MANY NEW EVOLUTIONS OF FUSION ENERGY AND RELATED ITEMS TO MAKE IT AND OTHER BY PRODUCTS AND/OR PROCESSES

NOMBREUX NOUVEAUX DEVELOPPEMENTS DANS L'ENERGIE DE FUSION, ET ELEMENTS CONNEXES DE REALISATION ET AUTRES SOUS-PRODUITS ET/OU PROCEDES

English Abstract

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Claims

1
Claims



Title: Many New Evolutions of Fusion Energy And Related Items to Make it And
other By
Products And/or Processes

Some of the materials (a more comprehensive list in the paragraph directly
below) we
plan to apply for their characteristics, ie. pyroelectric/ferroelectric
crystals
below... ceramics... rare earth... some of which in the paragraph below can be

interchangeable alternatives to any and all the materials mentioned in this
patent.

Some organic/inorganic molecules have resonant valence orbit electrons that
under the
proper UV space charge field photo excitation will allow polarized conduction
band
electrons polarons) to move freely for a short time (PZT is shown for
simplicity of
presentation but it is assumed all other organic/inorganic high-k dielectric
sol-gels,
polymer, ceramic, metals, rare earth manganites and crystalline multiferroic -
ferroelectric molecular materials , i.e., lithium niobate , lithium tantalate,
PLZT, PZTN,
BST, SBT, LBS, VO2, KTP KTaO3 RTP, GeTe, BaSr2/FeMoO6KNb03, SrRuO3
SrRuO7, BaTi03, BaMgF4, PbTiO3, PbTiO4, LiNbO2, BBO, LBO, LiNbO3, Fe doped
LiNbO3,SrTiO3, SrRuO3, SrCuO2, SBN, KNSBN, BGO, BSO, LiCoPO4, Li103, LiTaO3,
LSMO, BiMnO3 (BMO), LaSrMn, LuFe2O4, CdCr2S4, TbMn2O5, GdMnO3, TbMnO3
PMN-PT, Bi2TeO5, BiFeO3 (BFO),PbZrO3, Pb5Ge3O11, PbZrTiO3, BaSrTiO3,
LaMnO3, LaBaMnO3, LaCaMnO3, LaBiMnO3, CaMnO3, CaSiO3, CeMnO3, MgSiO3,
YMnO3, LaGaSiO, LGS, Ge2Sb2Te5, InAgSbTe, TbMnO3, KDP, KDP,KD*P, CCTO,
CdCTO, ADP, SASD, LAP, BBT, BBN, BBT1, ABMO, ABTO, Urea, POM, TGS, ORE
Minerals, ferroetectric polymer "polyvinylidene fluoride" (PVDF), PMMA, lead
germanate
like lead telluride PbTe and lead selenide PbSe, CdZnTe (Zinc Cadmium
Telluride), Zinc
Oxide, ZnO4-Bromo-4'-Methoxyacetophenone Azine, alexandrite, chalcogenide ,
antimony telluride ( Sb2Te3 ) and many other III-V, II-VI, IV-VI, transistion
metal and
ceramic semiconductor materials.

All of the below heating and cooling pipes and thermocouples (could be made of
one
end) beryllium and/or beryllium copper (where non-magnetic and/or electric
production
properties are required), especially the piping coils and/or thin flat pipes
emersed where
the inside of the pipes is for hot fluid while the outside (or the other way
around) for
cooling (ie. condensate of fresh water) and/or managing for over heated spots.

Beryllium and/or beryllium copper also iron and/or iron copper could also be
used as
electrodes.

Titanium, zirconium, nickel, tungsten, nickel-tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum,
niobium,
beryllium alloys, palladium, platinum, cerium oxide, rhodium, carbon supported
tin
dioxide nano particles could also be used as catalysts.

All the materials above can be used for as electrodes... ie. the plasma arc
torch, or to
direct pyroelectric electric voltage and/or thermocouple electric voltage and
also to run a
direct electric voltage for energy... the electric voltages can also be used
to strip
electrons from atoms, and repel and or attract using electricity converted to


2
Also if there molten metal is made as an extra use of the heat the electrodes
can (in the
case of molten metal) be used by sinking the electrodes into the molten metal
causing
the molten metal reservoir to be entire electrodes in themselves.

Re: Fusion Reactor (Improvements on Torodial and Tokamak and Stellarator
systems),
we are the first not only to combine any and all of the techniques and methods
below but
many of the methods and techniques below are new.

Re: The First New Addition to the old/original Torodial and Tokamak and
Stellarator
system is to start the gas clouds of the fuel see below " Re: fuels"

We will try to excite and increase the collisions between fuel particles by
Quantum
Entanglement. If the experiment works one cloud (in one chamber) of particles
will only
need to be excited (or at least one chamber at a time perhaps alternating and
simultaneously - to escalate each other by mirroring each other's changed
states) and
all the other clouds will follow suit to a, more excited state (hopefully
saving energy).
Because After entanglement the cloud particles can be separated into two or
more
chambers. There are many ways to entangle clouds with any and/or all and/or
combination of:
1. Laser and/or Light (FEL and/or EB) of any type - testing varying
intensities and
strengths and coverage (spread relative to plasma density and size of
container).
Also we are experimenting with pulse guiding with preformed channels; pulse
front steepening using thin foils; compensate the accelerated particle
dephasing
in the so-called unlimited acceleration scheme and particle injection into the
pulse wakefield. Also Free Electron Laser (FEL) can be used when coherent
radiation for its characteristic of intense monochromatic radiation is
desirable.
Alternatively the Inverse Free Electron Laser (IFEL) can be used to accelerate
charged particles at high gradient. Mirrors can line the chambers of the
plasma
fuel such that the lasers/electrons or other beams and/or photon source are
recycled (bounced back into the interior of the chamber(s). Furthermore we are
testing various laser/electrons/photons beam intensities and width coverage as
well a channeled through one or mores series of convex versus concave
lenses... (ie. the first pulse breaksdown spark in the gas, the excited hot
plasma
forms a channel that guides the second laser pulse into the channel (this
format
can be used to ignite the gas in the centre of the Torodial system whereby the
gas is channeled through the centre (depth hole of the doughnut bottleneck for
maximum coverage of the fuel by the accelerator). We could use the
characteristics of the Plasma Beat Wave Accelerator (good for quantum
teleportation) - to create a plasma wave that is resonant and has high
uniformity
that can produce large amplitude waves. In contrast the Laser Wakefield
Accelerator (LWFA) characteristics can be used in short laser pulse form with
frequency higher than the plasma fuel's own frequency, such that the wake of
plasma oscillations are excited a phenomenon observed in ponderomotive
forces. In order to increase wave amplitude we could use multiple pulses and
varying time interval from pulse to pulse. Self-Modulated Laser Wakefield
Accelerator (combination of Raman Forward Scattering - RFS and LWFA). As
well we could use ion beams and solid-state glass laser.
2. Large Pyroelectric Crystal runs a voltage possibly with electrodes (at
least
enough to excite) also ferro/piezo and/or thermocouple where one end is
emersed in cold water and the other end is emersed in the fuel chambers to
warm the fuel as well as all of which run a voltage possibly with electrodes
(at


3
least enough to excite) - heated by arrays of mirrors to save money - such
that it
can ignite a plasma arc torch.
3. One time laying down heavy weight to save money is uses hydraulic/pneumatic
support and is lifted only rarely for maintenance. Possibly with a large
piston (air
tight that presses into the chamber further compressing the furnace/chambers'
interior space) that in addition to the pressure from above, the pistons
explodes
shoving the piston unit into the already pressured chamber increasing the
pressure exponentially and instantly thus creating a form of Fast Ignition.
Both
increase density.
4. Radio Frequency.
5. Ultra Violet.
6. Microwaves.
7. Large Array of Large Mirrors.
8. X-rays.
9. Electrostatic fields.
10. Two counter-propagating beams (pump and probe) that drive a plasma wave
that backscatters the pump, amplifying the probe.

We are using quantum entangling the various fuels... then dividing these fuels
and
mixing them with additional quantities of fuels and quantum entangling these
together as
well (and so on)... and then we convert the original or at the earliest and
latest or
inbetween batches into excited states (like igniting a flame and/or tipping a
domino) and
Bell-State Measurement to convert all (other) entangled batches into the
excited state.
Possibly even exciting to the point of hot plasma.

This Quantum Teleportation step is proposed to save energy (ie. excite one
cloud of gas
and the others follow), since magnetic forces interfere to breakdown quantum
entanglement... we could do this step first before the magnetic confinement is
turned on.
Furthermore we could use Fast Ignition in half millisecond to violently ignite
the fuel if
the entanglement is unstable.

Re: New Design on the Magnetic Confinement

First we propose a larger magnetic confinement ring such that the plasma is
more
diluted (therefore more magnetic power per plasma action - spread over larger
area
while the magnetic ring is has not only increased size but increased power per
space)
for more stable management of the (ie. no hot spots overheating) plasma
fusion... We
could use infrared monitoring to examine and manage via control of magnets via
remote
control and/or with help of algorithm/Artificial Intelligence to tweak in real
time the power
and which magnets (their size and power flexibility) to match overheating and
also
beginning to extinguishments.

In our new invention the whereby the existing magnetic rings direct the plasma
to
encasing it; in this invention we add a casing around the magnetic confinement
device.
The outer walls have layers of magnets that consequitively push via repelling
the plasma
upwards and then domed above to direct the plasma to the centre whereby the
centre of
the dome has a sink that repels the plasma into the centre of the magnetic
confinement


4
chamber. This system will reduce hot spots whereby the regular magnetic
confinement
is system is deficient. Additionally the repelling action further excites the
plasma
molecules. And the surrounding magnetic field further confines the heat from
escaping.
As well slight level of magnet power can be maintained throughout the encasing
structure to further confine (smoothly) preventing the energy from escaping.

At the centre top, sticking down can be a tungsten needle (as electrodes),
with (possibly
molten metal under the furnace core, containers that are part of the opposite
electrode -
perhaps employing pyroelectric crystals) ... The electrodes create a plasma
arc torch
flame that burns through the centre (the concentrated narrow region of the
fuel
particles/plasma flow) of the magnetic confinement device such that we take
advantage
of the bottleneck to maximize exposure of the arc to the concentrated flow of
the fuel
particles/plasma...

With at least one chamber under pressure (in fact we could stack the tanks
with the
weight pressure on the very top, so all the chambers are compressed at the
same time).
If

Re: Pyroelectric Crystal Encasing

We could (generate electricity by) also surround the system with pyroelectric
and/or
piezoelectric as well as ferroelectric materials.... thermocoupling, (whereby
one end is
wrapped around the furnace to cool while the other end can be heated by
exposure to
mirrors such that the wrapping end should cool the furnace... and produce
electricity as
an additional product) any and all such reactive material.

To manage the temperature of the system we could spray the pyroelectric
crystals with
cold sea water, thus causing the temperature to change and causing the
pyroelectric
crystals to produce direct electricity. We could try any and all heat to
electricity
technologies.

Artificial pyroelectric materials include gallium nitride (GaN), caesium
nitrate (CsNO3),
polyvinyl fluorides, phenylpyrazine, and cobalt phthalocyanine. The most
common are
Lithium tantalite (LiTao3) and Lithium niobate (LN) and BaTio3 and crystals .

Also on an aside, crystals can be grown for any and all uses from art works
and
ornamental and decorative purposes. As well as any and uses of changing
temperatures converted to electricity.

Large crystals are grown under high-temperature melts and fluxes by
Czochralski,
Brigeman-Stockbarger, Kuropulos, TSSG as well as low temperature aqueous and
organic solutions.

We also are using thermocoupling to regulate hot and/or cold any and all
processes by
moving the hot and cold in to cool and/or heat exposure to regulate any and or
all hot or
cold thing, when the system/process is more optimum by changing its
temperature and
creating an electric voltage as an additional product.




5



Re: Heat Uses

As well as gasification, molten smelting, waste disposal, gas turbine, steam
turbine... we
could use aneutronic fusion to cause rare crystals and pump a crystal to emit
400 nm
light that can be (for any and all and/or combination of) converted into solar
cell
electricity or even to heat gas/water, or salt water into fresh sterilized
water... photonic
power.

400 nm light can also be converted into power. Photoreceptors (from the
retina) can be
attached to muscle cells. Light (photons) causes the photoreceptors to produce

photochemicals protein that causes the cells to contract. Without light the
photoreceptors produce a relaxant-protein

Re: Accelerator New Replacement of Fast Ignition for Fusion Power

We could ignite every time the furnace begins extinguishing using an
accelerator, to
guarantee it will work we get two opposing very large pyroelectric crystals
(with array of
mirrors and magnifying glass(es) to direct the sunlight to heat the
pyroelectric crystals),
with strong electric field which rips the electrons off the fuel (ie.
deuterium gas), and
accelerates them into a deuterium target on one of the crystals.

A system using pyroelectric crystals and/or thermocouple , conductive silver
epoxy in a
vacuum chamber with a heat sink can be used to produce electrons for use with
radioactive materials to increase rate of decay and resulting production of He
(Helium)
fuel.

Series of magnifying (neodymium) glasses to expand intense laser (ie. Free
Electron
Laser and Electron Beam Laser... )

We could increase the density and collisions between fuels by using a huge
weight that
uses hydraulics to lower it onto the fusion reaction chamber at which time it
remains
there as long as the fusion plasma is burning.. .the only time we foresee
lifting the
weights is for maintenance, therefore little energy is used due to the low
frequency of
lifting the weights.

We could also re-ignite in short intervals the deuterium, tritium in very
close intervals,
whereby a plasma arc torch is used to ignite the fuel, the torch flame/fuel
itself can be
made of Argon and Helium.

Otherways to directly excite the fuel particles in to the point of self
propagation:

1. Laser and/or Light (FEL and/or EB) of any type - testing varying
intensities and
strengths and coverage (spread relative to plasma density and size of
container).
Also we are experimenting with pulse guiding with preformed channels; pulse
front steepening using thin foils; compensate the accelerated particle
dephasing
in the so-called unlimited acceleration scheme and particle injection into the

pulse wakefield. Also Free Electron Laser (FEL) can be used when coherent
radiation for its characteristic of intense monochromatic radiation is
desirable.
Alternatively the Inverse Free Electron Laser (IFEL) can be used to accelerate

charged particles at high gradient. Mirrors can line the chambers of the
plasma
fuel such that the lasers/electrons or other beams and/or photon source are




6



recycled (bounced back into the interior of the chamber(s). Furthermore we are
testing various laser/electrons/photons beam intensities and width coverage as

well a channeled through one or mores series of convex versus concave
lenses... (ie. the first pulse breaksdown spark in the gas, the excited hot
plasma
forms a channel that guides the second laser pulse into the channel (this
format
can be used to ignite the gas in the centre of the Torodial system whereby the

gas is channeled through the centre (depth hole of the doughnut bottleneck for

maximum coverage of the fuel by the accelerator). We could use the
characteristics of the Plasma Beat Wave Accelerator (good for quantum
teleportation) - to create a plasma wave that is resonant and has high
uniformity
that can produce large amplitude waves. In contrast the Laser Wakefield
Accelerator (LWFA) characteristics can be used in short laser pulse form with
frequency higher than the plasma fuel's own frequency, such that the wake of
plasma oscillations are excited a phenomenon observed in ponderomotive
forces. In order to increase wave amplitude we could use multiple pulses and
varying time interval from pulse to pulse. Self-Modulated Laser Wakefield
Accelerator (combination of Raman Forward Scattering - RFS and LWFA). As
well we could use ion beams and solid-state glass laser.
2. Large Pyroelectric Crystal (with and/or without) also ferro/piezo and/or
thermocouple where one end is emersed in cold water and the other end is
emersed in the fuel chambers to warm the fuel as well as all of which run a
voltage possibly with electrodes (at least enough to excite) - heated by
arrays of
mirrors to save money - such that it can ignite a plasma arc torch.
3. One time laying down heavy weight to save money is uses hydraulic/pneumatic

support and is lifted only rarely for maintenance. Possibly with a large
piston (air
tight that presses into the chamber further compressing the furnace/chambers'
interior space) that in addition to the pressure from above, the pistons
explodes
shoving the piston unit into the already pressured chamber increasing the
pressure exponentially and instantly thus creating a form of Fast Ignition.
Both
increase density.
4. Radio Frequency.
5. Ultra Violet.
6. Microwaves.
7. Large Array of Large Mirrors.
8. I propose a Fast Ignition that is mad from aluminium cheaper than gold, and
if
thin enough and welded to break up properly could also take away the need for
the plastic casing.
9. X-rays.
10. Electrostatic fields.
11. Two counter-propagating beams (pump and probe) that drive a plasma wave
that backscatters the pump, amplifying the probe.

Once the heat is self propagating, we can stick multiple ceramic exhaust pipe
probably
diagonally out from the furnace out and upwards, to steam coal, burn
garbage/sewage ... for gas and/or steam (with extra fresh - disinfected water
product)
turbines...
Pyroelectric fusion was successfully done in April 2005 by a team at UCLA. A
pyroelectric crystal was heated from -34 to 7°C (-30 to 45°F),
with a tungsten needle
they produced an electric field that ionized and accelerated deuterium nuclei
into an
erbium deuteride target.




7



Re: Fusion Reactor Fuels

Fuels and their breakdown of elements of reactions are below:
These Material are taken from Wikipedia...

First generation fusion fuel

Deuterium H2 and tritium H3 equations are below.
2H +3H .fwdarw.n (14.07 MeV) +4 He (3.52 MeV)
2H + 2H .fwdarw.n (2.45 MeV) +3 He (0.82 MeV)
2H +2H .fwdarw.p (3.02 MeV) +3 H (1.01 MeV)
Second generation fusion fuel

Need higher confinement temperatures and/or longer confinement time. The fuels
are
deuterium and helium three.

2H +3He .fwdarw.p (14.68 MeV) +4He (3.67 MeV)
Third generation fusion fuel

Aneutronic fusion (pryoelectric crystal(s) powered by solar array of mirrors
and/or
in a mirrored chamber to recycle the sunlight series of magnifying lens) to
ignite
volatile fuel ie. plasma fuel-torch to burn garbage for and electricity
produced as
the garbage heats and cools... )

3He + 3He .fwdarw.2p + 4He (12.86 MeV)

Another potential aneutronic fusion reaction is the proton-boron reaction:
p + 11B .fwdarw. 34He

It has been suggested with some additions by me for the applications of
Hydrogen-
Boron fusion.

Aneutronic fusion Hydrogen-Boron fusion (400 nm laser), less than 1% total
energy is
carried by neutrons, emits charged particles that can be directly converted
into
light/electricity (via rare earth crystals). 400 nm laser that is pumped by
neutronic fusion
(or the energy from the charged particles from the aneutronic fusion converted
into
microwaves (ie. via rare earth crystals) first and then used to pump the 400
nm laser) at
(a remote Battery Power Plant that stores the electricity for Utility
Companies - added
by Gerad Voon), the gigalaser pumps smaller lasers to each house. Telephone
and
cable television and internet (communications as well as power supply)...
(perhaps using
Mr. Martin Gijs' Borosilicate as heat tolerant medium (ie. fiber optics) to
provide passage
of the laser, the fiber optic cable could be lined with reflective material,
to prevent light
energy loss.




8



Re: Lithium to Produce Tritium Steps Reactions Include:

63Li + n .fwdarw. 42He ( 2.05 MeV ) + 31T ( 2.75 MeV )
73Li + n .fwdarw. 42He + 31T + N

105B + n .fwdarw. 2 42He + 31T
32He + n .fwdarw. 1H + 31T

Found and harvested from mineral springs.

Other uses include lithium ion batteries and psychiatrictic drugs.

It is produced by electrolytic mixture of fused lithium and potassium
chloride.
Re: Molybdenum and/or Beryllium

Both materials can endure extreme temperatures without significantly expanding
or
softening makes it useful in applications that involve intense heat, including
the
manufacture of aircraft parts, electrical contacts, industrial motors, and
filaments (ie.
plasm arc torch). Molybdenum can also be used in alloys because it is
corrosion
resistant and weldability. Most high-strength steel alloys are .25% to 8%
molybdenum.
Both may be used in alloying agent each year in stainless steels, tool steels,
cast irons,
and high-temperature superalloys.

Because of its lower density and more stable price, molybdenum can replace
tungsten
as a filament for plasma arc torch. olybdenum can be implemented both as an
alloying
agent and as a flame-resistant coating for other metals.

Molybdenum 99 can be used parent radioisotope to the radioisotope Technetium-
99.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is used as a lubricant and an agent. It forms
strong films on
metallic surfaces, and is highly resistant to both extreme temperatures and
high pressure,
and for this reason, it is a common additive to engine motor oil; in case of a
catastrophic
failure, the thin layer of molybdenum prevents metal-on-metal contact.
Possibly used to




9



lubricate any moving parts (ie. the hydraulic fluid that lifts the pressure
weight in my
Fusion Reactor).

Re: Fuel Source Technologies

We are using a nickel and/or Nitric Acid or Nitrogen Oxide, Platinum/Rhodium
catalyst.
Cobalt Oxide Catalyst (palladium and/or platinum and/or aluminium and/or any
and all
reactive catalyst) catalyst to with methane (CH4) and steam to steam reform to
produce
the highest yield of Hydrogen.

One way to produce Hydrogen is to use laser light to cause electron and
electrons the
fuse and form hydrogen atoms. This occurs as the laser causes the electron
orbit in a
higher energy state temporarily then slip back into a lower orbit and produces
hydrogen
in cases where the change to lower orbit emits a photon. The window of
opportunity is
short so hydrogen atoms are rarely created this way in nature, unless a laser
is used
(we need to work on optimal beam intensity)...

Hydrogen Production: electrolysis (electrodes: cathodes, anodes) of (sea water
for
abundant supply) water - changing currents to break hydrogen from water (then
remove
the oxygen and other easy to combine impurities) and recombining the hydrogen
(ie.
laying on pressure for long periods of time and use mirrors to heat for high
temperatures
or simply run a reverse voltage through with a possible platinum catalyst to
form
deutritium (H2); tritium (H3), thermo-catalytic reformation of hydrogen-rich
organic
compounds, pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, and biological processes,
fermentation
of micro organisms, membrane, algae to hydrogen, plankton energy, sol-gel
catalyst,
solar to hydrogen, mirrors to distil ie. 6Lithium and/or 7Lithium (ie. from
sea water)
feasible production of hydrogen and isotopes and other fuel productions...
Microorganisms Production of Hydrogen (also micro organisms can be used to
breakdown plastic and shredded tires to convert into fuel)...

To find the best most productive and durable and easy to grow micro organisms
we can
go to landfills/garbage dumps/sewage/compost/manure piles, and find the area
where
much methane is made (productive is defined as volume of methane produced over

time) ...Try to determine if these features are genetic and or the optimal
conditions (in
terms of any and all conditions/factors ie. type of medium/food; temperature;
PH; DH;
entrainment factors)...

Hydrogen (H2) can be produced by water splitting by harnessing natural
processes, ie.
photosynthetic organisms such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtil and cyanobacteria
use
their enzymes (hydrogenases in their chloroplasts to turn water to produce
H2).

Nitrogenase is known to catalyze the reaction to produce hydrogen:
N2 + 16ATP *e- + 10H+ = 2NH4+ + 16 ADP + 16Pi + H2

Bacteriass currently under study include Rhodoseudomonas palustris,
Rhodobacter
sphaeroides, Rhodocyclus gelatinosus, R. capsulatus, Rhodospirillum rubrum, E.
coli,
Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum, T. thermosaccharolyticum. also
mutants such that the entire metabolism is dedicated to hydrogenase without
the
nitrogen fixation...




10



Firstly add sugar, sugar can be sourced from maple syrup, honey, beet, rotten
fruit
treated with ethylene, and of course sugar cane, and in dry countries
dates/figs that over
rype.

We could use any and all genetically and metabolic and environmental
adjustments any
and all ways to enhance the performance by ease to raise/breed, non-demanding
conditions and economical ways to productively and efficiently produce
(additives
factors, adjustment to genes and environmental cyclical entrainment and and
temporary
stress shock to cause them to cause them to reproduce) ... equipment costs
(ie.
bioreactors) ease to handle and expenses.

We could create hybrids with better advantages... (GP 0.5%)

Enzymes include hydrogenase, nitrogenase (ie. E. coli, Samonella,
Rhosdospirillium
rubrum as well mutants of R. Palustris, R. Sphaeroides, R. Capsulatus, R.
Gelatinosus,
...), - purple nonsulfur anerobic bacteria ... As well as Carbon Monoxide
other Carbon
sources for biological reactions include acetate, malate, glucose, yeast
extract and
ammonium.

Bacterial production depending on the bacteria (and strain) involve certain
processes for
converting:

CO + H20 = H2 + CO2

These production processes include bio-photolysis, indirect bio-photolysis,
photo-
fermentation and dark-fermentation.

The side effect of production of CO2 can be used to produce algae for bio
fuel.

(ON and aside related patent) Micro organisms for effective degradation of
plastics can
be found in landfills/garbage dumps, where plastics have been degraded by
micro
organisms, (then isolate and raise/breed).

The same can be done by testing for areas of the dump for (specifically for
relatively
higher level of H2) H2 and CO2 production found via sensors (both
photosynthetic and
dark-fermentation - ie underneath the upper sun exposed layers of garbage) for

colonies of bacteria. We could even mix the garbage dump with H20 and acetate,

malate, glucose, yeast extract and ammonium...where suspected micro organisms
collected from the garbage dump wanted characteristics (explained above) we
could test
in a air tight (regulated) environment CO + H2O to test each batches'
effectiveness
at production of H2 + CO2...
CH4 methane to hydrogen




11

Regulator of conditions used in aquarium industry ie. agitation, PH, lighting,
bubbling of
CO gas.

CO gas and hydrogen can be the by product of Plasma NASA CEA2 program

H1 protium using platinum in an reverse voltage could possibly be used to
create higher
hydrogen isotopes ie. H2 and/or H3 and/or H4... gasification of coal, waste to
energy
gasification, steam reforming of natural gas to generate hydrogen.

D-D, Deuterium (one proton and one neutron aka. protium); D-T(Tritrium),
Hydrogen-
Boron; He3-He3; p-11B

Re: Gerard Voon's Novel Patent Designs For Fusion Reactors

Previous Technology to Date and Research is Summarized below, these
technologies do not involve large pyroelectric crystals, even filling and
entire
chamber with pyroelectric crystals, both of which are heated by intense array
of
mirrors surrounding the crystals as well as the fuel chambers and thermo
coupling and one time pressure weights and pistons (explosions) and/or
Quantum Teleportation, all of which and/or mix accelerators with fuel
ignition,
and/or plasma arc torch also to ignite the fuel - all maximally combined to
lower
costs (cheapest) way to excite the plasma fuel ...As well we have the larger
donut (magnetive confinement so the magnet is stronger relative to thinner
fuel
particles) design with an outer (domed/sink) consecutive series of magnets
that
repulse the fuel particles into faster more excited states creating more
collisions
and fusion and also preventing loss from straying fuel particles). Also new is
the
use of aluminum that is either made thin enough and/or breakable welds such
that; 1.
replaces the outer plastic casing and 2. the gold inside lining; when
heat/laser is applied
it causes the fuel pellet (the pellet can be made dense by using helium
cryogenics)
within to explode against the aluminum casing until enough pressure is built
up from
within to break the outer aluminum casing and send a resonant shock wave into
the fuel
furnace chamber every few intervals (ie. Fs), one of the advantages is the
materials are
cheaper with this design.

Re: Existing State Of Technology for Fusion Reactions

The LAPD research group led by Walter Gekelman and James Maggs, has had an
exceptional year in the Basic Plasma Science Facility (BAPSF). A comprehensive
site
review in June 2005 resulted in a renewal of funding with a forty percent
increase.
BAPSF) provides plasma scientists with a unique leading edge device, the Large

Plasma Device (LAPD). Plasma problems spanning a broad range of spectral,
spatial,
and temporal scales are studied. The LAPD's design provides for experiments
not
possible in small scale linear devices or impracticable in large fusion
facilities. The only
national user facility of its kind, 50% of the LAPD's run-time was utilized by
visiting
scientists. The LAPD local group has a number of research projects being
undertaken
by the research staff, faculty and graduate students (Brett Jacobs, Andrew
Colette,
Eric Lawrence, and Chris Cooper, Bart Van Compernolle). Graduate student Bart
Van Compernolle's doctoral thesis involves an experiment in which an intense
microwave pulse (1000kW, 2.5 ps, 9 Ghz0 was propagated across the magnetic
field in




12

the LAPD device. The thesis consists of a detailed experimental study of the
wave
generation in both the X and O mode cases, as well as a theoretical study. All
research
as well as all work done by the LAPD group and outside users can be accessed
at the
BAPSF website http://www.plasma.physics.ucia.edu/bapsf. Gekelman together,
with
senior scientists from Novellus were awarded a Cal MICRO grant worth $100,000.
The
funds will be used to set up a lab and fund a graduate student geared
specifically to
advancing the science of low density, low temperature, and RF plasmas used in
this
field. The Novellus Corporation, a large company that manufactures the tools
used in
making semiconductors and computer chips, donated to the lab a plasma
processing
tool valued at over one million dollars.
The Computer Simulations of Plasma Group under the leadership of Warren B.
Mori,
Jean-Noel Leboeuf, Viktor Decyk, and Phil Pritchett continues to do pioneering
work
in high-performance computing of complex plasma phenomena. The group includes
four
junior researchers and seven PhD students. Research is focused on the use of
fully
parallelized particle based simulation models to study magnetically confined
plasmas,
laser and beam plasma interactions, space plasmas, Alfvenic plasmas, and high-
energy
density science. The group has developed and maintains over six separate state-
of-the-
art simulation codes including OSIRIS, UPIC, UCAN, Summit Framework, Recon3d,
QPIC, and QuickPIC. Recent highlights include using the gyrokinetic particle-
in-cell
(PIC) codes UCAN and Summit to validate several critical concepts in magnetic
fusion
by thorough comparisons with DIII-D (a tokamak at General Atomics)
experiments. The
group has been conducting research to determine the feasibility of an energy
doubler or
so called "afterburner" for an existing or future linear collider. They have
also been
carrying out full-scale simulations of experiments being conducted at the
Stanford Linear
Accelerator (SLAC) in collaboration with Stanford, UCLA, and USC. These
simulations
use OSIRIS and QuickPIC and they support the experimental observations of 3
GeV
energy gain in only a few centimeters. Other topics being studied by the
simulation
group are the feasibility of the fast ignition fusion concept as well as laser-
plasma
interactions relevant to the National Ignition Facility. They are also
carrying out PIC
simulations of how Petawatt lasers couple to nearly solid density plasmas as
well as
how lasers are used to compress the fuel. Much of the simulations are done on
the
group's DAWSON Cluster.

The magnetic field of Alfven waves which result in a high power microwave
experiment.
The resonance location is indicated by the yellow line.
An electron beam moving from right to left blows plasma electrons out creating
a
wakefield that accelerates a trailing beam of electrons. These results are
from a
QuickPIC simulation that was run on the Dawson cluster.
12004-05 Department of Physics and Astronomy
of dielectric materials under extreme electric fields (GV/m) to understand
their
applicability to advanced accelerators. Cutting edge collaborative experiments
in high
brightness beams and free-electron lasers, under continuing Department of
Energy, and
new NSF support, are now beginning at both Stanford and Frascati (Italy). And,
the
installation of a new computing cluster at PBPL is enabling simulations of the

revolutionary LCLS x-ray FEL originally proposed by Pellegrini and now under
construction at SLAC.
With the completion of PAB, the PBPL was able to occupy a new office suite on
the third
floor of Knudsen Hall, thus providing critical mass for the group. They are
also happy to
announce that Gil Travish, formerly a senior developmental scientist, has
obtained a
permanent position as a associate researcher.




13

The Basic Plasma Research group led by Reiner Stenzel and J. Manuel Urrutia,
with
funding from the National Science Foundation, has conducted research that has
led to
the discovery of whistler waves with wave magnetic fields exceeding the
background
magnetic field. Such extremely large waves create magnetic null points which
should
prevent the wave to propagate. Instead, the null points move with the wave
packet at the
whistler speed. The field topology is that of a three-dimensional vortex
(Hills vortex or
spheromak). Strong electron heating is observed in these waves, which
propagate
slower than the electron thermal velocity. The group has received a new
research
contract from the U.S.Air Force on the interaction of whistler waves with
energetic
electrons, studying nonlinear wave-particle interactions. With magnetic
antennas we
have already succeeded to inject 40kW of whistler wave energy into our
laboratory
plasma and observed significant electron scattering.
Aerogel - "liquid smoke" - a solid with the density of gas is being prepared
for use as
an electron beam diagnostic. A green laser is passing through one corner to
measure
the index of refraction. The blue glow is caused by the camera flash.
In 2005, Andrea Ghez, Alexander Kusenko, and Chetan Nayak were elected
general members of the Aspen Center for Physics (ACP) for the standard term of

five years.
Snapshot of the field properties of "whistler spheromaks" at a time when the
coil current
produces a magnetic field opposite the ambient field. (a) Magnetic field
component Bz(0,
y, z) showing field-reversal regions near z - ~15 cm from the coil. (b) Vector
field
(By,Bz) showing the field topology projected into the y-z plane. The coil is
located at z
0, the spheromaks are at z - ~5 cm.

20.

o This method of fusion has been known for at least a decade. But the
energy efficiency is so low that it's just not a candidate for power
generation. Like the article says, this is primarily targetted as a neutron
source. It might be able to be scaled above the break even point, but not
without some pretty innovative features.

The basic of it is you get a copper plate, attach it to a special crystal,
heat
it with a tungsten filament, and immerse it in deuterium gas. The heated
crystal strips electrons from the deuterium gas, and the ions are
accelerated towards an erbium-deuterium target.

I imagine most of your energy is lost as waste heat. And while this is cold
fusion, this is not room temperature fusion. Cold fusion is any fusion that
is not heat-pressure catalyzed. While heating is involved here, the energy
from the heat pressure is not directly used to bring deuterium nuclei
together...
.circle. Parent Their setup: The 'crystal' mentioned in the mainstream
articles, is
a z-cut lithium tantalate crystal (LiTaO3), with the negative axis facing
outward onto a hollow copper block. A tiny tungsten probe (80 microns
long and 100 nm wide) is then attached to the other crystal face. This
probe acts as a tiny mast for the electric field so that there is a powerful
electrical field at the tip of the probe. Then there were a bunch of fancy
neutron-counters and single-photon counters bundled around it.




14

What they did: First they added deuterium gas (at 0.7 Pa) and then
cooled the crystal down using liquid nitrogen (to 240 K). Then they used a
little heater to increase the chamber temperature slowly.

What happened: Less than 3 minutes later, and still below 273 K (0
degrees Celcius), the neutron signal rose above the background level.
There were x-rays coming from the probe tip, and a whole bunch of
neutrons. After a few more minutes, the electric field was so strong that it
caused arcing between the probe tip and the enclosure (because they
kept heatingthe crystal, and the field thus kept getting stronger). The
arcing stopped the process (and I'd guess it damages the crystal?).
They added a few links in the article to previous papers: a pdf [ucla.edu]
describing the concept they are trying to harness, another pdf
[binghamton.edu] with more about how they use the crystals with the
deuterium gas, and a brief abstract [inel.gov].

MUONS
An in-situ tritium-deuterium gas-purification system has been constructed to
produce a
high-purity D-T target gas for muon catalyzed fusion experiments at the RIKEN-
RAL
Muon Facility. At the experiment site, the system enables us to purify the D-T
target gas
by removing 3He component, to adjust the D/T gas mixing ratio and to measure
the
hydrogen isotope components. The system is specially designed to handle the D-
T gas
with a negative pressure, and the maximum tritium inventory of 56 TBq (1500
Cl) is
operated. The employed combination of a palladium filter and a cryotrap has
demonstrated as an efficient device to purify hydrogen gas with a negative
pressure. We
have completed a series of muon catalyzed d-t fusion experiments at various
tritium
concentrations, including an experiment with a non-equilibrium D2-T2 target
condition.
The muon catalyzed t-t fusion process has also been studied using the tritium
gas
supplied free of 3 He by the system.

The material of the plasma facing components (PFC) have to withstand extremely
large
thermal loads, up to 10 MW/m2. This heat flux could be tolerated without
melting if the
distance from the front surface to the coolant (testing the cold side of large
materials of
thermocoupling where the other end is heated by array of intense solar mirrors
causing
the PFC to be cooler and/or cold sea water (we want a cheap renewable source
of
cooling to make the fusion reactor economically feasible). A low-Z
material,(ie. graphite
and/or beryllium could be used (see the list of materials in the first 2 (two)
paragraphs of
this patent invention), or a high-Z material, such as tungsten and/or
molybdenum. Use of
liquid metals (lithium, gallium, tin... again see the list on materials in the
first 2 (two)
paragraphs of this patent invention above).

Re: Other Supplemental Parts That We are Studying For Fusion Reactors




15

Quantum Entanglement ie. heat or excite (to manipulate economically via self
propagating reactions), including hot electrons, ions gas fuel into plasma
state.

Initially we could heat, excite and voltage (platinum catalyst), plasma arc,
via mirrors for
the fuel (ie. D-D, D-T 3He and/or Proton - Boron... ) direct heat and
pyroelectric
crystal(s) (large or multiple crystals - inside the initial chamber itself
and/or focused the
sunlight into the chamber via one large or multi large acceleration system one
such
theory attracts the fuel into a centre where the heated pyroelectric crystals'
magnetic
field (electrode) strip the electrons from the fuel and creating it into a
charged state that
is repelled away. Under pressure and mixing to entangle as much of the fuel
material as
possible.

We could use the direct sunlight and mirrors (on the surrounding grounds), and
pass it
through a lens (ie. sapphire) Al2O3, that magnified or widened (made
compatible to size
of pyroelectric crystal, piezoelectric, ferroelectric... ).

Then we separate the fuel materials. By exciting one part of the material and
then doing
a bell-state measurement, we will convert the other separated reservoir of
entangled fuel
material into the newly excited state; so we might use less energy to apply to
both or
multiple separated reservoirs or via BSM.

There is a possible limit to this part of the invention, the question is, can
the BSM occur
where plasma is super hot temperatures,

Re: Fuel Production

Re: Steam is injected into syngas collected as by product of plasma flames, to
generate
hydrogen-rich gas. Also oxygen and steam can be added to clean the
garbage/waste
... Other fuels include Argon and Helium...we need to optimize the spread of
plasma
density, plasma temperature, and pressure...

The plasma heat (as well as mirrors and magnifying lens) is used to slag
metals, sodium
disulfite, HCL, ethanol, electricity and water.

Sources syngas that contain methane below (taken from as I understand a
government
website) include:

Sources and Emissions

.cndot. Where does methane come from?
.cndot. Human-related sources
.cndot. Natural sources

Where does methane come from?

Methane is emitted from a variety of both human-related (anthropogenic) and
natural
sources. Human-related activities include fossil fuel production, animal
husbandry
(enteric fermentation in livestock and manure management), rice cultivation,
biomass
burning, and waste management. These activities release significant quantities
of




16

methane to the atmosphere. It is estimated that 60% of global methane
emissions are
related to human-related activities (IPCC, 2001c). Natural sources of methane
include
wetlands, gas hydrates, permafrost, termites, oceans, freshwater bodies, non-
wetland
soils, and other sources such as wildfires.

Methane emission levels from a source can vary significantly from one country
or region
to another, depending on many factors such as climate, industrial and
agricultural
production characteristics, energy types and usage, and waste management
practices.
For example, temperature and moisture have a significant effect on the
anaerobic
digestion process, which is one of the key biological processes that cause
methane
emissions in both human-related and natural sources. Also, the implementation
of
technologies to capture and utilize methane from sources such as landfills,
coal mines,
and manure management systems affects the emission levels from these sources.
Emission inventories are prepared to determine the contribution from different
sources.
The following sections present information from inventories of U.S. man-made
sources
and natural sources of methane globally. For information on international
methane
emissions from man-made sources, visit the International Analyses Web site.
Human-related Sources

In the United States, the largest methane emissions come from the
decomposition of
wastes in landfills, ruminant digestion and manure management associated with
domestic livestock, natural gas and oil systems, and coal mining. Table 1
shows the
level of emissions from individual sources for the years 1990 and 1997 to
2003.
Table 1 U.S. Methane Emissions by Source (TgCO2 Equivalents)

Image




17
Image

Source: US Emissions Inventory 2005: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
and Sinks: 1990-2003

The principal human-related sources of methane are described below. For each
source,
a link is provided to the report entitled "US Emissions Inventory 2006:
Inventory of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2004," prepared by EPA, which
provides
detailed information on the characterization and quantity of national
emissions from
each source. This report, hereafter referred to as the "U.S. inventory
report", provides
the latest descriptions and emissions associated with each source category and
is part
of the United States' official submittal to the United Nations Framework
Convention on
Climate Change. The U.S. inventory report also describes the procedures used
to
quantify national emissions, as well as a description of trends in emissions
since 1990.
Also, for those sources where EPA has established voluntary programs for
reducing
methane emissions, a link to those program sites is
provided.
Landfills. Landfills are the largest human-related source of
methane in the U.S., accounting for 34% of all methane
emissions. Methane is generated in landfills and open
dumps as waste decomposes under anaerobic (without
oxygen) conditions. The amount of methane created
depends on the quantity and moisture content of the waste
and the design and management practices at the site. The
U.S. inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions
from landfills
and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Waste").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions from
landfills. This program, known as the Landfill Methane Outreach Program
(LMOP),
works with companies, utilities, and communities to encourage the use of
landfill gas for
energy.




18

Natural gas and petroleum systems.
Methane is the primary component of natural
gas. Methane losses occur during the
production, processing, storage, transmission,
and distribution of natural gas. Because gas is often found
in conjunction with oil, the production, refinement,
transportation, and storage of crude oil is also a source of
methane emissions. The U.S. inventory report provides a
detailed description on methane emissions from natural
gas and petroleum systems and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled

"Energy").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions in
the
natural gas industry. This program, known as the Natural Gas STAR Pro-gram
(Gas
STAR) is a voluntary partnership between EPA and the natural gas and oil
industries to
reduce emissions of methane from the production, transmission, and
distribution of
natural gas.

Coal mining. Methane trapped in coal deposits and in the
surrounding strata is released during normal mining
operations in both underground and surface mines. In
addition, handling of the coal after mining results in
methane emissions. The U.S. inventory report provides a
detailed description on methane emissions from coal
mining and how they are estimated (see the Chapter
entitled "Energy").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions in
the coal
mining industry. This program, known as the Coalbed Methane Outreach Program
(CMOP) helps the coal industry identify the technologies, markets, and finance
sources
to profitably use or sell the methane that coal mines would otherwise vent to
the
atmosphere.

Livestock enteric fermentation. Among domesticated livestock, ruminant animals

(cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels) produce significant amounts of
methane as
part of their normal digestive processes. In the rumen, or large fore-stomach,
of these
animals, microbial fermentation converts feed into products that can be
digested and
utilized by the animal. This microbial fermentation process, referred to as
enteric
fermentation, produces methane as a by-product, which can be exhaled by the
animal.
Methane is also produced in smaller quantities by the digestive processes of
other
animals, including humans, but emissions from these sources are insignificant.
The U.S.
inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from
livestock
enteric fermentation and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled
"Agriculture").
EPA has studied options for reducing methane emissions from enteric
fermentation and
has developed resources and tools to assist in estimating emissions and
evaluating
mitigation options. For more information, please visit the Ruminant Livestock
site.




19

Livestock manure management. Methane is produced during the anaerobic
(i.e., without oxygen) decomposition of organic material in livestock manure
management systems. Liquid manure management systems, such as lagoons and
holding tanks, can cause significant methane production and these systems are
commonly used at larger swine and dairy operations. Manure deposited on fields
and
pastures, or otherwise handled in a dry form, produces insignificant amounts
of
methane. The U.S. inventory report provides a detailed description on methane
emissions from livestock manure management and how they are estimated (see the

Chapter entitled "Agriculture").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions in
the
livestock industry. This program, known as the AgSTAR Program, encourages
adoption
of anaerobic digestion technologies that recover and combust biogas (methane)
for odor
control or as an on-farm energy resource.

Wastewater treatment. Wastewater from domestic
(municipal sewage) and industrial sources is treated to
remove soluble organic matter, suspended solids,
pathogenic organisms, and chemical contaminants. These
treatment processes can produce methane emissions if
organic constituents in the wastewater are treated
anaerobically (i.e., without oxygen) and if the methane
produced is released to the atmosphere. In addition, the
sludge produced from some treatment processes may be further biodegraded under

anaerobic conditions, resulting in methane emissions. These emissions can be
avoided,
however, by treating the wastewater and the associated sludge under aerobic
conditions
or by capturing methane released under anaerobic conditions. The U.S.
inventory report
provides a detailed description on methane emissions from wastewater treatment
and
how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled
"Waste").

Rice cultivation. Methane is produced during flooded
rice cultivation by the anaerobic (without oxygen)
decomposition of organic matter in the soil. Flooded
soils are ideal environments for methane production
because of their high levels of organic substrates,
oxygen-depleted conditions, and moisture. The level of
emissions varies with soil conditions and production
practices as well as climate. Several cultivation practices
have shown promise for reducing methane emissions from rice cultivation. The
U.S.
inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from
rice
cultivation and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled
"Agriculture").
Natural Sources

Emissions from natural sources are largely determined by environmental
variables such
as temperature and precipitation. Although much uncertainty remains as to the
actual
contributions of these natural sources, available information indicates that
global
methane emissions from natural sources are around 190 Tg per year. The figure
below




20

shows the relative contribution of different natural sources to global
atmospheric
methane emissions.

Image
Source: Prepared from data contained in IPCC, 2001c

Wetlands. Natural wetlands are responsible for approximately 76% of global
methane
emissions from natural sources, accounting for about 145 Tg of methane per
year.
Wetlands provide a habitat conducive to methane-producing (methanogenic)
bacteria
that produce methane during the decomposition of organic material. These
bacteria
require environments with no oxygen and abundant organic matter, both of which
are
present in wetland conditions.

Termites. Global emissions of termites are estimated to be about 20 Tg per
year, and
account for approximately 11 % of the global methane emissions from natural
sources.
Methane is produced in termites as part of their normal digestive process, and
the
amount generated varies among different species. Ultimately, emissions from
termites
depend largely on the population of these insects, which can also vary
significantly
among different regions of the world.

Oceans. Oceans are estimated to be responsible for about 8% of the global
methane
emissions from natural sources, accounting for approximately 15 Tg of methane.
The
source of methane from oceans is not entirely clear, but two identified
sources include
the anaerobic digestion in marine zooplankton and fish, and also from
methanogenisis in
sediments and drainage areas along coastal regions.

Hydrates. Global emissions from methane hydrates is estimated to be around 10
Tg of
methane per year, accounting for approximately 5% of the global methane
emissions
from natural sources. Methane hydrates are solid deposits composed of cages of
water
molecules that contain molecules of methane. The solids can be found deep
underground in polar regions and in ocean sediments of the outer continental
margin
throughout the world. Methane can be released from the hydrates with changes
in
temperature, pressure, salt concentrations, and other factors. Overall, the
amount of
methane stored in these hydrates globally is estimated to be very large with
the potential
for large releases of methane if there are significant breakdowns in the
stability of the
deposits. Because of this large potential for emissions, there is much ongoing
scientific




21

research related to analyzing and predicting how changes in the ocean
environment
affect the stability of hydrates.

Surround the industrial plasma flame/torch with pyroelectric crystal(s) to
convert excess
heat into electricity (hooked to live wires) to save in power plant batteries
(for self usage
such as aluminium industry) or sold to a utility grid.

Sewage use settlement reservoir drain the top liquid and use mirrors to boil
the
remaining sludge until dry, with vapour channeled into a turbine for energy.

Re: Nitrogen + Syngas Additionally:

Nitrogen + Syngas include processes for ammonia - as well as urea, nitric acid
and
ammonium nitrate, and methanol, but in addition will now also provide a fuller
view of
the diverse range of technology options available to developers of natural gas-
based
chemicals and gas to liquids and methanol to olefins and the hydrogen needed
for
fusion reactions and/or fuel cell batteries...

Re: Helium Production; since fuel has many advantages for fuel reactors above
invention...

To Speed up uranium and any and all other radioactive decay (speed up) to
produce
He3 and He4 by exposure to free electrons (ie. multi layers of the medium
containing
the Uranium - to turn the uranium embedded host substance - of the footprint
of the
uranium layout) surround and including underneath the footprint including
depth
(perhaps three or more layers of concrete walls sandwiched by lead)... adding
a recipe
of heat (cheap from mirrors) and/or pressure (cheap from applying large
weights that
(can be lightened - and lifted - by hydraulics/pneumatics), (which are cheap
since they
always work simply by using gravity press down the weight above over as long
as
needed with out any added costs (or input fuels)... (As well we might use Free
Electron
Lasers and/or Electron Beam Lasers). Any and all sources of electrons
including those
mentioned in this patent (ie. pyroelectric crystals whose magnetic field tear
off electrons
emissions), can be used in the Helium production process). If the deposit of
Uranium is
large enough, harvesting of Helium could possibly serve as a semi-renewable
resource.
Our Enrichment include any and all methods 1. centrifuges, 2. silver-zinc
membrane, 3.
molecular laser isotope and/or 4. liquid thermal diffusion.

(The below is some facts regarding Nuclear Fuels taken off the internet
radioisotopes
that might be used to interact with electrons produce fuel ie. He; Helium).

Industrial Radioisotopes
Naturally occurring radioisotopes:

Chlorine-36: Used to measure sources of chloride and the age of water (up to 2
million
years)

Carbon-14: Used to measure the age of water (up to 50,000 years)




22

Tritium (H-3): Used to measure 'young' groundwater (up to 30 years)

Lead-210: Used to date layers of sand and soil up to 80 years
Artificially produced radioisotopes:

Americium-241:
Used in backscatter gauges, smoke detectors, fill height detectors and in
measuring ash
content of coal.

Caesium-137:
Used for radiotracer technique for identification of sources of soil erosion
and deposition,
in density and fill height level switches.

Silver-110m, Cobalt-60, Lanthanum-140, Scandium-46, Gold-198:
Used together in blast furnaces to determine resident times and to quantify
yields to
measure the furnace performance.

Cobalt-60:
Used for gamma sterilisation, industrial radiography, density and fill height
switches.
Gold-198 & Technetium-99m:
Used to study sewage and liquid waste movements, as well as tracing factory
waste
causing ocean pollution, and to trace sand movement in river beds and ocean
floors.
Strontium-90, Krypton-85, Thallium-204:
Used for industrial gauging.
Zinc-65 & Manganese-54:
Used to predict the behaviour of heavy metal components in effluents from
mining waste
water.

Iridium-192, Gold-198 & Chromium-57:
Used to label sand to study coastal erosion
Ytterbium-169, Iridium-192 & Selenium-75:
Used in gamma radiography and non-destructive testing.
Tritiated Water:
Used as a tracer to study sewage and liquid wastes.
What Are Radioisotopes?

Many of the chemical elements have a number of isotopes. The isotopes of an
element
have the same number of protons in their atoms (atomic number) but different
masses
due to different numbers of neutrons. In an atom in the neutral state, the
number of
external electrons also equals the atomic number. These electrons determine
the
chemistry of the atom. The atomic mass is the sum of the protons and neutrons.
There
are 82 stable elements and about 275 stable isotopes of these elements.




23

When a combination of neutrons and protons, which does not already exist in
nature, is
produced artificially, the atom will be unstable and is called a radioactive
isotope or
radioisotope. There are also a number of unstable natural isotopes arising
from the
decay of primordial uranium and thorium. Overall there are some 1800
radioisotopes.
At present there are up to 200 radioisotopes used on a regular basis, and most
must be
produced artificially.

Radioisotopes can be manufactured in several ways. The most common is by
neutron
activation in a nuclear reactor. This involves the capture of a neutron by the
nucleus of
an atom resulting in an excess of neutrons (neutron rich).

Some radioisotopes are manufactured in a cyclotron in which protons are
introduced to
the nucleus resulting in a deficiency of neutrons (proton rich).

The nucleus of a radioisotope usually becomes stable by emitting an alpha
and/or beta
particle. These particles may be accompanied by the emission of energy in the
form of
electromagnetic radiation known as gamma rays. This process is known as
radioactive
decay.

Radioisotopes have very useful properties: radioactive emissions are easily
detected
and can be tracked until they disappear leaving no trace. Alpha, beta and
gamma
radiation, like x-rays, can penetrate seemingly solid objects, but are
gradually absorbed
by them. The extent of penetration depends upon several factors including the
energy of
the radiation, the mass of the particle and the density of the solid. These
properties lead
to many applications for radioisotopes in the scientific, medical, forensic
and industrial
fields.

We can use the below techniques to concentrate the Uranium... The below is
taken
from the Internet.

Uranium ore is mined in several ways: by open pit, underground, in-situ
leaching, and
borehole mining. Low-grade uranium ore typically contains 0.1 to 0.25% of
actual
uranium oxides, so extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal
from its
ore. High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan, Canada
can
contain up to 70% uranium oxides, and therefore must be diluted with waste
rock prior to
milling, in order to reduce radiation exposure to workers. Uranium ore is
crushed and
rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an acid or alkali.
The leachate
is then subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent
extraction, and
ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called yellowcake, contains at least 75%
uranium
oxides. Yellowcake is then calcined to remove impurities from the milling
process prior
to refining and conversion.

Commercial-grade uranium can be produced through the reduction of uranium
halides
with alkali or alkaline earth metals. Uranium metal can also be made through
electrolysis
of KU5 or UF4, dissolved in a molten calcium chloride (CaCl2) and sodium
chloride
(NaCl) solution.Very pure uranium can be produced through the thermal
decomposition
of uranium halides on a hot filament.
Oxides




24

Calcined uranium yellowcake as produced in many large mills contains a
distribution of
uranium oxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least
oxidized.
Particles with short residence times in a calciner will generally be less
oxidized than
particles that have long retention times or are recovered in the stack
scrubber. While
uranium content is referred to for U3O8 content, to do so is inaccurate and
dates to the
days of the Manhattan project when U3O8 was used as an analytical chemistry
reporting standard.

Phase relationships in the uranium-oxygen system are highly complex. The most
important oxidation states of uranium are uranium(IV) and uranium(VI), and
their two
corresponding oxides are, respectively, uranium dioxide (UO2) and uranium
trioxide
(UO3). Other uranium oxides such as uranium monoxide (UO), diuranium pentoxide

(U2O5), and uranium peroxide (UO4.cndot.2H2O) are also known to exist.

The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octaoxide (U3O8) and the

aforementioned UO2. Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in
water and
are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions.
Triuranium
octaoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and
is the
form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which
uranium is
most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel. At ambient temperatures, UO2
will
gradually convert to U3O8. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are
generally
considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.

Aqueous chemistry

Ions that represent the four different oxidation states of uranium are soluble
and
therefore can be studied in aqueous solutions. They are: U3+ (red), U4+
(green), U02+
(unstable), and UO22+ (yellow).[48] A few solid and semi-metallic compounds
such as
UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions
are known
to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water
and are
therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO22+ ion represents the
uranium(VI)
state and is known to form compounds such as the carbonate, chloride and
sulfate.
UO22+ also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most
commonly
encountered of which is uranyl acetate.
Carbonates
The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix
diagram to
change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing

solution. It is interesting to note that while the vast majority of carbonates
are insoluble
in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of
alkali metals
are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This
is due to the
fact that a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more
carbonates
to form anionic complexes.
The effect of pH
The uranium fraction diagrams in the presence of carbonate illustrate this
further: it may
be seen that when the pH of a uranium(VI) solution is increased that the
uranium is
converted to a hydrated uranium oxide hydroxide and then at high pHs to an
anionic
hydroxide complex.

On addition of carbonate to the system the uranium is converted to a series of
carbonate
complexes when the pH is increased, one important overall effect of these
reactions is
to increase the solubility of the uranium in the range pH 6 to 8. This is
important when




25

considering the long term stability of used uranium dioxide nuclear fuels.

Hydrides, carbides and nitrides
Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts
with hydrogen to form
uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen.
This
property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create
reactive
uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide
compounds.
Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an a form that is obtained
at low
temperatures and a .beta. form that is created when the formation temperature
is above 250
°C.

Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic
compounds
that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air
to form U3O8.
Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC2),
and
diuranium tricarbide (U2C3). Both UC and UC2 are formed by adding carbon to
molten
uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures.
Stable
below 1800 °C, U2C3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC
and UC2 to
mechanical stress. Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal
to nitrogen
include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN2), and diuranium
trinitride
(U2N3).

Halides
All uranium fluorides are created using uranium tetrafluoride (UF4); UF4
itself is
prepared by hydrofluorination of uranium dioxide. Reduction of UF4 with
hydrogen at
1000 °C produces uranium trifluoride (UF3). Under the right conditions
of temperature
and pressure, the reaction of solid UF4 with gaseous uranium hexafluoride
(UF6) can
form the intermediate fluorides of U2F9, U4F17, and UF5.

At room temperatures, UF6 has a high vapor pressure, making it useful in the
gaseous
diffusion process to separate highly valuable uranium-235 from the far more
common
uranium-238 isotope. This compound can be prepared from uranium dioxide and
uranium hydride by the following process:

UO2 + 4HF + heat (500 °C) .fwdarw. UF4 + 2H2O
UF4 + F2 + heat (350 °C).fwdarw. UF6

The resulting UF6 white solid is highly reactive (by fluorination), easily
sublimes
(emitting a nearly perfect gas vapor), and is the most volatile compound of
uranium
known to exist.

One method of preparing uranium tetrachloride (UC14) is to directly combine
chlorine
with either uranium metal or uranium hydride. The reduction of UC14 by
hydrogen
produces uranium trichloride (UCI3) while the higher chlorides of uranium are
prepared
by reaction with additional chlorine. All uranium chlorides react with water
and air.
Bromides and iodides of uranium are formed by direct reaction of,
respectively, bromine
and iodine with uranium or by adding UH3 to those element's acids. Known
examples
include: UBr3, UBr4, U13, and U14. Uranium oxyhalides are water-soluble and
include
UO2F2, UOCl2, UO2Cl2, and UO2Br2. Stability of the oxyhalides decrease as the
atomic weight of the component halide increases.




26

Enrichment
Enrichment of uranium ore through isotope separation to concentrate the
fissionable
uranium-235 is needed for use in nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants
with
the exception of gas cooled reactors and pressurised heavy water reactors. A
majority of
neutrons released by a fissioning atom of uranium-235 must impact other
uranium-235
atoms to sustain the nuclear chain reaction needed for these applications. The

concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called
a'critical
mass.'

To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction has to be increased to
significantly greater than its concentration in naturally occurring uranium.
Enriched
uranium typically has a uranium-235 concentration of between 3 and 5%. The
process
produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a

correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or
'DU'. To
be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration has to have
been
decreased to significantly less than its natural concentration. Typically the
amount of
uranium-235 left in depleted uranium is 0.2% to 0.3%. As the price of uranium
has risen
since 2001, some enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235
are
being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of these depleted
uranium
hexafluoride stores above $130 per kilogram in July, 2007 from just $5 in
2001.

Re: We are experimenting with creating our own fuels.

COAL is made plants in swamps that were buried in sediments - we could use
these
inputs and apply heat (from large mirror array and magnifying glass(es)) and
single
movement weights that (only lifted once that when the process is finished -
using
hydraulics/pneumatics), otherwise the weights require no energy since it is in
place as a
dead weight on top of the production chamber.

OIL is made from algae - we could use these inputs and apply heat (from large
mirror
array and magnifying glass(es)) and single movement weights that (only lifted
once that
when the process is finished - using hydraulics/pneumatics), otherwise the
weights
require no energy since it is in place as a dead weight on top of the
production chamber.
NATURAL GAS is made from plants and animals that decompose at higher
temperatures and probably higher pressure - we could use these inputs and
apply heat
(from large mirror array and magnifying glass(es)) and single movement weights
that
(only lifted once that when the process is finished - using
hydraulics/pneumatics),
otherwise the weights require no energy since it is in place as a dead weight
on top of
the production chamber.

Additionally we could compress and heat restaurant waste, manure, sewage
perhaps
compost (including sugar, starch, cellulose and carbohydrates and other
organic
materials... ), possibly decaying the organic materials (with best strain
(fastest acting and
processing - since processing time is the bottleneck in this part of the
invention)) with
micro organisms, similar to decaying material found on the sediments on the
bottom
bodies of water. We could mix this organic material with micro organism and
algae rich
places in the world where the starter material for Coal/Oil and/or Natural Gas
is believed
to have the same inputs (use places where sediment has not become the fully
formed
Coal/Oil and/or Natural Gas), mix with our organic waste and use our large
array of sun




27

mirrors to evaporate then apply pressure (only need power to lift the press
weight once,
when the process is done), and further heat with large mirrors array (possibly
with a
series of magnifying glasses.

We are also cleaning tailings ponds from Oil/Tar Sands using Bird feathers
since we all
know that the bitumen sticks to the feathers.

Syngas (ie. from steam and coal), products Hydrogen and/or Methane (which can
be
further processed into hydrogen isotopes) can be used for fuel in the Fusion
Reactor
and/or H2 can be converted into methane and/or methanol and/or diesel and/or
ammonia...

Re: Alternate energy generation invention/technology that has similarities to
the Fusion
Reactor.

The entire system can be air tight with intake for oxygen if needed for
combustion, and
air tight for gasification and outtake for effluent/smoke stack (which is
converted to
green/clean syngas) by the final process when we can't extract any more worth
from the
heat then we blow it through pipe that is equipped with plasma arc torch that
burns away
much of the poisonous gasses, but the flame is small enough to conserve energy
the
exhaust has a opening that can open wider or narrower depending on the
pressure from
the gas and/or steam and the optimum pressure requirements for the turbines.

1. Near the bottom is a bed for coal (and/or discarded shredded tires and/or
mix
coal and/or discarded shredded tires); under the coal bed are several plasma
arc
torches so when there is not enough sun and/or the garbage is hard to burn and

/or the coal bed needs to be re-ignited, the plasma arc torch can be turned on
at
different places and different power controls.
2. There also needs to be a mechanical device (ie. remote controlled possibly
equipped with infrared robot appendages) to stoke the burn and spread of burn
of the coal bed.
3. Above the coal bed is a grill.
4. Garbage/dry solid sewage, discarded shredded tires... any and all waste
(even
many contaminated wastes can be handled in this process) can be placed on the
grill.
5. The entire system is surrounded with arrays of mirrors. The higher the
parts
necessary for heat the more mirrors that can be trained on the these parts
(ie.
closer mirrors train up wards since they are closer while further out mirrors
are
trained down wards (magnifying glass maybe used to increase intensity and
heat.
6. The mirrors can be trained on the garbage level or if more heat is needed
used
to ignite the coal.
7. Where garbage is less combustible, coal can be stoked to burn under the
incombustible garbage or mirrors can be trained and/or added to aim the
sunlight
(with magnifying glass) at the incombustible garbage.
8. The system can work 24 hours a day when at night and there is no sunlight
coal
can be used to fuel the system.




28

9. The idea is to convert the heat of the (different designs are applicable)
ie. the
inner boiler is the exhaust from the mirrors to coal and/or garbage which
escapes
through pipe that turns a gas turbine and an outer boiler
surrounding/encapsulating the inner boiler to harness the heat to boil salt
water
to steam and the steam harnessed using steam turbine.
10. Furthermore we can add there are several steps to get the maximum yield
from
the system i. thermocoupling such that the hot end is wrapped around heated
areas of the system - that create a voltage that can stored in power plat
batteries
or the electricity can be fed to the utility grid (ie. the boilers and heated
pipes)
and the cool end is wrapped around the condensating pipes to cool for clean
freshwater... ; pyroelectric crystals maybe used to turn the changing heat
from
the system into electricity ie. heat absorbing and heat tolerant solar
panels/cells;
any and all heat to electricity technologies can be used), the saltwater
boiler can
also use ethanol/bitumen/petroleum any and all fuels (which after cooling can
be
recycled and reused.
11. Additional step is to use coal (and the part of the steam produced by this
system)
for steam reforming (gasification) (H2O + Coal + O2 = H2 + CO + CO2 + CH4 +
water vapour) since gasification is uses a lot of energy we can save money by
using the mirrors and the coal bed and the garbage (in fact we may not even
use
the bed of coals if the mirrors are hot enough (ie with magnifying by
capturing
wide spread sunlight and focusing/concentrating the sun light on to a smaller
more intense spot) to produce the heat. In such an alternate case, coal is
strictly
used for input into the steam reforming (gasification process) ... saving
money on
coal.
12. The heat from this system can also be used in Molten metal smelters...
13. Other products of gasification include: Ammonia, Ethanol, Fischer-Tropsch
fuels,(diesel), Hydrogen, Methanol, Methyl Acetate, SNG, Urea and Urea
ammonium nitrate.

SYNGAS:
Hydrogen (H2) + Nitrogen (N2) = Ammonia (NH3)

Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H2) = Diesel (C18H38)
Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H2) = Methanol (CH3OH)

Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H2) = Methane (CH4) + Water (H2O)
1. The CO2 from the above process can be used in green houses.
2. The green houses are framed with material (membrane) that lets only O2 pass

through in one direction and CO2 through the other direction.
3. Additionally to max the respiration effect the gasses in the greenhouses at

(sunrise have the gasses - CO2 drawn out and O2 pumped in).
4. At sunset the gasses - O2 is drawn out and CO2 is pumped in (ie. the CO2
from
the above industrial and energy generation processes)...




29

The process above that produces Ammonia (NH3), Urea and Urea ammonium nitrate,
can be harvested for micro algae (bio fuels), and any and all plants
cultivations.
Re: Use of CO2 by product of the above Processes

1. We could grow algae with an air in the container (ie. in the plastic and/or
vat
holding the algae), the liquid is agitated, such that the (ie bags are
spun/massaged/manipulated), vats can be stirred like a water wheel bringing
the
liquid to splash into the sir... With addition of CO2 and (O2 if necessary),
depending on photosynthesis time. The vapour gas is extracted and replaced
from CO2 to O2 just before sun rise and sun set.
2. Additionally proper timing of CO2 and O2 can be aerated into the liquid.
And the
(CO2/O2) membrane can be further used which can be surrounded a further
enclosure with concentrated CO2 in the day and O2 in the night.

Another addition to this patent is to use Ultra Violet to sterilize urine
and/or manure
before applying as fertilizer, we could even invent our own brand of
fertilizer whereby we
mix urine with (sewage) with Bokashi (EM), and other micro organisms together
with
sugar (for the micro organisms to use their enzymes) especially the Bokashi
that is
known for odourless composting, to treat the urine...then before the urine (or
the liquid
upper part of sewage), are treated with Ultra Violet light and/or (high end
includes
furanone, chitin and/or micro algae extract)... and bottled like fish
fertilizer.

In micro organisms and algae nitrogen and hydrogen catalysts help produce H2
fusion
reactor fuel (GP 0.5%)

Microorganisms with an oxygen-producing photosynthesis that have a hydrogen
metabolism are cyanobacteria and green algae. Naturally the micro organisms
thrive on
maltose/sucrose and erythrose (we can extract from beet, sugar cane, maple
syrup,
honey, molasses)... carbohydrates are used as acceptor molecules for ammonium.

The microorganisms produce reduced hydrogen (good for fusion reactor fuel) via
the
nitrogen to ammonia fixation process involving the use of enzymes
(specifically
hydrogenases):

1. NiFe Hydrogenase.
2. Fe Hydrogenase.
3. Molybdenum Nitrogenase (Monitrogenase).
4. Nitrogenase molybdenum-iron (MoFe) protein.
5. Dinitrogebnase.
6. glutomate dehydrogenase.
7. glutamine synthethase.
8. glutamate synthethase.

Of which catalyze the reversible (some bi-directional) reduction from protons
to
molecular hydrogen as follows:

2H + 2e- = H2




30


By combining nitrogen fixation with hydrogenase the hydrogen production can be
substantially increased.

Therefore we could artificially synthesize or harvest these enzymes from the
micro
organisms and algae mix with hydrogen and supply with electrons, even pass a
voltage
(any and all sources - see above), and try to artificially produce H2.

We could so isolate the genes that cause the production of the enzymes and
create
plasmid and place it in E. coli bacteria and cultivate.

We are continuing to search and developing for other more effective enzymes...
The
trick seems to be to speed up metabolism of nutrients and photosynthesis to
produce
more hydrogen. Genetically engineering cells that have eliminated anything
that
impedes the process of hydrogen production. We can put probes in landfills and

garbage dumps to sense for concentrations of hydrogen (even probes underground

level - for micro organisms that don't require sun light) where there might be
colonies of
micro organisms that are very effective at producing hydrogen (perhaps even
from
breaking down plastic)...

Another source is hyperthermophilic archaea ie. those found in North Sea,
Alaska and
Siberia one example is Desulfurcoccus fermentans (known to produce hydrogen)
be
injected into non-cellulose eating archaeons (whose own nucleus have been
removed)
and also the cellulose eating organism genes could be micro injected into E.
coli and/or
micro algae... Also fungi genes.

We are also considering using a version of modified leghaemoglobin to use for
human
blood haemoglobin.

We are also using any and all mutation methods and techniques on fungi to
cultivate a
fungi that produces antibiotic compounds that are effective against antibiotic
resistant
diseases.

For cultivation of plants, we are trying to grow a plant artificially without
the root system
by creating a substrate of plant hormones such as auxin and gibberellin... and
to avoid
rot, chitin/furanone/micro algae extract, as well as pressure possibly by
wrapping a
balloon opening ring snugly around and further secured by a fit to job
elastic/rubber
band and then applying pressure so the maltose/sucrose and erythrose (we can
extract
from beet, sugar cane, maple syrup, honey, molasses, dates, fruits that are
rotting sped
up by ethylene) - we could use mirrors to boil down/evaporate down and
concentrate
the sugars (mirrors provide free heat)... substrate can be absorbed up into
the
stem/trunk during/mimicing the cycles of day/night requirements of the plant's
daily
cycles

(We might try Jellyfish poison for inflammatory type diseases and perhaps in
small
amounts to cells infected by disease (ie. cancer)).

Re: Partial (and Reversed) Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell to produce H2
Cathode Reactions (negative voltage): emersed in 4H+ + 4e- = (produces) 2H2




31



Anode Reactions (positive voltage): emersed in H2O = (produces) O2 + 4H+ + 4e-

Overall Cell Reactions: 2H2O = 2H2 + O2

Re: Heavy Water in diluted solutions of NACL (Sodium Chloride) and LiCI
(Lithium
Chloride)

The water is entangled with the (any and all) electrolyte(s) (salts), these
electrolytes
(salts) whose ions are diluted away produce hydrogen bonds.

Re: Steaming Reforming

1. Endothermic Catalytic conversion: ethanol; methane; bitumen; gasoline; with

steam (H2O), under pressure and heat... the products are H2 (hydrogen); CO2
(Carbon Dioxide); CH4 (Methane) and CO (Carbon Monoxide)...
2. Then comes the Shift Reaction: CO reacts with steam the products are CO2
and
H2. Undesirable gases are eliminated absorption (membrane separation)...
3. Partial Oxidation uses thermal conversion ie. tailings (bitumen from oil
and/or tar
sands), adding O2 (oxygen) and steam (H2O), We could try this process with
garbage and sewage as well perhaps mixed with natural gas, oil, and coal
(dust)...

New ways to produce to produce hydrogen and also include processing bio fuels,
ie.
ethanol (bitumen perhaps even tailings bitumen fro oil/tar sands wastes) with
carbon-
supported tin dioxide nanoparticles, catalyzed platinum, rhodium and/or cerium
oxide ... which has the positive side effect of converting CO (carbon
monoxide) to less
poisonous CO2 (carbon dioxide). Other catalysts include small metallic nano
particles
deposited on larger nano particles.

Another option is to use photosynthetic microorganisms to produce hydrogen gas
and
the by product of bio plastics. Also plastic waste could from collections of
household
kitchens wrappings and/or no longer wanted, broken or needed
Rubbermaid/Tupperware could be traded in for free or a share of the profits as
discount
for further purchase of exchanged items (we could do that for garbage and
kitchen
compost as well)... Plastic wastes can be converted through syngas into
methanol.
Furthermore we could use old tires for such conversion processes... Another
possibility
is for boats to harvest ocean islands of floating plastic that doesn't
breakdown for the
here paragraph mentioned technology. We could also take ant and all
electronics
casing apart, and their poisonous interiors components could be slagged with a
plasma
torch facility...

Re: Bio Fuels as Hydrogen Source

Also we can use lignin-derived fraction from separated from bio fuels and/or
any and all
combustible substances (ie. in addition to ethanol), whereby this carbohydrate-
lignin-
derived (biomass, any and all convertible waste) fraction can be catalytically
steam
reformed to produce hydrogen.




32



Re: Below Are A Comprehensive Traditional List of Reactors: Their Catalysts
and
Products We will focus on the mix match recipe of catalysts and reactants used
for
different reactions interchangeability for our above technologies.
The Table is taken from MRS Bulletin...




33



Re: Steam-Reforming Reactions

Methane:
CH4 + H2O (heat) = CO 3H2
Propane:

C3H8 + 3H2O (heat) = 3CO + 7H2
Ethanol:

C2H5OH + H2O (heat) = 2CO + 4H2

We could also use Bitumen form oil and tar sands also recover bitumen from the
waste
tailings ponds. Under this patent my includes the use of (ie. any and all bird
feathers -
since the birds are getting stuck in the tar), then why not use bird feathers
to recover the
waste bitumen, almost like panning for gold although we might want to
mechanize and
remotely control the operation for health reasons. We could also use velore,
Velcro,
angora, wool, al paqua (old down feathers), fleece, quilt (shaggy), carpet
(shaggy), saw
dust, furry drapes. Also we could use microorganisms that are known to convert
plastic
into ethanol, and feed-added (to the mixture of tailings or even straight from
the raw
materials direct oil/tar sands) with sugar to keep the microorganisms healthy
and
productive turning the oil/tar sands bitumen into ethanol (hydrogen), we could
also add
steam (feed-added coal dust) to the oil/tar sands (direct raw materials and/or
tailings)
possibly using a 360 degree x-ray, to read the composition and the layers
and/or
bunches and/or types of patterns to recognize the type of make up internals of
the batch
of clay that can be physically removed. Thus the clay can be removed in large
pieces
before pulverizing the entire batch materials of and getting the clay mixed up
with the
bitumen.

Re: Muons

Finally there is the Muon version of Fusion Reaction. In this case muons from
decaying
pions are sent to ablock of H1, H2, H3 hydrogen isotopes (protium, deuterium
and
tritium)... see below as further factors that may optimize the process
(depending on
which criterias are based on):

1. Laser and/or Light (FEL and/or EB) of any type - testing varying
intensities and
strengths and coverage (spread relative to plasma density and size of
container).
Also we are experimenting with pulse guiding with preformed channels; pulse
front steepening using thin foils; compensate the accelerated particle
dephasing
in the so-called unlimited acceleration scheme and particle injection into the

pulse wakefield. Also Free Electron Laser (FEL) can be used when coherent
radiation for its characteristic of intense monochromatic radiation is
desirable.
Alternatively the Inverse Free Electron Laser (IFEL) can be used to accelerate

charged particles at high gradient. Mirrors can line the chambers of the
plasma
fuel such that the lasers/electrons or other beams and/or photon source are
recycled (bounced back into the interior of the chamber(s). Furthermore we are

testing various laser/electrons/photons beam intensities and width coverage as

well a channeled through one or mores series of convex versus concave




34



lenses... (ie. the first pulse breaksdown spark in the gas, the excited hot
plasma
forms a channel that guides the second laser pulse into the channel (this
format
can be used to ignite the gas in the centre of the Torodial system whereby the

gas is channeled through the centre (depth hole of the doughnut bottleneck for

maximum coverage of the fuel by the accelerator). We could use the
characteristics of the Plasma Beat Wave Accelerator (good for quantum
teleportation) - to create a plasma wave that is resonant and has high
uniformity
that can produce large amplitude waves. In contrast the Laser Wakefield
Accelerator (LWFA) characteristics can be used in short laser pulse form with
frequency higher than the plasma fuel's own frequency, such that the wake of
plasma oscillations are excited a phenomenon observed in ponderomotive
forces. In order to increase wave amplitude we could use multiple pulses and
varying time interval from pulse to pulse. Self-Modulated Laser Wakefield
Accelerator (combination of Raman Forward Scattering - RFS and LWFA). As
well we could use ion beams and solid-state glass laser.
2. Large Pyroelectric Crystal (with and/or without) also ferro/piezo and/or
thermocouple where one end is emersed in cold water and the other end is
emersed in the fuel chambers to warm the fuel as well as all of which run a
voltage possibly with electrodes (at least enough to excite) - heated by
arrays of
mirrors to save money - such that it can ignite a plasma arc torch.
3. One time laying down heavy weight to save money is uses hydraulic/pneumatic

support and is lifted only rarely for maintenance. Possibly with a large
piston (air
tight that presses into the chamber further compressing the furnace/chambers'
interior space) that in addition to the pressure from above, the pistons
explodes
shoving the piston unit into the already pressured chamber increasing the
pressure exponentially and instantly thus creating a form of Fast Ignition.
Both
increase density.
4. Radio Frequency.
5. Ultra Violet.
6. Microwaves.
7. Large Array of Large Mirrors.
8. I propose a Fast Ignition that is mad from aluminium cheaper than gold, and
if
thin enough and welded to break up properly could also take away the need for
the plastic casing.
9. X-rays.
10. Electrostatic fields.
11. Two counter-propagating beams (pump and probe) that drive a plasma wave
that backscatters the pump, amplifying the probe.

To avoid the muons bonding with waste alpha and helion particles (which
removes the
muons from its ability to catalyze the hydrogen isotopes) we could also have
electrodes
where the positive anode would attract the negative muons while the negative
cathode
would attract the positive alpha particles and hellions and the electrodes
repel the other
oppositely charged particles vice versa.
We could then use absorption and/or membrane-separation to separate muons from

alpha particles and helions.

We could do all these processes in pulses.




35



Furthermore we could also wait until the oppositely charged attract/repel
electrodes that
separate by and are organized by charge then shut down the electrode and add
an
electron bath especially to the negative cathode where the positively charged
alpha
particles and helions have congregated, the negatively charged electrons will
naturally
bond with positive alpha particles and helions... these new particles of
electrons, alpha
particles/helions can then be separated (and collected) also by absorption
and/or
membrane-separation the helium can be used to feed Fusion Reactor fuel (see
the main
parts of this invention).

Once the alpha particles and hellions have been largely removed the muons can
go
through another phase of catalyzing the hydrogen isotopes fusion.

An additional new method herewith setfourth in this paragraph is also to place
the
electrode-stick a positive (rod) anode down (the depth of a) into the centre
of a Torodial
and Tokamak and Stellarator systems, the purpose is to attract negatively
charged
muons where they can catalyze the DT reactions. We could make undulating
(and/or
with teeth sticking close enough to attract the positive charged alpha helion
particles, yet
the teeth are far enough away so as not to impede with the movement of the DT
fuel
around the inner Torodial Doughnut) wall negative cathodes surrounding the

We are testing quantum entangling the pions.. then dividing these pions and
mixing
them with additional quantities of pions and quantum entangling these together
as
well... and then we convert the original or at the earliest and latest or
inbetween batches
into muons and and Bell-State Measurement to convert all into muons.

Known Methods For Muon Reactions:

As well we could inject tritium and/or deuterium beam into DT fuel contained
by in a
magnetic mirror. The idea that constant addition of fuel will enhance the
chances of
desired muon catalyzed reactions.

And also there is the use of electronuclear blankets...
(Ukraine 2.5% of 35%) (DLD 2.5% of 35%)

Re: Converting the energy into electricity

In All cases a rectenna can be used to convert the microwave energy (possibly
surrounding the furnace) into electricity.

We plan to use the heat to electricity technologies for cars, houses, high
rises and/or
ships.

We plan to use thermocoupling for any and all inside and outside (which have
temperature differentials) to create feed of electricity.

Also we could use pyroelectric crystals where the heat (temperature
differentials) are
exchanging (GP 0.07%) outside and inside is there and any and all places where

temperature changes...

Other ways that heat can be converted into energy/electricity include:




36



Re: Blimp Rotor Wind Blades

A Large Rugged (balancing weight to lasing under the sun, wind and rain and
tugging)
Blimp whose outer skin is lined with solar cells; and either has a string to
line up rotor
wind blades to generate electricity. There can be small props on each end to
keep the
Blimp from being carried away with wind and also aim the rotor wind blades
into the
wind... at the same time we could have mylar flaps on the blimp itself that
causes the
blimp to spin as well. Possibly with wires on both sides to save energy from
the props
fighting the wind and having the wind carrying away the Blimp. Also the side
wires
stabilize the Blimp from turbulence...

Re: Other new blimp designs includes a Blimp with light medium speed (so it
doesn't
drag the whole Blimp) helicopter rotors spinning either one on each side or 4
rotors one
on each end of an X connector (possibly pivoting like the Osprey airplane).
The
helicopters synchronize and help the Blimp to lift heavy loads (cargo are
placed in
inflatable air/bag with the same capacity as regular cargo containers) and if
need to
speed the rotor pivot sideways like the Osprey. (GP1%)

Re: An Underwater (number of stacks depends on how deep the water is)
Stackable
Water blade rotor shaped like the motorless lawn mower sideways blade

The horizontal baldes are powered by the movements of the tides.
Re: Water Blade Rotor (same as wind mills) Locks Canals

This part of this energy patent involves putting windmill type blades parallel
along the
Lock/Canal tucked behind grills, while the empty pathway for the canal from
side to side
are large enough to clear the largest ships.

Furthermore since cities are already built around such canals, we plan to
widen/renovate the canals build tunnels for magnetic levitation, slow cargo
train and/or
highway and/or and rail ferry.

Re: Solar Panels and/or Mirrors

We pump in salt water and/or (recyclable ethanol and/or other bio fuel), uses
the heat
pressure increase to drive hydraulic motor electricity generator also the
technology
could use mechanical energy of the steam powered hydraulics to move magnets
that
drive a copper coil.

Other technologies that can be used to convert heat from the fusion reactor
(and my
mirror/(optional) coal bed/plasma torch toxic (gas and steam turbines) and
fumes;
exhaust cleansing/burning scrubber) above to generate electricity that have
not new are
below:

1. IAUS solar design includes super-efficient bladeless turbine.
2. Thermator.
3. Shockwave Power Reactor.
4. Honda patents exhaust-heat-to-energy process.
5. Ergenics.




37



6. Michaud Atmospheric Vortex Engine.
7. Ghosh Energy form Atmospheric Heat.
8. US 7019412 - Power Generation methods and systems.
9. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC).
10. EIC solutions.
11. ThermoElectric Generator (TEG).
12. ReGen Power Systems.
13. JX Crystals ThermoPhotoVotaics.
14. Electra Therm.
15. Ormat technologies.
16. Ameriqon.
17. Custom Thermelectric.
18. Matteran Energy produces electricity and refridgeration from near ambient
heat.
19. Fellows' Thermoacoustic Cycle (TAC) Generator.
20. TEG 5000.
21. Thermoelectric battery and power plant.
22. Advanced Solutions amorphous nanostructures.
23. Johnson Electro Mechanical Systems.
24. New Technology Can Turn Waste Into Electricity - University of Columbus
and
Caltech.
25. Beakon Technologies.
26. Cheap Efficient Thermoelectrics via Nanomaterials.
27. CUBE Technology.
28. New Engine to Slash 50% off Emissions - Epicam's dexpressor.
29. Encore's Accelerated Magnetic Piston Generator.
30. Transpacific Energy - Advanced Organic Rankine Cycle.
31. Evaporation Heat Engines.
32. Far Infrared Radiation (FIR) energy extraction methods at room.
33. ENECO Chip Heat to Electricity.
34. Rauen Environmental Heat Engine.
35. Nansulate Paint Creates Efficient Thermal Barrier.
36. Organic Thermoelectric Material from UC Berkeley.
37. Air conditioning via Peltier Effect.
38. Creating Power Out of Thin Air - Sydrec.
39. High-Performance Thermoelectric Capability in Silicon Nanowires.
40. Nanotech - Nansulate Paint May Soon Generate Electricity from Thermal
Differences.
41. Maxwell's Pressure Demon and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
42. Charles M. Brown Chip Update.
43. Power Chips.TM. Convert Heat to Electricity.
44. Solar technology that works at night - INL and MicroContinuum.
45. Reincarnated material turns waste heat into power.
46. Nova Thermal Electric Chips.
47. A Sound to Turn Heat into Electricity.
48. New nanostructured thin film shows promise for efficient solar energy
conversion.
49. An Alternative to your Alternator.
50. Active Building Envelope system provides heating and cooling.
51. Belleza Thermoelectric Generator.
52. High Merit Thermoelectrics.
53. Micropelt.




38



54. Nanocoolers.
55. RTI International.
56. StarDrive Engineering.
57. Acoustic Stove, Fridge, Generator Could Aid Third World - Store Cooking
Refrigeration and Electricity (SCORE).
58. Thermal Acoustic Generator.
59. Deluge Inc's Thermal Hydraulic Engine Generates from Low Heat Input -
Natural
Energy Engine.

Re: Removable Sand Trough Underneath the Reactors Described in the Patent
Material Above

In addition to heat to electricity converters that can be placed underneath, a
trough
underneath that holds sand (as well as anything that need high heat to slag
and/or
dry - even garbage and/or sewage - possibly pre-dried by mirrors) mould could
be
used to melt sand blocks.

Re: Multiple Fast Injection Units

Multiple lasers and pellets ie. located in four corners of the container could
be used
in addition (in combination/conjunction) to other exciting plasma technologies

mentioned in the patent material above can be used simultaneously... (0.001 %
GP)

Description

CA 02676737 2009-06-04
1
Description

Date: February 9, 2009
Name: Gerard Voon

Title: Many New Evolutions of Fusion Energy And Related Items to Make it And
other By
Products And/or Processes

Some of the materials (a more comprehensive list in the paragraph directly
below) we
plan to apply for their characteristics, ie. pyroelectric/ferroelectnc
crystals
below... ceramics... rare earth... some of which in the paragraph below can be
interchangeable alternatives to any and all the materials mentioned in this
patent.

Some organic/inorganic molecules have resonant valence orbit electrons that
under the
proper UV space charge field photo excitation will allow polarized conduction
band
electrons olarons) to move freely for a short time (PZT is shown for
simplicity of
presentation but it is assumed all other organic/inorganic high-k dielectric
sol-gels,
polymer, ceramic, metals, rare earth manganites and crystalline multiferroic -
ferroelectric molecular materials , i.e., lithium niobate , lithium tantalate,
PLZT, PZTN,
BST SBT, LBS, V02, KTP, KTaO3 RTP, GeTe, BaSr2/FeMoO6KNb03 SrRuO3
SrRuO7, BaTi03, BaMgF4, PbTiO3, PbTiO4, LiNbO2, BBO, LBO, LiNbO3, Fe doped
LiNbO3,SrTiO3, SrRuO3, SrCuO2, SBN, KNSBN, BGO, BSO, LiCoPO4, Li103, LiTaO3,
LSMO, BiMnO3 (BMO), LaSrMn, LuFe2O4, CdCr2S4, TbMn2O5, GdMnO3, TbMnO3
PMN-PT, Bi2TeO5, BiFeO3 (BFO),PbZrO3, Pb5Ge3O11, PbZrTiO3, BaSrTiO3,
LaMnO3, LaBaMnO3, LaCaMnO3, LaBiMnO3, CaMnO3, CaSiO3, CeMnO3, MgSiO3,
YMnO3, LaGaSiO, LGS, Ge2Sb2Te5, InAgSbTe, TbMnO3, KDP, KDP,KD*P, CCTO,
CdCTO, ADP, SASD, LAP, BBT, BBN, BBT1, ABMO, ABTO, Urea, POM, TGS, ORE
Minerals, ferroelectric polymer "polyvinylidene fluoride" (PVDF), PMMA, lead
germanate
like lead telluride PbTe and lead selenide PbSe, CdZnTe (Zinc Cadmium
Telluride), Zinc
Oxide, Zn04-Bromo-4'-Methoxyacetophenone Azine, alexandrite, chalcogenide ,
antimony telluride ( Sb2Te3 ) and many other III-V, II-VI, IV-VI, transistion
metal and
ceramic semiconductor materials.

All of the below heating and cooling pipes and thermocouples (could be made of
one
end) beryllium and/or beryllium copper (where non-magnetic and/or electric
production
properties are required), especially the piping coils and/or thin flat pipes
emersed where
the inside of the pipes is for hot fluid while the outside (or the other way
around) for
cooling (ie. condensate of fresh water) and/or managing for over heated spots.
Beryllium and/or beryllium copper also iron and/or iron copper could also be
used as
electrodes.

Titanium, zirconium, nickel, tungsten, nickel-tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum,
niobium,
beryllium alloys, palladium, platinum, cerium oxide, rhodium, carbon supported
tin
dioxide nano particles could also be used as catalysts.

All the materials above can be used for as electrodes... ie. the plasma arc
torch, or to
direct pyroelectric electric voltage and/or thermocouple electric voltage and
also to run a
direct electric voltage for energy... the electric voltages can also be used
to strip
electrons from atoms, and repel and or attract using electricity converted to


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
2
Also if there molten metal is made as an extra use of the heat the electrodes
can (in the
case of molten metal) be used by sinking the electrodes into the molten metal
causing
the molten metal reservoir to be entire electrodes in themselves.

Re: Fusion Reactor (Improvements on Torodial and Tokamak and Stellarator
systems),
we are the first not only to combine any and all of the techniques and methods
below but
many of the methods and techniques below are new.

Re: The First New Addition to the old/original Torodial and Tokamak and
Stellarator
system is to start the gas clouds of the fuel see below " Re: fuels"

We will try to excite and increase the collisions between fuel particles by
Quantum
Entanglement. If the experiment works one cloud (in one chamber) of particles
will only
need to be excited (or at least one chamber at a time perhaps alternating and
simultaneously - to escalate each other by mirroring each other's changed
states) and
all the other clouds will follow suit to a, more excited state (hopefully
saving energy).
Because After entanglement the cloud particles can be separated into two or
more
chambers. There are many ways to entangle clouds with any and/or all and/or
combination of:
1. Laser and/or Light (FEL and/or EB) of any type - testing varying
intensities and
strengths and coverage (spread relative to plasma density and size of
container).
Also we are experimenting with pulse guiding with preformed channels; pulse
front steepening using thin foils; compensate the accelerated particle
dephasing
in the so-called unlimited acceleration scheme and particle injection into the
pulse wakefield. Also Free Electron Laser (FEL) can be used when coherent
radiation for its characteristic of intense monochromatic radiation is
desirable.
Alternatively the Inverse Free Electron Laser (IFEL) can be used to accelerate
charged particles at high gradient. Mirrors can line the chambers of the
plasma
fuel such that the lasers/electrons or other beams and/or photon source are
recycled (bounced back into the interior of the chamber(s). Furthermore we are
testing various laser/electrons/photons beam intensities and width coverage as
well a channeled through one or mores series of convex versus concave
lenses... (ie. the first pulse breaksdown spark in the gas, the excited hot
plasma
forms a channel that guides the second laser pulse into the channel (this
format
can be used to ignite the gas in the centre of the Torodial system whereby the
gas is channeled through the centre (depth hole of the doughnut bottleneck for
maximum coverage of the fuel by the accelerator). We could use the
characteristics of the Plasma Beat Wave Accelerator (good for quantum
teleportation) - to create a plasma wave that is resonant and has high
uniformity
that can produce large amplitude waves. In contrast the Laser Wakefield
Accelerator (LWFA) characteristics can be used in short laser pulse form with
frequency higher than the plasma fuel's own frequency, such that the wake of
plasma oscillations are excited a phenomenon observed in ponderomotive
forces. In order to increase wave amplitude we could use multiple pulses and
varying time interval from pulse to pulse. Self-Modulated Laser Wakefield
Accelerator (combination of Raman Forward Scattering - RFS and LWFA). As
well we could use ion beams and solid-state glass laser.
2. Large Pyroelectric Crystal runs a voltage possibly with electrodes (at
least
enough to excite) also ferro/piezo and/or thermocouple where one end is
emersed in cold water and the other end is emersed in the fuel chambers to
warm the fuel as well as all of which run a voltage possibly with electrodes
(at


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
3
least enough to excite) - heated by arrays of mirrors to save money - such
that it
can ignite a plasma arc torch.
3. One time laying down heavy weight to save money is uses hydraulic/pneumatic
support and is lifted only rarely for maintenance. Possibly with a large
piston (air
tight that presses into the chamber further compressing the furnace/chambers'
interior space) that in addition to the pressure from above, the pistons
explodes
shoving the piston unit into the already pressured chamber increasing the
pressure exponentially and instantly thus creating a form of Fast Ignition.
Both
increase density.
4. Radio Frequency.
5. Ultra Violet.
6. Microwaves.
7. Large Array of Large Mirrors.
8. X-rays.
9. Electrostatic fields.
10. Two counter-propagating beams (pump and probe) that drive a plasma wave
that backscatters the pump, amplifying the probe.

We are using quantum entangling the various fuels... then dividing these fuels
and
mixing them with additional quantities of fuels and quantum entangling these
together as
well (and so on)... and then we convert the original or at the earliest and
latest or
inbetween batches into excited states (like igniting a flame and/or tipping a
domino) and
Bell-State Measurement to convert all (other) entangled batches into the
excited state.
Possibly even exciting to the point of hot plasma.

This Quantum Teleportation step is proposed to save energy (ie. excite one
cloud of gas
and the others follow), since magnetic forces interfere to breakdown quantum
entanglement... we could do this step first before the magnetic confinement is
turned on.
Furthermore we could use Fast Ignition in half millisecond to violently ignite
the fuel if
the entanglement is unstable.

Re: New Design on the Magnetic Confinement

First we propose a larger magnetic confinement ring such that the plasma is
more
diluted (therefore more magnetic power per plasma action - spread over larger
area
while the magnetic ring is has not only increased size but increased power per
space)
for more stable management of the (ie. no hot spots overheating) plasma
fusion... We
could use infrared monitoring to examine and manage via control of magnets via
remote
control and/or with help of algorithm/Artificial Intelligence to tweak in real
time the power
and which magnets (their size and power flexibility) to match overheating and
also
beginning to extinguishments.

In our new invention the whereby the existing magnetic rings direct the plasma
to
encasing it; in this invention we add a casing around the magnetic confinement
device.
The outer walls have layers of magnets that consequitively push via repelling
the plasma
upwards and then domed above to direct the plasma to the centre whereby the
centre of
the dome has a sink that repels the plasma into the centre of the magnetic
confinement


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
4
chamber. This system will reduce hot spots whereby the regular magnetic
confinement
is system is deficient. Additionally the repelling action further excites the
plasma
molecules. And the surrounding magnetic field further confines the heat from
escaping.
As well slight level of magnet power can be maintained throughout the encasing
structure to further confine (smoothly) preventing the energy from escaping.

At the centre top, sticking down can be a tungsten needle (as electrodes),
with (possibly
molten metal under the furnace core, containers that are part of the opposite
electrode -
perhaps employing pyroelectric crystals) ... The electrodes create a plasma
arc torch
flame that burns through the centre (the concentrated narrow region of the
fuel
particles/plasma flow) of the magnetic confinement device such that we take
advantage
of the bottleneck to maximize exposure of the arc to the concentrated flow of
the fuel
particles/plasma...

With at least one chamber under pressure (in fact we could stack the tanks
with the
weight pressure on the very top, so all the chambers are compressed at the
same time).
If

Re: Pyroelectric Crystal Encasing

We could (generate electricity by) also surround the system with pyroelectric
and/or
piezoelectric as well as ferroelectric materials.... thermocoupling, (whereby
one end is
wrapped around the furnace to cool while the other end can be heated by
exposure to
mirrors such that the wrapping end should cool the furnace... and produce
electricity as
an additional product) any and all such reactive material.

To manage the temperature of the system we could spray the pyroelectric
crystals with
cold sea water, thus causing the temperature to change and causing the
pyroelectric
crystals to produce direct electricity. We could try any and all heat to
electricity
technologies.

Artificial pyroelectric materials include gallium nitride (GaN), caesium
nitrate (CsNO3),
polyvinyl fluorides, phenylpyrazine, and cobalt phthalocyanine. The most
common are
Lithium tantalite (LiTao3) and Lithium niobate (LN) and BaTio3 and crystals .

Also on an aside, crystals can be grown for any and all uses from art works
and
ornamental and decorative purposes. As well as any and uses of changing
temperatures converted to electricity.

Large crystals are grown under high-temperature melts and fluxes by
Czochralski,
Brigeman-Stockbarger, Kuropulos, TSSG as well as low temperature aqueous and
organic solutions.

We also are using thermocoupling to regulate hot and/or cold any and all
processes by
moving the hot and cold in to cool and/or heat exposure to regulate any and or
all hot or
cold thing, when the system/process is more optimum by changing its
temperature and
creating an electric voltage as an additional product.


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
Re: Heat Uses

As well as gasification, molten smelting, waste disposal, gas turbine, steam
turbine... we
could use aneutronic fusion to cause rare crystals and pump a crystal to emit
400 nm
light that can be (for any and all and/or combination of) converted into solar
cell
electricity or even to heat gas/water, or salt water into fresh sterilized
water... photonic
power.

400 nm light can also be converted into power. Photoreceptors (from the
retina) can be
attached to muscle cells. Light (photons) causes the photoreceptors to produce
photochemicals protein that causes the cells to contract. Without light the
photoreceptors produce a relaxant-protein

Re: Accelerator New Replacement of Fast Ignition for Fusion Power

We could ignite every time the furnace begins extinguishing using an
accelerator, to
guarantee it will work we get two opposing very large pyroelectric crystals
(with array of
mirrors and magnifying glass(es) to direct the sunlight to heat the
pyroelectric crystals),
with strong electric field which rips the electrons off the fuel (ie.
deuterium gas), and
accelerates them into a deuterium target on one of the crystals.

A system using pyroelectric crystals and/or thermocouple , conductive silver
epoxy in a
vacuum chamber with a heat sink can be used to produce electrons for use with
radioactive materials to increase rate of decay and resulting production of He
(Helium)
fuel.

Series of magnifying (neodymium) glasses to expand intense laser (ie. Free
Electron
Laser and Electron Beam Laser... )

We could increase the density and collisions between fuels by using a huge
weight that
uses hydraulics to lower it onto the fusion reaction chamber at which time it
remains
there as long as the fusion plasma is burning.. .the only time we foresee
lifting the
weights is for maintenance, therefore little energy is used due to the low
frequency of
lifting the weights.

We could also re-ignite in short intervals the deuterium, tritium in very
close intervals,
whereby a plasma arc torch is used to ignite the fuel, the torch flame/fuel
itself can be
made of Argon and Helium.

Otherways to directly excite the fuel particles in to the point of self
propagation:

1. Laser and/or Light (FEL and/or EB) of any type - testing varying
intensities and
strengths and coverage (spread relative to plasma density and size of
container).
Also we are experimenting with pulse guiding with preformed channels; pulse
front steepening using thin foils; compensate the accelerated particle
dephasing
in the so-called unlimited acceleration scheme and particle injection into the
pulse wakefield. Also Free Electron Laser (FEL) can be used when coherent
radiation for its characteristic of intense monochromatic radiation is
desirable.
Alternatively the Inverse Free Electron Laser (IFEL) can be used to accelerate
charged particles at high gradient. Mirrors can line the chambers of the
plasma
fuel such that the lasers/electrons or other beams and/or photon source are


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
6
recycled (bounced back into the interior of the chamber(s). Furthermore we are
testing various laser/electrons/photons beam intensities and width coverage as
well a channeled through one or mores series of convex versus concave
lenses... (ie. the first pulse breaksdown spark in the gas, the excited hot
plasma
forms a channel that guides the second laser pulse into the channel (this
format
can be used to ignite the gas in the centre of the Torodial system whereby the
gas is channeled through the centre (depth hole of the doughnut bottleneck for
maximum coverage of the fuel by the accelerator). We could use the
characteristics of the Plasma Beat Wave Accelerator (good for quantum
teleportation) - to create a plasma wave that is resonant and has high
uniformity
that can produce large amplitude waves. In contrast the Laser Wakefield
Accelerator (LWFA) characteristics can be used in short laser pulse form with
frequency higher than the plasma fuel's own frequency, such that the wake of
plasma oscillations are excited a phenomenon observed in ponderomotive
forces. In order to increase wave amplitude we could use multiple pulses and
varying time interval from pulse to pulse. Self-Modulated Laser Wakefield
Accelerator (combination of Raman Forward Scattering - RFS and LWFA). As
well we could use ion beams and solid-state glass laser.
2. Large Pyroelectric Crystal (with and/or without) also ferro/piezo and/or
thermocouple where one end is emersed in cold water and the other end is
emersed in the fuel chambers to warm the fuel as well as all of which run a
voltage possibly with electrodes (at least enough to excite) - heated by
arrays of
mirrors to save money - such that it can ignite a plasma arc torch.
3. One time laying down heavy weight to save money is uses hydraulic/pneumatic
support and is lifted only rarely for maintenance. Possibly with a large
piston (air
tight that presses into the chamber further compressing the furnace/chambers'
interior space) that in addition to the pressure from above, the pistons
explodes
shoving the piston unit into the already pressured chamber increasing the
pressure exponentially and instantly thus creating a form of Fast Ignition.
Both
increase density.
4. Radio Frequency.
5. Ultra Violet.
6. Microwaves.
7. Large Array of Large Mirrors.
8. I propose a Fast Ignition that is mad from aluminium cheaper than gold, and
if
thin enough and welded to break up properly could also take away the need for
the plastic casing.
9. X-rays.
10. Electrostatic fields.
11. Two counter-propagating beams (pump and probe) that drive a plasma wave
that backscatters the pump, amplifying the probe.

Once the heat is self propagating, we can stick multiple ceramic exhaust pipe
probably
diagonally out from the furnace out and upwards, to steam coal, burn
garbage/sewage... for gas and/or steam (with extra fresh - disinfected water
product)
turbines...
Pyroelectric fusion was successfully done in April 2005 by a team at UCLA. A
pyroelectric crystal was heated from -34 to 7 C (-30 to 45 F), with a tungsten
needle
they produced an electric field that ionized and accelerated deuterium nuclei
into an
erbium deuteride target.


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
7
Re: Fusion Reactor Fuels

Fuels and their breakdown of elements of reactions are below:
These Material are taken from Wikipedia...

First generation fusion fuel

Deuterium H2 and tritium H3 equations are below.
2H +3 H n (14.07 MeV) +4 He (3.52 MeV)
2H +2 H --n (2.45 MeV) +3 He (0.82 MeV)
2H +2 H -p (3.02 MeV) +3 H (1.01 MeV)

Second generation fusion fuel

Need higher confinement temperatures and/or longer confinement time. The fuels
are
deuterium and helium three.

2H +3 He p (14.68 MeV) +4 He (3.67 MeV)
Third generation fusion fuel

Aneutronic fusion (pryoelectric crystal(s) powered by solar array of mirrors
and/or
in a mirrored chamber to recycle the sunlight series of magnifying lens) to
ignite
volatile fuel ie. plasma fuel-torch to burn garbage for and electricity
produced as
the garbage heats and cools... )

3He +3 He 2p + 4He (12.86 MeV)

Another potential aneutronic fusion reaction is the proton-boron reaction:
p + "B -* 34He

It has been suggested with some additions by me for the applications of
Hydrogen-
Boron fusion.

Aneutronic fusion Hydrogen-Boron fusion (400 nm laser), less than 1 % total
energy is
carried by neutrons, emits charged particles that can be directly converted
into
light/electricity (via rare earth crystals). 400 nm laser that is pumped by
neutronic fusion
(or the energy from the charged particles from the aneutronic fusion converted
into
microwaves (ie. via rare earth crystals) first and then used to pump the 400
nm laser) at
(a remote Battery Power Plant that stores the electricity for Utility
Companies - added
by Gerad Voon), the gigalaser pumps smaller lasers to each house. Telephone
and
cable television and internet (communications as well as power supply)...
(perhaps using
Mr. Martin Gijs' Borosilicate as heat tolerant medium (ie. fiber optics) to
provide passage
of the laser, the fiber optic cable could be lined with reflective material,
to prevent light
energy loss.


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
8
Re: Lithium to Produce Tritium Steps Reactions Include:

63Li + n --> 42He ( 2.05 MeV ) + 31T ( 2.75 MeV )
73Li + n -* 42He + 31T + N

105B + n -* 2 42He + 31T
32He + n --> ,H + 31T

Found and harvested from mineral springs.

Other uses include lithium ion batteries and psychiatrictic drugs.

It is produced by electrolytic mixture of fused lithium and potassium
chloride.
Re: Molybdenum and/or Beryllium

Both materials can endure extreme temperatures without significantly expanding
or
softening makes it useful in applications that involve intense heat, including
the
manufacture of aircraft parts, electrical contacts, industrial motors, and
filaments (ie.
plasm arc torch). Molybdenum can also be used in alloys because it is
corrosion
resistant and weldability. Most high-strength steel alloys are.25% to 8%
molybdenum.
Both may be used in alloying agent each year in stainless steels, tool steels,
cast irons,
and high-temperature superalloys.

Because of its lower density and more stable price, molybdenum can replace
tungsten
as a filament for plasma arc torch. olybdenum can be implemented both as an
alloying
agent and as a flame-resistant coating for other metals.

Molybdenum 99 can be used parent radioisotope to the radioisotope Technetium-
99.
Molybdenum disulfide (M0S2) is used as a lubricant and an agent. It forms
strong films on
metallic surfaces, and is highly resistant to both extreme temperatures and
high pressure,
and for this reason, it is a common additive to engine motor oil; in case of a
catastrophic
failure, the thin layer of molybdenum prevents metal-on-metal contact.
Possibly used to


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
9
lubricate any moving parts (ie. the hydraulic fluid that lifts the pressure
weight in my
Fusion Reactor).

Re: Fuel Source Technologies

We are using a nickel and/or Nitric Acid or Nitrogen Oxide, Platinum/Rhodium
catalyst.
Cobalt Oxide Catalyst (palladium and/or platinum and/or aluminium and/or any
and all
reactive catalyst) catalyst to with methane (CH4) and steam to steam reform to
produce
the highest yield of Hydrogen.

One way to produce Hydrogen is to use laser light to cause electron and
electrons the
fuse and form hydrogen atoms. This occurs as the laser causes the electron
orbit in a
higher energy state temporarily then slip back into a lower orbit and produces
hydrogen
in cases where the change to lower orbit emits a photon. The window of
opportunity is
short so hydrogen atoms are rarely created this way in nature, unless a laser
is used
(we need to work on optimal beam intensity)...

Hydrogen Production: electrolysis (electrodes: cathodes, anodes) of (sea water
for
abundant supply) water - changing currents to break hydrogen from water (then
remove
the oxygen and other easy to combine impurities) and recombining the hydrogen
(ie.
laying on pressure for long periods of time and use mirrors to heat for high
temperatures
or simply run a reverse voltage through with a possible platinum catalyst to
form
deutritium (H2); tritium (H3), thermo-catalytic reformation of hydrogen-rich
organic
compounds, pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, and biological processes,
fermentation
of micro organisms, membrane, algae to hydrogen, plankton energy, sol-gel
catalyst,
solar to hydrogen, mirrors to distil ie. 6Lithium and/or 7Lithium (ie. from
sea water)
feasible production of hydrogen and isotopes and other fuel productions...
Microorganisms Production of Hydrogen (also micro organisms can be used to
breakdown plastic and shredded tires to convert into fuel)...

To find the best most productive and durable and easy to grow micro organisms
we can
go to landfills/garbage dumps/sewage/compost/manure piles, and find the area
where
much methane is made (productive is defined as volume of methane produced over
time)... Try to determine if these features are genetic and or the optimal
conditions (in
terms of any and all conditions/factors ie. type of medium/food; temperature;
PH; DH;
entrainment factors)...

Hydrogen (H2) can be produced by water splitting by harnessing natural
processes, ie.
photosynthetic organisms such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtil and cyanobacteria
use
their enzymes (hydrogenases in their chloroplasts to turn water to produce
H2).

Nitrogenase is known to catalyze the reaction to produce hydrogen:
N2 + 16ATP *e- + 1 OH+ = 2NH4+ + 16 ADP + 16Pi + H2

Bacteriass currently under study include Rhodoseudomonas palustris,
Rhodobacter
sphaeroides, Rhodocyclus gelatinosus, R. capsulatus, Rhodospirillum rubrum, E.
coli,
Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum, T. thermosaccharolyticum. also
mutants such that the entire metabolism is dedicated to hydrogenase without
the
nitrogen fixation...


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
Firstly add sugar, sugar can be sourced from maple syrup, honey, beet, rotten
fruit
treated with ethylene, and of course sugar cane, and in dry countries
dates/figs that over
rype.

We could use any and all genetically and metabolic and environmental
adjustments any
and all ways to enhance the performance by ease to raise/breed, non-demanding
conditions and economical ways to productively and efficiently produce
(additives
factors, adjustment to genes and environmental cyclical entrainment and and
temporary
stress shock to cause them to cause them to reproduce)... equipment costs (ie.
bioreactors) ease to handle and expenses.

We could create hybrids with better advantages... (GP 0.5%)

Enzymes include hydrogenase, nitrogenase (ie. E. coli, Samonella,
Rhosdospirillium
rubrum as well mutants of R. Palustris, R. Sphaeroides, R. Capsulatus, R.
Gelatinosus,
...), - purple nonsulfur anerobic bacteria... As well as Carbon Monoxide other
Carbon
sources for biological reactions include acetate, malate, glucose, yeast
extract and
ammonium.

Bacterial production depending on the bacteria (and strain) involve certain
processes for
converting:

CO + H2O = H2 + CO2

These production processes include bio-photolysis, indirect bio-photolysis,
photo-
fermentation and dark-fermentation.

The side effect of production of CO2 can be used to produce algae for bio
fuel.

(ON and aside related patent) Micro organisms for effective degradation of
plastics can
be found in landfills/garbage dumps, where plastics have been degraded by
micro
organisms, (then isolate and raise/breed).

The same can be done by testing for areas of the dump for (specifically for
relatively
higher level of H2) H2 and CO2 production found via sensors (both
photosynthetic and
dark-fermentation - ie underneath the upper sun exposed layers of garbage) for
colonies of bacteria. We could even mix the garbage dump with H2O and acetate,
malate, glucose, yeast extract and ammonium... where suspected micro organisms
collected from the garbage dump wanted characteristics (explained above) we
could test
in a air tight (regulated) environment CO + H2O to test each batches'
effectiveness
at production of H2 + CO2...
CH4 methane to hydrogen


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
11
Regulator of conditions used in aquarium industry ie. agitation, PH, lighting,
bubbling of
CO gas.

CO gas and hydrogen can be the by product of Plasma NASA CEA2 program

H1 protium using platinum in an reverse voltage could possibly be used to
create higher
hydrogen isotopes ie. H2 and/or H3 and/or H4... gasification of coal, waste to
energy
gasification, steam reforming of natural gas to generate hydrogen.

D-D, Deuterium (one proton and one neutron aka. protium); D-T(Tritrium),
Hydrogen-
Boron; He3-He3; p-11 B

Re: Gerard Voon's Novel Patent Designs For Fusion Reactors

Previous Technology to Date and Research is Summarized below, these
technologies do not involve large pyroelectric crystals, even filling and
entire
chamber with pyroelectric crystals, both of which are heated by intense array
of
mirrors surrounding the crystals as well as the fuel chambers and thermo
coupling and one time pressure weights and pistons (explosions) and/or
Quantum Teleportation, all of which and/or mix accelerators with fuel
ignition,
and/or plasma arc torch also to ignite the fuel - all maximally combined to
lower
costs (cheapest) way to excite the plasma fuel ...As well we have the larger
donut (magnetive confinement so the magnet is stronger relative to thinner
fuel
particles) design with an outer (domed/sink) consecutive series of magnets
that
repulse the fuel particles into faster more excited states creating more
collisions
and fusion and also preventing loss from straying fuel particles). Also new is
the
use of aluminum that is either made thin enough and/or breakable welds such
that; 1.
replaces the outer plastic casing and 2. the gold inside lining; when
heat/laser is applied
it causes the fuel pellet (the pellet can be made dense by using helium
cryogenics)
within to explode against the aluminum casing until enough pressure is built
up from
within to break the outer aluminum casing and send a resonant shock wave into
the fuel
furnace chamber every few intervals (ie. Fs), one of the advantages is the
materials are
cheaper with this design.

Re: Existing State Of Technology for Fusion Reactions

The LAPD research group led by Walter Gekelman and James Maggs, has had an
exceptional year in the Basic Plasma Science Facility (BAPSF). A comprehensive
site
review in June 2005 resulted in a renewal of funding with a forty percent
increase.
BAPSF) provides plasma scientists with a unique leading edge device, the Large
Plasma Device (LAPD). Plasma problems spanning a broad range of spectral,
spatial,
and temporal scales are studied. The LAPD's design provides for experiments
not
possible in small scale linear devices or impracticable in large fusion
facilities. The only
national user facility of its kind, 50% of the LAPD's run-time was utilized by
visiting
scientists. The LAPD local group has a number of research projects being
undertaken
by the research staff, faculty and graduate students (Brett Jacobs, Andrew
Colette,
Eric Lawrence, and Chris Cooper, Bart Van Compernolle). Graduate student Bart
Van Compernolle's doctoral thesis involves an experiment in which an intense
microwave pulse (1000kW, 2.5 ps, 9 GhzO was propagated across the magnetic
field in


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
12
the LAPD device. The thesis consists of a detailed experimental study of the
wave
generation in both the X and 0 mode cases, as well as a theoretical study. All
research
as well as all work done by the LAPD group and outside users can be accessed
at the
BAPSF website http://www.plasma.physics.ucla.edu/bapsf. Gekelman together,
with
senior scientists from Novellus were awarded a Cal MICRO grant worth $100,000.
The
funds will be used to set up a lab and fund a graduate student geared
specifically to
advancing the science of low density, low temperature, and RF plasmas used in
this
field. The Novellus Corporation, a large company that manufactures the tools
used in
making semiconductors and computer chips, donated to the lab a plasma
processing
tool valued at over one million dollars.
The Computer Simulations of Plasma Group under the leadership of Warren B.
Mori,
Jean-Noel Leboeuf, Viktor Decyk, and Phil Pritchett continues to do pioneering
work
in high-performance computing of complex plasma phenomena. The group includes
four
junior researchers and seven PhD students. Research is focused on the use of
fully
parallelized particle based simulation models to study magnetically confined
plasmas,
laser and beam plasma interactions, space plasmas, Alfvenic plasmas, and high-
energy
density science. The group has developed and maintains over six separate state-
of-the-
art simulation codes including OSIRIS, UPIC, UCAN, Summit Framework, Recon3d,
QPIC, and QuickPIC. Recent highlights include using the gyrokinetic particle-
in-cell
(PIC) codes UCAN and Summit to validate several critical concepts in magnetic
fusion
by thorough comparisons with DIII-D (a tokamak at General Atomics)
experiments. The
group has been conducting research to determine the feasibility of an energy
doubler or
so called "afterburner" for an existing or future linear collider. They have
also been
carrying out full-scale simulations of experiments being conducted at the
Stanford Linear
Accelerator (SLAC) in collaboration with Stanford, UCLA, and USC. These
simulations
use OSIRIS and QuickPlC and they support the experimental observations of 3
GeV
energy gain in only a few centimeters. Other topics being studied by the
simulation
group are the feasibility of the fast ignition fusion concept as well as laser-
plasma
interactions relevant to the National Ignition Facility. They are also
carrying out PIC
simulations of how Petawatt lasers couple to nearly solid density plasmas as
well as
how lasers are used to compress the fuel. Much of the simulations are done on
the
group's DAWSON Cluster.

The magnetic field of Alfven waves which result in a high power microwave
experiment.
The resonance location is indicated by the yellow line.
An electron beam moving from right to left blows plasma electrons out creating
a
wakefield that accelerates a trailing beam of electrons. These results are
from a
QuickPlC simulation that was run on the Dawson cluster.
12004-05 Department of Physics and Astronomy
of dielectric materials under extreme electric fields (GV/m) to understand
their
applicability to advanced accelerators. Cutting edge collaborative experiments
in high
brightness beams and free-electron lasers, under continuing Department of
Energy, and
new NSF support, are now beginning at both Stanford and Frascati (Italy). And,
the
installation of a new computing cluster at PBPL is enabling simulations of the
revolutionary LCLS x-ray FEL originally proposed by Pellegrini and now under
construction at SLAC.
With the completion of PAB, the PBPL was able to occupy a new office suite on
the third
floor of Knudsen Hall, thus providing critical mass for the group. They are
also happy to
announce that Gil Travish, formerly a senior developmental scientist, has
obtained a
permanent position as a associate researcher.


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
13
The Basic Plasma Research group led by Reiner Stenzel and J. Manuel Urrutia,
with
funding from the National Science Foundation, has conducted research that has
led to
the discovery of whistler waves with wave magnetic fields exceeding the
background
magnetic field. Such extremely large waves create magnetic null points which
should
prevent the wave to propagate. Instead, the null points move with the wave
packet at the
whistler speed. The field topology is that of a three-dimensional vortex
(Hills vortex or
spheromak). Strong electron heating is observed in these waves, which
propagate
slower than the electron thermal velocity. The group has received a new
research
contract from the U.S.Air Force on the interaction of whistler waves with
energetic
electrons, studying nonlinear wave-particle interactions. With magnetic
antennas we
have already succeeded to inject 40kW of whistler wave energy into our
laboratory
plasma and observed significant electron scattering.
Aerogel - "liquid smoke" - a solid with the density of gas is being prepared
for use as
an electron beam diagnostic. A green laser is passing through one corner to
measure
the index of refraction. The blue glow is caused by the camera flash.
In 2005, Andrea Ghez, Alexander Kusenko, and Chetan Nayak were elected
general members of the Aspen Center for Physics (ACP) for the standard term of
rive years.
Snapshot of the field properties of "whistler spheromaks" at a time when the
coil current
produces a magnetic field opposite the ambient field. (a) Magnetic field
component Bz(0,
y, z) showing field-reversal regions near z - 15 cm from the coil. (b) Vector
field
(By,Bz) showing the field topology projected into the y-z plane. The coil is
located at z =
0, the spheromaks are at z - 15 cm.
20.

o This method of fusion has been known for at least a decade. But the
energy efficiency is so low that it's just not a candidate for power
generation. Like the article says, this is primarily targetted as a neutron
source. It might be able to be scaled above the break even point, but not
without some pretty innovative features.

The basic of it is you get a copper plate, attach it to a special crystal,
heat
it with a tungsten filament, and immerse it in deuterium gas. The heated
crystal strips electrons from the deuterium gas, and the ions are
accelerated towards an erbium-deuterium target.

I imagine most of your energy is lost as waste heat. And while this is cold
fusion, this is not room temperature fusion. Cold fusion is any fusion that
is not heat-pressure catalyzed. While heating is involved here, the energy
from the heat pressure is not directly used to bring deuterium nuclei
together...
o ParentTheir setup: The 'crystal' mentioned in the mainstream articles, is
a z-cut lithium tantalate crystal (LiTa03), with the negative axis facing
outward onto a hollow copper block. A tiny tungsten probe (80 microns
long and 100 nm wide) is then attached to the other crystal face. This
probe acts as a tiny mast for the electric field so that there is a powerful
electrical field at the tip of the probe. Then there were a bunch of fancy
neutron-counters and single-photon counters bundled around it.


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
14
What they did: First they added deuterium gas (at 0.7 Pa) and then
cooled the crystal down using liquid nitrogen (to 240 K). Then they used a
little heater to increase the chamber temperature slowly.

What happened: Less than 3 minutes later, and still below 273 K (0
degrees Celcius), the neutron signal rose above the background level.
There were x-rays coming from the probe tip, and a whole bunch of
neutrons. After a few more minutes, the electric field was so strong that it
caused arcing between the probe tip and the enclosure (because they
kept heatingthe crystal, and the field thus kept getting stronger). The
arcing stopped the process (and I'd guess it damages the crystal?).
They added a few links in the article to previous papers: a pdf [ucla.edu]
describing the concept they are trying to harness, another pdf
[binghamton.edu] with more about how they use the crystals with the
deuterium gas, and a brief abstract [inel.gov].

MUONS
An in-situ tritium-deuterium gas-purification system has been constructed to
produce a
high-purity D-T target gas for muon catalyzed fusion experiments at the RIKEN-
RAL
Muon Facility. At the experiment site, the system enables us to purify the D-T
target gas
by removing 3He component, to adjust the D/T gas mixing ratio and to measure
the
hydrogen isotope components. The system is specially designed to handle the D-
T gas
with a negative pressure, and the maximum tritium inventory of 56 TBq (1500
Ci) is
operated. The employed combination of a palladium filter and a cryotrap has
demonstrated as an efficient device to purify hydrogen gas with a negative
pressure. We
have completed a series of muon catalyzed d-t fusion experiments at various
tritium
concentrations, including an experiment with a non-equilibrium D2-T2 target
condition.
The muon catalyzed t-t fusion process has also been studied using the tritium
gas
supplied free of 3 He by the system.

The material of the plasma facing components (PFC) have to withstand extremely
large
thermal loads, up to 10 MW/m2. This heat flux could be tolerated without
melting if the
distance from the front surface to the coolant (testing the cold side of large
materials of
thermocoupling where the other end is heated by array of intense solar mirrors
causing
the PFC to be cooler and/or cold sea water (we want a cheap renewable source
of
cooling to make the fusion reactor economically feasible). A low-Z
material,(ie. graphite
and/or beryllium could be used (see the list of materials in the first 2 (two)
paragraphs of
this patent invention), or a high-Z material, such as tungsten and/or
molybdenum. Use of
liquid metals (lithium, gallium, tin... again see the list on materials in the
first 2 (two)
paragraphs of this patent invention above).

Re: Other Supplemental Parts That We are Studying For Fusion Reactors


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
Quantum Entanglement ie. heat or excite (to manipulate economically via self
propagating reactions), including hot electrons, ions gas fuel into plasma
state.

Initially we could heat, excite and voltage (platinum catalyst), plasma arc,
via mirrors for
the fuel (ie. D-D, D-T 3He and/or Proton - Boron...) direct heat and
pyroelectric
crystal(s) (large or multiple crystals - inside the initial chamber itself
and/or focused the
sunlight into the chamber via one large or multi large acceleration system one
such
theory attracts the fuel into a centre where the heated pyroelectric crystals'
magnetic
field (electrode) strip the electrons from the fuel and creating it into a
charged state that
is repelled away. Under pressure and mixing to entangle as much of the fuel
material as
possible.

We could use the direct sunlight and mirrors (on the surrounding grounds), and
pass it
through a lens (ie. sapphire) A1203, that magnified or widened (made
compatible to size
of pyroelectric crystal, piezoelectric, ferroelectric... ).

Then we separate the fuel materials. By exciting one part of the material and
then doing
a bell-state measurement, we will convert the other separated reservoir of
entangled fuel
material into the newly excited state; so we might use less energy to apply to
both or
multiple separated reservoirs or via BSM.

There is a possible limit to this part of the invention, the question is, can
the BSM occur
where plasma is super hot temperatures,

Re: Fuel Production

Re: Steam is injected into syngas collected as by product of plasma flames, to
generate
hydrogen-rich gas. Also oxygen and steam can be added to clean the
garbage/waste
... Other fuels include Argon and Helium... we need to optimize the spread of
plasma
density, plasma temperature, and pressure...

The plasma heat (as well as mirrors and magnifying lens) is used to slag
metals, sodium
disulfite, HCL, ethanol, electricity and water.

Sources syngas that contain methane below (taken from as I understand a
government
website) include:

Sources and Emissions

= Where does methane come from?
= Human-related sources
= Natural sources

Where does methane come from?

Methane is emitted from a variety of both human-related (anthropogenic) and
natural
sources. Human-related activities include fossil fuel production, animal
husbandry
(enteric fermentation in livestock and manure management), rice cultivation,
biomass
burning, and waste management. These activities release significant quantities
of


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
16
methane to the atmosphere. It is estimated that 60% of global methane
emissions are
related to human-related activities (IPCC, 2001c). Natural sources of methane
include
wetlands, gas hydrates, permafrost, termites, oceans, freshwater bodies, non-
wetland
soils, and other sources such as wildfires.

Methane emission levels from a source can vary significantly from one country
or region
to another, depending on many factors such as climate, industrial and
agricultural
production characteristics, energy types and usage, and waste management
practices.
For example, temperature and moisture have a significant effect on the
anaerobic
digestion process, which is one of the key biological processes that cause
methane
emissions in both human-related and natural sources. Also, the implementation
of
technologies to capture and utilize methane from sources such as landfills,
coal mines,
and manure management systems affects the emission levels from these sources.
Emission inventories are prepared to determine the contribution from different
sources.
The following sections present information from inventories of U.S. man-made
sources
and natural sources of methane globally. For information on international
methane
emissions from man-made sources, visit the International Analyses Web site.
Human-related Sources

In the United States, the largest methane emissions come from the
decomposition of
wastes in landfills, ruminant digestion and manure management associated with
domestic livestock, natural gas and oil systems, and coal mining. Table 1
shows the
level of emissions from individual sources for the years 1990 and 1997 to
2003.
Table 1 U.S. Methane Emissions by Source (TgCO2 Equivalents)

Source 1990 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Category
Landfills 172.2 147.4 138.5 134.0 130.7 126.2 126.8 131.2
Natural Gas 128.3 133.6 131.8 127.4 132.1 131.8 130.6 125.9
Systems
Enteric 117.9 118.3 116.7 116.8 115.6 114.5 114.6 115.0
Fermentation
Coal Mining 81.9 62.6 62.8 58.9 56.2 55.6 52.4 53.8
Manure 31.2 36.4 38.8 38.8 38.1 38.9 39.3 39.1
Management
Wastewater 24.8 31.7 32.6 33.6 34.3 34.7 35.8 36.8
Treatment
Petroleum 20.0 18.8 18.5 17.8 17.6 17.4 17.1 17.1
Systems
Rice 7.1 7.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 7.6 6.8 6.9
Cultivation


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
17
Stationary 7.8 7.4 6.9 7.1 7.3 6.7 6.4 6.7
Sources
Abandoned 6.1 8.1 7.2 7.3 7.7 6.9 6.4 6.4
Coal Mines
Mobile 4.8 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.7
Sources
Petrochemical 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.5
Production
Iron and Steel 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
Agricultural 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8
Residue
Burning
Total for U.S. 605.3 579.5 569.3 557.3 554.2 546.7 542.3 544.9

Source: US Emissions Inventory 2005: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
and Sinks: 1990-2003

The principal human-related sources of methane are described below. For each
source,
a link is provided to the report entitled "US Emissions Inventory 2006:
Inventory of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2004," prepared by EPA, which
provides
detailed information on the characterization and quantity of national
emissions from
each source. This report, hereafter referred to as the "U.S. inventory
report", provides
the latest descriptions and emissions associated with each source category and
is part
of the United States' official submittal to the United Nations Framework
Convention on
Climate Change. The U.S. inventory report also describes the procedures used
to
quantify national emissions, as well as a description of trends in emissions
since 1990.
Also, for those sources where EPA has established voluntary programs for
reducing
methane emissions, a link to those program sites is
provided.
Landfills. Landfills are the largest human-related source of
methane in the U.S., accounting for 34% of all methane
emissions. Methane is generated in landfills and open 4.'
dumps as waste decomposes under anaerobic (without
oxygen) conditions. The amount of methane created
depends on the quantity and moisture content of the waste
and the design and management practices at the site. The
U.S. inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions
from landfills
and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Waste").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions from
landfills. This program, known as the Landfill Methane Outreach Program
(LMOP),
works with companies, utilities, and communities to encourage the use of
landfill gas for
energy.


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
18
Natural gas and petroleum systems.
Methane is the primary component of natural
gas. Methane losses occur during the
production, processing, storage, transmission,
and distribution of natural gas. Because gas is often found
in conjunction with oil, the production, refinement,
transportation, and storage of crude oil is also a source of
methane emissions, The U.S. inventory report provides a
detailed description on methane emissions from natural
gas and petroleum systems and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled
"Energy").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions in
the
natural gas industry. This program, known as the Natural Gas STAR Program (Gas
STAR) is a voluntary partnership between EPA and the natural gas and oil
industries to
reduce emissions of methane from the production, transmission, and
distribution of
natural gas.

Coal mining. Methane trapped in coal deposits and in the
surrounding strata is released during normal mining
operations in both underground and surface mines. In
addition, handling of the coal after mining results in
methane emissions. The U.S. inventory report provides a
detailed description on methane emissions from coal
mining and how they are estimated (see the Chapter
entitled "Energy").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions in
the coal
mining industry. This program, known as the Coalbed Methane Outreach Program
(CMOP) helps the coal industry identify the technologies, markets, and finance
sources
to profitably use or sell the methane that coal mines would otherwise vent to
the
atmosphere.

Livestock enteric fermentation. Among domesticated livestock, ruminant animals
(cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels) produce significant amounts of
methane as
part of their normal digestive processes. In the rumen, or large fore-stomach,
of these
animals, microbial fermentation converts feed into products that can be
digested and
utilized by the animal. This microbial fermentation process, referred to as
enteric
fermentation, produces methane as a by-product, which can be exhaled by the
animal.
Methane is also produced in smaller quantities by the digestive processes of
other
animals, including humans, but emissions from these sources are insignificant.
The U.S.
inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from
livestock
enteric fermentation and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled
"Agriculture").
EPA has studied options for reducing methane emissions from enteric
fermentation and
has developed resources and tools to assist in estimating emissions and
evaluating
mitigation options. For more information, please visit the Ruminant Livestock
site.


CA 02676737 2009-06-04 19

Livestock manure management. Methane is produced during the anaerobic
(i.e., without oxygen) decomposition of organic material in livestock manure
management systems. Liquid manure management systems, such as lagoons and
holding tanks, can cause significant methane production and these systems are
commonly used at larger swine and dairy operations. Manure deposited on fields
and
pastures, or otherwise handled in a dry form, produces insignificant amounts
of
methane. The U.S. inventory report provides a detailed description on methane
emissions from livestock manure management and how they are estimated (see the
Chapter entitled "Agriculture").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions in
the
livestock industry. This program, known as the A_qSTAR Program, encourages
adoption
of anaerobic digestion technologies that recover and combust biogas (methane)
for odor
control or as an on-farm energy resource.

Wastewater treatment. Wastewater from domestic
(municipal sewage) and industrial sources is treated to
remove soluble organic matter, suspended solids,
pathogenic organisms, and chemical contaminants. These
treatment processes can produce methane emissions if
organic constituents in the wastewater are treated
anaerobically (i.e., without oxygen) and if the methane
produced is released to the atmosphere. In addition, the
sludge produced from some treatment processes may be further biodegraded under
anaerobic conditions, resulting in methane emissions. These emissions can be
avoided,
however, by treating the wastewater and the associated sludge under aerobic
conditions
or by capturing methane released under anaerobic conditions. The U.S.
inventory report
provides a detailed description on methane emissions from wastewater treatment
and
how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled
"Waste").
Rice cultivation. Methane is produced during flooded
rice cultivation by the anaerobic (without oxygen)
decomposition of organic matter in the soil. Flooded
soils are ideal environments for methane production
because of their high levels of organic substrates,
oxygen-depleted conditions, and moisture. The level of
emissions varies with soil conditions and production
practices as well as climate. Several cultivation practices
have shown promise for reducing methane emissions from rice cultivation. The
U.S.
inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from
rice
cultivation and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled
"Agriculture").
Natural Sources

Emissions from natural sources are largely determined by environmental
variables such
as temperature and precipitation. Although much uncertainty remains as to the
actual
contributions of these natural sources, available information indicates that
global
methane emissions from natural sources are around 190 Tg per year. The figure
below


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
shows the relative contribution of different natural sources to global
atmospheric
methane emissions.

Natural Sources of Atmospheric
Methane
11% Wetlands
Termites
0 Oceans

1,p 44 4A{'F ~, , i Hyd ates t
} L C 1~Jf.. -an,nwv
1515 ~! ] f ~ "11 ~~~
4 J 1.f~ l
76%

....,.a.:.w.c..w.ww.:v......,~++.w ...............
.u...ucn..e...=....~w.w....w..wu..d,... ....v........w..ww....m.=.-
w,_.:w...v.n.....ww......,..u>.:...........,........a... .a...w.w.w,.....>u
..a.u...,vw.,w......x.
Source: Prepared from data contained in IPCC, 2001 c I

Wetlands. Natural wetlands are responsible for approximately 76% of global
methane
emissions from natural sources, accounting for about 145 Tg of methane per
year.
Wetlands provide a habitat conducive to methane-producing (methanogenic)
bacteria
that produce methane during the decomposition of organic material. These
bacteria
require environments with no oxygen and abundant organic matter, both of which
are
present in wetland conditions.

Termites. Global emissions of termites are estimated to be about 20 Tg per
year, and
account for approximately 11 % of the global methane emissions from natural
sources.
Methane is produced in termites as part of their normal digestive process, and
the
amount generated varies among different species. Ultimately, emissions from
termites
depend largely on the population of these insects, which can also vary
significantly
among different regions of the world.

Oceans. Oceans are estimated to be responsible for about 8% of the global
methane
emissions from natural sources, accounting for approximately 15 Tg of methane.
The
source of methane from oceans is not entirely clear, but two identified
sources include
the anaerobic digestion in marine zooplankton and fish, and also from
methanogenisis in
sediments and drainage areas along coastal regions.

Hydrates. Global emissions from methane hydrates is estimated to be around 10
Tg of
methane per year, accounting for approximately 5% of the global methane
emissions
from natural sources. Methane hydrates are solid deposits composed of cages of
water
molecules that contain molecules of methane. The solids can be found deep
underground in polar regions and in ocean sediments of the outer continental
margin
throughout the world. Methane can be released from the hydrates with changes
in
temperature, pressure, salt concentrations, and other factors. Overall, the
amount of
methane stored in these hydrates globally is estimated to be very large with
the potential
for large releases of methane if there are significant breakdowns in the
stability of the
deposits. Because of this large potential for emissions, there is much ongoing
scientific


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
21
research related to analyzing and predicting how changes in the ocean
environment
affect the stability of hydrates.

Surround the industrial plasma flame/torch with pyroelectric crystal(s) to
convert excess
heat into electricity (hooked to live wires) to save in power plant batteries
(for self usage
such as aluminium industry) or sold to a utility grid.

Sewage use settlement reservoir drain the top liquid and use mirrors to boil
the
remaining sludge until dry, with vapour channeled into a turbine for energy.

Re: Nitrogen + Syngas Additionally:

Nitrogen + Syngas include processes for ammonia - as well as urea, nitric acid
and
ammonium nitrate, and methanol, but in addition will now also provide a fuller
view of
the diverse range of technology options available to developers of natural gas-
based
chemicals and gas to liquids and methanol to olefins and the hydrogen needed
for
fusion reactions and/or fuel cell batteries...

Re: Helium Production; since fuel has many advantages for fuel reactors above
invention...

To Speed up uranium and any and all other radioactive decay (speed up) to
produce
He3 and He4 by exposure to free electrons (ie. multi layers of the medium
containing
the Uranium - to turn the uranium embedded host substance - of the footprint
of the
uranium layout) surround and including underneath the footprint including
depth
(perhaps three or more layers of concrete walls sandwiched by lead)... adding
a recipe
of heat (cheap from mirrors) and/or pressure (cheap from applying large
weights that
(can be lightened - and lifted - by hydraulics/pneumatics), (which are cheap
since they
always work simply by using gravity press down the weight above over as long
as
needed with out any added costs (or input fuels)... (As well we might use Free
Electron
Lasers and/or Electron Beam Lasers). Any and all sources of electrons
including those
mentioned in this patent (ie. pyroelectric crystals whose magnetic field tear
off electrons
emissions), can be used in the Helium production process). If the deposit of
Uranium is
large enough, harvesting of Helium could possibly serve as a semi-renewable
resource.
Our Enrichment include any and all methods 1. centrifuges, 2. silver-zinc
membrane, 3.
molecular laser isotope and/or 4. liquid thermal diffusion.

(The below is some facts regarding Nuclear Fuels taken off the internet
radioisotopes
that might be used to interact with electrons produce fuel ie. He; Helium).

Industrial Radioisotopes
Naturally occurring radioisotopes:

Chlorine-36: Used to measure sources of chloride and the age of water (up to 2
million
years)

Carbon-14: Used to measure the age of water (up to 50,000 years)


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
22
Tritium (H-3): Used to measure 'young' groundwater (up to 30 years)

Lead-210: Used to date layers of sand and soil up to 80 years
Artificially produced radioisotopes:

Americium-241:
Used in backscatter gauges, smoke detectors, fill height detectors and in
measuring ash
content of coal.

Caesium-137:
Used for radiotracer technique for identification of sources of soil erosion
and deposition,
in density and fill height level switches.

Silver-11 Om, Cobalt-60, Lanthanum-140, Scandium-46, Gold-198:
Used together in blast furnaces to determine resident times and to quantify
yields to
measure the furnace performance.

Cobalt-60:
Used for gamma sterilisation, industrial radiography, density and fill height
switches.
Gold-198 & Technetium-99m:
Used to study sewage and liquid waste movements, as well as tracing factory
waste
causing ocean pollution, and to trace sand movement in river beds and ocean
floors.
Strontium-90, Krypton-85, Thallium-204:
Used for industrial gauging.
Zinc-65 & Manganese-54:
Used to predict the behaviour of heavy metal components in effluents from
mining waste
water.

Iridium-192, Gold-198 & Chromium-57:
Used to label sand to study coastal erosion
Ytterbium-169, Iridium-192 & Selenium-75:
Used in gamma radiography and non-destructive testing.
Tritiated Water:
Used as a tracer to study sewage and liquid wastes.
What Are Radioisotopes?

Many of the chemical elements have a number of isotopes. The isotopes of an
element
have the same number of protons in their atoms (atomic number) but different
masses
due to different numbers of neutrons. In an atom in the neutral state, the
number of
external electrons also equals the atomic number. These electrons determine
the
chemistry of the atom. The atomic mass is the sum of the protons and neutrons.
There
are 82 stable elements and about 275 stable isotopes of these elements.


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
23
When a combination of neutrons and protons, which does not already exist in
nature, is
produced artificially, the atom will be unstable and is called a radioactive
isotope or
radioisotope. There are also a number of unstable natural isotopes arising
from the
decay of primordial uranium and thorium. Overall there are some 1800
radioisotopes.

At present there are up to 200 radioisotopes used on a regular basis, and most
must be
produced artificially.

Radioisotopes can be manufactured in several ways. The most common is by
neutron
activation in a nuclear reactor. This involves the capture of a neutron by the
nucleus of
an atom resulting in an excess of neutrons (neutron rich).

Some radioisotopes are manufactured in a cyclotron in which protons are
introduced to
the nucleus resulting in a deficiency of neutrons (proton rich).

The nucleus of a radioisotope usually becomes stable by emitting an alpha
and/or beta
particle. These particles may be accompanied by the emission of energy in the
form of
electromagnetic radiation known as gamma rays. This process is known as
radioactive
decay.

Radioisotopes have very useful properties: radioactive emissions are easily
detected
and can be tracked until they disappear leaving no trace. Alpha, beta and
gamma
radiation, like x-rays, can penetrate seemingly solid objects, but are
gradually absorbed
by them. The extent of penetration depends upon several factors including the
energy of
the radiation, the mass of the particle and the density of the solid. These
properties lead
to many applications for radioisotopes in the scientific, medical, forensic
and industrial
fields.

We can use the below techniques to concentrate the Uranium... The below is
taken
from the Internet.

Uranium ore is mined in several ways: by open pit, underground, in-situ
leaching, and
borehole mining. Low-grade uranium ore typically contains 0.1 to 0.25% of
actual
uranium oxides, so extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal
from its
ore. High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan, Canada
can
contain up to 70% uranium oxides, and therefore must be diluted with waste
rock prior to
milling, in order to reduce radiation exposure to workers. Uranium ore is
crushed and
rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an acid or alkali.
The leachate
is then subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent
extraction, and
ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called yellowcake, contains at least 75%
uranium
oxides. Yellowcake is then calcined to remove impurities from the milling
process prior
to refining and conversion.

Commercial-grade uranium can be produced through the reduction of uranium
halides
with alkali or alkaline earth metals. Uranium metal can also be made through
electrolysis
of KU5 or UF4, dissolved in a molten calcium chloride (CaC12) and sodium
chloride
(NaCI) solution.Very pure uranium can be produced through the thermal
decomposition
of uranium halides on a hot filament.
Oxides


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
24
Calcined uranium yellowcake as produced in many large mills contains a
distribution of
uranium oxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least
oxidized.
Particles with short residence times in a calciner will generally be less
oxidized than
particles that have long retention times or are recovered in the stack
scrubber. While
uranium content is referred to for U308 content, to do so is inaccurate and
dates to the
days of the Manhattan project when U308 was used as an analytical chemistry
reporting standard.

Phase relationships in the uranium-oxygen system are highly complex. The most
important oxidation states of uranium are uranium(IV) and uranium(VI), and
their two
corresponding oxides are, respectively, uranium dioxide (UO2) and uranium
trioxide
(UO3). Other uranium oxides such as uranium monoxide (UO), diuranium pentoxide
(U205), and uranium peroxide (UO4.2H20) are also known to exist.

The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octaoxide (U308) and the
aforementioned UO2. Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in
water and
are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions.
Triuranium
octaoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and
is the
form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which
uranium is
most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel. At ambient temperatures, UO2
will
gradually convert to U308. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are
generally
considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.

Aqueous chemistry

Ions that represent the four different oxidation states of uranium are soluble
and
therefore can be studied in aqueous solutions. They are: U3+ (red), U4+
(green), U02+
(unstable), and U022+ (yellow).[48] A few solid and semi-metallic compounds
such as
UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions
are known
to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water
and are
therefore considered to be highly unstable. The U022+ ion represents the
uranium(VI)
state and is known to form compounds such as the carbonate, chloride and
sulfate.
U022+ also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most
commonly
encountered of which is uranyl acetate.
Carbonates
The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix
diagram to
change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing
solution. It is interesting to note that while the vast majority of carbonates
are insoluble
in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of
alkali metals
are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This
is due to the
fact that a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more
carbonates
to form anionic complexes.
The effect of pH
The uranium fraction diagrams in the presence of carbonate illustrate this
further: it may
be seen that when the pH of a uranium(VI) solution is increased that the
uranium is
converted to a hydrated uranium oxide hydroxide and then at high pHs to an
anionic
hydroxide complex.

On addition of carbonate to the system the uranium is converted to a series of
carbonate
complexes when the pH is increased, one important overall effect of these
reactions is
to increase the solubility of the uranium in the range pH 6 to 8. This is
important when


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
considering the long term stability of used uranium dioxide nuclear fuels.

Hydrides, carbides and nitrides
Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 C (482 to 572 F) reacts with hydrogen to
form
uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen.
This
property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create
reactive
uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide
compounds.
Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an a form that is obtained
at low
temperatures and a (3 form that is created when the formation temperature is
above 250
C.

Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic
compounds
that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air
to form U308.
Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC2),
and
diuranium tricarbide (U2C3). Both UC and UC2 are formed by adding carbon to
molten
uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures.
Stable
below 1800 C, U2C3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC2
to
mechanical stress. Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal
to nitrogen
include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN2), and diuranium
trinitride
(U2N3).

Halides
All uranium fluorides are created using uranium tetrafluoride (UF4); UF4
itself is
prepared by hydrofluorination of uranium dioxide. Reduction of UF4 with
hydrogen at
1000 C produces uranium trifluoride (UF3). Under the right conditions of
temperature
and pressure, the reaction of solid UF4 with gaseous uranium hexafluoride
(UF6) can
form the intermediate fluorides of U2F9, U4F17, and UF5.

At room temperatures, UF6 has a high vapor pressure, making it useful in the
gaseous
diffusion process to separate highly valuable uranium-235 from the far more
common
uranium-238 isotope. This compound can be prepared from uranium dioxide and
uranium hydride by the following process:

UO2 + 4HF + heat (500 C) - UF4 + 2H20
UF4 + F2 + heat (350 C) -* UF6

The resulting UF6 white solid is highly reactive (by fluorination), easily
sublimes
(emitting a nearly perfect gas vapor), and is the most volatile compound of
uranium
known to exist.

One method of preparing uranium tetrachloride (UCI4) is to directly combine
chlorine
with either uranium metal or uranium hydride. The reduction of UCI4 by
hydrogen
produces uranium trichloride (UCI3) while the higher chlorides of uranium are
prepared
by reaction with additional chlorine. All uranium chlorides react with water
and air.
Bromides and iodides of uranium are formed by direct reaction of,
respectively, bromine
and iodine with uranium or by adding UH3 to those element's acids. Known
examples
include: UBr3, UBr4, U13, and U14. Uranium oxyhalides are water-soluble and
include
UO2F2, UOCI2, UO2CI2, and UO2Br2. Stability of the oxyhalides decrease as the
atomic weight of the component halide increases.


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
26
Enrichment
Enrichment of uranium ore through isotope separation to concentrate the
fissionable
uranium-235 is needed for use in nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants
with
the exception of gas cooled reactors and pressurised heavy water reactors. A
majority of
neutrons released by a fissioning atom of uranium-235 must impact other
uranium-235
atoms to sustain the nuclear chain reaction needed for these applications. The
concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a
'critical
mass.'

To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction has to be increased to
significantly greater than its concentration in naturally occurring uranium.
Enriched
uranium typically has a uranium-235 concentration of between 3 and 5%. The
process
produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a
correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium
or'DU'. To
be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration has to have
been
decreased to significantly less than its natural concentration. Typically the
amount of
uranium-235 left in depleted uranium is 0.2% to 0.3%. As the price of uranium
has risen
since 2001, some enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235
are
being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of these depleted
uranium
hexafluoride stores above $130 per kilogram in July, 2007 from just $5 in
2001.

Re: We are experimenting with creating our own fuels.

COAL is made plants in swamps that were buried in sediments - we could use
these
inputs and apply heat (from large mirror array and magnifying glass(es)) and
single
movement weights that (only lifted once that when the process is finished -
using
hydraulics/pneumatics), otherwise the weights require no energy since it is in
place as a
dead weight on top of the production chamber.

OIL is made from algae - we could use these inputs and apply heat (from large
mirror
array and magnifying glass(es)) and single movement weights that (only lifted
once that
when the process is finished - using hydraulics/pneumatics), otherwise the
weights
require no energy since it is in place as a dead weight on top of the
production chamber.
NATURAL GAS is made from plants and animals that decompose at higher
temperatures and probably higher pressure - we could use these inputs and
apply heat
(from large mirror array and magnifying glass(es)) and single movement weights
that
(only lifted once that when the process is finished - using
hydraulics/pneumatics),
otherwise the weights require no energy since it is in place as a dead weight
on top of
the production chamber.

Additionally we could compress and heat restaurant waste, manure, sewage
perhaps
compost (including sugar, starch, cellulose and carbohydrates and other
organic
materials...), possibly decaying the organic materials (with best strain
(fastest acting and
processing - since processing time is the bottleneck in this part of the
invention)) with
micro organisms, similar to decaying material found on the sediments on the
bottom
bodies of water. We could mix this organic material with micro organism and
algae rich
places in the world where the starter material for Coal/Oil and/or Natural Gas
is believed
to have the same inputs (use places where sediment has not become the fully
formed
Coal/Oil and/or Natural Gas), mix with our organic waste and use our large
array of sun


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
27
mirrors to evaporate then apply pressure (only need power to lift the press
weight once,
when the process is done), and further heat with large mirrors array (possibly
with a
series of magnifying glasses.

We are also cleaning tailings ponds from Oil/Tar Sands using Bird feathers
since we all
know that the bitumen sticks to the feathers.

Syngas (ie. from steam and coal), products Hydrogen and/or Methane (which can
be
further processed into hydrogen isotopes) can be used for fuel in the Fusion
Reactor
and/or H2 can be converted into methane and/or methanol and/or diesel and/or
ammonia...

Re: Alternate energy generation invention/technology that has similarities to
the Fusion
Reactor.

The entire system can be air tight with intake for oxygen if needed for
combustion, and
air tight for gasification and outtake for effluent/smoke stack (which is
converted to
green/clean syngas) by the final process when we can't extract any more worth
from the
heat then we blow it through pipe that is equipped with plasma arc torch that
burns away
much of the poisonous gasses, but the flame is small enough to conserve energy
the
exhaust has a opening that can open wider or narrower depending on the
pressure from
the gas and/or steam and the optimum pressure requirements for the turbines.

1. Near the bottom is a bed for coal (and/or discarded shredded tires and/or
mix
coal and/or discarded shredded tires); under the coal bed are several plasma
arc
torches so when there is not enough sun and/or the garbage is hard to burn and
/or the coal bed needs to be re-ignited, the plasma arc torch can be turned on
at
different places and different power controls.
2. There also needs to be a mechanical device (ie. remote controlled possibly
equipped with infrared robot appendages) to stoke the burn and spread of burn
of the coal bed.
3. Above the coal bed is a grill.
4. Garbage/dry solid sewage, discarded shredded tires... any and all waste
(even
many contaminated wastes can be handled in this process) can be placed on the
grill.
5. The entire system is surrounded with arrays of mirrors. The higher the
parts
necessary for heat the more mirrors that can be trained on the these parts
(ie.
closer mirrors train up wards since they are closer while further out mirrors
are
trained down wards (magnifying glass maybe used to increase intensity and
heat.
6. The mirrors can be trained on the garbage level or if more heat is needed
used
to ignite the coal.
7. Where garbage is less combustible, coal can be stoked to burn under the
incombustible garbage or mirrors can be trained and/or added to aim the
sunlight
(with magnifying glass) at the incombustible garbage.
8. The system can work 24 hours a day when at night and there is no sunlight
coal
can be used to fuel the system.


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
28
9. The idea is to convert the heat of the (different designs are applicable)
ie, the
inner boiler is the exhaust from the mirrors to coal and/or garbage which
escapes
through pipe that turns a gas turbine and an outer boiler
surrounding/encapsulating the inner boiler to harness the heat to boil salt
water
to steam and the steam harnessed using steam turbine.
10. Furthermore we can add there are several steps to get the maximum yield
from
the system i. thermocoupling such that the hot end is wrapped around heated
areas of the system - that create a voltage that can stored in power plat
batteries
or the electricity can be fed to the utility grid (ie. the boilers and heated
pipes)
and the cool end is wrapped around the condensating pipes to cool for clean
freshwater... ; pyroelectric crystals maybe used to turn the changing heat
from
the system into electricity ie. heat absorbing and heat tolerant solar
panels/cells;
any and all heat to electricity technologies can be used), the saltwater
boiler can
also use ethanol/bitumen/petroleum any and all fuels (which after cooling can
be
recycled and reused.
11. Additional step is to use coal (and the part of the steam produced by this
system)
for steam reforming (gasification) (H2O + Coal + 02 = H2 + CO + CO2 + CH4 +
water vapour) since gasification is uses a lot of energy we can save money by
using the mirrors and the coal bed and the garbage (in fact we may not even
use
the bed of coals if the mirrors are hot enough (ie with magnifying by
capturing
wide spread sunlight and focusing/concentrating the sun light on to a smaller
more intense spot) to produce the heat. In such an alternate case, coal is
strictly
used for input into the steam reforming (gasification process)... saving money
on
coal.
12. The heat from this system can also be used in Molten metal smelters...
13. Other products of gasification include: Ammonia, Ethanol, Fischer-Tropsch
fuels,(diesel), Hydrogen, Methanol, Methyl Acetate, SNG, Urea and Urea
ammonium nitrate.

SYNGAS:
Hydrogen (H2) + Nitrogen (N2) = Ammonia (NH3)

Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H2) = Diesel (C18H38)
Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H2) = Methanol (CH3OH)

Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H2) = Methane (CH4) + Water (H20)
1. The CO2 from the above process can be used in green houses.
2. The green houses are framed with material (membrane) that lets only 02 pass
through in one direction and CO2 through the other direction.
3. Additionally to max the respiration effect the gasses in the greenhouses at
(sunrise have the gasses - CO2 drawn out and 02 pumped in).
4. At sunset the gasses - 02 is drawn out and CO2 is pumped in (ie. the CO2
from
the above industrial and energy generation processes)...


CA 02676737 2009-06-04 29

The process above that produces Ammonia (NH3), Urea and Urea ammonium nitrate,
can be harvested for micro algae (bio fuels), and any and all plants
cultivations.

Re: Use of CO2 by product of the above Processes

1. We could grow algae with an air in the container (ie. in the plastic and/or
vat
holding the algae), the liquid is agitated, such that the (ie bags are
spun/massaged/manipulated), vats can be stirred like a water wheel bringing
the
liquid to splash into the sir... With addition of CO2 and (02 if necessary),
depending on photosynthesis time. The vapour gas is extracted and replaced
from CO2 to 02 just before sun rise and sun set.
2. Additionally proper timing of CO2 and 02 can be aerated into the liquid.
And the
(C02/02) membrane can be further used which can be surrounded a further
enclosure with concentrated CO2 in the day and 02 in the night.

Another addition to this patent is to use Ultra Violet to sterilize urine
and/or manure
before applying as fertilizer, we could even invent our own brand of
fertilizer whereby we
mix urine with (sewage) with Bokashi (EM), and other micro organisms together
with
sugar (for the micro organisms to use their enzymes) especially the Bokashi
that is
known for odourless composting, to treat the urine.. .then before the urine
(or the liquid
upper part of sewage), are treated with Ultra Violet light and/or (high end
includes
furanone, chitin and/or micro algae extract)... and bottled like fish
fertilizer.

In micro organisms and algae nitrogen and hydrogen catalysts help produce H2
fusion
reactor fuel (GP 0.5%)

Microorganisms with an oxygen-producing photosynthesis that have a hydrogen
metabolism are cyanobacteria and green algae. Naturally the micro organisms
thrive on
maltose/sucrose and erythrose (we can extract from beet, sugar cane, maple
syrup,
honey, molasses)... carbohydrates are used as acceptor molecules for ammonium.

The microorganisms produce reduced hydrogen (good for fusion reactor fuel) via
the
nitrogen to ammonia fixation process involving the use of enzymes
(specifically
hydrogenases):

1. NiFe Hydrogenase.
2. Fe Hydrogenase.
3. Molybdenum Nitrogenase (Monitrogenase).
4. Nitrogenase molybdenum-iron (MoFe) protein.
5. Dinitrogebnase.
6. glutomate dehydrogenase.
7. glutamine synthethase.
8. glutamate synthethase.

Of which catalyze the reversible (some bi-directional) reduction from protons
to
molecular hydrogen as follows:

2H + 2e- = H2


CA 02676737 2009-06-04 30

By combining nitrogen fixation with hydrogenase the hydrogen production can be
substantially increased.

Therefore we could artificially synthesize or harvest these enzymes from the
micro
organisms and algae mix with hydrogen and supply with electrons, even pass a
voltage
(any and all sources - see above), and try to artificially produce H2.

We could so isolate the genes that cause the production of the enzymes and
create
plasmid and place it in E. coli bacteria and cultivate.

We are continuing to search and developing for other more effective enzymes...
The
trick seems to be to speed up metabolism of nutrients and photosynthesis to
produce
more hydrogen. Genetically engineering cells that have eliminated anything
that
impedes the process of hydrogen production. We can put probes in landfills and
garbage dumps to sense for concentrations of hydrogen (even probes underground
level - for micro organisms that don't require sun light) where there might be
colonies of
micro organisms that are very effective at producing hydrogen (perhaps even
from
breaking down plastic)...

Another source is hyperthermophilic archaea ie. those found in North Sea,
Alaska and
Siberia one example is Desulfurcoccus fermentans (known to produce hydrogen)
be
injected into non-cellulose eating archaeons (whose own nucleus have been
removed)
and also the cellulose eating organism genes could be micro injected into E.
coil and/or
micro algae... Also fungi genes.

We are also considering using a version of modified Ieghaemoglobin to use for
human
blood haemoglobin.

We are also using any and all mutation methods and techniques on fungi to
cultivate a
fungi that produces antibiotic compounds that are effective against antibiotic
resistant
diseases.

For cultivation of plants, we are trying to grow a plant artificially without
the root system
by creating a substrate of plant hormones such as auxin and gibberellin...and
to avoid
rot, chitin/furanone/micro algae extract, as well as pressure possibly by
wrapping a
balloon opening ring snugly around and further secured by a fit to job
elastic/rubber
band and then applying pressure so the maltose/sucrose and erythrose (we can
extract
from beet, sugar cane, maple syrup, honey, molasses, dates, fruits that are
rotting sped
up by ethylene) - we could use mirrors to boil down/evaporate down and
concentrate
the sugars (mirrors provide free heat)... substrate can be absorbed up into
the
stem/trunk during/mimicing the cycles of day/night requirements of the plant's
daily
cycles

(We might try Jellyfish poison for inflammatory type diseases and perhaps in
small
amounts to cells infected by disease (ie. cancer)).

Re: Partial (and Reversed) Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell to produce H2
Cathode Reactions (negative voltage): emersed in 4H+ + 4e- = (produces) 2H2


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
31
Anode Reactions (positive voltage): emersed in H2O = (produces) 02 + 4H+ + 4e-

Overall Cell Reactions: 2H20 = 2H2 + 02

Re: Heavy Water in diluted solutions of NACL (Sodium Chloride) and LiCI
(Lithium
Chloride)

The water is entangled with the (any and all) electrolyte(s) (salts), these
electrolytes
(salts) whose ions are diluted away produce hydrogen bonds.

Re: Steaming Reforming

1. Endothermic Catalytic conversion: ethanol; methane; bitumen; gasoline; with
steam (H2O), under pressure and heat... the products are H2 (hydrogen); CO2
(Carbon Dioxide); CH4 (Methane) and CO (Carbon Monoxide)...
2. Then comes the Shift Reaction: CO reacts with steam the products are CO2
and
H2. Undesirable gases are eliminated absorption (membrane separation)...
3. Partial Oxidation uses thermal conversion ie. tailings (bitumen from oil
and/or tar
sands), adding 02 (oxygen) and steam (H2O), We could try this process with
garbage and sewage as well perhaps mixed with natural gas, oil, and coal
(dust)...

New ways to produce to produce hydrogen and also include processing bio fuels,
ie.
ethanol (bitumen perhaps even tailings bitumen fro oil/tar sands wastes) with
carbon-
supported tin dioxide nanoparticles, catalyzed platinum, rhodium and/or cerium
oxide... which has the positive side effect of converting CO (carbon monoxide)
to less
poisonous CO2 (carbon dioxide). Other catalysts include small metallic nano
particles
deposited on larger nano particles.

Another option is to use photosynthetic microorganisms to produce hydrogen gas
and
the by product of bio plastics. Also plastic waste could from collections of
household
kitchens wrappings and/or no longer wanted, broken or needed
Rubbermaid/Tupperware could be traded in for free or a share of the profits as
discount
for further purchase of exchanged items (we could do that for garbage and
kitchen
compost as well)... Plastic wastes can be converted through syngas into
methanol.
Furthermore we could use old tires for such conversion processes... Another
possibility
is for boats to harvest ocean islands of floating plastic that doesn't
breakdown for the
here paragraph mentioned technology. We could also take ant and all
electronics
casing apart, and their poisonous interiors components could be slagged with a
plasma
torch facility...

Re: Bio Fuels as Hydrogen Source

Also we can use lignin-derived fraction from separated from bio fuels and/or
any and all
combustible substances (ie. in addition to ethanol), whereby this carbohydrate-
lignin-
derived (biomass, any and all convertible waste) fraction can be catalytically
steam
reformed to produce hydrogen.


CA 02676737 2009-06-04 32

Re: Below Are A Comprehensive Traditional List of Reactors: Their Catalysts
and
Products We will focus on the mix match recipe of catalysts and reactants used
for
different reactions interchangeability for our above technologies.
The Table is taken from MRS Bulletin...

Ul" k Ca s , , end Redd. Tea.

'for
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(e.4, sbeipht- hydrocarbons marof $am- bed
ehaiE- dwra, pnes ul duneins wig
C r* aurtsa) *enas) oon>panenhr to
owan CO (Pt)
WA "gwsier
swar ax"
N h r onrdnp Pe#aleunr-der d Arnmadc Pt nena uAws Fb*d bed or
MO (04, cpwour" t another nWhp
~'+ isomertad mats (PA 8n, bed
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1Iydrodaadfwtafon StwNur4ontalnkp H2S and MoSs Find bed
(E313S) Collude in horoaarbana raudoiers
low ISKMDft (e.g., bdfsnes, pmmcf d ti
(,e.O, thfopheae, b~ wfilr Ca and bed) or
wit sepported an .curry
Ate
14*0 enltrcWaaor+ oind r. a and YoSs Red bed
in h mwbons
aid
(e.p., YM N and bed) tti~powides) supported on s or
A
ft*adetyuYon tt*Vn-aania n ng H2O and UOS2 Find bed or
coal hydrocarbon nanoniusiarrs shiny
orblombs- (e4.,benate) pramated,r h
ded nd ieeddocks Co or K and
fV=)heno~, suppedw an

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supported on
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Eicher-Tmpsch CO + t$, 8tr g* the n &* iron Hied bed or
V epwak PIOmOsed Wth shrny
aerates, *J n *W or
aorypen^ Co parvdn on
a sepport
oontpands
arch as
*OhDK
aldeydes, and
hem"
$dhenol syiMhesls CO + H MAN 0 (wN Cu supported on Flied bed or
col MW H2O) *A waifs 2ho pry
durry


CA 02676737 2009-06-04 33
Re: Steam-Reforming Reactions

Methane:
CH4 + H2O (heat) = CO 3H2
Propane:

C3H8 + 3H20 (heat) = 3CO + 7H2
Ethanol:

C2H5OH + H2O (heat) = 2CO + 4H2

We could also use Bitumen form oil and tar sands also recover bitumen from the
waste
tailings ponds. Under this patent my includes the use of (ie. any and all bird
feathers -
since the birds are getting stuck in the tar), then why not use bird feathers
to recover the
waste bitumen, almost like panning for gold although we might want to
mechanize and
remotely control the operation for health reasons. We could also use velore,
Velcro,
angora, wool, al paqua (old down feathers), fleece, quilt (shaggy), carpet
(shaggy), saw
dust, furry drapes. Also we could use microorganisms that are known to convert
plastic
into ethanol, and feed-added (to the mixture of tailings or even straight from
the raw
materials direct oil/tar sands) with sugar to keep the microorganisms healthy
and
productive turning the oil/tar sands bitumen into ethanol (hydrogen), we could
also add
steam (feed-added coal dust) to the oil/tar sands (direct raw materials and/or
tailings)
possibly using a 360 degree x-ray, to read the composition and the layers
and/or
bunches and/or types of patterns to recognize the type of make up internals of
the batch
of clay that can be physically removed. Thus the clay can be removed in large
pieces
before pulverizing the entire batch materials of and getting the clay mixed up
with the
bitumen.

Re: Muons

Finally there is the Muon version of Fusion Reaction. In this case muons from
decaying
pions are sent to ablock of H1, H2, H3 hydrogen isotopes (protium, deuterium
and
tritium)... see below as further factors that may optimize the process
(depending on
which criterias are based on)-

1 . Laser and/or Light (FEL and/or EB) of any type - testing varying
intensities and
strengths and coverage (spread relative to plasma density and size of
container).
Also we are experimenting with pulse guiding with preformed channels; pulse
front steepening using thin foils; compensate the accelerated particle
dephasing
in the so-called unlimited acceleration scheme and particle injection into the
pulse Wakefield. Also Free Electron Laser (FEL) can be used when coherent
radiation for its characteristic of intense monochromatic radiation is
desirable.
Alternatively the Inverse Free Electron Laser (IFEL) can be used to accelerate
charged particles at high gradient. Mirrors can line the chambers of the
plasma
fuel such that the lasers/electrons or other beams and/or photon source are
recycled (bounced back into the interior of the chamber(s). Furthermore we are
testing various laser/electrons/photons beam intensities and width coverage as
well a channeled through one or mores series of convex versus concave


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
34
lenses... (ie. the first pulse breaksdown spark in the gas, the excited hot
plasma
forms a channel that guides the second laser pulse into the channel (this
format
can be used to ignite the gas in the centre of the Torodial system whereby the
gas is channeled through the centre (depth hole of the doughnut bottleneck for
maximum coverage of the fuel by the accelerator). We could use the
characteristics of the Plasma Beat Wave Accelerator (good for quantum
teleportation) - to create a plasma wave that is resonant and has high
uniformity
that can produce large amplitude waves. In contrast the Laser Wakefield
Accelerator (LWFA) characteristics can be used in short laser pulse form with
frequency higher than the plasma fuel's own frequency, such that the wake of
plasma oscillations are excited a phenomenon observed in ponderomotive
forces. In order to increase wave amplitude we could use multiple pulses and
varying time interval from pulse to pulse. Self-Modulated Laser Wakefield
Accelerator (combination of Raman Forward Scattering - RFS and LWFA). As
well we could use ion beams and solid-state glass laser.
2. Large Pyroelectric Crystal (with and/or without) also ferro/piezo and/or
thermocouple where one end is emersed in cold water and the other end is
emersed in the fuel chambers to warm the fuel as well as all of which run a
voltage possibly with electrodes (at least enough to excite) - heated by
arrays of
mirrors to save money - such that it can ignite a plasma arc torch.
3. One time laying down heavy weight to save money is uses hydraulic/pneumatic
support and is lifted only rarely for maintenance. Possibly with a large
piston (air
tight that presses into the chamber further compressing the furnace/chambers'
interior space) that in addition to the pressure from above, the pistons
explodes
shoving the piston unit into the already pressured chamber increasing the
pressure exponentially and instantly thus creating a form of Fast Ignition.
Both
increase density.
4. Radio Frequency.
5. Ultra Violet.
6. Microwaves.
7. Large Array of Large Mirrors.
8. I propose a Fast Ignition that is mad from aluminium cheaper than gold, and
if
thin enough and welded to break up properly could also take away the need for
the plastic casing.
9. X-rays.
10. Electrostatic fields.
11. Two counter-propagating beams (pump and probe) that drive a plasma wave
that backscatters the pump, amplifying the probe.

To avoid the muons bonding with waste alpha and helion particles (which
removes the
muons from its ability to catalyze the hydrogen isotopes) we could also have
electrodes
where the positive anode would attract the negative muons while the negative
cathode
would attract the positive alpha particles and hellions and the electrodes
repel the other
oppositely charged particles vice versa.
We could then use absorption and/or membrane-separation to separate muons from
alpha particles and helions.

We could do all these processes in pulses.


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
Furthermore we could also wait until the oppositely charged attract/repel
electrodes that
separate by and are organized by charge then shut down the electrode and add
an
electron bath especially to the negative cathode where the positively charged
alpha
particles and helions have congregated, the negatively charged electrons will
naturally
bond with positive alpha particles and helions... these new particles of
electrons, alpha
particles/helions can then be separated (and collected) also by absorption
and/or
membrane-separation the helium can be used to feed Fusion Reactor fuel (see
the main
parts of this invention).

Once the alpha particles and hellions have been largely removed the muons can
go
through another phase of catalyzing the hydrogen isotopes fusion.

An additional new method herewith setfourth in this paragraph is also to place
the
electrode-stick a positive (rod) anode down (the depth of a) into the centre
of a Torodial
and Tokamak and Stellarator systems, the purpose is to attract negatively
charged
muons where they can catalyze the DT reactions. We could make undulating
(and/or
with teeth sticking close enough to attract the positive charged alpha helion
particles, yet
the teeth are far enough away so as not to impede with the movement of the DT
fuel
around the inner Torodial Doughnut) wall negative cathodes surrounding the

We are testing quantum entangling the pions... then dividing these pions and
mixing
them with additional quantities of pions and quantum entangling these together
as
well... and then we convert the original or at the earliest and latest or
inbetween batches
into muons and and Bell-State Measurement to convert all into muons.

Known Methods For Muon Reactions:

As well we could inject tritium and/or deuterium beam into DT fuel contained
by in a
magnetic mirror. The idea that constant addition of fuel will enhance the
chances of
desired muon catalyzed reactions.

And also there is the use of electronuclear blankets...
(Ukraine 2.5% of 35%) (DLD 2.5% of 35%)

Re: Converting the energy into electricity

In All cases a rectenna can be used to convert the microwave energy (possibly
surrounding the furnace) into electricity.

We plan to use the heat to electricity technologies for cars, houses, high
rises and/or
ships.

We plan to use thermocoupling for any and all inside and outside (which have
temperature differentials) to create feed of electricity.

Also we could use pyroelectric crystals where the heat (temperature
differentials) are
exchanging (GP 0.07%) outside and inside is there and any and all places where
temperature changes...

Other ways that heat can be converted into energy/electricity include:


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
36
Re: Blimp Rotor Wind Blades

A Large Rugged (balancing weight to lasing under the sun, wind and rain and
tugging)
Blimp whose outer skin is lined with solar cells; and either has a string to
line up rotor
wind blades to generate electricity. There can be small props on each end to
keep the
Blimp from being carried away with wind and also aim the rotor wind blades
into the
wind... at the same time we could have mylar flaps on the blimp itself that
causes the
blimp to spin as well. Possibly with wires on both sides to save energy from
the props
fighting the wind and having the wind carrying away the Blimp. Also the side
wires
stabilize the Blimp from turbulence...

Re: Other new blimp designs includes a Blimp with light medium speed (so it
doesn't
drag the whole Blimp) helicopter rotors spinning either one on each side or 4
rotors one
on each end of an X connector (possibly pivoting like the Osprey airplane).
The
helicopters synchronize and help the Blimp to lift heavy loads (cargo are
placed in
inflatable air/bag with the same capacity as regular cargo containers) and if
need to
speed the rotor pivot sideways like the Osprey. (GP1%)

Re: An Underwater (number of stacks depends on how deep the water is)
Stackable
Water blade rotor shaped like the motortess lawn mower sideways blade

The horizontal baldes are powered by the movements of the tides.
Re: Water Blade Rotor (same as wind mills) Locks Canals

This part of this energy patent involves putting windmill type blades parallel
along the
Lock/Canal tucked behind grills, while the empty pathway for the canal from
side to side
are large enough to clear the largest ships.

Furthermore since cities are already built around such canals, we plan to
widen/renovate the canals build tunnels for magnetic levitation, slow cargo
train and/or
highway and/or and rail ferry.

Re: Solar Panels and/or Mirrors

We pump in salt water and/or (recyclable ethanol and/or other bio fuel), uses
the heat
pressure increase to drive hydraulic motor electricity generator also the
technology
could use mechanical energy of the steam powered hydraulics to move magnets
that
drive a copper coil.

Other technologies that can be used to convert heat from the fusion reactor
(and my
mirror/(optional) coal bed/plasma torch toxic (gas and steam turbines) and
fumes;
exhaust cleansing/burning scrubber) above to generate electricity that have
not new are
below:

1. IAUS solar design includes super-efficient bladeless turbine.
2. Thermator.
3. Shockwave Power Reactor.
4. Honda patents exhaust-heat-to-energy process.
5. Ergenics.


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
37
6. Michaud Atmospheric Vortex Engine.
7. Ghosh Energy form Atmospheric Heat.
8. US 7019412 - Power Generation methods and systems.
9. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC).
10. EIC solutions.
11. ThermoElectric Generator (TEG).
12. ReGen Power Systems.
13. JX Crystals ThermoPhotoVotaics.
14. Electra Therm.
15. Ormat technologies.
16. Ameriqon.
17. Custom Thermelectric.
18. Matteran Energy produces electricity and refridgeration from near ambient
heat.
19. Fellows' Thermoacoustic Cycle (TAC) Generator.
20. TEG 5000.
21. Thermoelectric battery and power plant.
22. Advanced Solutions amorphous nanostructures.
23. Johnson Electro Mechanical Systems.
24. New Technology Can Turn Waste Into Electricity - University of Columbus
and
Caltech.
25. Beakon Technologies.
26. Cheap Efficient Thermoelectrics via Nanomaterials.
27. CUBE Technology.
28. New Engine to Slash 50% off Emissions - Epicam's dexpressor.
29. Encore's Accelerated Magnetic Piston Generator.
30. Transpacific Energy - Advanced Organic Rankine Cycle.
31. Evaporation Heat Engines.
32. Far Infrared Radiation (FIR) energy extraction methods at room.
33. ENECO Chip Heat to Electricity.
34. Rauen Environmental Heat Engine.
35. Nansulate Paint Creates Efficient Thermal Barrier.
36. Organic Thermoelectric Material from UC Berkeley.
37. Air conditioning via Peltier Effect.
38. Creating Power Out of Thin Air - Sydrec.
39. High-Performance Thermoelectric Capability in Silicon Nanowires.
40. Nanotech - Nansulate Paint May Soon Generate Electricity from Thermal
Differences.
41. Maxwell's Pressure Demon and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
42. Charles M. Brown Chip Update.
43. Power Chips TM Convert Heat to Electricity.
44. Solar technology that works at night - INL and MicroContinuum.
45. Reincarnated material turns waste heat into power.
46. Nova Thermal Electric Chips.
47. A Sound to Turn Heat into Electricity.
48. New nanostructured thin film shows promise for efficient solar energy
conversion.
49. An Alternative to your Alternator.
50. Active Building Envelope system provides heating and cooling.
51. Belleza Thermoelectric Generator.
52. High Merit Thermoelectrics.
53. Micropelt.


CA 02676737 2009-06-04
38
54. Nanocoolers.
55. RTI International.
56. StarDrive Engineering.
57. Acoustic Stove, Fridge, Generator Could Aid Third World - Store Cooking
Refrigeration and Electricity (SCORE).
58. Thermal Acoustic Generator.
59. Deluge Inc's Thermal Hydraulic Engine Generates from Low Heat Input -
Natural
Energy Engine.

Re: Removable Sand Trough Underneath the Reactors Described in the Patent
Material Above

In addition to heat to electricity converters that can be placed underneath, a
trough
underneath that holds sand (as well as anything that need high heat to slag
and/or
dry - even garbage and/or sewage - possibly pre-dried by mirrors) mould could
be
used to melt sand blocks.

Re: Multiple Fast Injection Units

Multiple lasers and pellets ie. located in four corners of the container could
be used
in addition (in combination/conjunction) to other exciting plasma technologies
mentioned in the patent material above can be used simultaneously... (0.001%
GP)