30 34.7 25.7 29.7 21.6
HfN 60 to 49.8 to 65 to 96 55.1 to 70 to 95 60.7 to
97 98 97.3 96.6
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 0.04 to 0.14 to 0.05 to 0.17 to
- 39.6 69.6 34.7 65 29.7 59.6
VN Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.055 to 0.05 to 0.067 to
39.6 49.3 34.7 44 29.7 38.6
VN 60 to 30 to 65 to 96 35 to 94 70 to 95 40 to 92.6
97 95.5
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.11 to 0.05 to 0.14 to
- 39.6 65.3 34.7 60.4 29.7 54.8
NbN Co 0.03 to 0.035 to 0.04 to 0.046 to 0.05 to 0.057 to
39.6 44.5 34.7 39.4 29.7 34.1
NbN 60 to 34.4 to 65 to 96 39.4 to 70 to 95 45 to 93.8
97 96.3 95
(Re+Co) Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.075 to
- 39.6 49.1 34.7 43.8 29.7 38.3
TaN Co 0.03 to 0.019 to 0.04 to 0.025 to 0.05 to 0.03 to 21
39.6 29.2 34.7 25 29.7
TaN 60 to 50.7 to 65 to 96 56 to 70 to 95 61.5 to
97 98 97.4 96.7
-121~
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TABLE. 21. Compositions that use Ni-based superalloy (NBSA) and
Co in a binder for binding a carbide from carbides of IV'b, Vb, &
VIb or a nitride from nitrides of IVb & Vb. The range of Binder
is from 1%NBSA + 99% Co to 99%NBSA + 1%Co.
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight ~
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.08 to
- 39.6 51.5 34.7 46.2 40.6
TiC Co 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.09 to
39.6 54.5 34.7 49.2 43.6
TiC 60 to 97 45 to 95 65 to 96 50 to 93.6 70 to 95 56 to 92
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.04to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.06 to
- 39.6 44.4 34.7 39.2 57.5
ZrC Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 42 0.05 to 29.7 0.07 to
39.6 47.4 34.7 34
ZrC 60 to 97 52 to 96 65 to 96 57 to 95 70 to 95 63 to 94
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.026 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.03 to
- 39.6 29 34.7 25 21
HfC Co 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.03 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.036 to
39.6 32 34.7 27.5 23
HfC 60 to 97 68 to 98 65 to 96 72 to 97.4 70 to 95 77 to
96.8
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 44 0.05 to 29.7 0.07 to
- 39.6 49 34.7 38
VC Co 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 47 0.05 to 29.7 0.08 to
39.6 52 34.7 41
VC 60 to 97 48 to 96 65 to 96 53 to 93.5 70 to 95 59 to 93
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 35 0.05 to 29.7 0.05 to
- 39.6 40 34.7 30
NbC Co 0.03 to 0.035 to 0.04 to 0.046 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.06 to
39.6 43 34.7 38 33
NbC 60 to 97 57 to 97 65 to 96 62 to 96 70 to 95 67 to 95
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.017 to 0.04 to 0.022 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.03 to
- 39.6 27 34.7 23 19
TaC Co 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.025 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.03 to
39.6 29 34.7 25 21
TaC 60 to 97 71 to 98 65 to 96 75 to 97.8 70 to 95 79 to 97
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.12 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.15 to
- 39.6 67.3 34.7 62.5 57.0
Cr2C3 Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 39 0.05 to 29.7 0.06 to
39.6 44 34.7 34
Cr2C3 60 to 97 53 to 96 65 to 96 58 to 95 70 to 95 63 to 94
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.026 to 0.04 to 0.035 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.044.to
- 39.6 36.5 34.7 32 27
M02C Co 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 34 0.05 to 29.7 0.05 to
39.6 39 34.7 30
Mo2C 60 to 97 60 to 97 65 to 96 65 to 96 70 to 95 70 to
95.6
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.07 to
- 39.6 46.9 34.7 41.7 36.3
trTC Co 0.03 to 0.018 to 0.04 to 0.024 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.03 to
39.6 27.5 34.7 23.5 19.7
WC 60 to 97 72 to98 65 to 96 76 to 98 70 to 95 80 to 97
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.4 to 49 0.04 to 0.06 to 44 0.05 to 29.7 0.07 to
- 39.6 34.7 38
TiN Co 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.065 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.08 to
39.6 52 34.7 47 41
TiN 60 to 97 47 to 96 65 to 96 53 to 94 70 to 95 58 to 93
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 37 0.05 to 29.7 0.05 to
- 39.6 42 34.7 32
ZrN Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 40 0.05 to 29.7 0.06 to
39.6 45 34.7 34
ZrN 60 to 97 55 to 97 65 to 96 60 to 96 70 to 95 65 to 95
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.027 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.03 to
- 39.6 31 34.7 27 22
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HfN Co 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.024 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.03 to
39.6 27 34.7 23 20
HfN 60 to 97 70 to 98 65 to 96 74 to 97.6 70 to 95 78 to 97
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.045 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 47 0.05 to 29.7 0.07 to
- 39.6 53 34.7 41
VN Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.055 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.066 to
39.6 44 34.7 40 34
VN 60 to 97 50 to 96 65 to 96 55 to 95 70 to 95 61 to 93
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 41 0.05 to 29.7 0.06 to
- 39.6 47 34.7 36
NbN Co 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 35 0.05 to 29.7 0.05 to
39.6 40 34.7 30
NbN 60 to 97 55 to 97 65 to 96 60 to 96 70 to 95 65 to 95
(Re+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.026 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.032 to
- 39.6 30 34.7 26 22
TaN Co 0.03 to 0.017 to 0.04 to 0.023 to 0.05 to 29.7 0.03 to
39.6 26 34.7 23 19
TaN 60 to 97 70 to 98 65 to 96 75 to 97.7 70 to 95 79 to 97
-123-
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TABLE 22. Compositions that use Re, Ni-based superalloy (NBSA),
and Co in a binder for binding a carbide from carbides of IVb,
Vb, & VIb or a nitride from nitrides of IVb & Vb. The range of
Binder is from 0.5%Re + 0.5% Co+ 99% superalloy to 99% Re + 0.5%
Co + 0.5% Superalloy to 0.5%Re + 99% Co+ 0.5% Superalloy
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume % Weight ~ Volume ~ Weight ~ Volume ~ Weight $
(Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.06 to 0.02 to 0.08 to 0.025 to 0.1 to 64.3
39.6 73.6 34.65 69.3 29.7
+NBSA) NBSA 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.03 to 0.025 to 0.035 to
39.6 51.3 34.65 46.0 29.7 40.5
- Co 0.015 to 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.036 to 0.025 to 0.045 to
39.6 54.3 34.65 49.0 29.7 43.5
TiC TiC 60 to 97 26 to 95 65 to 96 30 to 94 70 to 95 35 to 92
(Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.05 to 0.02 to 0.06 to 0.025 to 0.08 to
+NBSA) 39.6 67.7 34.65 62.9 29.7 57.5
- NBSA 0.015 to 0.017 to 0.02 to 0.022 to 0.025 to 0.028 to
ZrC 39.6 44.2 34.65 39.1 29.7 33.9
Co 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.027 to 0.025 to 0.034 to
39.6 47.2 34.65 42.0 29.7 36.7
2rC 60 to 97 32 to 96 65 to 96 37 to 95 70 to 95 43 to 94
(Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.025 to 0.02 to 0.034 to 0.025 to 0.042 to
+NBSA) 39.6 52.1 34.65 46.8 29.7 41.2
- NBSA 0.015 to 0.009 to 0.02 to 0.012 to 0.025 to 0.015 to 21
HfC 39.6 29.3 34.65 25.1 29.7
Co 0.015 to 0.01 to 0.02 to 0.014 to 0.025 to 0.018 to
39.6 31.8 34.65 27.4 29.7 23.1
HfC 60 to 97 48 to 98 65 to 96 53 to 70 to 95 59 to 96.8
97.4
(Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.06 to 0.02 to 0.08 to 0.025 to 0.09 to
+I4BSA) 39.6 71.5 34.65 67 29.7 61.8
- NBSA 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.026 to 0.025 to 0.032 to 38
VC 39.6 48.6 34.65 43.4 29.7
Co 0.015 to 0.024 to 0.02 to 0.032 to 0.025 to 0.04 to
39.6 51.7 34.65 46.4 29.7 40.9
VC 60 to 97 28 to 96 65 to 96 33 to 94 70 to 95 38 to 93
(Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.04 to 0.02 to 0.05 to 0.025 to 0.07 to
+NBSA) 39.6 63.8 34.65 58.7 29.7 53.1
- NBSA 0.015 to 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.025 to 0.024 to 30
NbC 39.6 40 34.65 35 29.7
Co 0.015 to 0.017 to 0.02 to = 0.023 to 0.025 to 0.03 to
39.6 43 34.65 37.9 29.7 32.7
Nbc 60 to 97 36 to 97 65 to 96 41 to 96 70 to 95 47 to 95
(Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.03 to 0.025 to 0.04 to 38
+NBSA) 39.6 48.8 34.65 43.5 29.7
- NBSA 0.015 to 0.008 to 0.02 to 0.011 to 0.025 to 0.013 to
TaC 39.6 26.6 34.65 22.6 29.7 18.9
Co 0.015 to 0.01 to 0.02 to 0.013 to 0.025 to 0.016 to
39.6 29 34.65 24.8 29.7 20.8
TaC 60 to 97 51 to 65 to 96 56 to 70 to 95 61.8 to
98.3 97.7 97.2
(Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.05 to 0.02 to 0.06 to 0.025 to 0.08 to 57
+NBSA) 39.6 67.3 34.65 62.5 29.7
- NBSA 0.015 to 0.017 to 0.02 to 0.022 to 0.025 to 0.027 to
Cr2C3 39.6 43.8 34.65 38.7 29.7 33.5
Co 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.027 to 0.025 to 0.033 to
39.6 46.8 34.65 41.6 29.7 36.2
Cr2C3 60 to 97 32 to 96 65 to 96 37 to 95 70 to 95 43 to94
(Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.05 to 0.025 to 0.06 to 49
+NBSA) 39.6 60.2 34.65 55 29.7
- NBSA 0.015 to 0.013 to 0.02 to 0.017 to 0.025 to 0.02 to 27
MoZC 39.6 36.4 34.65 31.7 29.7
Co 0.015 to 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.025 to 0.025 to 29
39.6 39.3 34.65 34 29.7
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MozC 60 to 97 39 to 97 65 to 96 45 to 96 70 to 95 50 to 95.6
(Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.027 to 0.025 to 0.034 to
+NBSA) 39.6 46.9 34.65 41.7 29.7 36.3
- NBSA 0.015 to 0.008 to 0.02 to 0.01 to 0.025 to 0.013 to
WC 39.6 25.1 34.65 21.3 29.7 17.8
Co 0.015 to 0.009 to 0.02 to 0.012 to 0.025 to 0.015 to
39.6 27.5 34.65 23.5 29.7 19.6
1 65 to 96 58 to 70 to 95 64 to 97.4
WC 60 to 97 53 to 98
97.8 '
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight ~ Volume % Weight %
(Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.06 to 0.02 to 0.08 to 0.025 to 0.1 to 62
39.6 71.6 34.65 67.2 29.7
+NBSA) NBSA 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.027 to 0.025 to 0.032 to
39.6 48.8 34.65 43.6 29.7 38.2
- Co 0.015 to 0.025 to 0.02 to 0.03 to 0.025 to 0.04 to
39.6 51.9 34.65 46.6 29.7 41
TiN TiN 60 to 97 28 to 96 65. to 96 33 to 94 70 to 95 38 to 93
(Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.04 to 0.02 to 0.06 to 0.025 to 0.07 to
+NBSA) 39.6 65.3 34.65 60.3 29.7 54.8
- NBSA 0.015 to 0.016 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.025 to 0.025 to
ZrN 39.6 41.6 34.65 36.6 29.7 31.5
Co 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.025 to 0.025 to 0.03 to
39.6 44.6 34.65 40 29.7 34
ZrN 60 to 97 34 to 97 65 to 96 39 to 96 70 to 95 45 to 95
Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.03to 45 0.025 to 0.04 to
+NBSA 39.6 50 34.65 29.7 39
- NBSA 0.015 to 0.009 to 0.02 to 0.011 to 0.025 to 0.014 to
HfN 39.6 27.5 34.65 23.5 29.7 20
Co 0.015 to 0.01 to 0.02 to 0.013 to 0.025 to 0.017 to
39.6 30 34.65 25.8 29.7 22
HfN 60 to 97 50 to 98 65 to 96 55 to 97.6 70 to 95 61 to 97
Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.05 to 0.02 to 0.07 to 65 0.025 to 0.09 to
+NBSA 39.6 60 34.65 29.7 60
- NsSA 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.024to 0.025 to 0.03 to
VN 39.6 46.4 34.65 41.2 29.7 36
Co 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.03 to 44 0.025 to 0.04 to
39.6 49 34.65 29.7 39
VN 60 to 97 30 to 96 65 to 96 35 to 95 70 to 95 40 to 93
Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.04 to 0.02 to 0.06 to 60 0.025 to 0.07 to
+NBSA 39.6 65 34.65 29.7 55
- NBSA 0.015 to 0.016to 0.02 to 0.02 to 37 0.025 to 0.025 to
NbN 39.6 42 34.65 29.7 32
Co 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.025 to 0.025 to 0.03 to
39.6 45 34.65 39.5 29.7 34
NbN 60 to 97 34to 97 65 to 96 39 to 96 70 to 95 45 to 95
Re+Co Re 0.015 to 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.03 to 44 0.025 to 0.04 to
+NBSA 39.6 49 34.65 29.7 38
- NBSA 0.015 to 0.008 to 0.02 to 0_011 to 0.025 to 0.014 to
TaN 39.6 27 34.65 23 29.7 19
Co 0.015 to 0.01 to 0.02 to 0.013 to 0.025 to 0_016 to
39.6 29 34.65 25 29.7 21
TaN 60 to 97 51 to 65 to 96 56 to 97.7 70 to 95 61.5 to
98.3 97.1
--125~
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TABLE 23. Compositions that use Re for binding WC+TiC or WC+TaC
or WC+TiC+TaC
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight %
Re Re 3 to 40 4 to 54 4 to 35 5 to 49 5 to 30 7 to 43
- WC 40 to 96 40 to 96 43 to 94.5 44 to 94 45 to 93 48 to 93
WC+TiC TiC 1 to 48 0.3 to 21 1.5 to 43 0.5 to 19 2 to 45 0.6 to 18
Re Re 3 to 40 4 to 48 4 to 35 5 to 42 5 to 30 7 to 37
- WC 50 to 96.5 44 to 96 55 to 95 49 to 94 60 to 93.5 55 to 92
WC+TaC TaC 0.5 to 24 0.5 to 21 1 to 22 1 to 19 1.5 to 18 1.5 to18
Re Re 3 to 40 4 to 48 4 to 35 5 to 43 5 to 30 7 to 38
- WC 40 to 95.5 36 to 95 45 to 93 41 to 93 50 to 90 48 to 90
WC+TiC TiC l to 48 0.3 to 22 2 to 45 0.6 to 20 3 to 42 0.9 to 18
+TaC TaC 0.5 to 20 0.5 to 25 1 to 18 0.8 to 22 2 to 15 2 to 17
-126-
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TABLE 24. Compositions that use Ni-based superalloy (NBSA) for
binding WC+TiC or WC+TaC or WC+TiC+TaC
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume % Weight ~ Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight %
NBSA NBSA 3 to 40 1.5 to 4 to 35 2 to 26 5 to 30 3 to 23
31
- WC 40 to 96 60 to 98 43 to 63 to 97 45 to 93 66 to
94.5 96.5
WC+TiC TiC 1 to 48 0.3 to 1.5 to 43 0.5 to 2 to 45 0.6 to 20
25 22
NBSA NBSA 3 to 40 1.5 to 4 to 35 2 to 22 5 to 30 3 to 18
26
- WC 50 to 63 to 98 55 to 95 67 to 97 60 to 71 to 96
96.5 93.5
WC+TaC TaC 0.5 to 24 0.5 to 1 to 22 1 to 23 1.5 to 18 1.5 to 21
26
NBSA NBSA 3 to 40 1.5 to 4 to 35 2 to 22 5 to 30 3 to 19
26
- WC 40 to 51 to 98 45 to 93 56 to 96 50 to 90 61 to 94
95-5
WC+TiC TiC 1 to 48 0.4 to 2 to 45 0.8 to 3 to 42 1 to 19
23 21
+TaC TaC 0.5 to 20 0.6 to 1 to 18 1 to 23 2 to 15 2 to 18
26
-127--
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TABLE 25. Compositions that use Re and Ni-based superalloy (NBSA)
in a binder for binding WC+TiC or WC+TaC or WC+TiC+TaC
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight $
(Re+ Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 48 0.05 to 0.07 to
39.6 52 34.65 29.7 45
NSSA) NBSA 0.03 to 0.015 to 0.04 to 0.02 to 26 0.05 to 0.026 to
39.6 29 34.65 29.7 23
- WC 40 to 96 40 to 98 43 to 44 to 97 45 to 93 48 to
94.5 96.6
WC+TiC TiC 1 to 48 0.3 to 24 1.5 to 45 0.5 to 22 2 to 42 0.6 to 21
(Re+ Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.055 to 0.05 to 0.07 to
39.6 47 34.65 42 29.7 37
NBSA) NBSA 0.03 to 0.015 to 0.04 to 0.02 to 22 0.05 to 0.025 to
39.6 25 34.65 29.7 18
- WC 50 to 44 to 98 55 to 95 50 to 97 60 to 93 55 to
96.5 95.5
WC+TaC TaC 0.5 to 0.5 to 24 1 to 20 1 to 21.5 2 to 18 2 to 19
22
(Re+ Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 47 0.05 to 0.07 to
39.6 53 34.65 29.7 41
NBSA) NBSA 0.03 to 0.015 to 0.04 to 0.02 to 25 0.05 to 0.026 to
- 39.6 30 34.65 29.7 21
WC+TiC WC 40 to 40 to 98 45 to 93 46 to 96 50 to 90 51 to 94
+TaC 95.5
TiC 1 to 48 0.3 to 23 2 to 45 0.6 to 21 3 to 42 0.9 to 19
TaC 0.5 to 0.4 to 26 1 to 18 0.8 to 23 2 to 15 2 to 18
~128~
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TABLE 26. Compositions that use Re and Co in a binder for binding
WC+TiC or WC+TaC or WC+TiC+TaC
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight %
(Re+ Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.055 to 0.05 to 0.07 to
39.6 53 34.65 48 29.7 43
Co) Co 0.03 to 0.017 to 0.04 to 0.023 to 0.05 to 0.03 to
39.6 31 34.65 28 29.7 26
- WC 40 to 96 40 to 98 43 to 94.5 44 to 97 45 to 93 48 to 96
WC+TiC TiC 1 to 48 0.3 to 23 1.5 to 45 0.5 to 22 2 to 42 0.6 to 21
(Re+ Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.055 to 0.05 to 0.07 to
39.6 47 34.65 42 29.7 37
Co) CO 0.03 to 0.017 to 0.04 to 0.023 to 0.05 to 0.03 to
39.6 28 34.65 24 29.7 20
- WC 50 to 44 to 98 55 to 95 50 to 97 60 to 93 55 to 95
96.5
WC+TaC TaC 0.5 to 0.5 to 24 1 to 20 1 to 21 2 to 18 2 to 19
22
(Re+ Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to
39.6 53 34.65 47 29.7 41
Co) Co 0.03 to 0.017 to 0.04 to 0.023 to 0.05 to 0.03 to
- 39.6 33 34.65 28 29.7 23
WC+TiC WC 40 to 40 to 98 45 to 93 46 to 96 50 to 90 51 to 94
+TaC 95.5
TiC 1 to 48 0.3 to 23 2 to 45 0.6 to 21 3 to 42 0.9 to 19
TaC 0.5 to 0.4 to 26 1 to 18 0.8 to 23 2 to 15 2 to 18
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TABLE 27. Compositions that use Co and Ni-based superalloy (NBSA)
in a binder for binding WC+TiC or WC+TaC or WC+TiC+TaC
Material Composition Range Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
1
Volume Weight % Volume ~ Weight % Volume ~ Weight %
$
(Co+ Co 0.03 to 0.018 to 0.04 to 0.024 to 0.05 to 0.03 to
39.6 33 34.65 29 29.7 25
NBSA) NBSA 1 0.03 to 0.015 to 0.04 to 0.02 to 26 0.05 to 0.03 to
39.6 29 34.65 29.7 23
- WC 40 to 58 to 98 43 to 61 to 97 45 to 93 64 to
96 94.5 96.7
WC+TiC TiC 1 to 48 0.3 to 1.5 to 0.5 to 22 2 to 42 0.7 to 21
24 45
(Co+ Co 0.03 to 0.018 to 0.04 to 0.024 to 0.05 to 0.03 to
39.6 28 34.65 24 29.7 20
NBSA) NBSA 0.03 to 0.015 to 0.04 to 0.02 to 22 0.05 to 0.025 to
39.6 25 34.65 29.7 18
- WC 50 to 61 to 98 55 to 95 65 to 97 60 to 93 69 to 95
96.5
WC+TaC TaC 0.5 to 0.5 to 1 to 20 1 to 21.5 2 to 18 2 to 19
22 24
(Co+ Co 0.03 to 0.018 to 0.04 to 0.024 to 0.05 to 0.03 to
39.6 33 34.65 28 29.7 23
NBSA) NBSA 0.03 to 0.015 to 0.04 to 0.02 to 25 0.05 to 0.026 to
39.6 30 34.65 29.7 21
- WC 40 to 57 to 98 45 to 93 62 to 96 50 to 90 67 to 94
WC+TiC 95.5
+TaC TiC 1 to 48 0.4 to 2 to 45 0.7 to 21 3 to 42 1 to 19
23
TaC 0.5 to 0.6 to 1 to 18 1 to 23 2 to 15 2 to 18
20 26
--13 0 --
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TABLE 28. Compositions that use Re, Ni-based superalloy (NBSA),
and Co in a binder for binding WC+TiC or WC+TaC or WC+TiC+TaC.
The range of Binder is from 0.5%Re + 99.5% superalloy to 99.5% Re
+ 0.5% Superalloy to 0.5%Re + 0.5% Superalloy+ 99% Co.
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume Weight ~ Volume ~ Weight % Volume $ Weight %
$
(Re+Co Re 0.015 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.027 to 0.025 to 0.035 to
NBSA) to 39.8 54 34.8 48 29.9 43
NBSA 0.015 0.008 to 0.02 to 0.01 to 0.025 to 0.13 to
- to 39.8 29 34.8 26 29.9 24
WC+TiC Co 0 to 0 to 32 0 to 34.7 0 to 29 0 to 0 to 26
39.6 29.8
WC 40 to 40 to 98 43 to 44 to 97 45 to 93 48 to 96
96 94.5
TiC 1 to 48 0.3 to 24 1.5 to 45 0.5 to 22 2 to 42 0.6 to 21
(Re+Co Re 0.015 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.027 to 0.025 to 0.034 to
+NBSA) to 39.8 47 34.8 42 29.9 37
- NBSA 0.015 0.008 to 0.02 to 0.01 to 0.025 to 0.13 to
I to 39.8 26 34.8 22 29.9 18
WC+TaC Co 0 to 0 to 28 0 to 34.7 0 to 24 0 to 0 to 20
39.6 29.8
WC 50 to 45 to 98 55 to 95 50 to 97 60 to 93 55 to 95
96.5
TaC 0.5 to 0.5 to 24 1 to 20 0.9 to 21 2 to 18 1.8 to19
22
(Re+ Re 0.015 0.02 to 0.02 to 0.027 to 0.025 to 0.034 to
NBSA to 39.8 65 34.8 58 29.9 51
NBSA 0.015 0.008 0.02 to 0.01 to 0.025 to 0.13 to
to 39.8 to4l 34.8 34 29.9 28
+Co) Co 0 to 0 to 44 0 to 34.7 0 to 37 0 to 0 to 31
39.6 29.8
- WC 35 to 35 to 93 40 to 80 41 to 88 40 to 75 47 to83
WC+TiC 85
+TaC TiC 1 to 50 0.3 to 25 2 to 45 Ø6 to 22 3 to 40 0.9 to 18
TaC 0.5 to 0.4 to 26 1 to 22 0.8 to 24 2 to 20 1.6 to 21
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TABLE 29. Additional Material Samples and Their Compositions
Lot Coatposition in Weight o
No.
Re R95 Co U700 U720 Ni WC TiC TaC VC Mo2C TiN
P80 0 0 14.28 74.15 5.835 5.733
P81 0.736 0 13.904 73.84 5.811 5.709
P82 0.707 6.026 7.3694 74.31 5.847 5.744
P83 0.679 12.82 0 74.83 5.889 5.785
P84 1.45 5.903 7.1237 73.98 5.822 5.719
P85 3.06 5.532 6.7027 73.27 5.766 5.665
P86 1.45 5.903 7.1237 36.99 5.822 5.719
P87 1.063 4.126 5.4174 78.14 5.676 5.576
P88 1.861 7.57 9.1372 69.59 5.974 5.869
P89 1.368 5.572 6.7242 80.31 3.004 3.023
P99 0 0 5.5 15 29 10 9.5 20
P100 4.8 4.65 14.5 28.1 9.7 9.5 19.4
P101 4.8 4.65 14.5 28.1 9.7 9.5 19.4
P102 4.8 10 14.5 28.1 9.7 9.5 19.4
P103 9.6 20 11.25 21.65 7.5 7.1 14.9
P104 7.2 15 12.8 25 8.6 8.1 17.3
P105 15 7.5 13.6 26.35 9.05 8.9 18.1
P106 14.49 0 0 74.415 5.092 6.003
P107 15.101 0 0 66.875 7.076 10.95
P108 11.796 0.7485 0.437 75.727 5.182 6.109
P109 12.303 0.7807 0.456 68.105 7.206 11.15
P110 9.5724 1.4017 0.761 76.812 5.256 6.196
P 111 9.9896 1.4628 0.794 69.124 7.314 11.32
P112 6.9929 2.1369 1.16 78.07 5.342 6.298
P113 14.131 4.3182 2.343 67.447 5.398 6.363
P114 21.418 6.545 3.552 56.602 5.454 6.43
P115 3.8745 3.0258 1.642 79.591 5.446 6.421
P116 7.988 6.2383 3.385 70.155 5.614 6.619
P117 12.363 9.6552 5.24 60.119 5.793 6.829
P118 1.8824 3.5833 1.961 80.561 5.513 6.499
P119 2.8849 5.4917 3.006 76.345 5.632 6.64
P120 5.0264 9.5681 5.237 67.339 5.888 6.941
P121 13.157 0.5708 0 75.078 5.138 6.057
P122 5.294 2.0672 0 81.057 5.316 6.266
Weight %
Re R95 Co U700 U720 Ni. WC TiC TaC VC Mo2C TiN
P123 19.908 5.9798 1.976 60.41 5.382 6.344
P124 20.68 9.9386 2.736 54.464 5.59 6.59
P125 1.5492 3.0246 0.833 82.731 5.444 6.418
P126 8.4621 13.217 3.639 61.723 5.948 7.011
P127 12.191 13.964 3.844 61.702 3.808 4.49
P128 11.906 0.5166 0 86.99 0.604
P129 1.6752 2.0169 1.9524 93.77 0.599
P130 11.97 8.0334 8.085 71.33 0.6
P131 1.4372 3.8162 3.7765 90.39 0.596
P132 6.6223 1.3705 1.3191 90.1 0.605
P133 5.505 1.7196 1.6331 90.55 0.609
P134 11.43 5.0212 4.8443 78.11 0.613
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P135 1.644 2.3344 2.571 79.98 3.151 10.32
P136 3.6545 5.1371 5.657 73.439 0 12.11
P137 4.4642 6.3916 7.039 69.776 0 12.33
P138 4.899 6.5757 7.241 69.279 1.435 10.57
P139 6.5381 7.902 8.702 64.651 1.459 10.75
P140 3.0601 5.5324 6.703 73.274 5.766 5.665
P141 2.9261 5.2902 6.409 71.233 3.308 10.83
P142 5.0649 6.1371 7.419 67.113 3.337 10.93
A 13.853 0.2847 0.314 74.887 5.125 5.538
B 2.7327 5.0305 0 81.358 5.488 5.391
C 3.0601 5.5324 6.703 73.274 5.766 5.665
D 1.8803 3.5793 1.988 81.637 5.507 5.41
E 7.7737 9.4819 0 71.578 5.633 5.534
P144 0.6786 12.821 0 74.827 5.889 5.785
P145 0.6437 5.663 0 80.041 3.194 10.46
P146 1.8837 5.3941 0 81.786 5,517 5.42
P147 2.3479 5.1953 0 81.552 5.501 5.404
P148 1.5479 8.462 0 76.038 3.264 10.69
P 14 9 1.6376 15.347 0 68.255 3.453 11.31
J 25.75 2.5 14.5 24.1 8.5 8 16.65
K 11.671 0.4143 0.3935 0 0 86.92 0.605
L 2.6826 5.5683 0 0 0 91.32 0.43
M 3.5669 0 14.235 0 0 81.75 0.452
N 0 7.5039 0 0 0 92.06 0.44
0 12.515 0 0 0 0.2541 86.63 0.601
P 1.7969 0 0 6.9309 90.68 0.597
Q 0 0 0 7.4214 91.98 0.602
s 8.371 0 0 5.3814 85.67 0.579
T 1_6967 0 4.681 0 92.98 0.645
U 3.9002 0 0 3.8684 91.6 0.636
P 15 0 0 0 14.847 84.68 0.469
P151 0 3.2554 11.851 84.38 0.51
Weight %
Re R95 Co U700 U720 Ni WC TiC TaC VC M02C TiN
P152 1.5219 3.225 11.153 83.59 0.505
P153 12.451 1.2899 4.6957 81.09 0.478
P154 2.6486 2.9933 7.6052 54.464 0.509
P155 0 0 11.55 82.731 0.414
P156 1.1019 3.5804 6.2338 61.723 0.671
P157 0 3.761 6.5607 86.24 0.675
P158 0 0 9.9898 88.04 0.512
P 15 9 0.9437 3.0766 5.5161 88.41 0.502
P160 0 3.0946 5.9144 89 0.505
P161 0 0 8.7552 89.5 0.506
P162 2.967 5.6892 0.6379 0.654 89.817 0.2346
P163 0.581 8.1942 0.9297 0.8972 89.156 0.2413
P164 2.16 7.569 0.8669 0.8333 88.331 0.2391
P165 2.801 6.7279 1.976 2.026 86.226 0.2422
P166 2.797 8.3834 1.2603 1.2361 86.082 0.2418
P167 2.789 11.13 0 0 85.84 0.2411
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[0081] The following TABLES 30-41 list exemplary cermet
compositions with 3 exemplary composition ranges 1, 2, and 3
which may be used for different applications.
-1.34--
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TABLE 30. Compositions that use Re as a binder for binding TiC+
M02C, or TiN+ Mo2C, or TiC+TiN+ MoZC, or TiC+TiN+Mo2C+WC+TaC+VC+Cr2C3
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight %
Re Re 3 to 30 9.5 to 65 4 to 27 13 to 60 5 to 25 15 to 58
- TiC 43 to 97 19 to 88 48 to 92 23 to 79 51 to 90 25 to 75
TiC+M02C M02C 0 to 27 0 to 38 0 to 26 0 to 36 0 to 24 0 to 33
Re Re 3 to 30 9 to 63 4 to 27 12 to 58 5 to 25 15 to 56
- TiN 43 to 97 21 to 89 48 to 92 25 to 81 51 to 90 27 to 76
TiN+MoZC MoZC 0 to 27 0 to 36 0 to 26 0 to 34 0 to 24 0 to 31
Re Re 3 to 30 9 to 64 4 to 27 12 to 60 5 to 25 15 to 58
- TiC 0.3 to 0.2 to 84 0.4 to 0.3 to 79 0.5 to 0.35 to
TiC+TiN 93.7 91_6 89.5 74
+Mo2C TiN 0.3 to 0.3 to 85 0.4 to 0.4 to 80 0.5 to 0.5 to 76
93.7 91.6 89.5
MoyC 0 to 27 0 to 36 0 to 26 0 to 34 0 to 24 0 to 31
Re Re 3 to 30 6 to 65 4 to 27 9 to 61 5 to 25 11 to 65
TiC 0.3 to 0.1 to 83 0.4 to 0.2 to 78 0.5 to 0.3 to 74
- 93.5 91.3 89.1
TiN 0.3 to 0.15 to 0.4 to 0.2 to 80 0.5 to 0.3 to 76
TiC+TiN 93.5 85 91.3 89=1
+Mo2C MoZC 0 to 28 0 to 25 0 to 26 0 to 25 0 to 24 0 to 24
+WC+TaC wC 0.1 to 0.15 to 0.15 to 0.25 to 0.2 to 0.35 to
+VC+Cr2C3 20 39 15 32 12 28
TaC 0.1 to 0.15 to 0_15 to 0.25 to 0.2 to 0.3 to 22
15 30 12 25 10
VC 0 to 15 0 to 11 0 to 12 0 to 10 0 to 10 0 to 9
CzZC3 0 to o 15 0 to 16 0 to 12 0 to 14 0 to 10 0 to12
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TABLE 31. Compositions that use Ni-based superalloy (NBSA) as a
binder for binding TiC+ M02C, or TiN+ MoZC, or TiC+TiN+ Mo2C, or
TiC+TiN+MozC+WC+TaC+VC+CrZC3
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight %
NBSA NBSA 3 to 30 4 to 41 4 to 27 5 to 37 5 to 25 6 to 34
- TiC 43 to 94 30 to 90 48 to 92 35 to 87 51 to 90 37 to 84
TiC+MozC Mo2C 3 to 27 4 to 40 4 to 26 6 to 39 5 to 24 8 to 36
NBSA NBSA 3 to 30 4 to 38 4 to 27 5 to 34 5 to 25 6 to 32
- TiN 43 to 94 32 to 91 48 to 92 37 to 88 51 to 90 40 to 85
TiN+MoZC MozC 3 to 27 4 to 38 4 to 26 6 to 37 5 to 24 7 to 34
NBSA NBSA 3 to 30 4 to 40 4 to 27 5 to 36 5 to 25 6 to 34
- TiC 0.3 to 0.2 to 0.4 to 0.3 to 0.5 to 0.4 to
TiC+TiN 93.7 90 91.6 86 89.5 83
+MozC TiN 0.3 to 0.3 to 0.4 to 0.4 to 0.5 to 0.5 to
93.7 91 91.6 88 89.5 85
M02C 3 to 27 4 to 38 4 to 26 6 to 37 5 to 24 8 to 34
NBSA NHSA 3 to 30 2 to 40 4 to 27 4 to 36 5 to 25 5 to 34
TiC 0.3 to 0.15 to 0.4 to 0.2 to 0.5 to 0.3 to
93.3 90 91.3 86 89.3 83
TiN 0.3 to 0.25 to 0.4 to 0.35 to 0.5 to 0.45 to
TiC+TiN 93.3 90 91.3 87 89.3 84
+Mo2C M02C 3 to 27 4 to 25 4 to 26 6 to 26 5 to 24 8 to
+WC+TaC 25.5
+VC+CrZC3 WC 0.1 to 20 0.25 to 0.15 to 0.4 to 0.2 to 0.5 to
42 15 34 12 29
TaC 0.1 to 15 0.25 to 0.15 to 0.4 to 0.2 to 0.5 to
36 12 30 10 26
VC 0 to 15 0 to 14 0 to 12 0 to 12 0 to 10 0 to 10
Cr2C3 0 to 15 0 to 18 0 to 12 0 to 15 0 to 10 0 tol3
--13 6 =-
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TABLE 32. Compositions that use Re and Ni-based superalloy (NBSA) in
a binder for binding TiC+ Mo2C, or TiN+ Mo2C, or TiC+TiN+ M02C, or
T iC+TiN+Mo2C+WC+TaC+VC+Cr2C3
Material Compositi-on Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight %
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 64 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.16 to
- 29.7 26.73= 60 24.75 57
TiC+TiN NBSA 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to
+M02C 29.7 40 26.73 36 24.75 34
TiC 0 to 94 0 to 90 0 to 92 0 to 87 0 to 90 0 to 84
TiN 0 to 94 0 to 91 0 to 92 0 to 88 0 to 90 0 to 85
M02C 3 to 27 3 to 38 4 to 26 4 to 37 5 to 24 5 to 34
(Re+NBSA) Re 0.03 to 0.06 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 60 0.05 to 0.12 to
29.7 64 26.73 24.75 57
TiC+TiN NBSA 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to
+M02C 29.7 40 26.73 36 24.75 34
+WC+TaC TiC 0.3 to 0.15 to .40 to 0.2 to 86 0.5 to 0.3 to 83
+VC+CrZC3 93.5 89 91.3 89.1
TiN 0.3 to 0.15 to .40 to 0.2 to 87 0.5 to 0.3 to 84
93.5 90 91.3 89.1
M02C 3 to 28 3 to 26 4 to 26 4 to 26 5 to 24 5 to 25.5
WC 0.1 to 0.15 to 0.15 to 0.25 to 0.2 to 0.35 to
20 42 15 35 12 29
TaC 0.1 to 0.15 to 0.15 to 0.25 to 0.2 to 0.3 to 24
15 33 12 28 10
VC 0 to 15 0 to 16 0 to 12 0 to 13 0 to 10 0 to 11
Cr2C3 0 to 15 0 to 18 0 to 12 0 to 15 0 to 10 0 to 13
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TABLE 33. Compositions that use Re and Ni in a binder for binding
TiC+ MoZC, or TiN+ MoZC, or TiC+TiN+ MoaC, or
T iC+TiN+Mo2C+WC+TaC+VC+Cr2C3
Material Composition Range Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
1
Volume Weight % Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight ~
(Re+Ni) Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 64 0.04 to 0.13 to 60 0.05 to 0.16 to
- 29.7 26.73 24.75 57
TiC+TiN Ni 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 38 0.05 to 0.06 to
+M02C 29.7 42 26.73 24.75 36
TiC 0 to 94 0 to 90 0 to 92 0 to 87 0 to 90 0 to 83
TiN 0 to 94 0 to 91 0 to 92 0 to 88 0 to 90 0 to 85
M02C 3 to 27 3 to 38 4 to 26 4 to 37 5 to 24 5 to 34
(Re+Ni) Re 0.03 to 0.06 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 60 0.05 to 0.12 to
- 29.7 64 26.73 24.75 57
TiC+TiN Ni 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 39 0.05 to 0.05 to
+M02C 29.7 42 26.73 24.75 36
+WC+TaC TiC 0.3 to 0.15 to .40 to 0.2 to 85 0.5 to 0.3 to
+VC+Cr2C3 93.5 89 91.3 89.1 82
TiN 0.3 to 0.15 to .40 to 0.2 to 87 0.5 to 0.3 to
93.5 90 91.3 89.1 83
M02C 3 to 28 3 to 26 4 to 26 4 to 26 5 to 24 5 to
25.5
WC 0.1 to 0.15 to 0.15 to 0.25 to 35 0.2 to 12 0.35 to
20 42 15 29
TaC 0.1 to 0.15 to 0.15 to 0.25 to 28 0.2 to 10 0.3 to
15 33 12 24
VC 0 to 15 0 to 16 0 to 12 0 to 13 0 to 10 0 to 11
Cr2C3 0 to 15 0 to 18 0 to 12 0 to 15 0 to 10 0 to13
-138--
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TABLE 34. Compositions that use Re and Co in a binder for binding
TiC+ MoZC, or TiN+ MozC, or TiC+TiN+ M02C, or
TiC+TiN+MozC+WC+TaC+VC+Cr2C3
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume % Weight ~ Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight %
Re+Co Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 64 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.16 to
29.7 26.73 60 24.75 57
- Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to. 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to
TiC+TiN 29.7 43 26.73 39 24.75 36
+M02C TiC 0 to 94 0 to 90 0 to 92 0 to 87 0 to 90 0 to 83
TiN 0 to 94 0 to 91 0 to 92 0 to 88 0 to 90 0 to 85
M02C 3 to 27 3 to 38 4 to 26 4 to 37 5 to 24 5 to 34
Re+Co Re 1 0.03 to 0.06 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 0.05 to 0.12 to
29.7 64 26.73 60 24.75 57
Co 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to
29.7 43 26.73 39 24.75 36
TiC+TiN TiC 0.3 to 0.15 to .40 to 0.2 to 0.5 to 0.3 to
+M02C 93.5 89 91.3 85 89.1 82
+WC+TaC TiN 0.3 to 0.15 to .40 to 0.2 to 0.5 to 0.3 to
+VC+Cr2C3 93.5 90 91.3 87 89.1 83
MoZC 3 to 28 3 to 26 4 to 26 4 to 26 5 to 24 S to
25.5
WC 0.1 to 0.15 to 0.15 to 0.25 to 0.2 to 12 0.35 to
20 42 15 34 29
TaC 0.1 to 0.15 to 0.15 to 0.25 to 0.2 to 10 0.3 to
15 32 12 27 24
VC 0 to 15 0 to 16 0 to 12 0 to 13 0 to 10 0 to 11
Cr2C3 0 to 15 0 to 18 0 to 12 0 to 15 0 to 10 0 to13
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TABLE 35. Compositions that use Ni-based superalloy (NBSA) and Co in
a binder for binding TiC+ Mo2C, or Ti.N+ MoZC, or TiC+TiN+ Mo2C, or
TiC+TiN+Mo2C+WC+TaC+VC+Cr2C3
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range
3
Volume $ Weight % Volume % Weight % Volume $ Weight
$
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to
- 29.7 40 26.73 37 24.75 34
TiC+TiN Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to
+M02C 29.7 43 26.73 39 24.75 37
TiC 0 to 94 0 to 90 0 to 92 0 to 87 0 to 90 0 to 84
TiN 0 to 94 0 to 91 0 to 92 0 to 88 0 to 90 0 to 86
M02C 3 to 27 4 to 38 4 to 26 6 to 37 5 to 24 7 to 34
(NBSA+Co) NBSA 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.05 to
- 29.7 40 26.73 36 24.75 34
TiC+TiN Co 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to
+M02C 29.7 43 26.73 39 24.75 36
+WC+TaC TiC 0.3 to 0.15 to .40 to 0.2 to 0.5 to 0.3 to
+VC+Cr2C3 93.5 89 91.3 86 89.1 83
TiN 0.3 to 0.25 to .40 to 0.35 to 0.5 to 0.45 to
93.5 90 91.3 87 89.1 84
M02C 3 to 28 4 to 26 4 to 26 6 to 26 5 to 24 7 to
25.5
WC 0.1 to 20 0.25 to 0.15 to 0.38 to 0.2 to 12 0.5 to
42 15 35 29
TaC 0.1 to 15 0.23 to 0.15 to 0.35 to 0.2 to 10 0.47 to
33 12 28 24
VC 0 to 15 0 to 16 0 to 12 0 to 13 0 to 10 0 to 11
Cr2C3 0 to 15 0 to 18 0 to 12 0 to 15 0 to 10 0 to13
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TABLE 36. Compositions that use Ni-based superalloy (NBSA) arid Ni in
a binder for binding TiC+ M02C, or TiN+ Mo2C, or TiC+TiN+ Mo2C, or
TiC+TiN+Mo2C+WC+TaC+VC+CrZC3
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range Composition Range 3
2
Volume % Weight ~ Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight %
(NBSA+Ni) NBSA 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to
- 29.7 40 26.73 37 24.75 34
TiC+TiN Ni 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.055 to 0.05 to 0.07 to
+M02C 29.7 43 26.73 39 24.75 36
TiC 0 to 94 0 to 90 0 to 92 0 to 88 0 to 90 0 to 85
TiN 0 to 94 0 to 91 0 to 92 0 to 89 0 to 90 0 to 86
M02C 3 to 27 4 to 38 4 to 26 6 to 37 5 to 24 7 to 34
(NBSA+Ni) NBSA 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.035 to 0.05 to 0.05 to
- 29.7 40 26.73 36 24.75 34
TiC+TiN Ni 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0_04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to
+M02C 29.7 43 26.73 39 24.75 36
+WC+TaC TiC 0_3 to 0.15 to .40 to 0.2 to 0.5 to 0.3 to
+VC+Cr2C3 93.5 89 91.3 86 89.1 83
TiN 0.3 to 0.25 to .40 to 0.35 to 0.5 to 0.45 to
93.5 90 91.3 87 89.1 84
M02C 3 to 28 4 to 26 4 to 26 6 to 26 5 to 24 7 to
25.5
WC 0.1 to 0.25 to 0.15 to 0.38 to 0.2 to 12 0.5 to
20 42 15 35 29
TaC 0.1 to 0.23 to 0.15 to 0.35 to 0.2 to 10 0.47 to
15 33 12 28 24
VC 0 to 15 0 to 16 0 to 12 0 to 13 0 to 10 0 to 11
Cr2C3 0 to 15 0 to 18 0 to 12 0 to 15 0 to 10 0 to13
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TABLE 37. Compositions that use Re, Co, and Ni-based superalloy
(NBSA) in a binder for binding TiC and MoaC, or TiN and Mo2C, or TiC,
TiN, and Mo2C, or TiC, TiN, Mo2C, WC, TaC, VC, and Cr2C3
Material Composition Range Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
1
Volume Weight % Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight $
(Re+NBSA Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 0.04 to 0.13 to 60 0.05 to 0.16 to 57
+Co) 29.4 64 26.46 24.5
- NBSA 0.03 to 0.035 to 0.04 to 0.045 to 0.05 to 0.055 to
TiC+TiN 29.4 40 26.46 36 24.5 34
+M02C Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 39 0.05 to 0.06 to 36
29.4 42 26.46 24.5
TiC 0 to 94 0 to 90 0 to 92 0 to 88 0 to 90 0 to 84
TiN 0 to 94 0 to 91 0 to 92 0 to 88 0 to 90 0 to 85
Mo2C 3 to 27 3 to 38 4 to 26 4 to 37 5 to 24 5 to 34
(Re+NBSA Re 0.03 to 0.06 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 60 0.05 to 0.13 to 57
+Co) 29.4 63 26.46 24.5
- NBSA 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.03 to 36 0.05 to 0.04 to 33
29.4 39 26.46 24.5
TiC+TiN Co 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 39 0.05 to 0.05 to 36
+M02C 29.4 42 26.46= 24.5
+WC+TaC TiC 0.3 to 0.15 to 0.4 to 0.2 to 86 0.5 to 0.3 to 83
+VC+Cr2C3 93.5 89 91.3 89.1
TiN 0.3 to 0.15 to 0.4 to 0.2 to 87 0.5 to 0.3 to 84
93.5 90 91.3 89.1
M02C 3 to 28 3 to 26 4 to 26 4 to 26 5 to 24 5 to 25.5
WC 0.1 to 0.15 to 0.15 to 0.25 to 35 0.2 to 12 0.35 to 29
20 42 15
TaC 0.1 to 0.15 to 0.15 to 0.25 to 28 0.2 to 10 0.3 to 24
15 33 12
VC 0 to 15 0 to 16 0 to 12 0 to 13 0 to 10 0 to 11
Cr2C3 0 to 15 0 to 18 0 to 12 0 to 15 0 to 10 0 to 13
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TABLE 38. Compositions that use Re, Ni, and Ni-based superalloy
(NBSA) in a binder for binding TiC+ Mo2C, or TiN+ M02C, or TiC+TiN+
MoZC, or TiC+TiN+MozC+WC+TaC+VC+Cr2C3
Material Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
Volume % Weight 96 Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight %
(Re+NBSA Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 63 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.16 to
+Ni) 29.4 26.46 60 24.5 57
- NBSA 0.03 to 0.035 to 0.04 to 0.045 to 0.05 to 0.055 to
TiC+TiN 29.4 40 26.46 36 24.5 33
+MOZC Ni 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to
29.4 42 26.46= 38 24.5 36
TiC 0 to 94 0 to 90 0 to 92 0 to 87 0 to 90 0 to 84
TiN 0 to 94 0 to 91 0 to 92 0 to 88 0 to 90 0 to 85
M02C 3 to 27 3 to 38 4 to 26 4 to 37 5 to 24 5 to 34
(Re+NBSA Re 0.03 to 0.06 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 60 0.05 to 0.13 to
+Ni) 29.4 63 26.46 24.5 57
- NBSA 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to
TiC+TiN 29.4 39 26.46 36 24.5 33
+M02C Ni 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to
+WC+TaC 29.4 42 26.46 38 24.5 36
+VC+CrZC3 TiC 0.3 to 0.15 to 0.4 to 0.2 to 86 0.5 to 0.3 to 83
93.5 89 91.3 89.1
TiN 0.3 to 0.15 to 0.4 to 0.2 to 87 0.5 to 0.3 to 84
93.5 90 91.3 = 89.1
B Mo2C 3 to 28 3 to 26 4 to 26 4 to 26 5 to 24 5 to 25.5
WC 0.1 to 0.15 to 0.15 to 0.25 to 0.2 to 0.35 to
20 42 15 35 12 29
TaC 0.1 to 0.15 to 0.15 to 0.25 to 0.2 to 0.3 to 24
15 33 12 28 10
VC 0 to 15 0 to 16 0 to 12 0 to 13 0 to 10 0 to 11
Cr2C3 0 to 15 0 to 18 0 to 12 0 to 15 0 to 10 0 to 13
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TABLE 39. Compositions that use Re, Ni,'and Co in a binder for
binding TiC+ Mo2C, or Ti.N+ MozC, or TiC+TiN+ Mo2C, or
TiC+T iN+Mo2C+WC+TaC+VC+Cr2C3
Material Composition Range Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
1
Volume Weight % Volume ~ Weight % Volume ~ Weight %
(Re+Ni Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 63 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.16 to
+Co) 29.4 26.46 60 24.5 57
- Ni 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to
TiC+TiN 29.4 42 26.46 38 24.5 36
+M02C Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to
29.4 42 26.46 39 24.5 36
TiC 0 to 94 0 to 90 0 to 92 0 to 87 0 to 90 0 to 83
TiN 0 to 94 0 to 91 0 to 92 0 to 88 0 to 90 0 to 85
M02C 3 to 27 3 to 38 4 to 26 4 to 37 5 to 24 5 to 34
(Re+Ni Re 0.03 to 0.06 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 0.05 to 0.13 to
+Co) 29.4 63 26.46 60 24.5 57
- Ni 0.03 to 0.025 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to
29.4 42 26.46 38 24.5 36
TiC+TiN Co 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to
+M02C 29.4 42 26.46 39 24.5 36
+WC+TaC TiC 0.3 to 0.15 to 0.4 to 0.2 to 0.5 to 0.3 to 82
+VC+CrZCJ 93.5 89 91.3 85 89.1
TiN 0.3 to 0.15 to 0.4 to 0.2 to 0.5 to 0.3 to 83
93.5 90 91.3 87 89.1
M02C 3 to 28 3 to 26 4 to 26 4 to 26 5 to 24 5 to 25.5
WC 0.1 to 0_15 to 0.15 to 0.25 to 0.2 to 12 0.35 to
20 42 15 35 29
TaC 0.1 to 0.15 to 0.15 to 0.25 to 0.2 to 10 0.3 to 24
15 33 12 28
VC 0 to 15 0 to 16 0 to 12 0 to 13 0 to 10 0 to 11
Cr2C3 0 to 15 0 to 18 0 to 12 0 to 15 0 to 10 0 to 13
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TABLE 40. Compositions that use Co, Ni, and Ni-based superalloy
(NBSA) in a binder for binding TiC+ MoZC, or TiN+ Mo2C, or TiC+TiN+
Mo2C, or TiC+TiN+Mo2C+WC+TaC+VC+CrZC3
Material Composition Range Composition Range 2 Composition Range 3
1
Volvme % Weight Volume $ weight % Volume ~ Weight %
$
(NBSA+Ni NBSA 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.5 to 36 0.05 to 0.06 to 34
+Co) 29.4 40 26.46 24.5
- Ni 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.055 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 37
TiC+TIN 29.4 42 26.46 39 24.5
+M02C Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.055 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 36
29.4 43 26.46 39 24.5
TiC 0 to 94 0 to 90 0 to 92 0 to 87 0 to 90 0 to 84
TiN 0 to 94 0 to 91 0 to 92 0 to 88 0 to 90 0 to 85
M02C 3 to 27 4 to 38 4 to 26 5 to 37 5 to 24 7 to 34
(NBSA+Ni NBSA 0.03 to 0.025 0.04 to 0.035 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 33
+Co) 29.4 to 40 26.46 36 24.5
- Ni 0.03 to 0.025 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 36
29.4 to 42 26.46 38 24.5
TiC+Ti.N Co 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 36
+M02C 29.4 42 26.46 39 24.5
+WC+TaC TiC 0.3 to 0.15 to 0.4 to 0.2 to 86 0.5 to 0.3 to 83
+VC+Cr2C3 93.5 89 91.3 89.1
TiN 0.3 to 0.25 to 0.4 to 0_35 to 0.5 to 0.45 to 84
93.5 90 91.3 87 89.1
Mo2C 3 to 28 4 to 26 4 to 26 6 to 26 5 to 24 7 to 25.5
wC 0.1 to 0.25 to 0.15 to 0.35 to 0.2 to 12 0. 5 to 29
20 42 15 35
TaC 0.1 to 0.25 to 0.15 to 0.35 to 0.2 to 10 0.45 to 24
15 33 12 28
VC 0 to 15 0 to 16 0 to 12 0 to 13 0 to 10 0 to 11
Cr2C3 0 to 15 0 to 18 0 to 12 0 to 15 0 to 10 0 to 13
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TABLE 41. Compositions that use Re, Ni, Co, and Ni-based superalloy
(NBSA) in a binder for binding TiC+ Mo2C, or TiN+ MoZC, or TiC+TiN+
Mo2C, or TiC+TiN+Mo2C+WC+TaC+VC+Cr2C3
Material Cosnposition Composition Coniposition
Range 1 Range 2 Range 3
Volume Weight Volume Weight Volume Weight
(Re+NBSA+Ni Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 0.04 to 0.13 0.05 to 0.16
+Co) 29.1 63 26.19 to 59 24.25 to 57
- NBSA 0.03 to 0.035 0.04 to 0.45 0.05 to 0.055
TiC+TiN 29.1 to 39 26.19 to 36 24.25 to 33
+M02C Ni 0.03 to 0.04 0.04 to 0_05 0.05 to 0.06
29.1 to 42 26.19 to 38 24.25 to 36
Co 0.03 to 0.04 0.04 to 0.5 to 0.05 to 0.06
29.1 to 42 26.19 38 24.25 to 36
TiC 0 to 94 0 to 0 to 92 0 to 0 to 90 0 to
90 87 84
TiN 0 to 94 0 to 0 to 92 0 to 0 to 90 0 to
91 88 85
MozC 3 to 27 3 to 4 to 26 4 to 5 to 24 5 to
38 37 34
(Re+NBSA+Ni Re 0.03 to 0.06 0.04 to 0.1 to 0.05 to 0.12
+Co) 29.1 to 63 26.19 59 24.25 to 56
- NBSA 0.03 to 0.02 0.04 to 0.03 0.05 to 0.04
29.1 to 39 26.19 to 35 24.25 to 33
TiC+TiN Ni 0.03 to 0.025 0.04=to 0.035 0.05 to 0.05
+M02C 29.1 to 42 26.19 to 38 24.25 to 35
+WC+TaC Co 0.03 to 0.025 0.04 to 0.03 0.05 to 0.05
+VC+Cr2C3 29.1 to 42 26.19 to 38 24_25 to 36
TiC 0.3 to 0.15 0.4 to 0.2 to 0.5 to 0.3 to
93.5 to 89 91.3 86 89.1 83
TiN 0.3 to 0.15 0.4 to 0.2 to 0.5 to 0.3 to
93.5 to 90 91.3 87 89.1 84
M02C 3 to 28 3 to 4 to 26 4 to 5 to 24 5 to
26 26 25.5
WC 0.1 to 0.15 0.15 to 0.25 0.2 to 0.3 to
20 to 42 15 to 35 12 29
TaC 0.1 to 0.15 0.15 to 0.2 to 0.2 to 0.3 to
15 to 33 12 28 10 24
VC 0 to 15 0 to 0 to 12 0 to 0 to 10 0 to
16 13 11
CrZC3 0 to 15 0 to 0 to 12 0 to 0 to 10 0 to
18 15 13
[0082] The following TABLES 42-51 list additional examples of
various compositions with 3 exemplary composition ranges 1, 2,
and 3 which may be used for different applications. Similar
to some compositions described above, some compositions in
TABLES 42-51 may be particularly useful for applications at
high temperatures as indicated in the last row under
"estimated melting points."
[0083] As described above, binder matrix materials with
rhenium, a nickel-based superalloy or a combination of both
can enhance material performance at high temperatures.
Tungsten is typically used as a constituent element in various
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hard particles such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides,
borides, and silicides. When used as a binder matrix
material, either alone or in combination with other metals,
tungsten can significantly raise the melting point of the
final hardmetal materials to the range of about 2500 to about
3500 C. Hence, hardmetals using W-based binder matrix
materials can be used in applications at high temperatures
that may not be possible with other materials. Notably,
certain compositions that use a binder matrix based on
tungsten (W) shown in TABLES 43-48 show expected high melting
points around 3500 C.
[0084] For the compositions made of nitrides bound by rhenium
and cobalt in TABLE 47, each nitride may be substituted by a
combination of a nitride and carbide as the hard particle
material. A material under this design includes hard
particles comprising at least one nitride from nitrides of IVB
and VB columns in the periodic table and one carbide from
carbides of IVB, VB and VIB columns in the periodic table, and
a binder matrix that binds the hard particles and comprises
rhenium and cobalt.
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TABLE 42. Re bound a Boride from Borides of TVb, Vb, & VIb or a
Silicide from Silicides of IVb, Vb & VIb
osition Range Estimated
Coatposition Range Composition Range C7=,
1 2 3 Melting
Weight po
int, C
Volume $ Weight Volume % Weight V5 to 30
Re Re 3 to 40 12.5 to 4 to 35 16 to 20 to 2700 to
Bound 76 71 67 3000
Ti.B2 TiBZ 60 to 97 24 to 65 to 96 29 to 70 to 95 33 to
87.5 84 80
Re Re 3 to 40 9.5 to 4 to 35 12.5 to 5 to 30 15 to 2800 to
Bound 70 65 60 3000
ZrBZ ZrB2 60 to 97 30 to 65 to 96 35 to 70 to 95 40 to
90.5 87.5 85
Re Re 3 to 40 5.5 to 4 to 35 7 to 50 5 to 30 9 to 3000 to
Bound 55.5 44.5 3200
HtB2 HfB2 60 to 97 44.5 to 65 to 96 50 to 70 to 95 55.5 to
94.5 93 91
Re Re 3 to 40 11 to 4 to 35 14.5 to 5 to 30 18 to 2000 to
Bound 73 69 64 2500
VB2 VB2 60 to 97 27 to 65 to 96 31 to 70 to 95 36 to
89 85.5 82
Re Re 3 to 40 8 to 66 4 to 35 11 to 5 to 30 13 to 2800 to
Bound 61 55.5 3100
NbB2 A7bB2 60 to 97 34 to 65 to 96 39 to 70 to 95 44.5 to
92 89 87
Re Re 3 to 40 5 to 53 4 to 35 6.5 to 5 to 30 8 to 42 3000 to
Bound 47 3200
TaB2 TaB2 60 to 97 47 to 65 to 96 53 to 70 to 95 58 to
95 93.5 92
Re Re 3 to 40 9.5 to 4 to 35 12.5 to 5 to 30 15 to 1800 to
Bound 69.5 65 60 2200
Cr3BZ Cr3Bz 60 to 97 30.5 to 65 to 96 35 to 70 to 95 40 to
90.5 87.5 85
Re Re 3 to 40 7.5 to 4 to 35 10 to 5 to 30 12.5 to 2000 to
Bound 64 59 54 2400
MoB2 MoB2 60'to 97 36 to 65 to 96 41 to 70 to 95 46 to
92.5 90 87_5
Re Re 3 to 40 4 to 47 4 to 35 5 to 41 5 to 30 6.5 to 2700 to
Bound 36 3000
WB WB 60 to 97 53 to 65 to 96 59 to 70 to 95 64 to
96 95 93.5.
Re Re 3 to 40 4 to 47 4 to 35 5 to 41 5 to 30 6.5 to 2600 to
Bound 36 2900
WZB WZB 60 to 97 53 to 65 to 96 59 to 70 to 95 64 to
96 95 93.5
Re Re 3 to 40 13 to 4 to 35 17 to 5 to 30 20 to 2000 to
Bound 77 72 68 2400
Ti5Si3 Ti5Si3 60 to 97 23 to 65 to 96 28 to 70 to 95 32 to
87 83 80
Re Re 3 to 40 10 to 4 to 35 14 to 5 to 30 17 to 2100 to
Bound 72 67 62 2500
Zr6Si5 Zr6Si5 60 to 97 28 to 65 to 96 33 to 70 to 95 38 to
90 86 83
Re Re 3 to 40 9 to 69 4 to 35 12 to 5 to 30 15 to 1800 to
Bound 64 59 2200
NbSi2 NbSi2 60 to 97 31 to 65 to 96 36 to 70 to 95 41 to
91 88 85
Re Re 3 to 40 7 to 62 4 to 35 9 to 57 5 to 30 12 to 2200 to
Bound 51 2600
TaSi2 TaSi2 60 to 97 38 to 65 to 96 43 to 70 to 95 49 to
93 91 88
Re Re 3 to 40 9 to 69 4 to 35 12 to 5 to 30 15 to 1800 to
Bound 64 59 2200
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MoSi2 60 to 97 31 to 65 to 96 36 to 70 to 95 41 to
91 88 85
Re Re 3 to 40 6 to 60 4 to 35 9 to 55 5 to 30 11 to 1800 to
Bound 49 2200
WSi2 Wsi2 60 to 97 40 to 65 to 96 45 to 70 to 95 51 to
94 91 89
TABLE 43_ W bound a carbide from carbides of IVb, Vb, & VIb or a
nitride from nitrides of IVb & Vb.
Coniposition Range 1 Corroosition Range 2 Cornposition Range 3 Estimated
VoZume $ Weight % Volume % Weight % Volume ~ Weight $ Melting
Point, C
W W 3 to 40 11 to 72 4 to 35 25.02 to 5 to 30 25.02 to 3000 to
Bound 70 65 3300
TiC TiC 60 to 97 28 to 89 65 to 96 30'to 70 to 95 35 to
74.98 74.98
W W 3 to 40 8 to 66 4 to 35 11 to 61 5 to 30 13 to 56 3200 to
Bound ZrC 60 to 97 34 to 92 65 to 96 39 to 89 70 to 95 44 to 87 3500
ZrC
W W 3 to 40 4 to 50 4 to 35 6 to 45 5 to 30 7 to 40 3300 to
Bound HfC 60 to 97 50 to 96 65 to 96 55 to 64 70 to 95 60 to 93 3500
HfC
W W 3 to 40 10 to 70 4 to 35 13 to 65 5 to 30 16 to 60 2700 to
Bound VC 60 to 97 30 to 90 65 to 96 35 to 87 70 to 95 40 to 84 3300
VC
W W 3 to 40 7 to 62 4 to 35 9 to 57 5 to 30 11 to 51 3000 to
Bound NbC 60 to 97 38 to 93 65 to 96 43 to 91 70 to 95 49 to 89 3500
NbC
W W 3 to 40 4 to 47 4 to 35 5 to 42 5 to 30 7 to 36 3300 to
Bound TaC 60 to 97 53 to 96 65 to 96 58 to 95 70 to 95 64 to 93 3500
TaC
W W 3to 40 8 to 66 4 to 35 11 to 61 5 to 30 13 to 55 1700 to
Bound Cr2C3 60 to 97 34 to 92 65 to 96 39 to 89 70 to 95 45 to 87 2100
Cr2C3
W W 3 to 40 6 to 59 4 to 35 8 to 53 5 to 30 10 to 48 2400 to
Bound M02C 60 to 97 41 to 94 65 to 96 47 to 93 70 to 95 52 to 90 2600
M02C
w w 3 to 40 4 to 45 4 to 35 5 to 40 5 to 30 6 to 35 2800 to
Bound WC 60 to 97 55 to 96 65 to 96 60 to 95 70 to 95 65 to 94 3000
WC
W D+i 3 to 40 11 to 72 4 to 35 14 to 68 5 to 30 16 to 60 2800 to
Bound TiN 60 to 97 28 to 89 65 to 96 32 to 86 70 to 95 40 to 84 3300
TiN
W W 3 to 40 8 to 64 4 to 35 10 to 59 5 to 30 12 to 53 2900 to
Bound ZrN 60 to 97 36 to 92 65 to 96 41 to 90 70 to 95 47 to 88 3300
ZrN
W W 3 to 40 4 to 48 4 to 35 6 to 43 5 to 30 7 to 37 3200 to
Bound HfN 60 to 97 52 to 96 65 to 96 57 to 94 70 to 95 63 to 93 3500
HfN
W W 3 to 40 9 to 68 4 to 35 12 to 63 5 to 30 15 to 58 2000 to
Bound VN 60 to 97 32 to 91 65 to 96 37 to 88 70 to 95 42 to 85 2400
VN
W W 3 to 40 8 to 64 4 to 35 10 to 59 5 to 30 12 to 53 2200 to
Bound NbN 60 to 97 36 to 92 65 to 96 41 to 90 70 to 95 47 to 88 2600
= NbN
W W 3 to 40 4 to 47 4 to 35 5 to 42 5 to 30 7 to 37 3000 to
Bound TaN 60 to 97 53 to 96 65 to 96 58 to 95 70 to 95 63 to 93 3500
TaN
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TABLE 44_ W bound a Boride from Borides of 2Vb, Vb, & VIb or a
Silicide from Silicides of IVb, Vb & Vib
Composition Composition Range Composition Range Estimated
Range 1 2 3 Melting
Volume Weight Volume Weight VoJ.ume Weight Point, C
%_ __ % % % % %
w w 3 to 40 12 to 4 to 35 15 to 5 to 30 18 to 2700 to
Bound 74 70 65 3000
TiB2 TiB2 60 to 26 to 65 to 30 to 70 to 35 to
97 88 96 85 95 82
W W 3 to 40 9 to 68 4 to 35 12 to 5 to 30 14 to 2800 to
Bound 63 58 3000
ZrB2 ZrB2 60 to 32 to 65 to 37 to 70 to 42 to
97 91 96 88 95 86
W W 3 to 40 5 to 54 4 to 35 7 to 48 5 to 30 8 to 42 3000 to
Bound HfB2 60 to 46 to 65 to 52 to 70 to 58 to 3400
HfB2 97 95 96 93 95 92
W W 3 to 40 10 to 4 to 35 14 to 5 to 30 17 to 2000 to
Bound 72 67 62 2500
VBZ VBz 60 to 28 to 65 to 33 to 70 to 38 to
97 90 96 86 95 83
W W 3 to 40 8 to 64 4 to 35 10 to 5 to 30 12 to 2900 to
Bound 59 53 3400
NbBZ NbB2 60 to 36 to 65 to 41 to 70 to 47 to
97 92 96 90 95 88
W W 3 to 40 5 to 51 4 to 35 6 to 45 5 to 30 7 to 40 3100 to
Bound TaB2 60 to 49 to 65 to 55 to 70 to 60 to 3400
TaB2 97 95 96 94 95 93
w W 3 to 40 9 to 68 4 to 35 12 to 5 to 30 14 to 1800 to
Bound 63 58 2200
Cr3B2 Cr3B2 60 to 32 to 65 to 37 to 70 to 42 to
97 91 96 88 95 86
w W 3 to 40 7 to 62 4 to 35 9 to 57 5 to 30 12 to 2000 to
Bound 52 2400
MoBZ MoB2 60 to 38 to 65 to 43 to 70 to 48 to
97 93 96 91 95 88
w w 3 to 40 4 to 45 4 to 35 5 to 39 5 to 30 6 to 34 2700 to
Bound WB 60 to 55 to 65 to 61 to 70 to 66 to 3000
WB 97 96 96 95 95 94
W W 3 to 40 3 to 44 4 to 35 5 to 38 5 to 30 6 to 33 2600 to
Bound W2B 60 to 56 to 65 to 62 to 70 to 67 to 2900
WzB 97 97 96 95 95 94
w W 3 to 40 12 to 4 to 35 16 to 5 to 30 19 to 2000 to
Bound 75 71 66 2400
Ti5Si3 Ti5Si3 60 to 25 to 65 to 29 to 70 to 34 to
97 88 96 84 95 81
w w 3 to 40 10 to 4 to 35 13 to 5 to 30 16 to 2100 to
Bound 70 65 60 2500
Zr6Si5 Zr6Si5 60 to 30 to 65 to 35 to 70 to 40 to
97 90 96 87 95 84
W W 3 to 40 9 to 67 4 to 35 11 to 5 to 30 14 to 1800 to
Bound 62 57 2200
NbSi2 NbSiz 60 to 33 to 65 to 38 to 70 to 43 to
97 91 96 89 95 86
W W 3 to 40 7 to 60 4 to 35 9 to 55 5 to 30 11 to 2200 to
Bound 49 2600
TaSi2 TaSi2 60 to 40 to 65 to 45 to 70 to 51 to
97 93 96 91 95 89
W W 3 to 40 9 to 67 4 to 35 11 to 5 to 30 14 to 1800 to
Bound 62 57 2200
MoSi2 MoSi2 60 to 31 to 65 to 38 to 70 to 43 to
97 91 96 89 95 86
w W 3 to 40 6 to 58 4 to 35 8 to 53 5 to 30 10 to 1800 to
Bound 47 2200
WSi2 WSi2 60 to 42 to 65 to 47 to 70 to 43 to
97 94 96 92 95 90
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TABLE 45. Re and W (Re+W) bound a carbide from carbides of IVb,
Vb, & VIb or a nitride from nitrides of IVb & Vb. The range of
Binder is from 1%Re + 99% W to 99% Re + 1%W.
Coxnposition Range 1 Cosnposition Range 2 Conposition Range 3 Estimated
Volume ~ Weight ~ Volume $ Weight % Volume % Weight $ Melting
Point, C
Re +W Re 0.03 to 0.12 to 0.04 to 0.15 to 0.05 to 0.19 to 2900
Bound 39.6 73 34.7 69 29.7 64 to
TiC W 0.03 to 0.1 to 72 0.04 to 0.14 to 0.05 to 0.17 to 3300
39.6 34.7 67 29.7 62
TiC 60 to 97 26 to 89 65 to 96 30 to 86 70 to 95 35 to 83
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.12 to 0.05 to 0.15 to 3000
w 39.6 67 34.7 63 29.7 57 to
Bound W 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.11 to 0.05 to 0.13 to 3400
ZrC 39.6 66 34.7 61 29.7 55
ZrC 60 to 97 32 to 92 65 to 96 37 to 89 70 to 95 42 to 87
Re +W Re 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 0.05 to 0.08 to 3100
Bound 39.6 52 34.7 47 29.7 41 to
HfC W 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 3500
39.6 50 34.7 45 29.7 39
HfC 60 to 97 48 to 95 65 to 96 53 to 94 70 to 95 58 to 93
Re +W Re 0.03 to 0.11 to 0.14 to 0.15 to 0.17 to 0.19 to 2700
Bound 39.6 71 67 67.0 62 61.8 to
VC W 0.03 to 0.1 to 69 0.13 to 0.06 to 0.15 to 0.07 to 3000
39.6 65 46.3 60 40.8
VC 60 to 97 28 to 90 33 to 87 32.8 to 70 to 95 38 to 84
93.5
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 0.05 to 0.13 to 3200
W 39.6 64 34.7 59 29.7 53 to
Bound W 0.03 to 0.07 to 0.04 to 0.09 to 0.05 to 0.11 to 3500
NbC 39.6 56 34.7 56 29.7 51
NbC 60 to 97 36 to 93 65 to 96 41 to 91 70 to 95 ' 47 to 88
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 3100
w 39.6 49 34.7 43 29.7 38 to
Bound W 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 3500
TaC 39.6 47 34.7 41 29.7 36
TaC 60 to 97 51 to 96 65 to 96 56 to 95 70 to 95 62 to 93
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.12 to 0.05 to 0.14 to 1700
W 39.6 67 34.7 62 29.7 57 to
Bound w 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.11 to 0.05 to 0.13 to 1900
39.6 65 34.7 60 29.7 55
Cr2C3 Cr2C3 60 to 97 32 to 92 65 to 96 37 to 89 70 to 95 43 to 87
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.07 to 0.04 to 0.09 to 0.05 to 0.11 to 2400
W 39.6 60 34.7 55 29.7 49 to
Bound W 0.03 to 0.06 to 0.04 to 0.08 to 0.05 to 0.1 to 47 2600
M02C 39.6 58 34.7 53 29.7
M02C 60 to 97 39 to 94 65 to 96 45 to 92 70 to 95 50 to 90
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 2700
w 39.6 47 34.7 42 29.7 36 to
Bound W 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to 2900
WC 39.6 45 34.7 40 29.7 34
WC 60 to 97 53 to 96 65 to 96 58 to 95 70 to 95 63 to 94
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 71 0.04 to 0.14 to 0.05 to 0.17 to 2900
w 39.6 34_7 67 29.7 62 to
Bound W 0.03 to 0.1 to 70 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.16 to 3200
TiN 39.6 34.7 65 29.7 60
TiN 60 to 97 28 to 90 65 to 96 32 to 87 70 to 95 38 to 84
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.11 to 0.05 to 0.13 to 2900
w 39.6 65 34.7 60 29.7 55 to
Bound W 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 0.05 to 0.12 to 3200
ZrN 39.6 63 34.7 58 29.7 53
ZrN 60 to 97 34 to 92 65 to 96 39 to 90 70 to 95 45 to 88
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.08 to 3100
W 39.6 50 34.7 45 29.7 39 to
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Bound W 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 3400
HfN 39.6 48 34.7 43 29.7 37
HfN 60 to 97 50 to 96 65 to 96 55 to 95 70 to 95 61 to 93
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 69 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.16 to 2100
w 39.6 34.7 65 29.7 59 to
Bound W 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.12 to 0.05 to 0.14 to 2300
VN 39.6 67 34.7 63 29.7 57
VN 60 to 97 30 to 91 65 to 96 35 to 88 70 to 95 40 to 86
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.11 to 0.05 to 0_13 to 2300
w 39.6 65 34.7 60 29.7 55 to
Bound W 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 0.05 to 0.12 to 2500
NbN 39.6 63 34.7 58 29.7 53
NbN 60 to 97 35 to 92 65 to 96 39 to 90 70 to 95 45 to 88
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 2900
W 39.6 49 34.7 44 29.7 38 to
Bound W 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 3400
TaN 39.6 47 34.7 42 29.7 36
FTaN 60 to 97 51 to 96 65 to 96 56 to 95 70 to 95 61 to 93
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TABLE 46. Re and W (Re+W) bound a boride from borides of IVb,
Vb, & V2b or a silicide from silicides of IVb & Vb. The range
of Binder is from 1%Re + 99% W to 99% Re + 1%W
Composition Range 1 Composition Range 2 CoxtVosition Range 3 Estintated
Volume $ Weight $ Volume $ Weight ~ Volume ~ Weight % Melting
Point, C
Re +W Re 0.03 to 0.13 to 0.04 to 0.16 to 0.05 to 0.2 to 2900
Bound 39.6 75 34.7 71 29.7 66 to
TiB2 W 0.03 to 0.12 to 0.04 to 0.15 to 0.05 to 0.18 to 3100
39.6 73 34_7 69 29.7 64
TiB2 60 to 97 24 to 88 65 to 96 29 to 85 70 to 95 33 to 82
Re + W Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 69 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.16 to 2900
Bound 39.6 34.7 64 29.7 59 to
ZrB2 W 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.12 to 0.05 to 0.14 to 3200
39.6 67 34.7 63 29.7 57
ZrB2 60 to 97 30 to 91 65 to 96 35=to 88 70 to 95 40 to 86
Re +W Re 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 0.05 to 0.09 to 3100
Bound 39.6 54 34.7 50 29.7 44 to
HfBZ w 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.07to 0.05 to 0.OSto 3300
39.6 53 34.7 48 29.7 42
HfB2 60 to 97 44 to 95 65 to 96 50 o 93 70 to 95 55 to 92
Re +W Re 0.03 to 0.11 to 0.14 to 0.15 to 0.17 to 0.18 to 2000
Bound 39.6 73 67 68 62 63 to
VBZ W 0.03 to 0.1 to 71 0.13 to 0.13 to 0.15 to 0.16 to 2200
39.6 65 66 60 61
VBz 60 to 97 27 to 90 33 to 87 31 to 70 to 95 36 to
86 84
Re + W Re 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 0.05 to 0.13 to 2900
Bound 39.6 65 34.7 61 29.7 55 to
NbBz W 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0_1 to 0.05 to 0.12 to 3100
39.6 63 34.7 58 29.7 53
NbB2 60 to 97 34 to 92 65 to 96 39 to 90 70 to 95 44 to 88
Re + W Re 0_03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 0.05 to 0.08 to 3100
Bound 39.6 52 34.7 47 29.7 41 to
TaB2 W 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 3300
39.6 50 34.7 39 29.7 39
TaB2 60 to 97 47 to 96 65 to 96 53 to 94 70 to 95 58 to 93
Re + W Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 69 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.16 to 1900
Bound 39.6 34_7 64 29.7 59 to
Cr3B2 W 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.12 to 0.05 to 0.14 to 2100
39.6 67 34.7 62 29.7 57
Cr3B 60 to 97 32 to 91 65 to 96 35=to 88 70 to 95 40 to 86
2
Re + W Re 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 0.05 to 0.13 to 2000
Bound 39.6 64 34.7 59 29.7 53 to
MoB2 W 0.03 to 0.07 to 0.04 to 0.09 to 0.05 to 0.11 to 2200
39.6 62 34.7 57 29.7 51
MoB2 60 to 97 36 to 93 65 to 96 41 to 91 70 to 95 46 to 88
Re + W Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 2800
Bound 39.6 46 34.7 41 29.7 36 to
WB W 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to 2900
39.6 44 34.7 39 29.7 34
WB 60 to 97 53 to 96 65 to 96 57 to 95 70 to 95 64 to 94
Re + W Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to 2700
Bound 39.6 45 34.7 40 29.7 35 to
W2B W 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to 2900
39.6 43 34.7 38 29.7 33
W2B 60 to 97 54 to 97 65 to 96 60 to 95 70 to 95 65 to 94
Re + W Re 0.03 to 0.13 to 0.04 to 0.17 to 0.05 to 0.21 to 2000
Bound 39.6 76 34.7 72 29.7 67 to
T].5S].3 w 0.03 to 0.12 to 0.04 to 0.16 to 0.05 to 0.19 to 2200
39.6 74 34.7 70 29.7 65
Ti5S 60 to 97 24 to 88 65 to 96 28 to 84 70 to 95 32 to 81
1g
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Re + W Re 0_03 to 0.11 to 0.04 to 0.14 to 0.05 to 0.17 to 2100
Bound 39.6 71 34.7 67 29.7 61 to
Zr6Sis W 0.03 to 0.1 to 69 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.15 to 2400
39.6 34.7 65 29.7 59
Zr6S 60 to 97 28 to 90 65 to 96 33=to 87 70 to 95 38 to 84
1s
Re + W Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.12 to 0.05 to 0.15 to 1900
Bound 39.6 68 34.7 64 29.7 58 to
NbSiz w 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.11 to 0.05 to 0.14 to 2100
39.6 66 34.7 62 29.7 56
NbSi 60 to 97 31 to 91 65 to 96 36 to 89 70 to 95 41 to 86
z
Re + W Re 0.03 to 0.07 to 0.04 to 0.09 to 0.05 to 0.12 to 2300
Bound 39.6 62 34.7 57 29.7 51 to
TaSi2 w 0.03 to 0.07 to 0.04 to 0.09 to 0.05 to 0.11 to 2500
39.6 60 34.7 54 29.7 49
TaSi 60 to 97 38 to 93 65 to 96 43 to 91 70 to 95 49 to 89
z
Re + W Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 69 0.04 to 0.12 to 0.05 to 0.15 to 1900
Bound 39.6 34.7 64 29_7 58 to
MoSiz W 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.11 to 0.05 to 0.14 to 2100
39.6 67 34.7 62 29.7 56
MoSi 60 to 97 31 to 91 65 to 96 36 to 89 70 to 95 41 to 86
2
Re + W Re 0_03 to 0.07 to 0.04 to 0.09 to 0.05 to 0.11 to 1900
Bound 39.6 60 34.7 54 29.7 49 to
WSi2 W 0.03 to 0.06 to 0.04 to 0.08 to 0.05 to 0.1 to 2100
39_6 58 34.7 52 29.7 47
wsi2 60 to 97 40 to 94 65 to 96 45 to 92 70 to 95 51 to 90
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TABLE 47. Re and Co (Re+Co) bound a carbide from carbides of
IVb, Vb, & VIb or a nitride from nitrides of IVb & Vb. The
range of Binder is from 1%Re + 99% Co to 99% Re + 1%Co.
Covposition Range 1 Conposition Range 2 Coniposition Range 3 Eatimated
Volume ~ Weight ~ Volume % Weight % Volume % Weight % Melting
Point, C
Re +Co Re 0.03 to 0.12 to 0.04 to 0.17 to 0.05 to 0.2 to 64 1400
Bound 39.6 74 34.7 69 29.7 to
TiC Co 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 0.05 to 0.08 to 3200
39.6 54 34.7 49 29.7 43
Ti 60 to 97 26 to 95 65 to 96 30 to 93 70 to 95 35 to 91
C
Re +Co Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.16 to 1400
Bound 39.6 68 34.7 63 29.7 57 to
ZrC Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to 3200
39.6 47 34.7 42 29.7 37
Zr 60 to 97 32 to 96 65 to 96 37 to 95 70 to 95 42 to 93
C
Re +Co Re 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 0.05 to 0.08 to 1400
Bound 39.6 52 34_7 47 29_7 41 to
HfC Co 0.03 to 0.02 to 0_04 to 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to. 3200
39.6 32 34.7 27 29.7 23
Hf 60 to 97 48 to 98 65 to 96 53 to 97 70 to 95 59 to 96
C
Re -{-Co Re 0.03 to 0.11 to 0.14 to 0_15 to 0.17 to 0.19 to 1400
Bound 39.6 71 67 67.0 62 62 to
VC Co 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.13 to 0.06 to 0.15 to 0.07 to 2900
39.6 51 65 46 60 41
VC 60 to 97 28 to 95 33 to 87 33 to 94 70 to 95 38 to 92
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 59 0.05 to 0.13 to 1400
Co 39.6 64 34.7 29.7 53 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 3200
NbC 39.6 43 34.7 38 29.7 33
Nb 60 to 97 36 to 97 65 to 96 41 to 95 70 to 95 47 to 94
C
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 1400
Co 39.6 49 34.7 43 29.7 38 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.024 to 0.05 to 0.03 to 3200
TaC 39.6 29 34.7 25 29.7 21
Ta 60 to 97 51 to 98 65 to 96 56 to 97 70 to 95 62 to 97
C
Re +Co Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.12 to 0.05 to 0.15 to 1400
Bound 39.6 67 34.7 62 29.7 57 to
Cr2C3 Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to 1900
39.6 47 34.7 41 29.7 36
Crz 60 to 97 32 to 96 65 to 96 37 to 95 70 to 95 43 to 93
C3
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.07 to 0.04 to 0.09 to 0.05 to 0.11 to 1400
Co 39.6 60 34.7 55 29.7 49 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.03 to 0_04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 2600
MozC 39.6 39 34.7 34 29.7 29
Moz 60 to 97 40 to 97 65 to 96 45 to 96 70 to 95 50 to 95
C
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0_04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 1400
Co 39.6 47 34_7 42 29.7 36 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.017 to 0.04 to 0.023 to 0.05 to 0.028 to 2900
WC 39.6 27 34.7 23 29.7 20
WC 60 to 97 53 to 96 65 to 96 58 to 95 70 to 95 63 to 94
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.11 to 0.04 to 0.15 to 0.05 to 0.19 to 1400
Co 39.6 71 34.7 67 29.7 62 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 3200
TiN 39.6 52 34.7 46 29.7 41
Ti 60 to 97 28 to 95 65 to 96 33 to 93 70 to 95 38 to 92
N
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Re + Re 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.11 to 0.05 to 0.14 to 1400
Co 39.6 65 34.7 60 29.7 55 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to 3200
ZrN 39_6 44 34.7 39 29.7 34
Zr 60 to 97 34 to 96 65 to 96 39 to 95 70 to 95 45 to 94
N
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.08 to 1400
Co 39.6 50 34.7 45 29.7 39 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.019 to 0.04 to 0.026 to 0.05 to 0.032 to 3200
HfN 39.6 30 34.7 26 29.7 22
Hf 60 to 97 50 to 98 65 to 96 55 to 97 70 to 95 61 to 97
N
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 70 0.04 to 0.14 to 0.05 to 0.17 to 1400
Co 39.6 34.7 65 29.7 - 60 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 2300
VN 39.6 49 34.7 44 29.7 39
VN 60 to 97 30 to 96 65 to 96 35 to 94 70 to 95 40 to 93
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.11 to 0.05 to 0.14 to 1400
Co 39.6 65 34.7 60 29.7 55 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to 2500
NbN 39.6 45 34.7 39 29.7 34
Nb 60 to 97 34 to 96 65 to 96 39 to 95 70 to 95 45 to 94
N
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 1400
Co 39.6 49 34.7 44 29.7 38 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.025 to 0.05 to 0.03 to 3200
TaN 39.6 29 34.7 25 29.7 21
Ta 60 to 97 51 to 98 65 to 96 56 to 97 70 to 95 62 to 98
N
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TABLE 48. Re and Co (Re+Co) bound a boride from borides of IVb,
Vb, & VIb or a silicide from silicides of IVb & Vb. The range
of Binder is from 1%Re + 99% Co to 99% Re + 1%Co.
Composition Range 1 Coxiposition Range 2 Cosqposition Ran983 Eati.ma.ted
Volume % Weight ~ Volume $ Weight ~ Volume ~ Weight $ D2elting
Point, C
Re Re 0.03 to 0.13 to 0.04 to 0.18 to 71 0.05 to 0.22 to 1400
+Co 39.6 75 34.7 29.7 66 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 51 0.05 to 0.08 to 3100
TiB2 39_6 56 34.7 29.7 45
TiB2 60 to 97 24 to 34 65 to 96 29 to 92 70 to 95 34 to 90
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 69 0.04 to 0.13 to 64 0.05 to 0.17 to 1400
Co 39.6 34.7 29.7 59 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 44 0.05 to 0.07 to 3100
ZrB2 39.6 49 34.7 29.7 38
ZrB2 60 to 97 30 to 96 65 to 96 35 to 94 70 to 95 40 to 93
Re Re 0.03 to 0.06 to 0.04 to 0.08 to 50 0.05 to 0.09 to 1400
+Co 39.6 55 34.7 29.7 44 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.2 to 34 0.04 to 0.03 to 30 0.05 to 0.04 to 3200
HfB2 39.6 34.7 29.7 25
HfB2 60 to 97 45 to 98 65 to 96 50 o 97 70 to 95 56 to 96
Re Re 0.03 to 0.12 to 0.14 to 0.16 to 69 0.17 to 0.2 to 63 1400
+Co .6 73 67 62 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.13 to 0_06 to 48 0.15 to 0.08 to 2200
VB2 39_6 53 65 60 42
VBZ 60 to 97 27 to 95 33 to 87 31 to 93 70 to 95 36 to 91
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.12 to 61 0.05 to 0.14 to 1400
Co 39.6 66 34.7 29_7 55 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 40 0.05 to 0.06 to 3100
NbB2 39.6 45 34.7 29.7 34
NbB2 60 to 97 34 to 96 65 to 96 39 to 95 70 to 95 45 to 94
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 47 0.05 to 0.08 to 1400
,Co 39.6 52 34.7 29.7 41 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.03 to 27 0.05 to 0.035 to 3300
TaB2 39.6 32 34.7 29.7 23
TaB2 60 to 97 48 to 98 65 to 96 53 to 97 70 to 95 58 to 96
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 69 0.04 to 0.13 to 65 0.05 to 0.17 to 1400
Co 39.6 34.7 29.7 59 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 44 0.05 to 0.07 to 2100
Cr3B2 39.6 49 34.7 29.7 38
Cr3B2 60 to 97 30 to 96 65 to 96 35 to 93 70 to 95 41 to 93
Re Re 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 59 0.05 to 0.13 to 1400
+Co 39.6 64 34.7 29.7 53 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 38 0.05 to 0.05 to 2200
MoB2 39_6 43 34.7 29.7 33
MoB2 60 to 97 36 to 97 65 to 96 41 to 95 70 to 95 46 to 94
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 41 0.05 to 0.07 to 1400
Co 39.6 46 34.7 29.7 36 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.017 to 0.04 to 0.022 to 23 0.05 to 0.028 to 2900
WB 39.6 27 34.7 29.7 19
WB 60 to 97 53 to 98 65 to 96 59 to 98 70 to 95 64 to 97
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 40 0.05 to 0.06 to 1400
Co 39.6 45 34.7 29.7 35 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.016 to 0.04 to 0.021 to 22 0.05 to 0.027 to 2900
WZB 39.6 26 34.7 29.7 19
W2B 60 to 97 55 to 98 65 to 96 60 to 98 70 to 95 65 to 97
Re Re 0.03 to 0.14 to 0.04 to 0.18 to 72 0.05 to 0.23 to 1400
+Co 39.6 76 34.7 29.7 67 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.06 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 52 0.05 to 0.09 to 2200
Ti5Si3 39.6 57 34.7 29.7 47
TiSSi 60 to 97 24 to 94 65 to 96 28 to 92 70 to 95 32 to 90
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.11 to 0_04 to 0.15 to 67 0.05 to 0.19 to 1400
=Co 39_6 71 34.7 29_7 62 to
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Bound Co 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 46 0.05 to 0.07 to 2400
Zr6Si5 39.6 51 34.7 29.7 41
ZrN 60 to 97 28 to 95 65 to 96 33 to 94 70 to 95 38 to 92
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 69 0.04 to 0.13 to 64 0.05 to 0.16 to 1400
Co 39.6 34.7 29.7 58 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 43 0.05 to 0.06 to 2100
NbSiz 39.6 48 34.7 29.7 37
NbSiz 60 to 97 31 to 96 65 to 96 36 to 94 70 to 95 41 to 93
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.07 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 57 0.05 to 0.12 to 1400
Co 39.6 62 34.7 29.7 51 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 36 0.05 to 0.05 to 2500
TaSiZ 39.6 41 34.7 29.7 31
TaSiz 60 to 97 38 to 97 65 to 96 43 to 96 70 to 95 49 to 95
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 69 0.04 to 0.13 to 64 0.05 to 0.16 to 1400
Co 39.6 34.7 29.7 59 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 43 0.05 to 0.07 to 2100
MoSi2 39.6 48 34.7 29.7 38
MoSi2 60 to 97 31 to 96 65 to 96 36 to 94 70 to 95 41 to 93
Re Re 0.03 to 0.07 to 0.04 to 0.09 to 55 0.05 to 0.11 to 1400
+Co 39.6 60 34.7 29.7 49 to
Bound Co 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 34 0.05 to 0.046 to 2100
WSiZ 39.6 39 34.7 29.7 29
WSia 60 to 97 40 to 97 65 to 96 45 to 96 70 to 95 51 to 95
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TABLE 49. Re and Mo (Re+Mo) bound a carbide from carbides of
IVb, Vb, & VIb. The range of Binder is from 1%Re + 99% Mo to
99% Re + 1%Mo.
Com osition Range 1 Compoaition Range 2 Composition Range 3 Eatimated
Volume ~ Weight ~ Volume ~ Weight $ Volume $ Weight % Melting
Point, C
Re +Mo Re 0.03 to 0.12 to 0.04 to 0.16 to 0.05 to 0.2 to 2600
Bound 39.6 74 34.7 69 29.7 64 to
TiC Mo 0.03 to 0.06 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 0.05 to 0.09 to 3200
39.6 57 34.7 52 29.7 46
TiC 60 to 97 26 to 94 65 to 96 30 to 92 70 to 95 35 to 90
Re +Mo Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.16 to 2600
Bound 39.6 68 34.7 63 29.7 57 to
ZrC Mo 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 3200
39.6 50 34.7 45 29.7 39
ZrC 60 to 97 32 to 95 65 to 96 37 to 94 70 to 95 42 to 92
Re +Mo Re 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0:07 to 0.05 to 0.08 to 2600
Bound 39.6 52 34.7 47 29.7 41 to
HfC Mo 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 3200
39.6 34 34.7 30 29.7 25
HfC 60 to 97 48 to 98 65 to 96 53 to 97 70 to 95 59 to 96
Re +Mo Re 0.03 to 0.11 to 0.14 to 67 0.15 to 0.17 to 0.18 to 2600
Bound 39.6 71 67.0 62 62 to
VC Mo 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.13 to 65 0.07 to 0.15 to 0.08 to 2900
39.6 55 49 60 44
VC 60 to 97 28 to 95 33 to 87 33 to 93 70 to 95 38 to 91
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 59 0.05 to 0.13 to 2600
Mo 39.6 64 34.7 29.7 53 to
Bound Mo 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to 3200
N=bC 39.6 46 34.7 41 29.7 35
NbC 60 to 97 36 to 96 65 to 96 41 to 95 70 to 95 47 to 94
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 2600
Mo 39.6 49 34.7 43 29.7 38 to
Bound Mo 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.028 to 0.05 to 0.03 to 3200
TaC 39.6 31 34.7 27 29.7 22
TaC 60 to 97 51 to 98 65 to 96 56 to 97 70 to 95 62 to 96
Re +Mo Re 0.03 to 0_09 to 0.04 to 0.12 to 0.05 to 0.15 to 1700
Bound 39.6 67 34.7 62 29.7 57 to
Cr2C3 Mo 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 1900
39.6 50 34,7 45 29.7 39
Cr2C 60 to 97 32 to 95 65 to 96 37 to 94 70 to 95 43 to 92
3
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.07 to 0.04 to O.b9 to 0.05 to 0.11 to 2500
Mo 39.6 60 34.7 55 29.7 49 to
Bound Mo 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 2600
M02C 39.6 42 34.7 37 29.7 32
M02C 60 to 97 40 to 97 65 to 96 45 to 96 70 to 95 50 to 95
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 2600
Mo 39.6 47 34.7 42 29.7 36 to
Bound Mo 0.03 to 0.019 to 0.04 to 0.026 to 0.05 to 0.032 to 2900
WC 39.6 30 34.7 26 29.7 22
WC 60 to 97 53 to 98 65 to 96 58 to 97 70 to 95 64 to 97
5=
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TABLE 50. Re and Ni (Re+Ni) bound a carbide from carbides of
IVb, Vb, & V2b. The range of Binder is from 1%Re + 99% Ni to
99% Re + 1%Ni.
ComBosition Range 1 composition Range 2 Composition Range 3 Estimated
Volume % Weight ~ Volume $ Weight t Volume % Weight ~ Melting
Point, C
Re +Ni Re 0.03 to 0.12 to 0.04 to 0.17 to 0.05 to 0.2 to 64 1400
Bound 39.6 74 34.7 69 29.7 to
TiC Ni 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.08 to 3200
39.6 54 34.7 49 29.7 43
TiC 60 to 97 26 to 95 65 to 96 30 to 93 70 to 95 35 to 91
Re +Ni Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.16 to 1400
Bound 39.6 68 34.7 63 29.7 57 to
ZrC Ni 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to 3200
39.6 47 34.7 42 29.7 36
ZrC 60 to 97 32 to 96 65 to 96 37 to 95 70 to 95 42 to 93
Re +Ni Re 0.03 to 0_05 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 0.05 to 0.08 to 1400
Bound 39.6 52 34.7 47 29.7 41 to
HfC Co 0.03 to 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.027 to 0.05 to 0.034 to 3200
39.6 31 34.7 27 29.7 23
HfC 60 to 97 48 to 98 65 to 96 53 to 97 70 to 95 59 to 96
Re +Ni Re 0.03 to 0.11 to 0.14 to 0.15 to 0.17 to 0.19 to 1400
Bound 39.6 71 67 67.0 62 62 to
VC Ni 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.06 to 0.15 to 0.07 to 2900
39.6 51 65 46 60 40
VC 60 to 97 28 to 95 33 to 87 33 to 94 70 to 95 38 to 92
Re + Re 0.03 to 0_08 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 59 0.05 to 0.13 to 1400
Ni 39.6 64 34.7 29.7 53 to
Bound Ni 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 3200
NbC 39_6 43 34.7 37 29.7 32
NbC 60 to 97 36 to 97 65 to 96 41 to 95 70 to 95 47 to 94
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 1400
Ni 39.6 49 34.7 43 29.7 38 to
Bound Ni 0.03 to 0.018 to 0_04 to 0.024 to 0.05 to 0.03 to 3200
TaC 39.6 29 34.7 25 29.7 21
TaC 60 to 97 51 to 98 65 to 96 56 to 97 70 to 95 62 to 97
Re +Ni Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.12 to 0.05 to 0.15 to 1400
Bound 39.6 67 34.7 62 29.7 57 to
Cr2C3 Ni 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to 1900
39.6 46 34.7 41 29.7 36
CrZC 60 to 97 32 to 96 65 to 96 37 to 95 70 to 95 43 to 93
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.07 to 0.04 to 0.09 to 0.05 to 0.11 to 1400
Ni 39.6 60 34.7 55 29.7 49 to
Bound Ni 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 2600
M02C 39.6 39 34.7 34 29.7 29
M02C 60 to 97 40 to 97 65 to 96 45 to 96 70 to 95 50 to 95
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 1400
Ni 39.6 47 34.7 42 29.7 36 to
Bound Ni 0.03 to 0.017 to 0.04 to 0.022 to 0_05 to 0.028 to 2900
WC 39.6 27 34.7 23 29.7 19
WC 60 to 97 53 to 98 65 to 96 58 to 98 70 to 95 64 to 97
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TABLE 51. Re and Cr (Re+Cr) bound a carbide from carbides of
IVb, Vb, & VIb. The range of Binder is from 1%Re + 99% Cr to
99% Re + 1%Cr.
Composition Range 1 composition Range 2 Composition Range 3 Estimated
Volume ~ Weight $ Volume $ Weight $ Volume $ Weight ~ Melting
Point, C
Re +Cr Re 0.03 to 0.13 to 0.04 to 0.17 to 0.05 to 0.2 to 64 1800
Bound 39.6 74 34.7 69 29.7 to
TiC Cr 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.06 to 3200
39.6 48 34.7 43 29.7 39
TiC 60 to 97 26 to 96 65 to 96 30 to 94 70 to 95 36 to 93
Re +Cr Re 0.03 to 0.1 to 68 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.16 to 1800
Bound 39.6 34.7 63 29.7 57 to
ZrC Cr 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 3200
39.6 41 34.7 36 29.7 32
ZrC 60 to 97 32 to 97 65 to 96 37 to 95 70 to 95 42 to 94
Re +Cr Re 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 0.07 to 0.05 to 0.09 to 1800
Bound 39.6 52 34.7 47 29.7 41 to
HfC Cr 0.03 to 0.017 to 0.04 to 0.022 to 0.05 to 0.027 to 3200
39.6 27 34.7 23 29.7 19
HfC 60 to 97 48 to 98 65 to 96 53 to 98 70 to 95 59 to 97
Re +Cr Re 0.03 to 0.11 to 0.14 to 0.15 to 0.17 to 0.19 to 1800
Bound 39.6 71 67 67.0 62 62 to
VC Cr 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.13 to 0.05 to 0.15 to 0.06 to 2900
39.6 46 65 41 60 35
VC 60 to 97 28 to 96 33 to 87 33 to 95 70 to 95 38 to 93
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.08 to 0.04 to 0.1 to 59 0.05 to 0.13 to 1800
Cr 39.6 64 34.7 29.7 53 to
Bound Cr 0.03 to 0.026 to 0.04 to 0.034 to 0.05 to 0.04 to 3200
NbC 39.6 37 34.7 33 29.7 28
NbC 60 to 97 36 to 97 65 to 96 41 to 96 70 to 95 47 to 95
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 1800
Cr 39.6 49 34.7 43 29.7 38 to
Bound Cr 0.03 to 0.015 to 0.04 to 0.019 to 0.05 to 0.024 to 3200
TaC 39.6 25 34.7 21 29.7 17
TaC 60 to 97 51 to 98 65 to 96 56 to 98 70 to 95 62 to 97
Re.+Cr Re 0.03 to 0.09 to 0.04 to 0.12 to 0.05 to 0.16 to 1800
Bound 39.6 67 34.7 62 29.7 57 to
Cr2C3 Cr 0.03 to 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 1900
39.6 41 34.7 36 29.7 31
Cr2C 60 to 97 32 to 97 65 to 96 37 to 96 70 to 95 43 to 95
3
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.07 to 0.04 to 0.09 to 0.05 to 0.11 to 1800
Cr 39.6 60 34.7 55 29.7 49 to
Bound Cr 0.03 to 0.023 to 0.04 to 0.03 to 0.05 to 0.037 to 2600
M02C 39.6 34 34.7 29 29.7 25
102C 60 to 97 40 to 98 65 to 96 45 to 97 70 to 95 50 to 96
Re + Re 0.03 to 0.04 to 0.04 to 0.05 to 0.05 to 0.07 to 1800
Cr 39.6 47 34.7 42 29.7 36 to
Bound Cr 0.03 to 0.014 to 0.04 to 0.018 to 0.05 to 0.023 to 2900
WC 39.6 23 34.7 20 29.7 16
WC 60 to 97 53 to 65 to 96 58 to 98 70 to 95 64 to
98.6 97.6
[0085] The above compositions for hardmetals or cermets may be
used for a variety of applications. For example, a material
as described above may be used to form a wear part in a tool
that cuts, grinds, or drills a target object by using the wear
part to remove the material of the target object. Such a tool
may include a support part made of a different material, such
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as a steel. The wear part is then engaged to the support part
as an insert. The tool may be designed to include multiple
inserts engaged to the support part. For example, some mining
drills may include multiple button bits made of a hardmetal
material. Examples of such a tool includes a drill, a cutter=
such as a knife, a saw, a grinder, and a drill.
Alternatively, hardmetals descried=here may be used to form
the entire head of a tool as the wear part for cutting,
drilling or other machining operations. The hardmetal
particles may also be used to form abrasive grits for
.polishing or grinding various materials. in addition, such
hardmetals may also be used to construct housing and exterior
surfaces or layers for various devices to meet specific needs
of the operations of the devices or the environmental
conditions under which the devices operate.
[0086] More specifically, the hardmetals described here may be
used to manufacture cutting tools for machining metals,
alloys, composite materials, plastic materials, wooden
materials, and others. The cutting tools may include
indexable inserts for turning, milling, boring and drilling,
drills, end mills, reamers, taps, hobs and milling cutters.
Since the temperature of the cutting edge of such tools may be
higher than 500 C during machining, the hardmetal
compositions for high-temperature operating conditions
described above may have special advantages when used in such
cutting tools, e.g., extended tool life and improved
productivity by such tools by increasing the cutting speed.
[0087] The hardmetals described here may be used to
manufacture tools for wire drawing, extrusion, forging and
cold heading. Also as mold and Punch for powder process. In
addition, such hardmetals may be used as wear-resistant
material for rock drilling and mining.
[0088] The hardmetal materials described in this application
may be fabricated in bulk forms or as coatings on metal
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surfaces. Coatings with such new hardmetal materials may be
advantageously used to form a hard layer on a metal surface to
achieve desired hardness that would otherwise be difficult to
achieve with the underlying metal material. Bulk hardmetal
materials based on the compositions in this application may be
expensive and hence the use of coatings on less expensive
metals with lower hardness may be used to reduce the costs of
various components or parts with high hardness.
[0089] A number of powder processes for producing commercial
hardmetals may be used to manufacture the harc7metals of this
application. As an example, a binder alloy with Re higher
than 85% in weight may be fabricated by the process of solid
phase sintering to eliminate open porosities then HIP replaces
liquid phase sintering.
[0090] FIG. 9 shows a flowchart for several fabrication
methods for materials or structures from the above hardmetal
compositions. As illustrated, alloy powders for the binders
and the hard particle powders may be mixed with a milling
liquid in a wet mixing process with or without a lubricant
(e.g., wax). The fabrication flows on the left hand side of
FIG. 9 are for fabricating hardmetals with lubricated wet
mixing. The mixture is first dried by vacuum drying or spray
drying process to produce lubricated grade powder. Next, the
lubricated grade power is shaped into a bulky material via
pill pressing, extruding, or cold isostatic press (CIP) and
shaping. The CIP is a process to consolidate powder by
isostatic pressure. The bulky material is then heated to
remove the lubricant and is sintered in a presintering
process. Next, the material may be processed via several
different processes. For example, the material may be
processed via a liquid phase sintering in vacuum or hydrogen
and then further processed by a HIP process to form the final
hardmetal parts. Alternatively, the material after the
presintering may go through a solid phase sintering to
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eliminate open porosity and then a HIP process to form the
final hardmetal parts.
[0091] When alloy powders for the binders and the hard
particle powders are mixed without the lubricant, the
unlubricated grade power after the drying process may be
processed in two different ways to form the final hardmetal
parts. The first way as illustrated simply uses hot pressing
to complete the fabrication. The second way uses a thermal
spray forming process to form the grade powder on a metal
substrate in vacuum. Next, the metal substrate is removed to
leave the structure by the thermal spray forming as a free-
standing material as the final hardmetal part. In addition,
the free-standing material may be further processed by a HIP
process to reduce the porosities if needed.
[0092] In forming a hardmetal coating on a metal surface, a
thermal spray process may be used under a vacuum condition to
produce large parts coated with harcdmetal materials. For
example, surfaces of steel parts and tools may be coated to
improve their hardness and thus performance. FIG. 10 shows an
exemplary flow chart of a thermal spray process.
[0093] Various thermal spray processes are known for coating
metal surfaces. For example, the ASM Handbook Vol. 7 (P408,
1998) describes the thermal spray as a family of
particulate/droplet consolidation processes capable of forming
metals, ceramics, intermetallics, composites, and polymers
into coatings or freestanding structures. During the process,
powder, wire, or rods can be injected into combustion or arc-
heated jets, where they are heated, melted or softened,
accelerated, and directed toward the surface, or substrate,
.30 being coated. On impact at the substrate, the particles or
droplets rapidly solidify, cool, contract, and incrementally
build up to form a deposit on a target surface. The thin
"splats" may undergo high cooling rates, e.g., in excess of
106 K/s for metals.
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[0094] A thermal spray process may use chemical (combustion)
or electrical (plasma or arc) energy to heat feed materials
injected into hot-gas jets to create a stream of molten
droplets that are accelerated and directed toward the
substrates being coated. Various thermal spray processes are
shown in Figure 3 and 4 in ASM Handbook Vol. 7, pages 409-410.
[0095] Various details of thermal spray processes are
described in "Spray Forming" by Lawley et al. and "Thermal
Spray Forming of Materials" by Knight et al., which are
published in ASM Handbook, Volume 7, Powder Metal Technologies
and Application (1998), from pages 396 to 407, and pages 408
to 419, respectively.
[0096] In various applications, selected hardmetal
compositions described here can be used to maintain high
15material strength and hardness at high temperatures at or
above 1500 C. For example, certain high-power engines
operate at such high temperatures such as various jet and
rocket engines used in various flying devices and vehicles.
More specifically, jet and rocket nozzles, including non-
erosive nozzle throats and low-erosive nozzle throats, in
these and other engines may be partially or entirely made of
the selected hardmetal materials described in this
application.
[0097] For example, hardmetals based on one or more of (1) one
or more carbides, (2) one or more nitrides, (3) one or more
borides and (4) a combination of two or more of (1), (2) and
(3) with a binder material which is either pure Re or a
composite binder material with Re as one component. The
melting points of various carbides, nitrides, and borides in
this application are above 2400 C. Examples of suitable
carbides for the present high-temperature hardmetal materials
include TaC, HfC, NbC, ZrC, TiC, WC, VC, A14C3, ThC2, M02C, SiC
and B4C. Examples of suitable nitrides for the present high-
temperature hardmetal materials include HfN, TaN, BN, ZrN, and
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TiN. Examples of suitable borides for the present high-
temperature hardmetal materials include HfB2, ZrB2, TaB2, TiBz,
NbB2, and WB. Two examples of the composite binder material
with Re as one component are (1) W and Re and (2) Ta and Re.
[00981 In the binder material compositions described in this
application, Rhenium can be used in a binder material to
achieve cetain properties. For example, addition of Re into W
in a binder material can improve the mechanical properities,
such as the ductility, of the W-Re alloy binder material over
W without Re. As another example, addition of Re into Mo in a
binder material can improvethe mechanical properities (e.g.,
ductility) of the Mo-Re alloy binder material over Mo without
Re. As yet another example, addition of Re into Cr in a
binder material can improve the mechanical properities (e.g.,
ductility) of the Cr-Re alloy binder material over Cr without
Re.
[0099] Molybdenum can also be added-in a binder material to
improve the properties of the binder material. Adding Mo into
a Ni-bound TiC material forms a Ni-Mo-bound TiC material and
can improve the ductility and toughness of the Ni-Mo-bound TiC
material over the Ni-bound TiC material. in hardmetals using
Ni-based superalloy binder materials, Mo can be added to the
Ni-based superalloy binder material. For example, Mo can be
added to the Ni-based superalloy-bound TiC to improve the
ductility and toughness of Ni-based superalloy-Mo-bound TiC
over Ni-based superalloy-bound TiC.
[00100] While this specification contains many specifics, these
should not be construed as limitations on the scope of an
invention or of what may be claimed, but rather as
descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments of
the invention. Certain features that are described in this
specification in the context of separate embodiments can also
be implemented in combination in a single embodiment.
Conversely, various features that are described in the context
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of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple
embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination.
Moreover, although features may be described above as acting
in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such,
one or more features from a claimed combination can in some
cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed
combination may be directed to a subcombination or a variation
of a subcombination.
[00101] only a few implementations and examples are disclosed.
.10 However, it is understood that variations and enhancements may
be made.
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