Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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TITLE:
Fuel Additives
PRIORITY CLAIM
This application claims the benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of the earlier filing
date of U.S.
60/867577 filed 26 Nov. 2006, U.S. 60/820736 filed 28 Jul 2006, U.S. 60/802780
filed
24 May 2006, and U.S. 60/786403 filed 28 Mar. 2006.
BACKGROUND
Field of the Invention
[001] This invention relates to novel compositions for use in fuels, gasoline,
diesel,
coal, and biodiesel, and processes for making the same.
Description of the Prior Art
[002] Increasing fuel efficiency and reducing pollution are activities which
have moved
over the last decades from being optional luxuries to non-negotiable
requirements
critical to economic and environmental security. Much work has been done in
the field
of fuel technology to improve fuel efficiency and to reduce pollution.
However,
inefficiency and pollution from the combustion of diesel fuels, coal,
gasoline, ethanol,
and even natural gas remain significant problems.
[003] As the demand for global fuel supplies increases with the rapid economic
growth of major, newly industrialized countries, petroleum supply has been
squeezed
resulting in higher fuel prices. This has lead to additional research into
alternative fuels
as a way of increasing this supply and to reduce pollutants, including coal
gasification,
coal to diesel conversion, biodiesel, and mixed fuels as examples. One simple
and
immediate solution is to make better use of the supplies we already have.
SUMMARY
[004] In light of the foregoing, an object of this invention is to provide an
improved
fuel additive for use with gasoline, diesel fuels, biodiesel, natural gas,
coal fuels, and
biomass fuels that provides at least one of the following benefits: an
increase in power;
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an increase in combustion efficiency; an increase in fuel mileage; a smoother
running
engine; reduced fouling of the fuel system; cleaning the fuel system,
including injectors;
and diminishing "diesel rap" in diesel engines.
[005] Another object of this invention is to improve home heating systems that
use oil
by providing at least one of the following benefits: better fuel atomization;
hotter flame
temperatures; more complete combustion; and less soot generation.
[006] Yet another object of this invention is to improve coal-fired systems by
providing at least one of the following benefits: better fuel atomization for
coal-oil
slurries; hotter flame temperatures; more complete combustion; and less soot
generation.
[007] In preferred embodiments, the inventive subject matter comprises a fuel
additive concentrate comprising: an alkali metal nitrate; and a organic
solvent.
[008] The fuel additive concentrate above, wherein the alkali nitrate and
organic
solvent create a about 5% to about 10% solution.
[009] The fuel additive concentrate above, wherein the alkali nitrate is
lithium nitrate.
[0010] A fuel additive, comprising: the concentrate above in a ratio of 1 part
concentrate to about 10 to about 11 parts organic solvent.
[0011] The fuel additive above, wherein the organic solvent is selected from
isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, gasoline, diesel, biodiesel, C1-C12
hydrocarbons, C1-C6
alcohols, and combinations thereof.
[0012] The fuel additive above, wherein the organic solvent is ethanol or
isopropanol.
[0013] A process of treating fuel, comprising: adding the fuel additive above
to fuel
in a ratio selected from about 1 unit to a range of about 3000 to about 20,000
units.
[0014] A fuel composition which comprises gasoline and a fuel additive
comprising an
alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
[0015] A fuel composition which comprises diesel fuel and a fuel additive
comprising
an alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
[0016] A fuel composition which comprises biodiesel and a fuel additive
comprising
an alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
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[0017] A fuel composition comprising coal and a fuel additive comprising an
alkali
metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
[0018] A fuel composition comprising jet fuel and a fuel additive comprising
an alkali
metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
[0019] A fuel composition comprising fuel oil and a fuel additive comprising
an alkali
metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
[0020] A fuel composition comprising a gasoline-ethanol mixture and a fuel
additive
comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
[0021] A method for improving the operation of a gasoline-powered, artificial
ignition, internal combustion engine, comprising providing to said engine a
fuel
composition comprising gasoline and a fuel additive comprising an alkali metal
nitrate in
a organic solvent.
[0022] A method for improving the operation of a diesel-powered combustion
engine,
comprising providing to said engine a fuel composition comprising diesel or
biodiesel
fuel and a fuel additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic
solvent.
[0023] A method for improving the operation of a coal-powered boiler or power
plant, comprising providing to said engine a fuel composition comprising coal
and a fuel
additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
[0024] A method for improving the operation of a jet engine, comprising
providing to
said engine a fuel composition comprising jet fuel and a fuel additive
comprising an
alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
[0025] A method for improving the operation of a boiler, comprising providing
to said
boiler a fuel composition comprising fuel oil and a fuel additive comprising
an alkali
metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Definitions
[0026] The fuels which are contemplated for use in the fuel compositions of
the
present inventive subject matter are normally liquid hydrocarbon fuels in the
gasoline
boiling range, including hydrocarbon base fuels. The term "petroleum
distillate fuel" also
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is used to describe the fuels which can be utilized in the fuel compositions
of the
present inventive subject matter and which have the above characteristic
boiling points.
The term, however, is not intended to be restricted to straight-run distillate
fractions.
The distillate fuel can be straight-run distillate fuel, catalytically or
thermally cracked
(including hydro cracked) distillate fuel, or a mixture of straight-run
distillate fuel,
naphthas and the like with cracked distillate stocks. Also, the base fuels
used in the
formation of the fuel compositions of the present inventive subject matter can
be
treated in accordance with well-known commercial methods, such as acid or
caustic
treatment, hydrogenation, solvent refining, clay treatment, etc.
[0027] Gasolines are supplied in a number of different grades depending on the
type
of service for which they are intended. The gasolines utilized in the present
inventive
subject matter include those designed as motor and aviation gasolines. Motor
gasolines
include those defined by ASTM specification D-439-73 and are composed of a
mixture
of various types of hydrocarbons including aromatics, olefins, paraffins,
isoparaffins,
napthenes and occasionally diolefins. Motor gasolines normally have a boiling
range
within the limits of about 70° F. to 450° F. while aviation
gasolines have
narrower boiling ranges, usually within the limits of about 100° F. to
330°
F.
[0028] The inventive subject matter also contemplates the use of diesel fuels.
Diesel
fuel, as defined by the American Society of Testing and Management (ASTM)
Standard
Specification for Fuel Oils (designation D 396-86) or any of grade numbers 1-
D, 2-D or
4-D, as specified in ASTM D 975. More generally, diesel fuel can be a fuel oil
No. 2 or
No. 4 petroleum distillates as well as alternative diesel fuels containing
emulsified water
or alcohols such as ethanol or methanol, very low sulfur fuels (less than
0.05% sulfur),
diesel fuel blends with bioderived components (animal and vegetable fats and
oils,
fractions and derivatives), and the like, as long as they exhibit volatility
and cetane
number characteristics effective for the purpose. Diesel fuels will typically
have a 90%
distillation point within the range of 300 degree to 390 degree C. and a
viscosity of from
1 to 25 centistokes at 40° C.
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[0029] Biodiesel includes fuels made from vegetable oils, including those
modified to
be microemulsion diesel fuels by addition of low carbon chain alcohols such as
methanol, ethanol, or butanol, as well as alkali soaps (stearates, oleates,
etc.).
[0030] This inventive subject matter also contemplates the use of the fuel
compositions in ethanol with gasoline, fuel alcohol, natural gas, coal, and
biomass.
[0031] The present inventive subject matter concerns lithium salts, esters,
and so
forth prepared with solvents to form fuel combustion and efficiency improvers.
For
calculation purposes, lithium has a molar mass of 6.941 g/mol.
[0032] Preferred salts of the present inventive subject matter comprise
nitrates.
Nitrates are well known in the field of explosives and are known oxidizers.
Powdered
lithium nitrate anhydrous is reported to be an oxidizing agent and flame
colorant used
in the manufacture of fireworks and flares.
[0033] The alkali metal nitrate salts herein can be expressed in terms of
molar ratios.
For example, lithium has an atomic mass of 6.939 g/mol. Nitrate, comprising X-
N03,
comprises one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms. Nitrogen has an atomic mass of
14.0067 g/mol, oxygen has an atomic mass of 15.994 g/mol, or one mole of NO3
weighs 62.0049 grams. Thus, one mole of LiNO3 has a calculated weight of about
68.9439 grams.
[0034] One feature is the selection of the salt. The following table shows
that
although lithium chloride is soluble in organic solvents, it provides for a
worse function
value of lubricity compared to lithium nitrate.
Salt Selection - LUBRICITY (HFRR)
nitrate chloride
Lithium 0.513 0.576
Control - commercial low sulfur fuel "as
is" , no additive 0.520
[0035] In preferred embodiments, the inventive subject matter includes fuel
additive
super concentrate (SC), a fuel additive (FA), and treated fuel. Importantly,
we have
found that an unusual feature is the dissolution of an inorganic salt into an
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solvent. The terms super concentrate and concentrate are used interchangeably.
These compositions are made using a quantitative range of LiNO3 amounts.
Preferred
ranges of LiNO3 comprise 0.5 mol - 2.5 mol, more preferably 0.8 mol - 2.0 mol,
more
preferably 0.9 mol - 1.5 mol, and more preferably 0.9 mol - 1.2 mol. Preferred
ranges
also comprise 1.0 mol - 1.16 mol, 1.12 mol - 1.16 mol, and 1.12 mol - 1.18
mol, as
contemplated within the subject matter of the inventive subject matter. More
specifically, per liter of solvent, concentrate may be made by adding the
alkali metal
salt, e.g. LiNO3, in the molar amounts listed herein, e.g. 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.2,
1.18, 1.16,
1.12, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.6, 0.58, 0.56, and 0.5 mol.
[0036] It is contemplated to be included within the present inventive subject
matter
that one or more of the lithium salts may be combined in varying percentages.
[0037] Solvents are used to create the super concentrate (SC) as well as being
used
as a diluent for the fuel additive (FA). The solvent and diluent may be the
same or
different between the SC and the FA and a single solvent/diluent or a
combinations of
solvents/diluents are used in both the SC and the FA. The terms solvent and
diluent
refer to the step of the process in which they are being used, e.g. making the
concentrate or making the additive, but the term solvent may also refer to the
liquid
portion of the solution being prepared. Solvents which may be used in the
present
inventive subject matter include isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol), ethanol, C1-
C10 alkyl
alcohols, gasoline, diesel fuel, biodiesel fuel, and solvent forms of primary,
secondary,
and mixed C1-C12 hydrocarbons. Isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, C1-C4 alkyl
alcohols
and mixtures thereof are preferred.
[0038] Specific solvent and diluent combinations contemplated for creating the
concentrate, include 50-50 IPA/Ethanol, IPA 0-100% plus Ethanol 100-0%, IPA in
concentrate with alcohol diluent, IPA for concentrate with gasohol 85 as
diluent, and
alcohol for concentrate with IPA as diluent.
[0039] Although fully within the skill of a chemist in this field, molar
masses are
provided below to aid in the calculation of molar solutions.
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Solvent Saecific Gravity Molar Mass (g/moll
K .m
Isopropanol 785.4 60.09676
Ethanol 785.06 46.06962
Methanol 791.30 32.3294
Isobutanol 801.6 74.1239
Vehicle gasoline 737.22 70-168 (119 average) (CnHn , CnHzn ,
CnH2n+2 , n = 5-12)
Diesel 820-950 -170 (C12H26 average)
Fuel Oil 890.13 N196-280 (CnH2n+2, n = 14-20)
Soy Bean Oil methyl ester 930 -310
Rapeseed Oil methyl ester 880 -308
LPG 500 44.1
E85 Gas 780-800 85% EtOH (70-168), 15% Gas (46.1)
Gasohol 780-800 90% Gas (70-168), 10% EtOH (46.1)
[0040] Although preferred solvents are specifically recited herein, it is also
within the
knowledge of any ordinary chemist and intended to be included herein that
other
solvents or mixtures of solvents, besides those listed above, may be used with
the
metal nitrate salts herein to prepare the SC, the FA, and the fuel to be
treated. The
solvents are used herein to make the concentrate as well as a diluent to
convert the
concentrate to the fuel additive product. However, it is included herein that
the solvent
for the concentrate may be the same or different from the diluent.
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Molar Solution - Concentrate
(mol alkali metal salt)
% molar solution = -------------------------- (x 100)
(mol alkali metal salt) + (mol/L solvent)
Alkali salt Salt (mol) Solvent Solvent mol/1L % molar
solution
LiNO3 1.16 iPrOH 13.07 8.15
EtOH 17.04 6.38
MeOH 24.48 4.53
iBuOH 10.81 9.69
Gasoline 6.20 15-16
Diesel 5.24 18
Fuel Oil 3.7 24
Rapeseed methyl ester 2.86 29
*note: mol/L calculated as specific gravity/atomic mass
[0041] Solubility of lithium nitrate for various solvents is provided below.
Lithium solubility
Methanol < N30
Ethanol < N25
EtOH/IPA (50/50) < N20
Isopropanol < N15
n-Butanol < N13
2-Ethylhexanol < N2
n-Decanol < N1
Acetone < -8
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[0042] In a preferred embodiment, specific proportions of fuel additive in
fuel will
provide specific yields in terms of fuel efficiency. Parts per million can be
calculated
according to the following formula.
Parts per million - Treated Fuel
1 ppm = weight of a chemical added to a volume of
solvent to give 1 ppm
= 1 p mol alkali metal nitrate / mol solvent
= .001 g alkali metal nitrate / Liter solvent
= 0.0038 g / U.S. gallon
[0043] In a preferred embodiment, the present inventive subject matter
provides
about 0.1 ppm Li in fuel. In a preferred embodiment, the ppm of Li in fuel
ranges from
about 0.025 to about 1.0, and from about 0.05 to about 0.5, and from about
0.075 to
about 0.25, and from about 0.09 to about 0.15, and any numerical ranges
therebetween.
[0044] In other preferred embodiments, the amount of Li in fuel provides a
range of
combustion yield increases, including from about 5%-30% increase in yield,
about
10%-25% increase in yield, about 18%-22% increase in yield, and about 10%-15%
increase in yield, with yield ranges including the numerical values
therebetween as well.
Typical yield increases are about 4-10% depending on the quality of the fuel.
Yield is
measured by vehicle fuel economy, by increase in Btu's produced, and by other
similar
known methods.
[0045] The following examples are not meant to be limiting and where, for
example,
ratios of about 1 liter to about 4000 liters, are stated, it can also be
reasonably
interpreted as an of about 1 unit to about 4000 units.
EXAMPLES
[0046] EXAMPLE 1 - LiNO3 super concentrate - isopropanol
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A process of preparing a lithium nitrate super concentrate comprises mixing
into
solution 1.69 moles of lithium nitrate in 15.23 moles isopropanol. This
provides a LiNO3
super concentrate.
[0047] EXAMPLE 2-LiN03 super concentrate - ethanol
A process of preparing a lithium nitrate concentrate comprises mixing into
solution 1.69
moles of lithium nitrate in 19.54 moles ethanol. This provides a LiNO3 super
concentrate.
[0048] EXAMPLE 3-LiN03 super concentrate - methanol
A process of preparing a lithium nitrate concentrate comprises mixing into
solution 1.69
moles of lithium nitrate in 32.33 moles methanol. This provides a LiNO3 super
concentrate.
[0049] EXAMPLE 4 - LiNO3 super concentrate - isopropanol
A process of preparing a lithium nitrate super concentrate comprises mixing
into
solution 0.85 moles of lithium nitrate in 15.23 moles isopropanol. This
provides a LiNO3
super concentrate.
[0050] EXAMPLE 5-LiN03 super concentrate - ethanol
A process of preparing a lithium nitrate concentrate comprises mixing into
solution 0.85
moles of lithium nitrate in 19.54 moles ethanol. This provides a LiNO3 super
concentrate.
[0051] EXAMPLE 6-LiN03 super concentrate - methanol
[0052] A process of preparing a lithium nitrate concentrate comprises mixing
into
solution 0.85 moles of lithium nitrate in 32.33 moles methanol. This provides
a LiNO3
super concentrate.
[0053] EXAMPLE 7 - Fuel Additive (FA)
A process of preparing a fuel additive comprises diluting a super concentrate
as
described herein in a ratio of about 1 part to about 11 parts solvent/diluent.
[0054] EXAMPLE 8 - Fuel Additive (FA)
A process of preparing a fuel additive comprises diluting a super concentrate
as
described herein in a ratio of about 1 part to about 10 parts solvent/diluent.
[0055] EXAMPLE 9 - Li with isopropanol diluent
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A process of preparing a lithium nitrate fuel additive (FA) which comprises
diluting a
lithium nitrate superconcentrate in a ratio of about 1 part concentrate to
about 10 to 11
parts isopropanol (total of 11 or 12 parts, respectively).
[0056] EXAMPLE 10 - Li with EtOH diluent
A process of preparing a lithium nitrate fuel additive (FA) which comprises
diluting a
lithium nitrate super concentrate in a ratio of about 1 part concentrate to
about 10 to
11 parts ethanol (total of 11 to 12).
[0057] EXAMPLE 11 - combination of salts
A process of preparing a super concentrate fuel additive which comprises
combining
one or more nitrate salts of an alkali metal and mixing into a chemically
reasonable
solvent, creating a 3%-20% concentrate solution.
[0058] EXAMPLE 12
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a 3%-20% super
concentrate solution in a ratio of about 1 part concentrate to about 5 to
about 20 parts
solvent.
[0059] EXAMPLE 13 - Treatment
A process of treating fuel or enhancing combustion of a fuel source which
comprises
mixing about 1 liter of fuel additive (FA) to about 3000 to 4000 liters of
fuel.
[0060] EXAMPLE 14
A process of treating fuel or enhancing combustion of a fuel source which
comprises
mixing about 1 liter of fuel additive to a range of about 2000 liters to about
15,000
liters of fuel.
[0061] EXAMPLE 15
A process of treating fuel or enhancing combustion of a fuel source which
comprises
mixing about 1 liter of fuel additive to a range of about 6000 liters to about
15,000
liters of fuel.
[0062] EXAMPLE 16
A process of treating fuel or enhancing combustion of a fuel source which
comprises
mixing about 1 liter of fuel additive to a range of about 10,000 liters to
about 20,000
liters of fuel.
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[0063] EXAMPLE 17 - biodiesel plus diesel as diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a 3%-20%
concentrate
solution in a ratio of 1 part concentrate to from about 5 to about 20 parts
biodiesel fuel
plus diesel fuel combination.
[0064] EXAMPLE 18 - Biodiesel diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a 3%-20%
concentrate
solution in a ratio of 1 part concentrate to from about 5 to about 20 parts
biodiesel fuel.
[0065] EXAMPLE 19 - Diesel diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a 3%-20%
concentrate
solution in a ratio of 1 part concentrate to from about 5 to about 20 parts
diesel fuel.
[0066] EXAMPLE 20 - EtOH with gasoline
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a 3%-20%
concentrate
solution in a ratio of 1 part concentrate to from about 5 to about 20 parts
ethanol with
gasoline fuel.
[0067] EXAMPLE 21
A process of treating fuel or enhancing combustion of a fuel source which
comprises
mixing about 1 liter of fuel additive to a range of about 4000 to about
10,000, or about
6000 to about 20,000, or about 10,000 liters to about 20,000 liters, of
ethanol with
gasoline.
[0068] EXAMPLE 22 - fuel alcohol
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a 3%-20%
concentrate
solution in a ratio of 1 part concentrate to 1 part fuel alcohol.
[0069] EXAMPLE 23
A process of treating boiler fuel, e.g. DIESEL 2, DIESEL 6 OR BUNKER OIL,
which
comprises mixing about 1 unit fuel additive to about 4,000 units of fuel.
[0070] EXAMPLE 24
A process of treating natural gas where the fuel additive is atomized
according to the
equivalent CNG volume.
[0071] EXAMPLE 25
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A process of treat coal or biomass fuel for combustion where the fuel additive
is added
directly into the burner at equivalent volumes.
[0072] EXAMPLE 26
A treated fuel wherein concentrate is added in a ratio selected from the group
consisting of 1:3000, 1:4000, 1:1000, 1:3000, and 1:6000 of final mix
examples.
[0073] EXAMPLE 27 - Superconcentrate with IPA/Ethanol as diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
superconcentrate as
described herein with a diluent of IPA mixed with Ethanol in a 50/50 ratio.
[0074] EXAMPLE 28 - Superconcentrate with IPA/Ethanol as diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
superconcentrate as
described herein with a diluent of IPA 0%-100% mixed with Ethanol 100%-0%.
[0075] EXAMPLE 29 - Superconcentrate IPA with ethanol as diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
superconcentrate
made with IPA as described herein with a diluent of ethanol.
[0076] EXAMPLE 30 - Superconcentrate IPA with gasohol as diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
superconcentrate
made with IPA as described herein with a diluent of gasohol.
[0077] EXAMPLE 31 - Superconcentrate Ethanol with IPA as diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
superconcentrate
made with ethanol as described herein with a diluent of IPA.
[0078] EXAMPLE 32 - Boat Testing
Fuel additive was added to diesel fuel used in a boat engine. It was observed
that fuel
consumption decreased 13.5% and power increased 12.5% according to the On-
Board
Engine Computer.
[0079] EXAMPLE 33
The Mechanical Engineering Department of a Major University was asked to
conduct
tests using semi-trailer trucks (lorries). Test results indicated an 8% milage
increase on
a large fully loaded 18-wheeler truck. Further, a 10% efficiency gain was
observed
during testing on a diesel powered generator set. Anecdotally, the driver
stated that he
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was able to climb a steep grade using a higher gear ratio (3 gears higher)
indicating an
increase in horsepower production.
[0080] EXAMPLE 34
Six (6) vehicles from the Santiago, Chile Bus Fleet were tested for reduction
of diesel
smoke. Data was collected concerning the opacity reduction of the diesel
smoke.
Results are below.
Diesel Smoke Reduction - Santiago Bus Fleet Vehicles
Vehicle Identifier Year Manufactured Opacity Reduction
TJ-9265 2000 45%
UJ-7537 2001 32%
UU-9571 2001 33%
UK-7780 2001 36%
UF-8932 2001 36%
KK-6364 (truck) 2001 36%
[0081] EXAMPLE 35
Four (4) vehicle types belonging to various institutions of The Dominican
Republic were
tested for efficiency increases in their Km per Gal. The data is provided
below along
with the percentage increase before and after using the fuel additive. Fuel
was
dispensed from a single supply source.
Vehicles Km/Gal w/o Additive Km/Gal with Additive % Increase
DR1 30.17 35.11 16.37
DR2 26.98 29.34 13.15
DR3 (420 buses) 6.85 average 8.59 average 19.90
DR4 (52 buses) 12.4 average 17.63 average 29.69
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[0082] EXAMPLE 36 - BTU Increase
ASTM D-240
Sample Value (Btu/Ib) % Increase
Diesel 2 18345 +- 5%
Diesel 2 with Fuel Additive 20177 +- 5% +10%
Gasoline 84 19353 +- 5%
Gasoline 84 with Fuel Additive 20715 +- 5% +7%
Kerosene 17802 +- 5%
Kerosene with Fuel Additive 19496 +- 5% +9.5%
Ethanol 17039 +- 5%
Ethanol with Fuel Additive 18787 +- 5% +10.3%
Gasoline 97 octane 22273 +- 5%
Gasoline 97 octane with Fuel Additive 24154 +- 5% +8.4%
[0083] EXAMPLE 37 - BTU Increase
ASTM D-240
Sample Value (Btu/Ib) % Increase
Gasoline Reg. 18104
Gasoline Reg. with Fuel Additive 19639 8.4
Gasoline Premium 18199
Gasoline Prem. with Fuel Additive 19049 4.7
Fuel Oil 17865
Fuel Oil with Fuel Additive 18449 3.3
Diesel #2 18352
Diesel #2 with Fuel Additive 19639 7.0
[0084] EXAMPLE 38 - LUBRICITY
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as of the early 1990s estimated
that
the average sulfur content of on-highway diesel fuel is approximately 0.25% by
weight
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and had required this level be reduced to no more than 0.05% by weight by Oct.
1,
1993. The EPA also required that this diesel fuel have a minimum cetane index
specification of 40 (or meet a maximum aromatics level of 35%). The objective
of this
rule was to reduce sulfate particulate and carbonaceous and organic
particulate
emissions. See, Federal Register, Vol. 55, No. 162, Aug. 21, 1990, pp. 34120-
34151.
Low-sulfur diesel fuels and technology for meeting these emission requirements
are
commercially interesting. One approach to meeting these requirements was to
provide a
low-sulfur diesel fuel additive that could be effectively used in a low-sulfur
diesel fuel
environment to reduce the ignition temperatures of soot that is collected in
the
particulate traps of diesel engines. However, reducing sulfur in diesel also
reduces the
ability of the fuel to lubricate engine parts, e.g. high pressure pump and
injectors are
fuel lubricated. Accordingly, reducing sulfur increases engine wear.
[0085] One of the tests for lubricity is the HFRR test (High Frequency
Reciprocating
Rig) method. According to government standards, the maximum allowable
lubricity
value (HFRR) is as follows:
Europe, India, Australia 460 um (ISO 12156-1)
USA 520 um (ASTM D 6079)
For example, lubricity measured at 690 um shows increased wear at the rotor
pin
groove, and the washer disc housing.
[0086] Samples of diesel fuel were tested for lubricity. In all cases,
lubricity was
improved due to the addition of fuel additive (FA).
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Diesel Fuel Country Sulfur Lubricity "as is" Lubricity with
Source Fuel Additive
BP USA 8 0.539 0.465
Texaco USA 3 0.456 0.434
Citgo USA 56 0.555 0.495
Shell USA 9 0.406 0.373
Exxon USA 9 0.520 0.513
Petrobras BR 487 0.292 0.250
Ipiranga BR 566 0.374 0.340
Texaco BR 549 0.410 0.371
Petrobras BR 181 0.266 0.208
(biodiesel)
[0087] It will be clear to a person of ordinary skill in the art that the
above
embodiments may be altered or that insubstantial changes may be made without
departing from the scope of the inventive subject matter. Accordingly, the
scope of the
inventive subject matter is determined by the scope of the following claims
and their
equitable Equivalents.
17
