Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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LED BAFFLE ASSEMBLY
[ 1]
TECHNICAL FIELD
[ 2] This invention relates to a lighting fixture having light emitting diodes
(LEDs or
emitters) in which the direction and amount of light is configurable.
BACKGROUND
[ 3] Lighting fixtures that utilize light emitting diodes as a light source
are increasingly
desirable, particularly in outdoor lighting environments. There is a need to
control the direction
and intensity of light output by such fixtures. For example, achieving the
high optical
performance required for roadway lighting demands reduction in glare to
pedestrians and
motorists and uplight pollution produced by the lighting fixture, while
maximizing horizontal
surface illumination and maintaining a smooth illumination distribution. There
are different
lighting configurations, for example in roadway and parking lot applications.
[4] In roadway lighting, depending on the position of the lighting fixture and
area of
the roadway to be illuminated it is desirable to control the intensity of the
light along the roadway
with minimal light in other directions. In controlling the light along the
roadway, it is desirable
to provide a relatively uniform distribution of light along the roadway where
desired.
[ 5] In the field of parking lot lighting, is also desirable to control the
direction and
intensity of the light emitted by a lighting fixture. For example, if a
lighting fixture is mounted
to a building, any substantial light in a direction towards the building would
be undesirable and
inefficient. It is desirable that the light emitted by the fixture is most
efficiently used in lighting
the parking lot.
[6] Conventional outdoor lighting fixtures are of a wide variety of
constructions and
designs. Single source lamps, such as incandescent bulbs, tungsten and halogen
bulbs, are used.
While being low in initial cost, it is difficult to control the direction of
the light emitted
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therefrom and illuminate different directions with different sources of light.
Generally, the single
source lamps radiate light all the way around the lamp and also over the
distance of the filament,
for example, over the length of an elongated arc tube. Another type of single
source lamps are
fluorescent bulbs which are more efficient but are bulky, fragile and require
a starter circuit. Both
of these sources of light are difficult to control since they generate light
over a distance and
radiate in all directions.
[ 7] In the field of conventional outdoor lighting fixtures with single source
lamps,
lighting fixtures or luminaries utilizing a number of reflectors are known.
Compton, US patent
4,231, 080, provides a luminaire utilizing a High-intensity Discharge lamp
which provides one
lighting source extending over a distance, such as 6 inches. The light along
the entire light source
is radiated in all different directions. Reflector members are provided to
cast a combination of
doubly reflected and directly transmitted light to produce a light
distribution on the ground with
intensities that increase as the vertical angle increases to a pre-determined
angle. Every time light
is reflected, part of its intensity is lost with resulting inefficiency. In
addition, conventional single
sources lights are difficult to control since the light generated thereby is
cast in many directions.
[8] Lasker, US Patent 4,096,555, provides a lamp having a elongated arc tube,
as the
light source, surrounded by reflectors having a generally frustroconical shape
which are nested
together where the upper end of one reflector is above the lower end of an
adjacent reflector and
provide for cut off of light above a predetermined angle. Since the source of
light is over a
predetermined distance of the arc tube, the reflectors have different
configurations to manage the
different directions of the light. Another single source incandescent lamp is
provided by Davis,
US Patent 4,969, 074, with baffles to prevent generally horizontal emissions
of light and a
reflector for refracting light on the lower end of the fixture in a generally
downward direction.
[9] Another single light source bollard is shown in Leonhardt et al US Patent
7,182,657, having a lamp providing a primary light source which bollard
includes a louver stack
spaced apart in the longitudinal direction of a bollard post. An LED emitter
is mounted on the
bollard to project a light wash directly down the bollard post from beneath
where that louver
extends outwardly of the periphery of the bollard post.
[ 10] A third type of outdoor lighting fixtures utilize a light emitting diode
(LED or
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emitter) as a light source. Emitter technology is advancing rapidly and
brighter and more efficient
emitters are being developed and are good sources of light. It is recognized
though that emitters
generate substantial heat that, if not dissipated, can shorten the life span
of the emitter.
[ 11] Kim et al, US Patent 7,284,881, shows a road sign board using LED's. An
LED
fixing device is installed on a front side of the LED panel of the road sign
board to protect the
LEDs and facilitate the downward flow of rainwater, to prevent the rainwater
from being
introduced into a the sign board and to prevent the lowering of intensities of
light of LEDs which
is generated due to the interference of sunlight.
[ 12] In various outdoor lighting applications it is desirable to light
specific
predetermined areas. For example, in street lighting it may be desirable to
light specific areas,
such as along the roadway, and not light or provide low level light to other
areas. In other
applications, such as in a parking lot where the outdoor lighting fixture is
adjacent to a building,
it is desirable to provide light to the parking lot but minimal, if any, light
to the roof of the
building. In other applications, light directed to other areas may not only be
undesirable from an
efficiency stand point but also be a nuisance depending on the position of the
lighting fixture.
[ 13] The directional light characteristics of LEDs are known. Bagemann US
Patent
6,250,774 provides for rotation of LEDs to direct the light emitted from the
LEDs. Bagemann
shows street lighting fixture with lighting units, each having an LED and an
associated reflector/
refractor/ difractor. The LEDs may be rotated to direct the light in different
directions. The LEDs
are pivotally mounted on a housing and independently movable to direct the
light emitted from
the LED associated with the reflector/refractor in different directions. By
rotating the LED-lense
unit, the direction of the light can be changed.
[ 14] Frecska, US Patent No 7,311,423, shows LEDs mounted on a support member
which is rotatable to change the direction of light emitted from the LEDs.
Diffuser lenses are
provided for diffusing the light rays for indirect lighting. Kishimura, US
Patent No. 6,942,361,
also shows a street lighting fixture utilizing LEDs.
[ 15] Dry in US Patents 6,815,724, 6,831,303, 7,2420,28, 7,288,796, 6,573,536,
and
US Patent Application Publications 2003/230765, 2004/026721, 2004/141326,
2005/258439,
2005/258440, 2005/269581 provide an octagonal tower on which LEDs are mounted
to the
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tower. Air flows through the tower and carries away some of the heat generated
by the LEDs.
[ 16] It is desirable to improve the efficiency of a lighting fixture and use
the light
generated by the lighting fixture to light only the desired area or areas. It
is also desirable to
provide a lighting fixture that provides relatively uniform illumination over
the area to be
illuminated.
[ 17] It is desirable to cut off light above a predetermined cut off angle.
That is an angle
above which any substantial light is not transmitted. This cut off angle is
important in reducing
the glare of the light to pedestrians and motorists. Furthermore, light
transmitted above the cut
off angle creates up light pollution. It is also desirable to improve the
horizontal surface
illumination of a fixture and maintain a smooth illumination distribution. It
is desirable that the
light from a fixture be directed downwardly in a predetermined configuration
to maximize the
effectiveness of the light emitted from the fixture.
[ 18] Another desired feature of lighting fixtures is to minimize the number
of
reflections of the light to direct the light where desired and controlling the
light. It is also
desirable to configure the direction and amount of light as desired.
[ 19] Various other desirable features are set forth in the following brief
description of
the drawings, the description of the preferred embodiments, and the appended
claims.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[ 20] A baffle assembly is provided for use with a lighting fixture having
light emitting
diodes or emitters as a source of light. The baffle assembly has baffles with
an emitter aperture
there between. The emitters are mounted in the emitter apertures and the
baffles control the light
from the emitter into the desired lighting configuration. In one design, a
portion of the light is
radiated into a first zone that is closest to the fixture, another portion of
the light is radiated into
a second zone which is at least in part outwardly away from the first zone,
and yet another
portion of light is radiated with substantially no reflection by the baffles
into a third zone, which
is at least in part outwardly away from the second zone.
[ 21] The present invention provides an emitter baffle or light emitting diode
baffle for
use with emitters or light emitting diodes. The emitter baffle has a lower
reflective surface
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extending from a lower inner end to an outer end. The lower inner end is
positioned adjacent the
emitter. The emitter baffle has an upper reflective surface extending from an
upper inner end,
spaced from the lower inner end of the lower reflective surface, and
terminates at the outer end.
The outer end of the lower reflective surface is positioned at a cut off angle
with respect to the
emitter of from about between 55 degrees to 75 degrees between a vertical line
passing through
the emitter and a line passing through the emitter and through the outer end
of the lower
reflective surface. This cut off angle is important in reducing the glare of
the light to pedestrians
and motorists. Furthermore, light transmitted above the cut off angle creates
up light pollution.
[ 22] A baffle assembly is provided for use with the emitters. The baffle
assembly has
at least two or more emitter baffles which coact to provide the desirable
features of the present
invention. The baffle assembly is provided for use with a lighting fixture
having emitters
mounted thereon. The emitter emits light about an axis in a range of less than
180 degrees about
that axis.
[ 23] In addition to the upper baffle described above, the baffle assembly
also has a
lower baffle. The lower baffle has a reflective upper surface extending from
its upper inner end
and terminating at an outer end. The upper inner end of the lower baffle is
mounted adjacent the
bottom side of the emitter.
[ 24] The baffles are mounted so that the upper reflective surface of the
lower baffle is
spaced from the lower reflective surface of the upper baffle. An emitter
aperture is provided
between the lower inner end of the upper baffle and the upper inner end of the
lower baffle with
at least one emitter mounted therein.
[ 25] The lower surface of the upper baffle is formed to reflect a portion of
the light
from the emitter directly into the atmosphere in a downward direction adjacent
to and spaced
from the lower baffle, passing outwardly of outer end of the lower baffle, in
a zone 1. Zone 1 is
defined by an area closest to the lighting fixture. Another portion of the
light from the emitter is
reflected by the upper surface of the lower baffle in a zone 2 which is
defined by an area which
is at least in part outwardly away from said zone 1. Yet another portion of
the light from the
emitter radiates outwardly directly from the emitter with no reflection by the
upper or lower
baffles in a zone 3 which is at least in part outwardly away from said zone 2.
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[ 26] By distributing the light from the emitter with the baffles of the
present invention
and configuring the upper and lower baffle surfaces, the light from the
emitter can be distributed
over a distance from the fixture in a relatively uniform pattern. The
configuration of the upper
and lower surfaces of the baffles improves the horizontal surface illumination
of a fixture and
maintains a relatively smooth illumination distribution. Instead of some of
the light radiating
upwardly of the cutoff angle, the baffles redirect this light for illuminating
the ground surface and
improves the effectiveness of the light emitted from the emitter.
[ 27] The present invention also provides for determining the relationship
between the
vertical spacing of the emitters and the distance that the outer end of the
baffle extends from the
emitter board. In outdoor lighting commercial applications, when using
emitters, it is desirable
for a number of emitters to appear as a single source of light. Accordingly
the distance between
the emitters in a vertical direction should preferably be as small as possible
while allowing for
heat dissipation and sufficient space to mount baffles above and below the
emitters. In a baffle
assembly with at least 3 baffles, each of the baffles have an emitter aperture
between adjacent
baffles. At least one emitter is positioned in each emitter aperture a
predetermined distance from
the emitter mounted in an adjacent emitter aperture. Each of the baffles have
a back surface
adjacent the upper and lower inner end of the baffles. The vertical distance
between the adjacent
emitters divided by the distance from a vertical line passing through the back
of the baffle to the
outer end of the baffle measured along a line perpendicular to said line
passing thru the back of
the baffle is in a range of from between about 1.7 to about 0.75. By
maintaining this design ratio,
the desirable features are achieved.
[ 28] The baffle assembly of the present invention also includes a frame for
supporting
the baffles thereon with the lower inner end of the upper baffle and the upper
inner end of the
lower baffle spaced from each other to form the emitter aperture there
between. The baffles have
opposite longitudinal ends and side reflecting surfaces between the opposite
longitudinal ends of
the baffles. The side reflecting surfaces are formed to redirect light from
the sides of the emitter
toward the area to be illuminated.
[ 29] The frame may support a number of baffles thereon and providing a number
of
emitter apertures between adjacent baffles. Depending on the configuration of
the area to be
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illuminated, a number of emitters are provided in the emitter apertures.
[ 30] The baffle assembly also has an attachment device for attaching the
upper and
lower baffles to the lighting fixture. In the preferred embodiment, the
lighting fixture has a multi
sided tower with outer sides facing various areas to be illuminated. Emitter
boards are provided
for mounting the desired number of emitters thereon along with the circuitry
to power the
emitters. The emitter boards are mounted on the outer sides of the tower and
face different
directions. The attachment device attaches the baffles to the emitter board as
described herein.
[ 31] While the present invention has been described above in connection with
the
preferred embodiment, it should be understood that other embodiments utilizing
the present
invention is within the scope of this invention. Some of these embodiments are
described below
in the detailed description of the invention.
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[ 32] Fig. 1 is a side plan view of a lighting fixture of the present
invention.
[ 33] Fig. 2 is a perspective view of the lighting fixture shown in Fig. 1
with the globe
of the lighting fixture removed.
[ 34] Fig. 3 is a partial cutaway view of the lighting fixture shown in Fig.
1.
[ 35] Fig. 4 is a full sectional view of the lighting fixture shown in Fig. 1
and taken
along lines 4-4 thereof.
[ 36] Fig. 5 is a sectional view of the tower shown in Fig. 4 and taken along
lines 5-5
thereof.
[ 37] Fig. 6 is a partial perspective view of the tower and an emitter boards
shown in
Fig. 5.
[ 38] Fig 7 is a partial sectional view of the tower and emitter board shown
in Fig. 6 and
taken along line 7-7 thereof.
[ 39] Fig. 8 is a partial sectional view of the tower and emitter board shown
in Fig. 6
and taken along line 8-8 thereof.
[ 40] Fig. 9 is a partial sectional view of the top of the fixture shown in
Fig. 3 and taken
along line 9-9 thereof.
[ 41] Fig. 10 is a schematic of various light distribution patterns.
[ 42] Fig. 1 IA is a schematic of the emitters to achieve one distribution and
light
intensity pattern.
[ 43] Fig. 11B is a schematic of the emitters to achieve another distribution
and light
intensity pattern.
[ 44] Fig. 11 C is a schematic of the emitters to achieve yet another
distribution and light
intensity pattern.
[ 45] Fig. 11D is a schematic of the emitters to achieve an additional
distribution and
light intensity pattern.
[ 46] Fig. 12A is a schematic view of the emitter boards mounted on a tower
shown in
Fig. 1 IA to provide the desired lighting distribution.
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[ 47] Fig. 12B is a schematic view of the emitter boards mounted on a tower
shown in
Fig. 11B to provide the desired lighting distribution.
[ 48] Fig. 12C is a schematic view of the emitter boards mounted on a tower
shown in
Fig. 11 C to provide the desired lighting distribution.
[ 49] Fig. 12D is a schematic view of the emitter boards mounted on a tower
shown in
Fig. 11 D to provide the desired lighting distribution.
[ 50] Fig. 13A is a schematic side view of an emitter board.
[ 51] Fig. 13B is a schematic side view of another emitter board.
[ 52] Fig. 14A is a side elevational view of a baffle assembly of the present
invention.
[ 53] Fig. 14B is a sectional view of the baffle assembly shown in Fig. 14A
and taken
along lines 14B-14B thereof.
[ 54] Fig. 14C is a sectional view of the baffle assembly shown in Fig. 14A
and taken
along lines 14C-14C thereof.
[ 55] Fig. 15 is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of an emitter and an
adjacent
baffle of the baffle assembly shown in Figs 14B as indicated by the dashed
encircled area
indicated at 15.
[ 56] Fig. 16A is a partial sectional view of the baffle assembly shown in
Fig. 14A and
taken along lines 16A-16A showing Zone 1 optical characteristics thereof.
[ 57] Fig. 16B is a partial sectional view of the baffle assembly shown in
Fig. 16A
showing Zone 2 optical characteristics thereof.
[ 58] Fig. 16C is a partial sectional view of the baffle assembly shown in
Fig. 16BA
showing Zone 3 optical characteristics thereof.
[ 59] Fig. 17 is a graph showing the light distribution of the fixture
utilizing the baffle
assembly shown in Figs. 14A-14C.
[ 60] Fig. 18 is a sectional view of the tower shown in Fig. 5 with an
alternative baffle
assembly mounted thereon.
[ 61] Fig. 19A is a side elevational view of an alternative baffle assembly of
the present
invention.
[ 62] Fig. 19B is a sectional view of the alternative baffle assembly shown in
Fig. 19A
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and taken along lines 19B-19B thereof.
[ 63] Fig. 19C is a sectional view of the alternative baffle assembly shown in
Fig. 19A
and taken along lines 19C-19C thereof.
[ 64] Fig. 20A is a partial sectional view of the baffle assembly shown in
Fig. 19A and
taken along lines 20A-20A showing Zone 1 optical characteristics thereof.
[ 65] Fig. 20B is a partial sectional view of the baffle assembly shown in
Fig. 20A
showing Zone 2 optical characteristics thereof.
[ 66] Fig. 20C is a partial sectional view of the baffle assembly shown in
Fig. 20A
showing Zone 3 optical characteristics thereof.
[ 67] Fig. 21 is a sectional view of an alternative baffle design.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[ 68] The present invention provides a lighting fixture 100 as shown in Figs.
1-6 and
method of making same for illuminating predetermined areas. A preferred
embodiment of this
invention relates to a lighting fixture 100 having emitters 107, such as
electrically driven light
emitting diodes (LEDs), as a light source mounted in various arrays 111 a-111
h (shown in Figs
12A-12B) to illuminate different areas as will be further described. It should
be understood that
as used herein, the terms emitter and LED emitter and plurals thereof include
OLEDs (organic
LEDs) and other technology which can employ the techniques and mechanisms of
the present
invention. A preferred embodiment of this invention also relates to baffles
316 positioned
adjacent the emitters 107 to distribute the light from the emitters over a
predetermined area, as
shown for example in Figs 16A-16B.
[ 69] The preferred embodiment of the lighting fixture 100 of the present
invention is
mounted on various supporting devices, such as a pole 101 mounted in the
ground 102 as shown
in Figs. 1 and 4. It is within the contemplation of this invention to use a
wide variety of
supporting devices for the lighting fixture 100. For example, the fixture 100
may be mounted on
a building or other structure. In the lighting fixture design shown in Figs. 1
and 2, the fixture is
described for an outside environment and it should be understood, and it is in
the contemplation
of this invention, that the features of this invention can be used in a
variety of different
environments.
[ 70] The lighting fixture 100 has a capital 103 secured to the pole 101 and
has a tower
105 supported in a substantially vertical direction by the capital 103 of the
lighting fixture as
shown in Figs. 1-4. The capital 103 is an element of the lighting fixture 100
that is provided to
support the lighting fixture on a support, such as the pole 101. The lighting
fixture 100 also has a
globe 108 and an LED tower 105. The globe 108 is supported by the capital 103
so that it
surrounds the tower and allows the light generated by the emitters 107 to be
transmitted there
through. The capital 103 also supports the tower105 as will be more fully
described. The lighting
fixture 100 has a vented finial 121 which engages the top 114 of the globe 108
and allows heated
fluid to escape from the top 110 of the lighting fixture 100 as will be more
fully described.
[ 71] An internal optical chamber 123 is provided as shown in Figs. 3 and 4 to
improve
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the optical performance of the fixture 100. The bottom 112 of the globe 108 is
in sealing
engagement with the capital 103 and the top 114 of the globe is in sealing
engagement with the
bottom 116 of the vented finial 121 so that an internal optical chamber 123 is
provided. As will
be more fully described, the internal optical chamber 123 is the chamber in
which the emitters,
tower, various electronics, and optical baffles are mounted, and are sealed
and isolated from the
outside, making the chamber 123 both dust resistant, and moisture resistant.
Such a design of the
internal optical chamberl23 provides a lower LLD (Light Loss Factor) due to
decreasing dirt
build up on the inside of the luminaire globe 108, thus improving the optical
performance of the
fixture. This sealed system design also allows the optical chamber 123 to
achieve a high degree
IP (ingress protection) rating of IP66 as will be more fully described.
[ 72] The tower 105 has a top 124 and a bottom 126 and a central portion 128
extending there between. The tower 105 has outside faces or surfaces 130a-130h
and generally
referred to as outside faces or surfaces 130 as shown in Figs. 4 - 6. The
outside surfaces 130a -
130h form a cross sectional octagon. Each of the adjacent outside surfaces
130a-130h are
contiguous with each other and extend from substantially the top 124 to the
bottom 126 of the
tower 105. The outside surfaces 130a-130h have sides 129 a-129h respectively.
The outside
surfaces also have sides 131a-131h respectively which are opposite their
respective sides 129a-
129h. Since the adjacent outside surfaces 130a-130h are contiguous with each
other, for example,
the sides 129a, 131a of the outside surface 130a are adjacent to the sides
13th, 129b respectively
of the outside surfaces 130h and 130b respectively. The other sides 129b-129h
and 13lb - 131h
of the surfaces 130b-130h respectively are similarly adjacent their
corresponding adjacent sides.
It should be understood that the number of outside faces 130 are dependent on
the lighting
application and the area to which light is to be supplied. As described, the
tower has eight equal
sides and the emitters on each face illuminate an area 45 degrees around the
fixture.
[ 73] It is within the contemplation of this invention to provide a tower with
any
number of outside surfaces and the eight sides shown is provided in connection
with the
embodiment described. If for example, the tower had three equal sides, the
emitters on each face
would illuminate an area 120 degrees around the fixture. In the case where the
tower had 4 equal
sides, the emitters on each face would illuminate an area 90 degrees
(illumination area) around
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the fixture. The degrees of illumination or illumination area, when the sides
are equal, is 360
degrees divided by the number of faces. It is also within the contemplation of
this invention for
the faces to be of different widths, that is the distance between the sides
129a-129h and their
complementary sides 131 a-131h. In that case, the emitters on each face will
have different
illumination areas.
[ 74] As shown in Figs.6 - 8, the emitter support member 109 is provided to
support
and mount the emitters on the tower, such as, for example, the emitter support
boards 109 have
been suitable to mount the emitters 107 on the tower 105. It should be
understood that the
emitter support member could also be the tower. An emitter lighting array
assembly 106 is
provided which includes an emitter board 109, and emitters 107 mounted on the
emitter board.
For ease of description, one typical emitter board 109 and one LED emitter 107
is described in
detail and it should be understood that specific emitter boards 109a-109h
provide for a greater or
lesser number of emitters as will be described herein. The additional LED
emitters are mounted
on the emitter boards in a similar manner. The variations in different emitter
boards are made as
described herein and mounted on the tower to achieve the features of the
present invention.
[ 75] The emitter board 109 of the emitter lighting array assembly 106 has a
base 132
which is formed from a heat conductive material, such as aluminum, and has an
inner surface
134 and an outer surface 136. The outer surface 136 has a non conductive
insulating coating 138,
of a plastic or ceramic material, having an inner surface 140 adhered to the
outer surface 136 of
the emitter board base 132. The insulating coating 138 has an outer surface
142 with a printed
emitter circuit 144 adhered thereto.
[ 76] Emitters 107 of the emitter lighting array assembly 106 generate
considerable
heat during operation and the lighting fixture shown transmits the heat
generated by the emitters
to the emitter board. The emitter board then transmits that heat to the tower
where it is dissipated
and carried away. The emitters 107 have a bottom portion 146 which includes
electrically
conductive terminals 147, 148 which are electrically connected to the printed
emitter circuit 144
to power the LED emitter as shown in Figs. 6-8. The emitters 107 also include
an emitter die
150 which is the heat receiving component of the emitter when in operation.
The emitter board
109 includes a thermally conductive member 149 directly under and in contact
with the emitter
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die 150. The conductive member 149 is in direct thermal contact with the outer
surface 136 of
the base 132.
[ 77] In operation, the heat generated by the emitter is transmitted from the
emitter die
150 to the thermally conductive member 149 which conducts the heat to the
board base 132
which in turn dissipates the heat through the tower 105 as herein described.
The board base 132
has a heat transfer capacity to receive the heat from the emitter die and
absorbs that heat to
subsequently transfer that heat to the tower. The board base is in thermal
contact with the tower
over a substantial area. The size of the board base 132, and the surface area
over which it
transfers heat to the tower and the effectiveness of heat dissipated by the
tower allows for its heat
transfer capacity. These characteristics provide for heat transfer capacity,
that is the amount of
heat that is transferred to the board base 132 and heat dissipation capacity,
that is the amount of
heat that is dissipated by the board base 132.
[ 78] The emitter board 109 has an electrically conductive emitter circuit 144
adhered
to the outside surface 142 of the non-conductive, insulating coating 138. The
emitter circuit may
be of a variety of designs and is illustrated in the drawings as printed
circuit 144. The emitter
circuit 144 is composed of an electrically conductive material which may
include, but is not
restricted to, copper or silver. The emitter circuit 144 has exposed upper
surfaces 154, 152 which
have terminal pads 151, 153 for transmitting power to the emitter and for
mounting the emitter
thereon. To mount the emitter on the emitter circuit 144, the electrically
conductive terminals
147 and 148 of the emitter 107 are positioned in alignment and contact with
their respective
terminal pads 151, 153 on the emitter circuit. The emitter circuit 144 carries
electrical power to
the terminal pads 151, 153 which is conducted to the electrically conductive
terminals 147 and
148 on the emitter 107 so that the emitter is in operative association with
the emitter circuit or
printed circuit.
[ 79] The emitter is secured to the emitter board by electrically and
thermally
conductive solder 155. The solder is applied between the electrically
conductive terminals 147
and 148 of the emitter 107 and the terminal pads 151, 153 on the printed
circuit respectively to
provide an electrical connection and support the emitters thereon. The
electrically and thermally
conductive solder 155 is also applied between the emitter die 150 and the
thermally conductive
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member 149 of the emitter to provide a thin layer of solder 155 there between
to conduct heat
from the emitter to the circuit board base 132. The solder 155 provides a
thermally conductive
path, as well as providing the means to secure the emitter 107 to the emitter
board 109. It is
within the contemplation of this invention to use a variety of different
devices other than solder
to provide the electrical and thermal conductivity and secure the emitter to
the emitter board.
[ 80] Power is provided to the emitters by the printed circuit 144 adhered to
the outside
surface 142 of the non-conductive, insulating coating 138. All of the emitters
107 on the emitter
boards 109 of the lighting fixture 100 receive electrical power from the same
driver 115 shown in
Figs. 3 and 4. The driver 115 is a fully integrated, electronic power
converter that takes in the
electrical service feed, (typically, 120v through 277v) and converts that
voltage, and furnish the
necessary amperage required for the emitters 107. The printed circuitry 144 on
each of the
emitter boards 109 distributes the electrical power from the driver to the
emitters on each emitter
board.
[ 81] The printed circuits 144 are electrically connected to the driver 115
via a multi-
stranded, power harness 117. This cable can be uncoupled from the driver by
means of a multi-
pinned plug type connector 119, and can likewise be disconnected from the
individual emitter
boards 109 via an emitted board mounted pin connector 141. This design
provides for easily
changing the emitter boards 109 of the fixture 100.
[ 82] By mounting the emitters on the emitter boards that are removably
connected to
the tower, instead of directly on the tower, additional desirable features of
the present invention
are provided. The design of the fixture 100 allows the area illuminated by the
fixture and the
amount of light in a selected direction to be easily changed. As will be
further described in
greater detail, the number and position of the emitters on each emitter board,
in part, define the
amount of light in each direction of the emitter boards and the area to be
illuminated. When it is
desirable to change the emitter board, the connector 141 is disconnected and
when the new
emitter board is in place, the connector 141 is reconnected and the emitters
are connected for
operation. This may or may not require the use of a new wire harness 117. This
feature allows
for changing the emitter boards with different configurations and allows the
fixture to provide
lighting for different areas as will be further described.
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
[ 83] To removably connect the emitter boards to the tower, a variety of known
devices
may be used, such as the threaded fasteners 160 as shown in Figs. 6 and 8. The
emitter boards
109 are mounted to the tower 105 on the emitter board mounting portion or area
161 of the tower
by means of threaded fasteners 160 spaced apart vertically. The emitter board
109 has an
aperture 162 to slidably receive the threaded fastener 160 therein. The tower
has a threaded
aperture 164 therein to threadedly engage the threaded fastener in the emitter
board mounting
portion 161 of the tower.
[ 84] The emitter board mounting portion 161 is defined by the area that the
inner
surface 134 of the emitter board 109 contacts the outer side surface 130 of
the tower. The emitter
board has a top 156, bottom 157 and sides 158, 159 describing the boundaries
of the inner
surface 134 which defines the emitter board mounting portion 161 when the
emitter board is
mounted on the tower. It should be understood that the distance between the
top 124 and bottom
126 of the outer surface 130 of the tower is greater than the distance between
the top 156 and the
bottom 157 of the emitter board. Preferably, the emitter board 109 is mounted
in the central
portion 128 of the tower 105 with portions 143, 145 of the tower extending
above and below,
respectively, the emitter board mounting portion 161 of the tower, as shown in
Fig.4. Such a
design provides for a more efficient dissipation of the heat generated by the
emitters as will be
described.
[ 85] When it is desirable to remove the emitter board from the tower, the
threaded
fasteners 160 are removed, the driver connector 119 is disconnected, and
connector 141 on the
emitter board is disconnected and the emitter board is removed. When it is
desirable to attach the
emitter board to the tower, a thin coating of metal impregnated thermo-
conducting grease 113 is
applied to either the inner surface 134 of the emitter board base 132 or the
portion of outer
surface 130 defining the emitter board mounting portion 161 of the tower 105.
The threaded
fasteners 160 are inserted through the apertures 162 in the emitter board and
then engage the
threaded apertures 164 in the tower and are tightened, shown in Fig. 8. The
metal impregnated
thermo-conducting grease 113 provides an improved thermal connection between
the emitter
board base 132 and the tower to effectively transfer heat from the emitter
board to the tower.
[ 86] Emitters generate a great amount of heat which must be carried away from
the
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emitters for them to operate efficiently. As will be further described, it is
advantageous to
position the emitters on an emitter board in close proximity to each other,
which further
accentuates the need for efficient cooling of the emitters.
[ 87] As has been described above, the heat from the emitters is conducted to
the tower
by the emitter boards. To dissipate the heat conducted to the tower, the tower
105 is made from a
heat conductive material, such as aluminum and has a cooling aperture 168 as
seen in Figs. 4 and
5. The cooling aperture 168 extends from the bottom 126 through the central
portion 128 and
through the top 124 of the tower 105 and allows a fluid, such as air to pass
there through. The
emitter tower 105 has a plurality of cooling fins 170 extending radially
inwardly into the cooling
aperture 168. To maximize the area that the cooling fins are in contact with
the air in the cooling
passageway, the fins extend from the bottom 126 to the top 124 of the tower.
[ 88] These fins 170 are designed to take advantage of the upwardly moving air
caused
by convection due to the air in the cooling aperture 168 of the tower 105
being heated by the
emitters 107. The cross-sectional shape of the tower 105 with a number of fins
170 provides for
an increased amount of surface area which allows the tower 105 to act as the
primary heat sink to
dissipate the heat generated by the emitters 107.
[ 89] The cooling aperture 168 is connected to ambient air which flows through
the
cooling aperture and carries heat away from the tower. As illustrated in Figs.
1 and 4, ambient air
enters the luminaire or lighting fixture 100 from an aperture 172 in the
mounting pole 101. The
aperture in the pole 101 or capital 103 may be in a variety of positions and
the aperture 172 in the
pole 101 as shown in the drawings is illustrative of just one such position.
In other designs, the
pole aperture may be the aperture through which wiring enters the inside of
the pole 101.
[ 90] The ambient air then passes through the passageways 174 in the fixture
capital
103, as shown in Fig. 4 by the arrow 176 to the cooling aperture 168. The
cooling aperture
extends from the bottom 126 to the top 124 of the tower 105 and is defined in
part by the cooling
fins 170. When in the cooling aperture 168, the ambient air is heated as it
flows across the
cooling fins 170 and travels upward through the tower 105 by convection. It is
within the
contemplation of this invention to provide a source of ambient air to the
capital passageway 174
and cooling fins 170 with a wide variety of constructions and designs.
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[ 91] The heated air in the cooling aperture 168 is vented to the outside by
means of the
vented finial 121 mounted on the top 124 of the vertical tower 105 and globe
108 causing a
chimney effect. In addition, the vented finial 121 provides for sealing the
top of the globe to
provide the optical compartment 123 as described above.
[ 92] The vented finial 121 has apertures or passageways 178 therein to allow
heat to
escape from the lighting fixture, as shown in Figs. 4 and 9. The passageways
178 in the finial 121
connect the cooling aperture or passageway 168 to the atmosphere. The lighting
fixture 100 has
a globe 108 surrounding the light source of the lighting fixture. The finial
121 is mounted on the
top of the lighting fixture adjacent the top 114 of the globe 108 to provide
the internal optical
compartment 123 as described above.
[ 93] To maintain the integrity of the internal optical compartment 123, the
finial 121 is
designed to minimize the contaminants that can enter the internal optical
compartment 123
through the passageway 178. The finial has a protective portion 180 having a
top 182, and side
portions 184 extending downwardly and radially outwardly of the top 182 and
terminating in a
bottom edge185. The bottom edge 185 is positioned below and radially outwardly
of the top
portion 182.
[ 94] The finial apertures or passageways 178 are positioned in the finial 121
inside and
adjacent the protective portion 180 so as to protect the finial apertures 178
from the elements.
The finial has an inner portion 186 positioned below the top portion 182 and
terminating in an
upper edge 188. The upper edge 188 is substantially horizontally parallel or
vertically above the
bottom edge 185 of the protective portion 180 to protect against the elements,
such as rain or
dust, from entering the internal optical compartment 123 through the
passageway 178.
Accordingly, the passageway 178 is protected from outside elements such as
rain or dirt from
entering the internal optical compartment 123. An improved lower LLF (Light
Loss Factor) due
to decreasing dirt build up on the inside of the globe 108 is provided, thus
improving the optical
performance of the fixture.
[ 95] The design of the present invention provides for configuring the
direction and
amount of light as desired. Some of the lighting distribution configurations
for lighting a
roadway are shown in Fig. 10 and depend on the position of the lighting
fixture, for example, in
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the middle or on the side of the roadway, and the areas where the most light
is to be distributed. It
should be understood that the present invention can be used to provide a wide
variety of lighting
configurations and the described configurations are provided only for purposes
of illustration.
[ 96] The present invention provides various emitters 107 mounted on their
respective
emitter boards 109a-109h in various arrays 11l a-111 h. The emitter boards
109a-109h are
mounted to the faces 130a-130h, respectively, of the tower 105 as shown in Fig
5 with various
arrays l l la-11 lh having various configurations and numbers and patterns, as
shown for example
in Figs. 11A-11D and Figs. 12A-12D as will be more fully described. Depending
on which light
distribution pattern shown in Fig 10 is to be met, the arrays l l la-11 lh is
varied to control the
intensity of the light in at least two different directions.
[ 97] By varying the number and configuration of the emitters 107 on each
emitter
board 109a-109h, and having each emitter board 109a-109h placed on a separate
face, the light
output of the lighting fixture 100 can be varied to achieve IES (Illuminating
Engineering
Society) light distribution patterns as shown in Fig. 10 (refer to IESNA LM-31-
95.). IESNA
(Illuminating Engineering Society of North America). In Fig. 10, a roadway is
indicated in
connection with each IESNA Type at. 165 with the sides of the roadway
indicated by 166 and
167 with the distribution pattern indicated by 169 and the location of the
lighting fixture
indicated at 171. Type I shows a lighting fixture mounted at 171 on the center
of the roadway 165
with the greatest intensity of the light output along the roadway in both
directions with small
amounts of light in other directions. IESNA Type II shows a lighting fixture
mounted at 171 on
the side of the roadway 165 with the greatest intensity of the light output
along the roadway in
both directions with some light in other directions. IESNA Type III shows a
lighting fixture
mounted at 171 on the side of a roadway 165 with the greatest intensity of the
light output along
the roadway in both directions with greater amounts of light in other
directions adjacent the
roadway than Type H. IESNA Type N shows a lighting fixture mounted at 171 on
the side of a
roadway 165 with substantial intensity of the light output along the roadway
in both directions
with similar amounts of light the directions adjacent the roadway and opposite
the fixture than
Type N. IESNA Type V shows a lighting fixture mounted at 171 in the center of
a roadway
165 with uniform distribution of the light output around the fixture. The
above descriptions of
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the IESNA Types are only provided as a general description and for more
detailed information,
the IESNA publication should be referenced.
[ 98] The lighting fixture 100 of the present invention may be provided with a
wide
variety of other lighting configurations. For purposes of describing the
invention, a fixture of the
present invention is described for illustrative purposes in connection with
several IESNA Types
and it should be understood that a lighting fixture of the present invention
may be provided to
meet a wide variety of other desired lighting distribution configurations.
[ 99] The emitter boards 109 are mounted to the outer faces 130a-130h of the
tower
105, such that the resultant emission of visible light could vary in any given
direction, allowing
control of the candela distribution throughout 360 degrees of arc of the
horizontal plane. This
enables the light output of the light fixture to be tuned to meet specific
optical requirements such
as the various roadway lighting distribution classifications as defined in
standard LM-79-08 for
photometric testing of solid state lighting products, published by the IESNA
(Illuminating
Engineering Society of North America).
[ 100] Different lighting fixtures are provided to generate different total
amounts of light.
For example, solely for purposes of description herein, an 8000 Series Fixture
generates
approximately 8000 Initial lumens, and a 5000 Series Fixture generates
approximately 5000
Initial lumens. Figs. 1 IA and 12A show the number of emitters on each emitter
board 109a-109h
for mounting on the sides 130a-130h of the tower for the light distribution
for a 8000 Series
Fixture IESNA Type Ill. Figs. 11 B and 12 B show the number of emitters on
each emitter board
109a-109h for mounting on the sides 130a-130h of the tower for the light
distribution for a 5000
Series Fixture IESNA Type III. Figs. 11C and 12 C show the number of emitters
on each
emitter board 109a-109h for mounting on the sides 130a-130h of the tower for
the light
distribution for a 8000 Series Fixture IESNA Type V. Figs. 11D and 12D show
the number of
emitters on each emitter board 109a-109h for mounting on the sides 130a-130h
of the tower for
the light distribution for a 5000 Series Fixture IESNA Type V. The light
output of the fixture can
be increased or decreased by the number of LEDs mounted on the fixture.
[ 101] The LEDs 107 are mounted on the circuit boards 130a-130h in different
arrays
111 a-111 h with varying heights, widths, patterns, and numbers to achieve the
desired lighting
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
distribution configurations as described below. The selection of the emitter
properties is first
addressed.
[ 102] The emitters 107 used in the preferred design are latest generation,
high out-put (1
+ watts per emitter). It should be understood that as the emitter technology
develops, other
improved emitters can be used with the present invention. Each emitter has
certain characteristics
including different types and have differing power requirements. It is within
the contemplation of
this invention to adapt the various components of the present invention to
accommodate the
characteristics of various emitters. In one design, emitters are solid state
devices that emit an
incoherent beam of light when electrically stimulated. High Output LED
emitters generally
convert the electrical power that they draw into approximately 25% usable
light, which is
focused into a cone shaped beam centered around the front center 173 of the
emitter (shown in
Fig 15), while the remaining approximately 75% of the power is converted into
heat, which exits
the emitter 180 degrees opposite the light. This heat, which would otherwise
cause the emitters to
fail, and reduce the light output, over a short period of time, must be drawn
away from the
emitter 107 as efficiently as possible.
[ 103] It has been found that by spacing the LEDs on the emitter board closely
together
as described below, the smaller the light source and the more control may be
had over the optics.
Because of the limitation on the lumen output per emitter, in some cases a
greater number of
emitters are needed on different faces of the tower to deliver the output
required for the particular
lighting configuration and lighting distribution. In the case where a great
amount of light is
required, an array 111, such as the array 11 lb shown in Fig 12A, of emitters
with a substantial
number of emitters 107 is needed. This enlarges the profile of the light
source requiring new and
different ways of optically controlling the light when compared to a single
light source.
[ 104] The optics for emitters and single light sources are different. Placing
the
individual emitters in an array as close together as physically possible is
not an option either,
because grouping the emitters too close would have an adverse effect on the
heat dissipation
capacity of the heat sink. The design of the present invention groups as large
a number of
emitters together as possible while still enabling adequate heat dissipation
and optical control.
[ 105] The array patterns 111 of the emitters of the present invention,
although they may
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be of different shapes and sizes per face, all have the center points 190 of
their arrays 111 located
at substantially the same vertical distance "XB" from the bottom 126 of the
vertical tower as seen
for example in Figs. 4 and 12A.
[ 106] As shown in Fig.12A-12D, the arrays l l la-1 l lh of the emitters 107
on each of
the emitter boards 130a-130h, as noted in conjunction with their respective
emitter boards 109a-
109h are grouped as close together as possible to maximize the controllability
of the generated
light. This close grouping generates very high temperatures in a relatively
small area. It is this
heat which necessitates the need for an efficient heat dissipation system. It
has been found that
the best close grouping of the emitters is positioning them a horizontal
distance "x" as shown in
Fig 12A. The horizontal distance is determined by the amount of heat generated
by the emitter.
For the emitter described above it has been found that the horizontal distance
"x" is preferably
from between about 0.4 inch to 0.7 inch as the distance between the emitters
from each other in
the horizontal direction. The emitters are positioned in a vertical distance
"y"so that they are
positioned between the upper and lower surfaces of the baffles as will be
described. The vertical
distance is determined by vertical distances of the emitters from the light
center points 190
(190a-190h) and the configuration of the curve defining the light output of
the emitter. For the
emitter described herein, it has been found that the vertical distance "y" is
preferably from
between about 0.6 inch to 1.0 inch as the distance between the emitters from
each other in the
vertical direction. As will be further described, the fixture has baffles with
upper and lower
surfaces to control the direction of the light. It should be understood that
the vertically adjacent
emitters may be positioned any distance "x" from each other but are vertically
spaced a distance
"y" from each other.
[ 107] The arrays 111 are located on the tower in such a way that there is at
least as much
empty space on a given tower face 130a - 130h above the array as there is
below the array. If the
array is located vertically off center on a given face, then it is preferably
located closer to the
bottom 126 of the tower extrusion. This is to enable the rising cooling
medium, that is the air in
the center of the tower, to encounter as much heated surface area of the heat
sink as possible.
[ 108] The various emitters 107 are mounted on the respective emitter boards
109 which
are mounted to the different faces 130a-130h of the tower 105 in various
configurations and
22
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numbers and patterns, as shown in Figs.1IA-11D and Figs. 12A-12D. Depending on
which of
the five lighting patterns or configurations or lighting distributions shown
in Fig 10 is desired,
the quantity of emitters 107 per face of the multi-sided tower 105 is varied
to control the intensity
of the light output in a given direction. For example a Type V distribution is
a completely
symmetrical pattern, and therefore the total number of emitters 107 would be
spread evenly over
each of the faces or outer surfaces of the tower 105.
[ 109] Figs. 11A and 12A show the configuration of emitters on each side 130a-
130h of
the tower for the light distribution for a 8000 Series Fixture IESNA Type Ill.
As seen in Fig. 10
an IESNA Type 3 configuration provides positioning the lighting fixture along
one side 167 of
the roadway 165 with a greater amount of light directed along the roadway in
both directions and
with a lesser amount of light on areas adjacent the roadway. Since the fixture
is positioned on
one side of the roadway, a greater number of emitters are provided in a
direction along the
roadway with 18 emitters in each direction of the emitter boards 130b and
130h. Nine emitters
are mounted on emitter boards 130a and 130h since additional light is required
to reach across
the roadway 165 on the side 166 opposite to the side 167 that the fixture is
mounted. Emitter
boards 130c and 130f face generally along the side 167 and behind the roadway
165 on the side
of the roadway that the fixture is mounted on and the amount of light required
to meet IESNA
Type III requirements is not as great in this direction. Emitter boards 130d
and 130e having 1
emitter each face generally behind the roadway on the side of the roadway that
the fixture is
mounted on and the amount of light required to meet IESNA Type III
requirements is nominal.
[ 110] As can be seen in Figs. 7 and 12A, the printed circuits 144 on each of
the emitter
boards 130a-130h carry electrical power thru their electrically conductive
terminal sections 147-
148 to the terminal pads 151-153 which are interconnected by the emitters
mounted thereon to
complete the electrical circuit as a known series circuit.
[ 111] The array patterns l l lof the LEDs of the present invention, although
they may be
of different shapes and sizes per face, all have the light center points 190a-
190h of their
respective arrays 11 la-1 l lh located at substantially the same vertical
distance "XB" from the
bottom 126 of the vertical tower as seen for example in Figs. 4 and 12A. The
vertical distance
"ZT"from the light center points 190a-190h of the arrays l l la-1 l lh to the
top 124 of the
23
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
vertical tower is equal or preferably greater than the vertical distance "ZB".
By locating the light
center points 190a-190h of the arrays l l la-111 h closer to the bottom of the
tower enables the
rising cooling medium, that is the air in the cooling aperture 168 of the
tower, to encounter as
much heated surface area of the heat sink as possible. Accordingly, the
lighting center points
190a-190h position is adapted to be located closer to the bottom of the tower
than the top of the
tower. For ease of description, it should be understood that the design
parameters described in
connection with Figs 11 A and 12A are not described in detail with respect to
every array
described herein but all of the arrays of the present invention are designed
in accordance with
these design parameters.
[ 112] Figs. 11B and 12 B show the configuration of emitters on each side of
the tower
for the light distribution for a 5000 Series Fixture IESNA Type III . The
difference between the
5000 Series Fixture IESNA Type III and the 8000 Series described above in
connection with
Figs. 11A and 12A is the amount of light output. The same description in
connection with the
configuration of the LEDs in a Series 8000 Fixture (Figs 11A, 12A) is
applicable to the 5000
Series fixture (11 B, 12B) except that less emitters are required to achieve
the desired lumen
output.
[ 113] Figs. 11C and 12 C show the number of emitters on each side of the
tower for the
light distribution for a 8000 Series Fixture IESNA Type V. IESNA Type V shows
a lighting
fixture mounted in the center of a roadway with uniform distribution of the
light output around
the fixture. Since a substantially equal number of emitters are mounted on
each of the emitter
boards, the light emitted by the fixture is substantially equal in each
direction. It should be
understood that the electrical components may not readily allow for exactly
the same number of
emitters. For example the driver in a commercially viable fixture may
necessitate providing a
substantially equal number of emitters on each board. As can be seen in Fig
12C, the printed
circuits on each of the emitter boards carry electrical power to each of the
emitters mounted on
each respective emitter board in a series circuit.
[ 114] Figs. I 1D and 12 D show the configuration of emitters on each side of
the tower
for the light distribution for a 5000 Series Fixture IESNA Type V . The
difference between the
5000 Series Fixture IESNA Type V and the 8000 Series described above in
connection with Figs.
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CA 02659132 2009-03-19
11 C and 12C is the amount of light output. The same description in connection
with the
configuration of the LEDs in a Series 8000 Fixture (Figs 11C, 12C) is
applicable to the 5000
Series fixture (11 D, 12D) except that less emitters are required to achieve
the desired lumen
output.
[ 115] The emitter board printed board circuit 144 described above requires
various
emitter boards having different circuitry depending on the number of LEDs on
each particular
emitter board. While these designs have been provided to simplify the
understanding of the
present invention, in some cases where a wide variety of circuits on the
emitter board is
necessary, it is preferable to provide a circuit 144 on the emitter boards
that is designed to allow
differing numbers of emitters to be mounted on the emitter board without
requiring different
printed circuitry as shown in Fig 13A and 13B.
[ 116] The number and location of LEDs 107 on each emitter board 109 varies
with the
desired illumination and distribution of light, as discussed above and shown
in Figs. 11A through
11D and Figs. 12A through 12D. And as the number and location of LEDs 107 on
each emitter
board 109 varies, different emitter board printed board circuits 144 are
required to electrically
connect LEDs 107 to their power source, driver 115.
[ 117] The cost of design, manufacture, inventory and maintenance of emitter
boards 109
may be substantially reduced by providing an emitter 109 that carries a
variable and selectable
number of LEDs 107, as required by the application. For example, in the
exemplary embodiment
of the emitter board shown in Fig. 13A, designated with the numeral 109',
either eighteen or
twelve LEDs are mounted and operate on that emitter board. Similarly, in the
exemplary
embodiment of the emitter board shown in Fig. 13B, designated with the numeral
109", from
one through nine LEDs 107 are mounted and operate on that emitter board. In
order to provide
emitter boards that have such variable number of LEDs, the emitter board
printed board circuits
144' and 144" employ a plurality of on board switches in which jumpers are
formed from zero
ohm resistors which are bonded to pads on the circuit accordingly defining a
circuit. The on
board switches route the current to the preselected number of LED 107 on
emitter boards 109'
and 109".
[ 118] Exemplary emitter board 109' shown in Fig. 13A is numbered with
numerals that
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
are the same as the number used for like parts in connection with the emitter
board 109, followed
by a prime (') mark
[ 119] The emitter board 109' shown in Fig 13A has a printed circuit 144' on
the emitter
board that is designed to allow differing numbers of LEDs, either eighteen or
twelve LED
emitters, to be mounted on the emitter board without requiring different
printed circuitry. The
printed circuit 144' has three basic circuits, 144'a, 144'b and 144'c.
Circuits, 144'a, 144b and
144'c each have conductors 152'a, 152'b, 152'c and conductors 154'a, 154'b and
154c
respectively conducting electrical power to the LED emitters associated with
that circuit. Each of
the circuits receive electrical power from a driver as described in connection
with the driver 115
shown in Figs. 3 and 6. Conductors 152'a, 152'b, 152'c receive power from one
side of the driver
and conductors 154'a, 154'b and 154'c receive power from the other side of the
driver 115.
[ 120] The emitter board 109' as shown in Fig. 13A is designed so that the
circuitry can
be modified by way of on board switches 201, 206, 226, and 238, such that the
single emitter
board 109' can be used for an eighteen LED emitter board assembly having LED
emitters
mounted in positions 200, 202, 203, 204, 210, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224,
228, 230, 232, 236,
234, 240, and 242, as well as a twelve LED emitter board assembly having LED
emitters
mounted in positions 202, 203, 204, 210, 220, 222, 224, 228, 230, 232, 236,
and 234. The on
board switches 212, 206, 226, and 238 are closed by means of a zero ohm
resistor placed on the
emitter circuit board such that it connects two of the conducting pads such as
201a and 20 lb.
[ 121] In the context of the eighteen LED emitter version, when power is
provided to
conductors 154'c and 152'c of circuit 144'c, power flows through the conductor
154'c to LED
position 218 where there are terminal pads 151' and 153'. It should be
understood that each of
the LED positions described in connection with the circuit 144' have terminal
pads 151' and 153'
for mounting an LED emitter thereon as described in connection with the
terminal pads 151, 153.
If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 218, the electrical power is
conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144' to LED position 216. If an LED emitter
is mounted in
LED position 216, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit 144'
to LED position 214 and subsequently through to on board switch 212.
[ 122] In the context of the eighteen emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is
mounted to
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CA 02659132 2009-03-19
the circuit board such that the conducting pads 212b and 212a are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to
LED position 210.
If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 210, the electrical power is
conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144' to LED position 220. If an LED emitter
is mounted in
LED position 220, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit 144'
to LED position 222. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 222, the
electrical power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to LED position 228. If
an LED emitter is
mounted in LED position 228, the electrical power is conducted there through
and conducted by
circuit 144' to on board switch 226.
[ 123] In the context of the eighteen LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor
is mounted
to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 226b and 226a are
electrically connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to
conductor 152'c,
thus closing circuit 144'c. In the context of the eighteen LED emitter version
the LED emitters
mounted in positions 210, 220, 222, and 228 are rotated 180 degrees such that
the polarity of the
anode and cathode of LED emitters in those positions are reversed in relation
to the anode and
cathode of LED emitters mounted in positions 214, 216, and 218, thus
maintaining the correct
relationship between the anodes and cathodes of all seven of the LED emitters
in circuit 144'c.
[ 124] In the context of the eighteen LED emitter version, when power is
provided to
conductors 154'b and 152'b of circuit 144'b, power flows through the conductor
154'b to LED
position 242. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 242, the electrical
power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to LED position 240. If
an LED emitter
is mounted in LED position 240, the electrical power is conducted there
through and conducted
by circuit 144' to LED position 236. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED
position 236, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to
LED position 234.
If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 234, the electrical power is
conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144' to LED position 232. If an LED emitter
is mounted in
LED position 232, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit 144'
to LED position 230. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 230, the
electrical power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to LED position 224. If
an LED emitter is
27
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
mounted in LED position 224, the electrical power is conducted there through
and conducted by
circuit 144' to conductor 152'b thus closing circuit 144'b.
[ 125] In the context of the eighteen LED emitter version, the LED emitters
mounted in
positions 236, 234, 232, 230 and 224 are rotated 180 degrees such that the
polarity of the anode
and cathode of LED emitters in those positions are reversed in relation to the
anode and cathode
of LED emitters mounted in positions 240 and 242, thus maintaining the correct
relationship
between the anodes and cathodes of all seven of the LED emitters in circuit
144'b.
[ 126] In the context of the eighteen LED emitter version, when power is
provided to
conductors 154'a and 152'a of circuit 144'a, power flows through the conductor
154'a to LED
position 200. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 200, the electrical
power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to LED position 202. If
an LED emitter
is mounted in LED position 202, the electrical power is conducted there
through and conducted
by circuit 144' to LED position 203. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED
position 203, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to
LED position 204.
If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 204, the electrical power is
conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144' to on board switch 206. In the context
of the eighteen
LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such
that the conducting
pads 206a and 206b are electrically connected, the electrical power is
conducted there through
and conducted by circuit 144' to conductor 152'a thus closing circuit 144'a.
[ 127] In the context of the twelve LED emitter version, when power is
provided to
conductors 154'c and 154'a of circuit 144'c, power flows through the conductor
154'c to on
board switch 212. In the context of the twelve LED emitter version no LED
emitters are
mounted in LED positions 218, 216 and 214. In the context of the twelve
emitter version, a zero
ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads
212c and 212a are
electrically connected, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit
144' to LED position 210. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 210,
the electrical
power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to LED position
220. If an LED
emitter is mounted in LED position 220, the electrical power is conducted
there through and
conducted by circuit 144' to LED position 222. If an LED emitter is mounted in
LED position
28
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
222, the electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit
144' to LED
position 228. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 228, the electrical
power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to on board switch 226.
[ 128] In the context of the twelve LED emitter version, no resistor is used
in the on
board switch 226, thus the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit
144' to on board switch 206. In the context of the twelve emitter version, a
zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 206d and 206c are
electrically
connected, the electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by
circuit 144' to LED
position 204. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 204, the electrical
power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to LED position 203. If
an LED emitter is
mounted in LED position 203, the electrical power is conducted there through
and conducted by
circuit 144' to LED position 202. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position
202, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to
on board switch 201.
[ 129] In the context of the twelve emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the
circuit board such that the conducting pads 201 b and 201 a are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to
conductor 154'a,
thus closing circuit 144'a.
[ 130] In the context of the twelve LED emitter version, when power is
provided to
conductors 154'b and 152'b of circuit 144b, power flows through the conductor
154'b to LED
position 242. In the context of the twelve emitter version, no LED emitters
are mounted in
positions 200, 240 and 242. Thus the electrical power is conducted there
through and conducted
by circuit 144' to on board switch 238. In the context of the twelve emitter
version, a zero ohm
resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 238b
and 238a are
electrically connected, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit
144' to LED position 236. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 236,
the electrical
power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to LED position
234. If an LED
emitter is mounted in LED position 234, the electrical power is conducted
there through and
conducted by circuit 144' to LED position 232. If an LED emitter is mounted in
LED position
232, the electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit
144' to LED
29
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
position 230. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 230, the electrical
power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144' to LED position 224. If
an LED emitter is
mounted in LED position 224, the electrical power is conducted there through
and conducted by
circuit 144' to conductor 152'b, thus closing circuit 144'b.
[ 131] Exemplary emitter board 109" shown in Fig. 13B is numbered with
numerals that
are the same as the number used for like parts in connection with the emitter
board 109, followed
by a double prime (") mark
[ 132] The emitter board 109" shown in Fig 13B provides a printed circuit
144", on the
emitter board that is designed to allow differing numbers of LEDs to be
mounted on the emitter
board without requiring different printed circuitry. The printed circuit 144"
has 3 basic circuits,
144a", 144b" and 144c". Each of the circuits, 144a", 144b" and 144c" each have
conductors
401a, 401b, 401c and conductors 403a, 403b and 403c respectively conducting
electrical power
to the LED emitters associated with that circuit. Each of the circuits
receives electrical power
from a driver as described in connection with the driver! 15 shown in Figs. 3
and 6. Conductors
401a, 401b, 401c may receive power from one side of the driver and conductors
403a, 403b and
403c may receive power from one side of the driver.
[ 133] The emitter board 109" as shown in Fig. 13B is designed so that the
circuitry can
be modified by way of on board switches 418, 420, 422, 424, 426, 428, 430,
432, 434, 436 and
438, such that the single emitter board 109" can be used for a nine LED
emitter board assembly
having LED emitters mounted in positions 400, 402, 404, 406, 408, 410, 412,
414, and 416, as
well as an eight LED emitter board assembly having LED emitters mounted in
positions 400,
404, 406, 408, 410, 412, 414 and 416, as well as a seven LED emitter board
assembly having
LED emitters mounted in positions 402, 406, 408, 410, 412, 414 and 416, as
well as a six LED
emitter board assembly having LED emitters mounted in positions 406, 408, 410,
412, 414 and
416, as well as a five LED emitter board assembly having LED emitters mounted
in positions
406, 410, 412, 414 and 416, as well as a four LED emitter board assembly
having LED emitters
mounted in positions 406, 408, 410 and 402, as well as a three LED emitter
board assembly
having LED emitters mounted in positions 406, 408 and 410, as well as a two
LED emitter board
assembly having LED emitters mounted in positions 406 and 410, as well as a
single LED
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
emitter board assembly having an LED emitter mounted in position 408. The on
board switches
418, 420, 422, 424, 426, 428, 430, 432, 434, 436 and 438 are closed by means
of a zero ohm
resistor placed on the emitter circuit board such that it connects two of the
conducting pads such
as 418a and 418b.
[ 134] In the context of the nine and eight LED emitter version, when power is
provided
to conductors 401c and 403b of circuit 144a", power flows through the
conductor 401c to LED
position 416 where there are terminal pads 151" and 153". It should be
understood that each of
the LED positions described in connection with the circuit 144" have terminal
pads 151" and
153" for mounting an LED emitter thereon as described in connection with the
terminal pads
151, 153. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 416, the electrical
power is conducted
there through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 414. If an LED
emitter is mounted
in LED position 414, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit
144" to LED position 412 and subsequently to on board switch 432. In the
context of the nine
and eight LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit
board such that the
conducting pads 432c and 432b are electrically connected, the electrical power
is conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 406. If an LED emitter
is mounted in
LED position 406, the electrical power is conducted there through to on board
switch 434. In the
context of the nine and eight LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the circuit
board such that the conducting pads 434b and 434c are electrically connected,
the electrical
power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position
408. If an LED
emitter is mounted in LED position 408, the electrical power is conducted
there through and
conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 410. If an LED emitter is mounted in
LED position
410, the electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit
144" to on board
switch 430. In the context of the nine and eight LED emitter version, a zero
ohm resistor is
mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 430b and 430c are
electrically
connected, the electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by
circuit 144" to LED
position 404. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 404, the electrical
power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to on board switch 424.
In the context of
the nine and eight LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the
circuit board such
31
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
that the conducting pads 424c and 424b are electrically connected, the
electrical power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to conductor 403b, thus
closing circuit
144a". In the context of the nine and eight LED emitter version the LED
emitters mounted in
positions 406, 408 and 410 are rotated 180 degrees such that the polarity of
the anode and
cathode of LED emitters in those positions are reversed in relation to the
anode and cathode of
LED emitters mounted in positions 404, 412, 414 and 416, thus maintaining the
correct
relationship between the anodes and cathodes of all seven of the LED emitters
in circuit 144a".
[ 135] In the context of the nine LED emitter version, when power is provided
to
conductors 401b and 403a of circuit 144b", power flows through the conductor
401b to on board
switch 420. In the context of the nine LED emitter version, a zero ohm
resistor is mounted to the
circuit board such that the conducting pads 420b and 420a are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
LED position 402.
If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 402, the electrical power is
conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144" to on board switch 438. In the context
of the nine LED
emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that
the conducting pads
438b and 438a are electrically connected, the electrical power is conducted
there through and
conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 400. If an LED emitter is mounted in
LED position
400, the electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit
144" to on board
switch 418. In the context of the nine LED emitter version, a zero ohm
resistor is mounted to the
circuit board such that the conducting pads 418c and 418b are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
conductor 403a
thus closing circuit 144b".
[ 136] In the context of the eight LED emitter version, when power is provided
to
conductors 403a and 401a of circuit 144c", power flows through the conductor
403a to onboard
switch 418. In the context of the eight LED emitter version, a zero ohm
resistor is mounted to
the circuit board such that the conducting pads 418b and 418c are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
LED position 400.
If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 400, the electrical power is
conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144" to on board switch 438. In the context
of the eight
32
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that
the conducting pads
438a and 438b are electrically connected, the electrical power is conducted
there through and
conducted by circuit 144" to on board switch 428. In the context of the eight
LED emitter
version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that the
conducting pads 428d
and 428b are electrically connected, the electrical power is conducted there
through and
conducted by circuit 144" to on board switch 422. In the context of the eight
LED emitter
version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that the
conducting pads 422c
and 422b are electrically connected, the electrical power is conducted there
through and
conducted by circuit 144" to conductor 401 a, thus closing circuit 144c".
[ 137] In the context of the seven LED emitter version, when power is provided
to
conductors 401c and 403b of circuit 144a", power flows through the conductor
401c to LED
position 416 where there are terminal pads 151" and 153". It should be
understood that each of
the LED positions described in connection with the circuit 144" have terminal
pads 151 " and
153" for mounting an LED emitter thereon as described in connection with the
terminal pads
151, 153. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 416, the electrical
power is conducted
there through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 414. If an LED
emitter is mounted
in LED position 414, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit
144" to LED position 412 and subsequently through to on board switch 432. In
the context of
the seven LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit
board such that the
conducting pads 432c and 432b are electrically connected, the electrical power
is conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 406. If an LED emitter
is mounted in
LED position 406, the electrical power is conducted there through to on board
switch 434. In the
context of the seven LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to
the circuit board
such that the conducting pads 434b and 434c are electrically connected, the
electrical power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 408. If
an LED emitter
is mounted in LED position 408, the electrical power is conducted there
through and conducted
by circuit 144" to LED position 410. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED
position 410, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
on board switch
430. In the context of the seven LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the
33
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
circuit board such that the conducting pads 430b and 430a are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
on board switch
426. In the context of the seven LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the
circuit board such that the conducting pads 426c and 426b are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
on board switch
424. In the context of the seven LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the
circuit board such that the conducting pads 424a and 424b are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
conductor 403b,
thus closing circuit 144a". In the context of the seven LED emitter version
the LED emitters
mounted in positions 406, 408, and 410 are rotated 180 degrees such that the
polarity of the
anode and cathode of LED emitters in those positions are reversed in relation
to the anode and
cathode of LED emitters mounted in positions 402, 412, 414 and 416, thus
maintaining the
correct relationship between the anodes and cathodes of all seven of the LED
emitters in circuit
144a".
[ 138] In the context of the seven LED emitter version, when power is provided
to
conductors 401b and 403a of circuit 144b", power flows through the conductor
401b to on board
switch 420. In the context of the seven LED emitter version, a zero ohm
resistor is mounted to
the circuit board such that the conducting pads 420b and 420a are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
LED position 402.
If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 402, the electrical power is
conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144" to on board switch 418. In the context
of the seven LED
emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that
the conducting pads
418a and 418b are electrically connected, the electrical power is conducted
there through and
conducted by circuit 144" to conductor 403a, thus closing circuit 144b".
[ 139] In the context of the six LED emitter version, when power is provided
to
conductors 401c and 403b of circuit 144a", power flows through the conductor
401c to LED
position 416 where there are terminal pads 151" and 153". It should be
understood that each of
the LED positions described in connection with the circuit 144" have terminal
pads 151" and
153" for mounting an LED emitter thereon as described in connection with the
terminal pads
34
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
151, 153. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 416, the electrical
power is conducted
there through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 414. If an LED
emitter is mounted
in LED position 414, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit
144" to LED position 412 and subsequently through to on board switch 432. In
the context of
the six LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit
board such that the
conducting pads 432c and 432b are electrically connected, the electrical power
is conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 406. If an LED emitter
is mounted in
LED position 406, the electrical power is conducted there through to on board
switch 434. In the
context of the six LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the
circuit board such
that the conducting pads 434b and 434c are electrically connected, the
electrical power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 408. If
an LED emitter
is mounted in LED position 408, the electrical power is conducted there
through and conducted
by circuit 144" to LED position 410. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED
position 410, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
on board switch
430. In the context of the six LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the circuit
board such that the conducting pads 430b and 430a are electrically connected,
the electrical
power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to on board
switch 426. In the
context of the six LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the
circuit board such
that the conducting pads 426c and 426b are electrically connected, the
electrical power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to on board switch 424.
In the context of
the six LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit
board such that the
conducting pads 424a and 424b are electrically connected, the electrical power
is conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144" to conductor 403b, thus closing circuit
144a". In the
context of the six LED emitter version the LED emitters mounted in positions
406, 408, and 410
are rotated 180 degrees such that the polarity of the anode and cathode of LED
emitters in those
positions are reversed in relation to the anode and cathode of LED emitters
mounted in positions
412, 414 and 416, thus maintaining the correct relationship between the anodes
and cathodes of
all six of the LED emitters in circuit 144a".
[ 140] In the context of the five LED emitter version, when power is provided
to
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
conductors 401c and 403b of circuit 144a", power flows through the conductor
401c to LED
position 416 where there are terminal pads 151" and 153". It should be
understood that each of
the LED positions described in connection with the circuit 144" have terminal
pads 151 " and
153" for mounting an LED emitter thereon as described in connection with the
terminal pads
151, 153. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 416, the electrical
power is conducted
there through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 414. If an LED
emitter is mounted
in LED position 414, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit
144" to LED position 412 and subsequently through to on board switch 436. In
the context of
the five LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit
board such that the
conducting pads 436c and 436b are electrically connected, the electrical power
is conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 410. If an LED emitter
is mounted in
LED position 410, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit 144
to on board switch 430. In the context of the five LED emitter version, a zero
ohm resistor is
mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 430b and 430a are
electrically
connected, the electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by
circuit 144" to on
board switch 426. In the context of the five LED emitter version, a zero ohm
resistor is mounted
to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 426c and 426b are
electrically connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
on board switch
424. In the context of the five LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the circuit
board such that the conducting pads 424a and 424b are electrically connected,
the electrical
power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to conductor
403b, thus closing
circuit 144a". In the context of the five LED emitter version the LED emitter
mounted in
position 410 is rotated 180 degrees such that the polarity of the anode and
cathode of LED
emitters in those positions are reversed in relation to the anode and cathode
of LED emitters
mounted in positions 412, 414 and 416, thus maintaining the correct
relationship between the
anodes and cathodes of all four of the LED emitters in circuit 144a".
[ 141] In the context of the five LED emitter version, when power is provided
to
conductors 401a and 403a of circuit 144c", power flows through the conductor
401a to on board
switch 422. In the context of the five emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the
36
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
circuit board such that the conducting pads 422b and 422a are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
onboard switch
432. In the context of the five emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the circuit board
such that the conducting pads 432a and 432b are electrically connected, the
electrical power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 406. If
an LED emitter
is mounted in LED position 406, the electrical power is conducted there
through and conducted
by circuit 144" to on board switch 434. In the context of the five LED emitter
version, a zero
ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads
434b and 434a are
electrically connected by circuit 144" to on board switch 428. In the context
of the five LED
emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that
the conducting pads
428a to 428c and 428d to 428b are electrically connected the electrical power
is conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144" to onboard switch 418. In the context of
the five LED
emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that
the conducting pads
418a and 418b are electrically connected the electrical power is conducted
there through and
conducted by circuit 144"to conductor 403a, thus closing circuit 144b".
[ 142] In the context of the four LED emitter version, when power is provided
to
conductors 401c and 401b of circuit 144a", power flows through the conductor
401c to on board
switch 436. In the context of the four LED emitter version, a zero ohm
resistor is mounted to the
circuit board such that the conducting pads 436d and 436c are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
on board switch
432. In the context of the four LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the circuit
board such that the conducting pads 432c and 432b are electrically connected,
the electrical
power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position
406 where
there are terminal pads 151" and 153" which are identical in nature to the
pads shown on
position 416. It should be understood that each of the LED positions described
in connection
with the circuit 144" have terminal pads 151" and 153" for mounting an LED
emitter thereon
as described in connection with the terminal pads 151, 153. If an LED emitter
is mounted in
LED position 406, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit 144"
to on board switch 434. In the context of the four LED emitter version, a zero
ohm resistor is
37
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 434b and 434c are
electrically
connected, the electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by
circuit 144" LED
position 408. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 408, the electrical
power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 410. If
an LED emitter
is mounted in LED position 410, the electrical power is conducted there
through and conducted
by circuit 144" to on board switch 430. In the context of the four LED emitter
version, a zero
ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads
430b and 430a are
electrically connected, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit
144" to on board switch 426. In the context of the four LED emitter version, a
zero ohm resistor
is mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 426c and 426a
are electrically
connected, the electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by
circuit 144" to
LED position 402. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 402, the
electrical power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to on board switch 420.
In the context of
the four LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit
board such that the
conducting pads 420a and 420b are electrically connected, the electrical power
is conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144" to conductor 401b, thus closing circuit
144a".
[ 143] In the context of the three LED emitter version, when power is provided
to
conductors 401c and 401b of circuit 144a", power flows through the conductor
401c to on board
switch 436. In the context of the three LED emitter version, a zero ohm
resistor is mounted to
the circuit board such that the conducting pads 436d and 436c are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
on board switch
432. In the context of the three LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the
circuit board such that the conducting pads 432c and 432b are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
LED position 406
where there are terminal pads 151" and 153" which are identical in nature to
the pads shown on
position 416. It should be understood that each of the LED positions described
in connection
with the circuit 144" have terminal pads 151" and 153" for mounting an LED
emitter thereon
as described in connection with the terminal pads 151, 153. If an LED emitter
is mounted in
LED position 406, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit 144"
38
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
to on board switch 434. In the context of the three LED emitter version, a
zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 434b and 434c are
electrically
connected, the electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by
circuit 144" LED
position 408. If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 408, the electrical
power is
conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position 410. If
an LED emitter
is mounted in LED position 410, the electrical power is conducted there
through and conducted
by circuit 144" to on board switch 430. In the context of the four LED emitter
version, a zero
ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads
430b and 430a are
electrically connected, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit
144" to on board switch 426. In the context of the four LED emitter version, a
zero ohm resistor
is mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 426c and 426b
are electrically
connected, the electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by
circuit 144" to on
board switch 424. In the context of the three LED emitter version, a zero ohm
resistor is mounted
to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 420a and 420b are
electrically connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
conductor 401b,
thus closing circuit 144a".
[ 144] In the context of the two LED emitter version, when power is provided
to
conductors 401 c and 401 b of circuit 144a", power flows through the conductor
401 c to on board
switch 436. In the context of the two LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor
is mounted to the
circuit board such that the conducting pads 436d and 436c are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
on board switch
432. In the context of the two LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the circuit
board such that the conducting pads 432c and 432a are electrically connected,
the electrical
power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to LED position
406 where
there are terminal pads 151" and 153" which are identical in nature to the
pads shown on
position 416. It should be understood that each of the LED positions described
in connection
with the circuit 144" have terminal pads 151" and 153" for mounting an LED
emitter thereon
as described in connection with the terminal pads 151, 153. If an LED emitter
is mounted in
LED position 406, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit 144"
39
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
to on board switch 434. In the context of the two LED emitter version, a zero
ohm resistor is
mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 434b and 434c are
electrically
connected, the electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by
circuit 144" to on
board switch 436. In the context of the two LED emitter version, a zero ohm
resistor is mounted
to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 436a and 436b are
electrically connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
LED position 410.
If an LED emitter is mounted in LED position 410, the electrical power is
conducted there
through and conducted by circuit 144" to on board switch 430. In the context
of the two LED
emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that
the conducting pads
430b and 430a are electrically connected, the electrical power is conducted
there through and
conducted by circuit 144" to on board switch 426. In the context of the two
LED emitter
version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that the
conducting pads 426c
and 426b are electrically connected, the electrical power is conducted there
through and
conducted by circuit 144" to on board switch 424. In the context of the two
LED emitter
version, a zero ohm resistor is mounted to the circuit board such that the
conducting pads 424c
and 424b are electrically connected, the electrical power is conducted there
through and
conducted by circuit 144" to conductor 403b thus closing circuit 144a".
[ 145] In the context of the single LED emitter version, when power is
provided to
conductors 401c and 401a of circuit 144a", power flows through the conductor
401c to on board
switch 436. In the context of the single LED emitter version, a zero ohm
resistor is mounted to
the circuit board such that the conducting pads 436d and 436c are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
on board switch
432. In the context of the single LED emitter version, a zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the
circuit board such that the conducting pads 432d and 432e are electrically
connected, the
electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by circuit 144" to
LED position 408
where there are terminal pads 151" and 153" which are identical in nature to
the pads shown on
position 416. It should be understood that each of the LED positions described
in connection
with the circuit 144" have terminal pads 151" and 153" for mounting an LED
emitter thereon
as described in connection with the terminal pads 151, 153. If an LED emitter
is mounted in
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
LED position 408, the electrical power is conducted there through and
conducted by circuit 144"
to on board switch 428. In the context of the Single LED emitter version, a
zero ohm resistor is
mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 428a and 428c are
electrically
connected, the electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by
circuit 144" to on
board switch 422. In the context of the Single LED emitter version, a zero ohm
resistor is
mounted to the circuit board such that the conducting pads 422c and 422b are
electrically
connected, the electrical power is conducted there through and conducted by
circuit 144" to
conductor 401a thus closing circuit 144a".
[ 146] The above addresses the amount of light created by the fixture in
predetermined
directions. The fixture 100 of the present also has optical baffle assembly
300 as shown in Figs.
14A-14C which controls the horizontal distribution of light radiated by the
fixture of the present
invention. The above description has not included a description of the baffle
assembly 300 to
provide a more clear understanding of the emitter array 111 and emitter
mounting in the lighting
fixture of the present invention.
[ 147] The fixture 100 has optical baffle assemblies 300 mounted to each of
the emitter
boards 109a-109h which are mounted to the respective sides 130a-130h of the
tower. The optical
baffle assembly 300 includes a frame 302 having upper and lower mounting
members 304, 306
and side members 308 interconnecting the ends 310, 312 of each of the mounting
members 304,
306 respectively. The upper and lower mounting members 304, 306 have an
aperture 314 therein
for attaching the optical baffle assembly 300 to the emitter boards 109 and
consequently the
tower as shown in Figs. 8 and 14A-14C.
[ 148] The optical baffle assembly 300 also has a number of optical baffles
316
(including 316a-316f) extending between the side members 308 as shown in Figs.
14A-14C and
15. Each of the optical baffles 316 have an inner upper surface 318extending
from the upper
inner end 320to an outer upper surface322. The upper surfaces 318, 322 join
each other at the
edge 321. The outer upper surface 322 extends outwardly therefrom and
terminates in an outer
end 324. Each of the optical baffles 316 have a lower surface 326extending
from the lower inner
end 328 to the outer end 324. The surfaces 318, 322 and 326 are configured to
achieve the
desired control of the direction of light as described more fully below.
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CA 02659132 2009-03-19
[ 149] A series of optical baffles 316 a-316f are provided on each optical
baffle assembly
300 shown in Figs. 14A-14C. The distance between the lower inner end 328 of
one baffle, for
example baffle 316b, is spaced from and positioned a distance 330 from the
upper inner end 320
of the optical baffle 316c positioned immediately below baffle316b and defines
a baffle emitter
aperture 331 The lower inner end 328b of the upper baffle 316b is positioned
above and adjacent
to the emitter and the upper inner end 320c of the lower baffle 316c is
positioned below and
adjacent to the emitter. It should be understood that the baffles 316 a-316f
are similarly
positioned with respect to each other.
[ 150] Adjacent the lower mounting member 306 is a bottom baffle member 332
which
has an upper surface 318 extending from the upper inner end 320 and terminates
in the lower
outer end 334. The bottom baffle member 332 is positioned below the baffle
316f and is
positioned as described above in connection with baffle 316b and baffle 316c
and has an emitter
aperture 331 between the baffles 316f and 332. The shape of the surfaces 318,
322, 326 are
configured to control the light emitted from the emitters 107as will be
described below.
[ 151] To secure optical baffle assembly 300 to the emitter board 109 as shown
in Figs. 8
and 14A-14C, an attachment device 160, such as the threaded fastener, extends
through the
apertures 314 in the upper and lower mounting members 304, 306. The threaded
fastener 160
extends through the aperture 162 in the emitter board and threadedly engages
the threaded
aperture 164 in the tower to secure the optical baffle assembly 300 to the
emitter board 109 and
the tower. The apertures 314 are positioned so that the emitters 107 mounted
on the emitter
boards 109 are positioned in the emitter apertures 331 as defined by the
distance 330 between the
upper inner end 320 and the lower inner end 328 of adjacent baffles.
[ 152] The side members 308 are provided not only to support the baffles 316
on their
ends 336, 338 but also to control the direction of the light emitted by the
emitters 107 in a
direction toward the side members 308. The longitudinal ends 336, 338 of the
baffles 316 are
formed integrally with the side members 308 so that the baffles 316 adjacent
each other are
provided with a aperture 331 in which the emitters 107 on their respective
emitter boards are
received. The baffles 316 are positioned so that the upper inner end 320,
outer end 324, and
lower inner end 328 are in a substantially horizontal direction.
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CA 02659132 2009-03-19
[ 153] Each of the side members 308 have a side reflective surface 340
extending from
an inner end 342 to and outer end 344 as shown in Fig. 14A-14C. The side
reflective surfaces
340 of each of the side members extend between each of the longitudinal ends
336, 338 of the
baffles 316 on each end 336, 338 of the baffles. These vertical side
reflective surfaces 340 are
used to control the horizontal distribution of the light in such a way that
the amount of light
which is visible and measurable in the vertical direction above a degrees
above nadir is kept as
small as possible. This reduces the effects of light pollution due to stray
light above the cutoff
angle a. In the baffles 316 shown in Figs. 14A-17, the angle a is shown as 70
. The maximum
cutoff angle a range is from about between 55 and 75 . Any cutoff angle
greater than 75
produces too much glare. Any cutoff angle less than 55 does not give enough
horizontal throw
of the light to provide a competitive fixture. If an adequate amount of light
is not being thrown
far enough across the horizontal plane from the luminaire, the required
spacing of two or more
luminaire's is not great enough to make the luminaire competitive. The
preferred cut off angle is
from between about 60 to 70 , except when additional horizontal throw of the
light is necessary
depending on the lighting configuration as will be described. In that case,
the preferred cut off
angle is from between about 60 to 75 .
[ 154] The inner end 342 of the surface 340 of the side members 308 is in
alignment and
coplanar with the upper inner end 320 and lower inner end 328 of the baffles
316. The outer end
344 of the side members 308 are coplanar with the outer end 324 of the
baffles.
[ 155] The side reflective surfaces 340of the baffles extend radially
outwardly from the
inner end 342 to the outer end 344 at an angle 346 dependent on the number of
sides of the
tower. If, as shown in the drawings, the tower has eight sides, the angle 346
is equal to the
number of sides of the tower divided into 360 degrees or 45 . Accordingly, in
this design, side
reflective surfaces 340 of each of the side members 308 of one optical baffle
assembly 300
diverge from each other at an angle of 45 as shown in Fig 14C. It should be
understood that in
the case of a tower having six sides the angle 346 would be 60 . It is within
the compilation of
this invention to provide a tower with the number of sides that are
appropriate to generate the
desired lighting characteristics as further described herein. In the case
where the sides of the
tower are not equal, the angle for each face is the angle between the
horizontal lines passing
43
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
through the center 346 of the tower and the edges defining the sides of that
face.
[ 156] The optical baffles assemblies 300 described above many be made of
injection
molded, ABS plastic or equivalent material with preferably a reflective
coating 341 preferably
having at least an A2 finish on the surfaces 318, 322, 326 and 340. This
reflective finish provides
for reflecting and directing the light generated by the emitters in a
direction as will be hereinafter
described. It should also be understood that is within the contemplation of
this invention that the
baffles 316 may be individual baffles mounted to the emitter board and
positioned thereon as
described herein and the baffles are made from any desired material having the
reflective
properties.
[ 157] The number of emitters mounted on each emitter board 130a-130h is
dependant
on the amount of light desired in any particular direction and to provide
control of the direction
of that light, the emitters are mounted in each baffle aperture 331 as will be
more fully described.
[ 158] To achieve the high optical performance required for roadway lighting
in terms of
both fixture spacing and the prevention of uplight pollution, the optical
baffles 316 are mounted
above and below each row of emitters 107 that are mounted on the respective
emitter boards 109.
These baffles 316 are designed for use with the lighting fixture 100, and
include surfaces 318,
322,326 and 340 which are configured to:
[ 159] A) Provide a definite cut-off angle, a, above which the lumen output of
the fixture
is much reduced, or eliminated. This is to prevent the potential for disabling
glare to pedestrians
and motorists and up light pollution. The maximum cutoff angle range is from
about between 55
and 75 . Any cutoff angle greater than 75 produces too much glare. Any cutoff
angle less than
55 does not give enough horizontal throw of the light to provide a
competitive fixture. If an
adequate amount of light is not being thrown far enough across the horizontal
plane from the
luminaire, the required spacing of two or more luminaire's is not great enough
to make the
luminaire competitive. The preferred cut off angle is from between about 60 to
70 , except when
additional horizontal throw of the light is necessary depending on the
lighting configuration as
will be described. In that case, the preferred cut off angle is from between
about 60 to 75 . The
height at which the fixture is mounted does not substantially change the
cutoff angle, but does
effect the spacing of the lighting fixtures. The lower the fixture is mounted,
the closer the fixtures
44
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
must be provided.
[ 160] B) Redirect the visible light output from the emitters to provide the
highest level
of horizontal surface illumination values on the ground or roadway 165 as
possible while
maintaining as much horizontal uniformity in light over the illuminated area
as possible as will
be more fully described. The baffles also redirect any light that was directed
above the range of
from between a degrees above Nadir, (nadir being vertical with 0 degrees
straight down) and
therefore lost, to a direction down and away from the fixture as will be more
fully described.
When used for street lighting fixtures, this design allows the maximum spacing
requirements
between the luminaires to achieve required IESNA (Illuminating Engineering
Society of North
America) specifications as published in the American National Standard
Practice for Roadway
Lighting, RP-8-00 by the IESNA.
[ 161] C) Provide the desired horizontal distribution pattern such as, for
example,
IESNA distribution patterns shown in Fig. 10.
[ 162] Fig. 15 shows an emitter 107 positioned below a baffle 316, shown in
cross-
section, and spaced in a position represented by the aperture 331 with respect
to the baffle 316.
The emitter 107 is centered on the horizontal centerline 333 which is
centrally located in the
baffle aperture 331. The lower inner end 328 of the baffle 316 is mounted
adjacent the top side
329 of the emitter 107. The emitter 107 emits light in a direction generally
outwardly and away
from the emitter with the majority of light in a direction directly away from
the emitter. The
direction of the light generally extends at an angle 0 , which for the emitter
described therein is
equal to approximately 115 . The distribution of the intensity of the light
emitted by the emitter
is in general in the shape of a bell curve with the greatest intensity of
light along the centerline
333 and in a direction directly away from the emitter. Outside of the area
defined by 13, there is
no significant light created by the emitter.
[ 163] The cut off angle a defines the angle which reduces disabling glare
from the
fixture. If light is allowed to be transmitted in, for example, a horizontal
direction above the
cutoff angle a, observers, drivers and pedestrians can have their vision
impaired which would
create a hazardous condition. It should be understood that the term cut off
angle a as used in this
description is the angle from a vertical line 350 passing through the center
335 of the light of
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
emitting diode and a line 352 passing through the center 335 of the light
emitting diode and
through the outer end 324 of the baffle. The outer end 324 of the baffle
restricts light from being
transmitted above the line 352, thus minimizing disabling glare.
[ 164] In the illustrations of the present invention shown in the drawings,
the baffle outer
end 324 and line 352 is positioned at an angle a of preferably, for street
lighting configurations,
from between about 70 degrees to 73 degrees from a vertical line 350 passing
through the light
emitting diodel07 and a line 352 passing through the center 335 of the light
emitting diodel07
and through the baffle end 324.
[ 165] The baffle arrays 300 are mounted on the emitter board with each of the
horizontal rows of the light emitting diodes 107 on their respective emitter
boards 109
positioned in the apertures 331 between adjacent baffles of the baffle
assemblies as illustrated in
connection with the baffles 316b and 316c in Figs. 16A-16C. The lower inner
end 328b of the
upper baffle 316b is mounted adjacent the top side 329 of the emitter 107. The
upper inner end
320c of the baffle 316 is mounted adjacent the bottom side 337 of the emitter
107. The spacing
of the upper baffle with respect to the lower baffle is important to ensure
that the light which
strikes the various surfaces of the baffles, does so at the proper angle so
that the reflected light
leaves the baffles at the appropriate angle as defined by the Zones shown in
Figs. 16A-16C.
[ 166] The baffles redirect the visible light output from the emitters to
provide desirable
levels of horizontal surface illumination the ground or roadway, in an
efficient manner, while
also maintaining a relatively smooth distribution of light over the
illuminated area.
[ 167] The distinct downward curve of the lower surface 326 at the tip or end
324 of the
baffle profile is to achieve the desired cut-off angle a as described herein.
The upper surfaces
318, 322 and a lower surface 326 of the adjacent baffles 316 are designed to
work in conjunction
with each other (illustrated as baffles 316b and 316c in Figs. 16A, 16C). The
light from the
emitter 107 above the line 352 impinges on the lower surface 326b of the
baffle 316b. The lower
inner end 328b of the upper baffle 316b is mounted adjacent to and above the
top side 329 of the
emitter, see Figs. 15 and 16A. The upper inner end 320c of the lower baffle
316c is mounted
adjacent to and below the bottom side 337 of the emitter. The light from the
emitter above the
direction of the line 352 is prevented from traveling upwards of the cutoff
angle a, and is
46
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
redirected downwards in Zone 1. This means that light from the emitter above
the cutoff angle a,
is now being redirected downwards by the lower surface 326b to illuminate the
ground below the
fixture.
[ 168] The lower baffle surface 326b is configured in a compound curve so that
the light
of the emitter in a direction above the cutoff line 352 is reflected by the
lower surface 326b in
Zone 1 defined by a line 343 through the end 324b of the baffle 316b and the
end 324c of the
baffle 316c and a line 325. Line 325 is a line extending through the first
point 327 that light from
the emitter in an upward direction contacts and is reflected by the lower
surface 326b of the
baffle 316b toward the roadway. It should be understood that the line 325 can
be designed at
different angles dependent on the configuration of the lower surface 326b.
[ 169] By way of example, in the emitter shown, the direction of the light
from the
emitter generally extends at the angle 1i, which, for the emitter described
therein is equal to
approximately 115 . The first point 327 that light from the emitter in an
upward direction
contacts the lower surface 326b would be a line 345 passing thru the center of
the emitter and at
an angle of 57.5 degrees above the horizontal line 333 thru the center of the
emitter or
alternatively 147.5 degrees between line 345 and a the vertical line 350. The
portion of the light
reflected by the lower surface of the upper baffle is the light impinging on
point 327 to the outer
end of the upper baffle. Zone 1 is defined by the area between the line 343
and the line 325 that
impinges on the roadway or ground. Zone 1 defines an area closest to the
lighting fixture.
By so configuring the lower baffle surface, compound reflection of the light
reflected thereby is
avoided, which is desirable since each time light is reflected, some of its
intensity is lost.
[ 170] Zone 2 is described in Fig. 16B with reference to Fig. 15. The light
directed
toward the top surface 318c is the light directed below a line 319 extending
from the center 335
of the emitter through the edge 321 c. The light from the emitter 107 below
the line 319 impinges
on the top surface 318c of the baffle 316c (which is mounted below the
emitter) and is redirected
upwardly and outwardly in Zone 2. The upper inner end 320c of the lower baffle
316c is
mounted adjacent to and below the bottom side 337 of the emitter. Line 349 is
a line extending
through the first point 347 that light from the emitter in an downward
direction contacts and is
reflected by the upper surface 318c of the baffle 316c toward the roadway. The
portion of light
47
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
reflected by the upper surface of the lower emitter is the light emitted by
the emitter that
impinges on the lower baffle between points 347 and 321c on the lower baffle.
It should be
understood that the line 349 can be designed at different angles dependent on
the configuration of
the upper surface 318c. This means that light that would be directed
immediately below the
fixture is directed outwards to illuminate the ground away from the mounting
pole.
[ 171] By way of example, in the emitter shown, the direction of the light
from the
emitter generally extends at the angle (3, which, for the emitter described
therein is equal to
approximately 115 . The first point 347 that light from the emitter in an
downward direction
contacts the upper surface 318c would be a line 351 passing thru the center of
the emitter and at
an angle of 57.5 degrees above the horizontal line 333 thru the center of the
emitter or
alternatively 147.5 degrees between line 327 and a vertical line 350. Zone 2
is an area which is
at least in part outwardly away from said Zone 1. Zone 2 is defined by area
between the line 319
and the line 349 that impinges on the roadway or ground. By so configuring the
upper baffle
surface, compound reflection of the light reflected thereby is avoided, which
is desirable since
each time light is reflected some of its intensity is lost.
[ 172] As shown in Fig. 16C, Zone 3 is composed primarily of light coming
directly from
the emitter 107 with no reflection, and is not redirected by the baffles 316.
This direct light
extends between lines 319 and 352. Since it is not reflected its intensity is
not diminished by
reflection and assists that light reaching a distance from the fixture.
[ 173] This combination of direct light from the emitters 107 in Zone 3, light
reflected by
the lower surface 318 in Zone 2, and light reflected from the upper surface
326 in Zone 1,
provides an improved level of horizontal surface illumination values on the
ground, while also
maintaining as smooth a distribution over the illuminated area as possible.
[ 174] As shown in Fig. 16A, Zone 1 is composed primarily of light which is
reflected
off of the lower surface 326b of the upper baffle 316b. In one street lighting
design shown in
Figs. 16A-16c, Zone 1 falls within the range of from between about 0 degrees
to 42 degrees
above nadir. The lower surface 326b is configured so that all of the light
reflected by it falls
within Zone 1.The exact configuration of the lower surface 326b is designed to
distribute the
light across Zone 1 as desired to achieve the desired lighting. Since the
light in Zone 1 is
48
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
reflected light, its intensity is not as great as the light emitted directly
from the emitter. The light
in Zone 1 is used for lighting the area closest to the luminaire.
[ 175] As shown in Fig. 16B, Zone 2 is composed primarily of light from the
emitter
reflected off of the inner upper surface 318c of the lower baffle 316c between
lines 319 and 349.
In one street lighting design shown in Figs. 16A-16c, Zone 2 falls within the
range of from
between about 36 degrees to 53 degrees above nadir. The inner upper surface
318c is configured
so that all of the light reflected by it falls within Zone 2. The exact
configuration of the inner
upper surface 318c is designed to distribute the light across Zone 2 as
desired to achieve the
desired lighting. All of the light from the emitter 107 reflected by inner
upper surface 318c falls
within Zone 2. Since the light in Zone 2 is reflected light, its intensity is
not as great as the light
emitted directly from the emitter. The light in Zone 2 shown in Fig. 16B is
used for lighting a
section of the horizontal plane on the roadway further from the luminaire that
is substantially
intermediate Zone 1 and Zone 3 as shown.
[ 176] As shown in Fig.16C, Zone 3 is composed primarily of light coming
directly from
the LED emitter 107 with no reflection, and is not redirected by the baffles
316. Zone 3 defines
an area which is at least in part outwardly away from Zone 2. In one street
lighting design shown
in Figs. 16A-16C, Zone 3 falls within the range of from between about 36
degrees to 70 degrees
above nadir. The direct light in Zone 3 is cut off by the edge 321c of the
lower baffle 316b and
the end 326b of the upper baffle member. Since the light in Zone 3 is direct
and not reflected
light, its intensity is greater than the reflected light in Zones 1 and 2. The
light in Zone 3 is used
to illuminate the area furthest away from the lighting fixture. This greater
intensity assists in the
distance the light in Zone 3 is projected. The light in Zone 3 is used to
light the horizontal plane
furthest from the luminaire.
[ 177] The lower surface 326 of the baffle is reflective and is configured to
control the
light emitted from the emitter 107 as described herein. As seen in Fig. 15,
the lower surface 326
is formed by a compound radius Rif . The compound radius Rif is determined by
a series of
points that reflect the light impinging on the lower surface 326 along the
desired distribution
pattern in Zone 1. The inner upper surface 318c of the lower baffle 316c is
formed by the
compound radius Ro 1. The compound radius Ro 1 is determined by a series of
points that reflect
49
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
the light impinging on the inner upper surface 318c along a desired
distribution pattern in Zone 2.
[ 178] For purposes of illustration, the cut off angle a of 70 degrees will be
used in the
drawings describing baffle array 300 as illustrated in Figs. 14A-16C. For
purposes of illustration
the cut off angle a of 73 degrees will be used in the drawings describing
baffle array 300' as
illustrated in Figs. 18-20C since a greater throw of the light is necessary to
meet certain lighting
configurations. The primary or initial light rays from the emitter 107 between
the angles of
between 45 to 73 degrees above nadir pass between the upper and lower baffles
and is therefore
not redirected by them (Fig. 14, Zone 6).
[ 179] The light rays that are redirected by the inner surfaces generated by
compound
radii Ri 1 and Ro 1 of the upper baffle are redirected in two Zones. Some
light redirected by the
inner surface 131 generated by the compound radius Ril of the upper baffle
pass in an arc
between 11 degrees and 42 degrees above nadir, missing completely the top
radius Ro 1 of the
lower baffle, thus providing illumination on the horizontal plane closest to
the base of the
luminaire (Fig. 17, Zone 1). The remainder of the light rays redirected by the
upper surface 129
generated by the compound radius Ril of the upper baffle, are redirected in an
arc of between 36
degrees and 53 degrees above nadir (Fig. 17, Zone 2). The combination of the
light of the three
Zones shown in Fig. 16 results in the horizontal distribution and cut-off
pattern as shown in Fig.
17.
[ 180] In outdoor lighting commercial applications, when using emitters, it is
desirable
for a number of emitters to appear as a single source of light. Accordingly
the distance between
the emitters in a vertical direction should preferably be as small as possible
while allowing for
heat dissipation and sufficient space to mount baffles above and below the
emitters. In a baffle
assembly with at least 3 baffles, each of the baffles have an emitter aperture
between adjacent
baffles. At least one emitter is positioned in each emitter aperture a
predetermined distance from
the emitter mounted in an adjacent emitter aperture. Each of the baffles have
a back surface 359
adjacent the upper and lower inner end of the baffles. The distance between
the adjacent emitters
divided by the length "L" of the baffle is in a range of from between about
1.7 to about 0.75. By
maintaining this design ratio, the desirable features are achieved.
[ 181] In order for the emitters to properly optically coact with baffles
vertically spaced
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
with respect to each other, the vertical spacing distance "y"of the emitters
has a relationship with
respect to the length "L" of the baffles. As seen in Figs. 14B and Fig 16A,
the adjacent emitters
are spaced a distance "y" in a vertical direction. The length of the baffles
is a horizontal distance
"L" measured from a vertical line 350 passing through the back 359 of the
baffle to the outer end
324 of the baffle measured along a line perpendicular to the line passing thru
the back of the
baffle. The upper inner end 320 and lower inner end 328 define the top and the
bottom of the
back surface 359. When the baffles are assembled with the emitter board, the
back surface 359 of
the baffle is in contact with the outer surface 136 of the emitter board.
[ 182] While the length "L" of the baffle and the vertical distance spacing of
the emitters
"y" may vary, in order to achieve an effective cut off angle a and the optical
characteristics of the
present invention, the relationship between the vertical distance spacing of
the emitters "y" and
the length of the baffle "L" must be maintained. It has been found that a
ratio of "y"/"L" from
between about 1.7 to 0.75 provides the advantageous optical features of the
present invention.
[ 183] Fig. 17 shows the horizontal illumination of the fixture of the present
invention.
In the illustration shown, the cutoff angle a is 70 . The "Relative Horizontal
Illumination" is a
unitless number provided to compare the amount of light at various distances
from the fixture.
Fig. 17 is provided to illustrate a comparison of the different amounts of
light at different
distances from the fixture. While it is desirable to have the same amount of
light at all distances
from fixture, the baffles of the present invention are directed to achieving
this objective. It should
be understood that by placing the fixtures of the present invention certain
distances from each
other that this objective can be approximately achieved. By positioning the
fixtures of the present
invention a proper distance from each other, the light provided at the further
distances away from
the fixture in Zone 3 overlap the light provided at further distances from an
adjacent fixture to
provide a substantially uniform amount of light on the roadway. While the
relative horizontal
illumination of only one fixture of the present invention is described below,
it should be
understood that the overlapping of light in the extremities of Zone 3 from
adjacent fixtures
achieves this desired feature. It should be understood that different emitters
will generate
different amounts of light in the relative horizontal illumination axis.
[ 184] For the particular configuration of the surfaces 318, 326 and position
of the end
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CA 02659132 2009-03-19
324 and edge 321 between the surfaces 322 and 318, the illumination for Zones
1, 2, and 3 are
shown in Fig. 17. Zone 1 shows the area of illumination closest to the
fixture. Zone 2 shows a
slight overlap between Zone 1 and 2 to provide improved illumination in that
overlap area close
to the fixture. Zone 3 overlaps Zone 2 and a portion of Zone 1 to provide the
desired lighting
distribution configuration. It should be understood that it is within the
contemplation of this
invention to modify the surfaces 318, 326 and position of the end 324 and edge
321 between the
surfaces 322 and 318 and achieve a wide variety of different horizontal
illumination
configurations.
[ 185] As can be seen in Fig. 10, there are a variety of IESNA lighting
configurations. In
particular, Symmetrical lighting pattern Type V, is shown and described in
Figs. 5 and I IC, and
1 iD. When it is desired to provide an Asymmetrical lighting pattern such as
Type III, and shown
in Figs. 11A, 11B, it is desirable to provide a baffle assembly that is
capable of illuminating
specific areas that are a greater distance from the fixture to provide a
further range of light and
using baffle assemblies that illuminate specific areas that are a lesser
distance from the fixture.
[ 186] A variety of baffle assemblies may be provided with different optical
characteristics. For example, the baffle assembly 300' as shown in Figs. 18-
20C may be provided
to provide a further range of light. The baffle assembly 300' of the present
invention is shown in
Fig. 18-20C. For ease of description, the baffle assembly 300' is numbered
with the numerals the
same as used in connection with the baffle assembly 300 to denote common
similar parts where
appropriate and followed by a prime (') mark to denote the parts of baffle
assembly 300'. It
should be understood that the battle assembly 300' is used in conjunction with
Asymmetrical
lighting pattern such as Type III as shown in Figs. 11 A and 11 B and are
mounted on the surfaces
109b and 109g as shown in Fig. 18.
[ 187] Fig. 18 is a cross-section, similar to the cross-section shown in Fig.
5, having a
baffle assembly 300' mounted on the faces 130b and 130g which has a greater
cut off angle, for
example 73 degrees, than in the baffle assemblies 300 described above in
connection with a
cutoff angle of 70 degrees. The baffle assemblies 300' provide for
illuminating areas at a greater
distance from the fixture. As can be seen in Fig. 10, the faces 130b and 130g
face the directions
in which a greater range of light is required to meet those specifications.
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CA 02659132 2009-03-19
[ 188] In the embodiment shown in Figs. 18-20C, the optical baffle assemblies
300' are
mounted to the emitter boards 109b andl09g which are mounted to the respective
sides 130b and
130g of the tower. The optical baffle assembly 300' includes a frame 302'
having upper and lower
mounting members 304', 306' and side members 308' interconnecting the ends
310', 312' of each
of the mounting members 304', 306' respectively. The upper and lower mounting
members 304',
306' have an apertures 314' therein for attaching the optical baffle assembly
300' to the emitter
boards 109b and 109g and the tower as shown in Figs. 8 and 18.
[ 189] The optical baffle assembly 300' also has a number of optical baffles
316'extending between the side members 308' as shown in Figs. 19A-19C. Each of
the optical
baffles 316' have an inner upper surface 318' extending from the upper inner
end 320' to an outer
upper surface 322'. The upper surfaces3 18', 322' join each other at the edge
321'. The outer
upper surface 322' terminates in an outer end 324'. Each of the optical
baffles 316' have a lower
surface 326' extending from the lower inner end 328' to the outer end 324'.
[ 190] A series of optical baffles 316a'-316f ` are provided on each optical
baffle
assembly 300' shown in Figs. 19A-19C. The distance between the lower inner end
328' of one
baffle, for example baffle 316b', is spaced from and positioned a distance
330' from the upper
inner end 320' of the optical baffle 316c' positioned immediately below
baffle316b' and defines
a baffle aperture 331' . It should be understood that the baffles 316a' - 316E
are similarly
positioned with respect to each other and are adjacent the baffles immediately
above and below
them respectively.
[ 191] Adjacent the lower mounting member 306' is a bottom baffle member 332'
which
has an upper surface 318' extending from the upper inner end 320' and
terminates in the lower
outer end 334'. The bottom baffle member 332' is positioned below the baffle
316E and is
positioned as described above in connection with baffle 316b' and baffle 316c'
and has a emitter
aperture 331' between the baffles 316E and 332'. The shape of the surfaces
318', 322', 326' are
configured to control the light emitted from the emitters 107 as will be
described below.
[ 192] The side members 308' are provided not only to support the baffles 316'
on their
ends 336', 338' but also to control the direction of the light emitted by the
emitters 107 in a
direction toward the side members 308'. The ends 336', 338' of the baffles
316' are formed
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CA 02659132 2009-03-19
integrally with the side members 308' so that the baffles 316' adjacent each
other are provided
with a aperture 331' in which the LEDs 107 on their respective emitter boards
are received. The
baffles 316' are positioned so that the upper inner end 320', outer end 324',
and lower inner end
324' are in substantially horizontal direction.
[ 193] Each of the side members 308' have a side reflective surface 340'
extending from
an inner end 342' to and outer end 344' as shown in Fig. 19A-19C. The side
reflective surfaces
340' of each of the side members 308' extend between each of the longitudinal
ends 336', 338' of
the baffles 316' on each end 336', 338' of the baffles. These vertical side
reflective surfaces 340'
are used to control the horizontal distribution of the light in such a way
that the amount of light
which is visible and measurable in the vertical direction above a degrees
above nadir is kept as
small as possible. This reduces the effects of light pollution due to stray
light above the cutoff
angle P. In the baffles 316' shown in Figs. 19A - 20, the angle a is shown as
73 . It should be
understood that it is within the contemplation of this invention that the
angle a may be at any
angle appropriate to achieve the horizontal lighting distribution desired.
[ 194] The inner end 342' of the surface 340' of the side members 308' is in
alignment
and coplanar with the upper inner end 320' and lower inner end 328' of the
baffles 316'. The
outer end 344 of the side members 308' are coplanar with the outer end 324' of
the baffles.
[ 195] The side reflective surfaces 340' of the baffles extend radially
outwardly from the
inner end 342' to the outer end 344' at an angle 346' dependent on the number
of sides of the
tower.
[ 196] Fig. 20A - 20C shows an emitter 107 positioned below a baffle 316b',
shown in
cross-section, and spaced in a position represented by the aperture 331' with
respect to the baffle
316'. The emitter 107 is centered on the horizontal centerline 333. The
emitter 107 emits light in
a direction generally outwardly and away from the LED with the majority of
light in a direction
directly away from the emitter. The direction of the light generally extends
at an angle 0, which
for the emitter described therein is equal to approximately 115 . The
distribution of the intensity
of the light emitted by the emitter is in general in the shape of a bell curve
with the greatest
intensity of light along the centerline 333' and in a direction directly away
from the emitter.
Outside of the area defined by (3, there is no significant light created by
the emitter.
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CA 02659132 2009-03-19
[ 197] The cut off angle a defines the angle which reduces disabling glare
from the
fixture. If light is allowed to be transmitted in, for example, a horizontal
direction, observers and
pedestrians can have their vision impaired which would create a hazardous
condition. It should
be understood that the term cut off angle as used in his application is the
angle from a vertical
line 350' passing through the center 335' of the light emitting diode and a
line 352' passing
through the center 335 of the light emitting diode and through the outer end
324 of the baffle.
The outer end 324' of the baffle restricts light from being transmitted above
the line 352', thus
minimizing disabling glare.
[ 198] In the illustrations of the present invention shown in Figs. 18 - 20C,
the baffle
outer end 324' and line 352' is positioned at an angle a which, as shown in
Figs. 20A - 20C is 73
degrees from a vertical line 350' passing through the light emitting diodel07.
[ 199] The baffle arrays 300' are mounted on the emitter board with each of
the
horizontal rows of the light emitting diodes 107 on their respective emitter
boards 109 (see Fig 2)
positioned in the apertures 331' between adjacent baffles of the baffle
assemblies 300'. The
spacing of the upper baffle to the lower baffle is important to ensure that
the light which strikes
the various radii of the baffles, does so at the proper angle so that the
reflected light leaves the
baffles at the appropriate angle as defined by the Zones shown in Figs. 20A -
20C.
[ 200] The baffles redirect the visible light output from the emitters to
provide the
highest level of horizontal surface illumination values on the ground as
possible, while also
maintaining as smooth a distribution over the illuminated area as possible.
[ 201) The distinct downward curve of the lower surface 326b' at the tip or
end 324b' of
the baffle profile is to achieve the desired cut-off angle a as described
herein. The upper surfaces
318b', 322b and a lower surface 326c' of the adjacent baffles 316b' and 316c'
are designed to
work in conjunction with each other (Figs. 20A - 20C). The light from the
emitter 107 above the
line 352' impinges on the lower surface 326b of the baffle (which is mounted
above the emitter).
The light above the line 352' is prevented from traveling upwards of the
cutoff angle a, and is
redirected downwards in Zone 1'. This means that light from the emitter above
the cutoff angle a,
is redirected downwards to illuminate the ground.
[202] The light directed toward the top surface318c' is the light directed
below a line
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
319' from the center 335' of the emitter through the edge 321c'. The light
from the emitter 107
below the line 319' impinges on the lower surface 318' of the baffle (which is
mounted below the
LED). The light below the line 319' is redirected downwardly and outwardly in
an arc in Zone 2'.
This means that light from the emitter that would be directed immediately
below the fixture is
directed outwards to illuminate the ground away from the pole.
[203] This combination of direct light from the emitters 107 in Zone 3', light
reflected
by the lower surface 318'in Zone 2', and light reflected from the upper
surface 326'in Zone 1',
provides an improved level of horizontal surface illumination values on the
ground as possible,
while also maintaining a relatively smooth light distribution over the
illuminated area.
[204] As shown in Fig. 20A, Zone 1' is composed primarily of light which is
reflected
off of the lower surface 326b' of the upper baffle 316b'. In one street
lighting design shown in
Figs. 20A - 20C, Zone 1' falls within the range of from between about 0
degrees to 53 degrees
above nadir. The lower surface 326b' is configured so that all of the light
reflected by it falls
within Zone 1', that is between lines 343' and 325'. The exact configuration
of the lower surface
326b' is designed to distribute the light across Zone 1' as desired to achieve
the desired lighting.
Since the light in Zone 1' is reflected light its intensity is not as great as
the light emitted directly
from the LED. The light in Zone 1' is used for lighting the area closest to
the luminaire.
[205] As shown in Fig. 20B, Zone 2' is composed primarily of light from the
LED
reflected off of the inner upper surface 318c' of the lower baffle 316c' and
between lines 319'
and 349'. In one street lighting design shown in Figs. 20A - 20C, Zone 2'
falls within the range of
from between about 45 degrees to 64 degrees above nadir. The inner upper
surface 318c' is
configured so that substantially all of the light reflected by it falls within
Zone 2'. The exact
configuration of the inner upper surface 318c'is designed to distribute the
light across Zone 2' as
desired to achieve the desired lighting. Since the light in Zone 2' is
reflected light, its intensity is
not as great as the light emitted directly from the emitter. The light in Zone
2' shown in Fig. 20B
is used for lighting a section of the horizontal plane further from the
luminaire that is
substantially intermediate Zone 1' and Zone 3'.
[206] As shown in Fig.20C, Zone 3' is composed primarily of light coming
directly from
the LED emitter 107 with no reflection, and is not redirected by the baffles
316'. In one street
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CA 02659132 2009-03-19
lighting design shown in Figs. 20A - 20C, Zone 3' falls within the range of
from between about
45 degrees to 73 degrees above nadir. The direct light in Zone 3' is cut off
by the edge 321 c' of
the lower baffle 316b' and the end 324b' of the upper baffle member and
radiates between lines
319' and 352'. Since the light in Zone 3' is direct and not reflected light,
its intensity is greater
than the reflected light in Zones 1' and 2'. The light in Zone 3' is used to
illuminate the area
furthest away from the lighting fixture. This greater intensity assists in the
distance the light in
Zone 3' is projected. The light in Zone 3 is used to light the horizontal
plane furthest from the
luminaire.
[ 207] The lower surface 326' of the baffle is reflective and is configured to
control the
light emitted from the LED 107 as described herein. As seen in Fig. 20A - 20C,
the lower surface
326' is formed by a compound radius Ri1'. The compound radius Ril' is
determined by a series of
points that reflect the light impinging on the lower surface 326' along a
desired distribution
pattern in Zone 1. The inner upper surface 318b' and3l8c' of the baffles 316b'
and 316c'are
formed by the compound radius Rol'. The compound radius Rol' is determined by
a series of
points that reflect the light impinging on the inner upper surface 318c' along
a desired
distribution pattern.
[ 208] The advantage of using the baffle assembly 300' is that the cutoff
angle a is
greater which allows light to be radiated in a greater direction then when a
smaller cut off angle
is used. As described above, this provides meeting various lighting
configurations as described
above.
[ 209] In outdoor lighting commercial applications, when using emitters, it is
desirable
for a number of emitters to appear as a single source of light. Accordingly
the distance between
the emitters in a vertical direction should preferably be as small as possible
while allowing for
heat dissipation and sufficient space to mount baffles above and below the
emitters. In a baffle
assembly with at least 3 baffles, each of the baffles have an emitter aperture
between adjacent
baffles. At least one emitter is positioned in each emitter aperture a
predetermined distance from
the emitter mounted in an adjacent emitter aperture. Each of the baffles have
a back surface 359'
adjacent the upper and lower inner end of the baffles. The distance between
the adjacent emitters
divided by the length "L" of the baffle is in a range of from between about
1.7 to about 0.75. By
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CA 02659132 2009-03-19
maintaining this design ratio, the desirable features are achieved.
[ 210] In order for the emitters to properly optically coact with baffles
vertically spaced
with respect to each other, the vertical spacing distance "y"of the emitters
has a relationship with
respect to the length "L" of the baffles. As seen in Figs. 19B, 20A - 20C, the
adjacent emitters
are spaced a distance "y" in a vertical direction. The length of the baffles
is a horizontal distance
"L" measured from a vertical line 350' passing through the back 359' of the
baffle to the outer
end 324' of the baffle measured along a line perpendicular to the line passing
thru the back of the
baffle. The upper inner end 320' and lower inner end 328 define the top and
the bottom of the
back surface 359'. When the baffles are assembled with the emitter board, the
back surface 359'
of the baffle is in contact with the outer surface 136' of the emitter board.
[ 211] While the length "L" of the baffle and the vertical distance spacing of
the emitters
"y" may vary, in order to achieve an effective cut off angle a and the optical
characteristics of
the present invention, the relationship between the vertical distance spacing
of the emitters "y"
and the length of the baffle "L" must be maintained. It has been found that a
ratio of "y"/"L"
from between about 1.7 to 0.75 provides the advantageous optical features of
the present
invention.
[ 212] Is also within the contemplation of this invention to provide
individual baffles 500
which provide a baffle assembly 502 mounted on the emitter board 109". As
shown in Fig. 21,
such an individual baffle 500 may be configured in the same manner as the
baffles 316 and 316'.
For ease of description, the baffle assembly 502 is numbered with the numerals
the same as used
in connection with the baffle assembly 300 and 300' to denote common similar
parts where
appropriate and followed by a double prime (") mark to denote the parts of
baffle assembly 500'.
For purposes of illustration only as to the versatility of the present
invention, another
configuration of a baffle of the present invention is described herein as an
alternative
embodiment which allows for reflection of the light impinging on the upper and
lower baffle
surfaces 504 and 506.
[ 213] One such individual baffle design is shown in Fig. 21 for describing
one method
of aligning and mounting individual baffles 500 to the emitter board 109" and
an alternative
design for reflecting light by the baffles. In order to align and mount the
baffles 500a and 500b
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CA 02659132 2009-03-19
on the emitter board, the emitter board 109" has an alignment aperture 508
therein for receiving
an alignment pin 510 on the back surface 512 of the baffle 500. When the back
surface 512 of
the baffle is positioned adjacent the outer surface 142" of the emitter board,
the alignment pin
510 is received by the alignment aperture 508 in the emitter board so that it
is properly
positioned, with respect to the emitter107". Across the length of the baffles
500a and 500b, there
is another alignment pin that is received in a complimentary aperture in the
circuit board as
described in connection with the aperture 508 and pin 510. An attachment
device 514, such as
adhesive, is provided between the back 512 of the baffle and the outer surface
142" of the emitter
board to secure the baffle to the emitter board. Accordingly, the baffles 500a
and 500b are
positioned and secured with respect the emitter 107" as described above.
[ 214] For purposes of illustrating an alternative design of the lower and
upper surfaces
504, 506, respectively of a baffle 500, the baffles 500a and 500b are shown in
Fig. 21 with the
emitter 107" mounted there between in a manner similar as described above in
connection with
Figs 1- 20C. The emitter shown in Fig. 21 emits light in substantially a bell
shaped curve at the
angle 3 as described above. The upper and lower surfaces 504, 506 of the
baffles 500a, 500b are
formed in compound curves to direct light from the emitter 107" into 3 Zones,
namely Zone P,
Zone 2" and Zone 3". The cutoff angle a is determined as described above and
is determined by
the position of the outer end 324" (324a" and 324b"). The upper surface 504
(504a and 504b)
extends from the lower inner end 328" (328a"and 328b") of the baffle to its
outer end 324"
(324a" and 324b"). The lower surface 506 extends from the from the upper inner
end 320"
(320a" and 320b") to the outer end 324" (324a" and 324b").
[ 215] The lower surface 506a is configured to reflect a portion of the light
from the
emitter between points 327" and 507 in a downward direction between the outer
ends 324a" and
324b"of the baffles in an area shown in Zone 1 ". Zone l" is the area closest
the luminaire as
described above and the light rays are schematically shown in Zone 1 ". The
balance of the light
impinging on the lower surface 506a, impinging on the upper surface between
point 507 and the
end 324a"is reflected to impinge on the upper surface 504b of the baffle 500b
and is then
reflected thereby into an area described as Zone 2". Zone 2" is described by
the light rays
schematically shown in Zone 2. This design of reflecting the light rays in
Zone 2" allows for a
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CA 02659132 2009-03-19
further throw of the light in that Zone a distance away from the fixture and
allows for improved
illumination at greater distances away from the fixture. The balance of the
light from the emitter
falls in Zone 3" and is not reflected by the baffles. Zone 1" defines an area
closest to the lighting
fixture. Zone 2" defines an area which is at least in part outwardly away from
said Zone 1" and
Zone 3" defines an area which is at least in part outwardly away from said
Zone 2". As can be
seen from the above, the surfaces of the baffle can be designed in a wide
variety of
configurations to achieve the desired lighting results.
[ 216] In outdoor lighting commercial applications, when using emitters, it is
desirable
for a number of emitters to appear as a single source of light. Accordingly
the distance between
the emitters in a vertical direction should preferably be as small as possible
while allowing for
heat dissipation and sufficient space to mount baffles above and below the
emitters. In a baffle
assembly with at least 3 baffles, each of the baffles have an emitter aperture
between adjacent
baffles. At least one emitter is positioned in each emitter aperture a
predetermined distance from
the emitter mounted in an adjacent emitter aperture. Each of the baffles have
a back surface 359'
adjacent the upper and lower inner end of the baffles. The distance between
the adjacent emitters
divided by the length "L" of the baffle is in a range of from between about
1.7 to about 0.75. By
maintaining this design ratio, the desirable features are achieved.
[ 217] In order for the emitters to properly optically coact with baffles
vertically spaced
with respect to each other, the vertical spacing distance "y"of the emitters
has a relationship with
respect to the length "L" of the baffles. As seen in Figs 19B, 20A - 20C, the
adjacent emitters are
spaced a distance "y" in a vertical direction. The length of the baffles is a
horizontal distance "L"
measured from a vertical line 350' passing through the back 359' of the baffle
to the outer end
324' of the baffle measured along a line perpendicular to the line passing
thru the back of the
baffle. The upper inner end 320' and lower inner end 328' define the top and
the bottom of the
back surface 359'. When the baffles are assembled with the emitter board, the
back surface 359'
of the baffle is in contact with the outer surface 136' of the emitter board.
[ 218] While the length "L" of the baffle and the vertical distance spacing of
the emitters
"y" may vary, in order to achieve an effective cut off angle a and the optical
characteristics of
the present invention, the relationship between the vertical distance spacing
of the emitters "y"
CA 02659132 2009-03-19
and the length of the baffle "L" must be maintained. It has been found that a
ratio of "y"/"L"
from between about 1.7 to 0.75 provides the advantageous optical features of
the present
invention.
[219] It should be understood that a wide variety of emitters have different
operating
characteristics that can be used in the present invention and the emitter
described herein is one of
such emitters that may be used with the present invention.
[ 220] The invention has been described with reference to the preferred and
alternate
embodiments. Modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading
and understanding
the specification. All modifications and alterations in so far as they are
within the scope of the
appended claims or equivalents thereof are intended to be included.
61
