CA 02692691 2012-01-11
DETECTING ACOUSTIC SIGNALS FROM A WELL SYSTEM
BACKGROUND
The present disclosure relates to detecting acoustic signals from a well
system.
Treatment fluids can be injected into a subterranean formation to facilitate
production of fluid resources from the formation. For example, heated
treatment fluids
(i.e., heat transfer fluids), such as steam, may be used to reduce the
viscosity of fluid
resources in the formation, so that the resources can more freely flow into
the well bore
and to the surface. In another example, treatment fluids may be injected into
one or
more injection well bores to drive fluid resources in the formation towards
other well
bores. The components of the well system, including those used for heating the
treatment fluid and injecting the treatment fluid, generate acoustic signals.
SUMMARY
In certain aspects, a heated fluid injection string injects heated treatment
fluid into a
well in a subterranean zone and generates an acoustic signal. An acoustic
detector detects the
acoustic signal, and an acoustic signal analyzer interprets the detected
acoustic signal.
In certain aspects, an acoustic signal generated in connection with injecting
heated
treatment fluid into a well in a subterranean zone is detected, and the
detected acoustic signal
is interpreted.
In certain aspects, a fluid injection string generates an acoustic signal in
connection with injection of heated treatment fluid into a well in a
subterranean zone. An
acoustic detector detects the acoustic signal, and an acoustic signal analyzer
interprets the
detected acoustic signal.
Implementations can include one or more of the following features. The
acoustic
signal analyzer interprets the detected acoustic signal to determine
information about at least
one of the heated fluid injection string, the well, or the subterranean zone.
The determined
information includes information related to at least one of description of the
subterranean
formation, integrity of the well, or operation of the fluid injection string.
The information
related to description of the subterranean formation includes information
related to at least one
of a location of a fluid interface or a movement of a fluid interface. The
information
1
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
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t:2.'t-d lo .>.i` he v..:,.~ >i3Ciudes information {mha ef* t .3 ; :3. 2I t?'
FIB
x. leak in i insi.cilied in F3` vtt:3. .f .>. w' .tt: ., e:; , o
3 Now ... installed ta. . Well, f ?it:` ÃF3ft?'F'Ãi:s.i,:Yl E'<:i<.tt:d to s
cxat:c3,, of "'he
~i t .2 r related ..~l<Ft fuel . a
k,\:<:..,. ~..>F:~`Y > >..:. ti31.,Ã ..til;::it.,L7F z;.if to al: 3t., s:.6.:
to
.. # ,
y or a fluid con or `ton. lie includes a Ci `... to -..t. > Fi.h3g. at s F
least . .. y~~S:t.,t. \ t.,tom:;.` > the fluid
.~.,3C>r ..\. itÃ~\ t L c.
e t "
.
t#,, string hand on he irdbrr atioii provided b t.- ...r:õ-#~,.,. 2a?> t>>
?..:' The a
.\.. ,?.. strin \-z..cao...3., least c2 oscillator \.e: 'ic et 2 ..\, . .
..v .....,\. \2\..\:c.\,.r inch des Ãt-"Itipl sensors installed in Z?uitÃp .\
d,f.t';:.lt locations. 111-he ..\. ~.\;...:~. ` at st on of -i sensor' MAW in
the t
a -1 se.ÃF or installed ata
ci.. r .i. surface, or a in i dÃ{idrent well i he a ous i\. detector includes
at
Naa one . ':.>.... installed directly o m, it least one component of the fl t`
.....d ii ' \c `.fir ,.. \- F.#lbes at steam generator ins.alled iÃ..., the
.Veil. 'I "'he heated
n .._. is >: bj\:õi,.w eaced into f "Y ri?ze'(to ge+'tLÃ'.F. ~ t f r ig
t ` .i:\. 3. ~;~ ..~~ %tl.Fl'7-~,~ F.. u:iFip~>_:~ fm .:i~FfE~2: . ..., to >
c.
, e
signals. I n.e? `re..,t Ow Viewed acoustic signal includes à C nti ` t
property of
`cte'd .. .....i\ siÃ.::Ã3s iey including at', lea-s:,
i>s,. .a~`. tr3 'u ( ~. based ,t ie t in part i>F` the detected
. _ ti.~ ., t th :..e t e'C23 F~ i?~F`a.##f iL.~
t t to iiatz S t S acoustf signal Kim s idea y g # 2"g ed t
t)s' a Wd osedlaÃt?# i)e'.a Ling th .co.. .ti( si `u::
2,~ ` .ii'>.i> i ,a S: i t 's
,,.t: t Zf` i?itchm
;_~: t3t:a~,i \~St.,::\ an :it4 :3>t 4 :<#.~ I2Li3.t::L~ ~1 i.,_. iC.c.\. ,t
scil lat whi tle, o. a h ern. D to ting the " oust'.ic sir niii inc .. de.s
'it; t'e ting ,E` mary
ai _ ustic si.;F3..l and . sec `nd?:ry ;3..tusti<' iM l:Ãai Dete ti g. tie
acousti. signal iÃFk.hides at
l a.st . ne o t ...testing a re lee. ed fi.,`il ti> 1:i ial of doteczin,g a t
ansinitte..i
.., ..: sigRal .,,Li#a;ai.. >.i first acousf t. signal, and r> second
acoustic. s g.l.al is _ ete tef
and 'if ,. 2lu d inleF'fiÃCc: iii the i .:a #,.di i. ed .ii
:\ ri.'{~~?i'~?~:<3 t :#i;F> t 'f at..i c an.. th rote ;3:~f,.tation . .F.c
;.>,... . par-, t. r ...:v i>l f.i _.c 1 f.FS~#L s^.i . n<F ,
;.:....,d acou's" , y nal' Ãt<Ln,it>iiÃ?4 %3 ovement of a f lid inte., trice i
oh-dos ,2: f :i.,S> Ãna
.Fit.t emÃ. . o, Sae E ., . oÃii Prope: ties of the f rst acoustic sig_. l are
..ontp a et i ` :tr ope. ties
. f' . .
-ft...e :gat:: i:i:f, F'enres iieib' een th first acoustic 'al in:F :i'F sec d
l .22c s..,a3; . ae identified. i Ft rst acoustic si' ial is detected ti#F#
#n:fir .. first t2 i,e pcti rt
si,... r.s det,. cte Lis ti E':mg a ;t:.cf3.:.... t.:i .\. fit:##od
,.,:. he . t acous i. , ignal and the seconi acous#. si:Yns the saun
:..,.e period. fie .ii.st si.gnal in ..des ii fir p. set of ffequenciea a Fd
the s: con.
acs ust \ s, .>. includes a. se ond set ?> trtq encies not inrc ded .n t.ie
firs. et S 3f=
,e
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
WO 2009/009437 PCT/US2008/069225
de t
t`'.` \ :F"-...k..l?Lt\.#i. signal : .~:c ed a :a tirsii ocai:.o- and 3.:.f,
seeo..:\F
signal is ,..f,tA:,,,i:,..,. a 3i?i:i#,Is.n: The fli:?if, t,3j.:i....f:n sting
i3ili.td44 a fluid `\ ri m,
device that includes st-ii': s.3 t = i' o. .he
~ > >,,t\...t. # f sf;.t t3~L, ]Ã:n.~_ ' s.l;F pFÃ~...
device, an ...o\ two We f, ei kT ;M.ii iS and an mi-d t t#i?n the The
surface of the .,.,:.f:. \?s... fam,. L ev.s.e is statif, f.hiFi g ?L rt~~..[i
:i t mc,..ve the hewed t '.4., ,-.,
'#...?.? .:... ; . b,. = F3''b,,.. ~t the inlet and to vary ovcr eF# a a ,lon
rate o ,h
. , i ..::> interior i>:, :t~i# is l.. F..
.\... .,... . :t.z`.:.#.: ARM (>,..#?,= through the "I "he fluid #
inc u e 1hidi ; sciis.ator do is and a to the
:~ n à at ,C...:; i ft of ~ :~. # ~ Est > >' f > i?~. N à IC;FÃi vi .: #t t ;
fluid
2
F ( g
-, to
oscillati # = ?e~~ ice The y , f #,d oscillator device incf~Ãdes a firs"
<.L..Ã-iF ~\ .3 se?o
. ;., 5i _.~3is -f range ?~.~~ 3 :ef\ <.. of uen: F \ and nd the Ã
generate acoustic a . .t#'S{ .,aF'I4i:.\3ti,.?.i<#, .Ãt,..
,.>do second steam Whistle c n"] Yured 3 ge e,iili, :ii 3i3 ti S. : <:3
t of g >s The System includes a by-pass conduit, said the valve.
g,.; soc~ d range setect.>\,Y Comm nieates the heated tream-#:en fluid to at
lea ,T ?". o the fluid i3 .` ...F.
16 .3. . õL, the \ad\. i,..ia. fluid oscillator del. s_e, or the bypass
4a,id.:.it
3e i?\ \., . ? of fine or ` ure Winnentaii?t: : are set 3brt`h in t #v
! awi ..~ . .\a the desm i ?tion below, Other .,eiitn'eS '#'vil l be ""'o." n,
the ,:.nd
DESCRIPTION 01`1)1ZA-NN,`J:N-GS
no FIGURES 1 Ad 1 are schei atic. side e u .S-Sects. Fk0.i views of etangflc
we gaff ?is.
itil \\, .,. i.l?. T3iF3Fv .ti l3 ali 3'i <? 3E t};t t# #t;:?.li
4flt.:eSF.>...,Li.t.C3'. in a we",
a st
FIGURES MAC are an s of x `' well system ; z:3F ? on\ntsf\JZ
is a Ode vow ?. ~.,FF#j`=`\ SS' 1#`s.i assembly; FIGURE 3::2 is a side
-do,-g ?BOB of FIGURE 3A. FIGURE 0 is :3 sis.i
sub
ai ar low c. art.; llustÃ, imt exam Me lmocesses ?;
acoustic
Da; 'L. s'`` D r .SC I. >I~1ON
ime \.=#tz discl Fu'e rf;:i,#tes to ? 3.inin #.17'E?I#Fz~t.#s.i ilk s t ii.-
Ile o,. well
?> . ?> > '., fix:?'' ation b IL c:oi3g <3i3\: an"il x #Fit
signals generated b e m :sncnts o a w it system. For
4 ,el .. `\`: :.,..\.., , subterranean fbmmi at`on ind or eq ipE3:\.:itt inst;
lied Ã?? home
(mg, m r\: ti: isi < car3 ,S l t?~ the completion
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
WO 2009/009437 PCT/US2008/069225
o., I
aJtt`.. >~ s<~ t? ~, L ?ti`.=t` i i` ?i 3s:3F'#i #Ff #. In some cas;. , a \.
i#?p nerlt
.}..~ Sig ?<#`S t6 elamf'ile: o sera o. Lf:\ \f3#:': ?\~#.\.:t..t\<?F~, .
sF?,F...
g ?\, \, by J < z<).nefi of be well System can, he &t,.).,<d by onk~ or
#I#;':i -:3 } F~. :#?
.~, signals ~: can >=, be d.,t..FJC: ,_c.ted < 3F',f... t i`, ,F. .Jvg# . c?
f.li.,..\ ) ,L: \ .t > =~r
: ,.. .. ,>,\ L<:=, ... ~...# ). ,. .2L i=,
....t..<.~: ion .?w,fs o Me well S''+Stei ? or of the su btu.:#'rai,wan 3.f
F',#F>õ Foo;, i?<; :R t?, .ht:
?? } at}}t 0.,iY ,. ..} ,S.F r\. ,}. # s4 Yf U s c
signals call ~. Y~\:t' )) ) ~~.1. #,3i(>#f~<:~{f f., . t? d ., .,.t }.i.J = :.
\. n
t. `F #, sF ~..t
~,, .. i?..L .... `.i.<3.vd he signals, In #.. )\.
}\.~,v t .t, .#~sit.;ei...F~3,.~a ?`.C:i'. ~3hu` e S_ P#ftCf. ). .# tit
i.:~ii :}t ,~w !!1L... ,.f.\{a: c ..et..f~) #i )<a.),..oZ tG
< i? fi ?F. of the ii r(:ract#(+n media. for e. <#. nple, based ?, . :..
aco,,:st:1
2 t ,t . `Z
s.
, \. is > propagation, io
.. ,>:,.#.~F.:, F;.. ,?..t.
media, . A . of tf:e .t}
..,.e.. _ and for i other Mots ts can Prod de in `=nat#(;n a halt We 2:me iL
tion media. i..: .:r. .t}p ,es
., ., i.F .},`i:, )=. ,' i.'#. a. ,2?..f..e fli-. i and non-fluid .nedia such
as the efl ?ota ..,F,.:f \ :F#t c'=}t.r
.}Lit.3ÃL':e' i.IL'=tt> or matio.. b re
of it well =.:;#:. treat#i'#s:nt fluids, the :f
ti n <ac 'if^ ss ste c \`:i`.1 one. ts, at .f,. o Wets 'Sou a"
Qnys nay he embodied as medai?i..
ion ..J.#.d, .~. \`..? \.: t,..pe of medium. c.oustF signals can include. ki?
.xa.#npie, so..`'i'.
~...`... ,)..;s....,. 3bCti, pri#1 a ,y Zi,# es5 se;xF-#daf fib': Z'ei, E(:'
. F#S ,~<:i~ 5 ::r ?` ::~: i`t`=?i
J#t,. di;:a d,.eci <#w(>(Iti #L sig nal a#ii i<# <}>t(ed directjy. ,ion-l a
.sourf
.to a. can \, 't :`s^C \ L include redected acoustic prop---qm#. s,
i~ is iC <% C3 r. Acoustic signals can ii2cii#li<: tF .# ii F#il,; i4 ?\~.s
\ ~, = \ ` and/or tmnsversc ' # ri s } slic, #g f?:F;.. c n
.#Fc,ude:: broad >g of , equencies, For example, #coustic g--an.1s can include
fie )J tf` cies
t _?, F. to r:, 1.i. )kHz. lr 3zt? t,U kHz.
.. we <) õ\.> :..; .~?\} ~... . # .EF. `'={
.a..;,,gC.,s, h n sz `#.ts; t T 4Et(l(3t{i..: =` signals may l t one or more
L:~L\,~: s.. #?#E~`.=~+:'f)F>;?at>:F3.,~#FS. = include \...~: v, ,<'.
#f;F ,wE3E~F# :F}e\>Es.,
reLf . \. s i#. some
.. <, ii: #~, it' 't -ei~{~',., \
25 .L\.~ ..\:,i L, .: \ Mon `.: i t?,' F ibt
s are `i `pa,õa#ted at F#eau(?# cies including i (W) to 100 iii. i ; some
acoustic signals are gene a:te by a fluid s sfe:;, lz,t t st_an-l
generator sy `te) :vhihdn the We, For eaamp the s\tr<n# S3.-stern
nay .ts^w),:,F3(3\ le a i F` ti3.s ~iL if i _ As ' ~2 ti>.~` e
.s ?; t=# acoustic '~~_t# ,~,.
,r :ar oscillate , tFp t s~ =p `)` y~ j
.x3. , ..;, ?: ,. .,\,..,> ::?s.-#..,~tas4 s.~:3E F3F r1.h. a. ssFi }.ri..
ZZofk 4)
\ t t < 4 { signals for stimulating p1 3itt?}_,3}.ti3 from F subterranean
'...?e. `'>.{
pm own Ot we ,S.=i)Si C signals generated by the fluid oscillator stem t\: :F
z he
sty 3 ,. \.?,._..., sec', - tan he detecte by one or more se:..so s. &J. :v Fu
.zo?,. the one or
in somo s. t.:): acoustic igY.nai .fit.>:> interact F.#, .iJ.:..
more
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
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.<...
:a '` ..ti. ?flt';~or ;~F N.' -'Jon' of the
the. YOH .L. Re '' .:.<.Ãakn?C?Y? of tÃ?.. <; efnistte signal 1Y.tii ti
interaction : ?\s_ Ã<. nl;i\ \..
o on an ..?. r.\ ...t \'.,}t.> iL.V or õ'af'fatiÃ:>E s of an .
acoustict`pedance in t.h :fi,.r s.1i;3`..
l s:?y ,s ..:.. 2;1 :L-tcd a oust signals can arc. .~ ~ },:Fz#i t.k e about
s \t \soõ.. k ~\ `......, >..\~ #?..#..,,lF= ~.~:#~ the Ã:t i"i.#t:1ÃL>f~ i
:.t'i= Ã. .aF?i : : # c f Z :F~ .
A: s..:f..\ Case, an i?l ?:tst?c sip al be d etectod.: =? " cNamp4e =~'
;.\.?~.Ã,~...~: s,:#:s,:r iat
.i #..\ saL.S ~:, i.
....\ ~s, .....:\...\ :.. ?..n..~ ,?t:...:.L~.., i.. a:.. dr o# <a,.\ t ÃFi?
tf.\~ Z.=. i:. Ã C . L., i:.L s..ss#: in
{ f .. õsa....i
s:
bore, -s.t..L > ..,,t:Fst... ~... 2:Ã Z2?F. in a C~F 3. S.S, t"G. l.;a
L~t{.~?Ã:, k.",. F ii:? .slousE.. Cain
Y~ k...... ZF ..... ......L. \-# to w-oustk `i#gnak t.} i:'=. ~=. i# jT ?C
\} .w .~ sit{ tis, iZt
< \~~i?t i. ?.. `),:. i` :e or Other type ?:k' acous is swoon In some case s.
an s\ "\; i' is
al:, d d ., . or pro :tfi#<?te a sotà d gene tt;?'g coil". P'." rlcF#: ,1,. `
=eh w :F ti3.
..,. w' r . ruin::f e,:
y\ 1 r the .._ ..tõ :3' at ' signals may #t?t,.t#t,~~i' a s:3t\:. ka.zi3ttse
.s ,.~ ~'%tÃ"Ãt:i` ~'>>_.,;, F,;: ,
of .> k .' ;:tc Lt \d..#i 2 at<?l} w l2 t3?FF~: : 'iv.L E C:. . . c'ds
signals, ~`i~ L,. i'~)3L~<.#. .: o: e\:<.l ..:>. h t )n~.,..:
may M we Fourier ? ? k#Fi. f 6MC40m:.fn data to, ideality phases c.. ,f..'t?r
ampliit data
at ,.., i t s t e u f.L# ... Analysis of he de.e`.'cted acoustic , it n<3_ i
en tt # !.. a \ LC [ e of t? ;: ;-.lc ?usdic'Signal. Such as the k dat?.; edge
of at t.ansiet#...:r;; <? .
A f.. Ãt' .\ _, .., .., it'.cted acoustic signals may include # dehai fif a
response t.t# di of
;i=:, For ; z~~~e i .] 't z > :.unct on n-m"' i"!4 ii:i<.>:. c?tt=_i. #. in
... k\ . <?\'.. ..v ..... <...\i .:.v: a \ ... v.Ã p' ?~SZ.it ti. #ng at F , l
.._... Q,k
't`i??i: dete to- ~
i~:< ;?i \ \ ~=.... over ` m .Ft)' o.. oqu nci :nd/or int nsFt,e\ -
t).r'.alysls
L.>. .. \ \. may provide #F;¾: Cation about ft:?rFna-i f?\ in' ;a subterranean
A\_ ustic data ,.an include a single acoustic ikg.'i or multiple a ?u,sti i
ab,
<
cdkckd it Ft time i?i:., io and. o at rnultipft different
acoustic .dau. can data and/or .1 i j..
a .`i at.: A \:...:? fi to??, z~ an :1;;i?FFSf#..:data 5f: ma r '?ie<_: , any
,l-el For
~...: ..a.., , \ , .~, ..Ft o "an acoustic. data se : may, represent a spnfial
position
or w.zi \ number) =\:, ?e, it?t.? .3i arx rnett`i' tog, thne o#'.. i.t...i.
uQ'r "c`' ` -i c F?:\ its l ['e....
,ran' ete phaÃs or . rn.,plttude). 1-I) diitri i3F include 1 Ã` " ?<:i:` t: or
t ita,.v \; ,;F...t n o ..f v i un i itÃid/or travel 2-1) data may ?Ãtr:
i..\;.: >., s rics
-: ~ , :mac t` . t wfF\\i s.#bute.:t# ~:>i.>f(Y a . '~f"it+ LA. tt'exal < t.Fc
%% =.~., 1,.\fi.t?.
,. <s i., . . . . #.tii , tyro
<.. c .. .
for L 'at': i, a.s.3 zone. 4) data may s - F l \ <s ? #. data
disc . uteri ~ \ - ?F?'itõF3t f-: t:>+? of interest. 34) data rn i ?:td a s'
ies of D d'u'a sets
t
\k`,ti= ,,132; w.s ........\'a ova an area. t?t# 'x mpie. to provide vo:t.fi,r
.:#t... L..s.sF fo . a ' y
.}' .\-??:+Ltt- a #.......t ys.f<c., of . '=i.3 daft .,s:
1
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
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,`..;\;:..,=,. ,.. \: 3...t: a2' #h of Ã. Fe aa'.OE2stE1 Si;. .,Is .i IId t..
..~ ......._ ;
Ai<i?a3, . .:`.i.' 1x:.# `...,.:,>:.'#.y`.` 4L.it Ã>:e'>.3E;:~?.,C;#:~ ,
#<fÃ?:li:i Can ua a
.\\'...3i.2) ,.. 2,.i3. ce between i?icJFc2 O c ÃÃ<:rent 3'2 ed:e# ceps, ','o
C.xc#n-ip.., a.. :
humbe, . ..'at \:e, one or .;.ore t [i. w<ÃeF', 3s, steam, `.xE :. F'
.F.....t`a
, C .; i an .s <3t~.=#.i:: ='=.. ~)
. `.<...C3::i;. can :,,,.,d~. a X21\:i..n )`F'31#iand c Ã~e1.~4'>#y of ¾~ an
b ;:;,:J. ~'._s,, ~,) i#d': )..,.
a.<.i, .>., t.:. ,.,,sÃÃ'Ãbiftion. and/or m htra.t:ion o : F...?; s .'atni
Ãii?:.E. In. ....~i: t...:'.h.
,. i-:t. <3t ?.Is#< , "::ahiy Ã#)l:F: <.:#eS .i,.F?F to
}.= d
logging, in :.. ` other logging AS In certain insÃ_nces hZ= iii? '. j#.. may
use as puts the
z :i ', ?>F> :?e?`L L:d Li,i:#'Fw? Ã'4.'i? or more t~Ã{ÃCiL.:? .#t;.~. ti
I4<.#E detected i,, .'i?
,ost } F
.. :'.' .'. a r\ i jF ' ....Ã># :. .i'equci?L'y iz 5 -H` and Ok'`;e<cte vvai
.es i, s:Ã .i:,ag
I,-, is't i in :, i fluid ?>c# ). x-, r-,"', ... s.,, s. ,F,.<. t sis
.rom .,.
the interpreting the 1'xnF :?tÃt ig à < to :' 'i
imio < \A `1'h 6 i ertah sta ows. thV?i'c. ..... <>~ ~%,... .. <:Ã t.= ... 3:
, ~t .i:3<,3Ã1~#1Ã~ of Ãi?~:. system. In ,-~...
).
infar<2 i t , #,3.- ,f4 . .f.dc2 .Je .'2)r . .i C o . 1 ... of a
..),\. ).).,<.xt J,\i; 2:. .C:< .~ ? .:.t..i.- a ..?~~?#~#~"#.#:Ã. .pe%`:'.-..
..%: , ..r ~: 3.
such as an k; .....,.., , F, Ã?. a con" >"""tio1 FIF~ r;FEL#F a other
d cenain stm .e the ,.#Fa`}sis of the detected acoustic it i;ak ,..ay
include:'
to control i~Ãi l~l);. i`k~.ii"#';. . >le data related an ideal :xJ`
w .s..a.~:iJ..,f Z. >xi';:i . (ac.a= E.:
Ãate ? .v.,.. state of thecximbustor,
A aw ....i< laip between the generation of an acoustic Vii, .d i `. ,...
source
and the 3to\:. _.), ` ..'i t >+... a `ei,~ÃF~:: of reflected reflected i f.
à z:4.C?us s:, r ..s i'" an ... ,L~:J., J~ resulting '. 2 .F#
provides a measure o tue d pths i?: Ã.he respective
c m ..iFd . 3 \ .
interlaces and.. .....i?,'.:>. from which the \=!'i.l Z Ã:L- :.Ã was r filet'
d. The
r , the porosity <
..::~ ..~. ~`iõ =i<31` : ': ,S be a 22 ..s#:va#~;i? of Ã.~~i.... density
.:13Lt , ~ ~ ,..31<re.s )tt,.~f <..i.l':
3 Ãe !e\e'feit.ts were refl ~, e as as ii
Y
the 4:':,:,.,r2C > i.. i!<?,,, 2.,',C2TJ' p:<?:.:.. $i?;., : and frequency
content of reflected :l...iF90
signals m be ` i` by Vii?#'#F?<,.# >i? Duids, subterranean
acoustic data. can be used to m n too ililu-,
F i?F. E Ã steam .i't?i?, and for migration 0 rest a..ces i. <7 of i ject ,..
some acoustic. data. . can be used to montto ?... o rob th
: teg ......5. )Zvi system. For Oxampl acoustic. mac pros d\ li ..~Zi...:~ r.
....a., :.?v
i);:'~ Fa Oaks in i,.>ZSuhole equipment, In some E`:":? `Ãe e)..iE..?
.an he used to F to operaÃiS3inz of steam gtenerator.
a
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
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t.<. \,. \ a .Ji # i.FSf'i'>i' #{isõ an example 1 \Z'E: 0iE': e \ '1?
i :> .,<.#.. 102 defined in a ~~. fii: >.i..i1'i be W ice C~. 11 A ..= lM '
..~ bore 102 is eased by a casing 108, ~'t'3? s.F #:?ay be i,uvm-ii.od in ilie
tore 102. 2; ii't? eases.. ?. well bore i av hL ai ope-, hole well E?oe 102,
without t,:<
coming M. Ile ...a<.1..cFted CZ=LI bow .lit ii,<.udes a vcr:Fcai s+.c.FS;`o
and a t :~
a'?`.`=v5::}r. .> ?:..,i <.t`i., can i.MS.. Ud vertical wef(bor 3~ith; u.
X31?. ir:C`i?., . si 'on.s, or a. <i.?i
f f t
... 1.. .. .,.?~. nabio of horizontal, Z..'#i. l <3F curved, Ei#d. o2
{i>i3: :` e .`,m. 4 . ei,FF .`.. i, . C an' :o< -: H
SAM configuration. Ã ack ? . 152 isolate Wall see t `s of the ;v .3 ?o .`=, i
<`
.t i)2>i?2; # sue.... fo hC?.~Y~':{ he ` ? )Y s?.a?.i #.it: #l includes i?'1F.
ti:p lV' zones 112a, 112b. mid .5...~\.. }}e
.The zones
,. C and zone ' t.: f.t3~: one. 1 o =P ..re. layers and...-"of. ,. <. M Z or
can AM o~-: ~'.. .-. ~: ~:_i?: ..{a a .....fir `L{': ~~{?4 C;~:{? ~{1C-f ~e.
?< = .kn
here . T zones 2 ha-lode roi'ii. i`.='?i2i(~ri and ,es<?E,{:ces *3 various
.\:?. the ,.o .nen can include p `3tf iis. ock. t`: act4ure.d ioc . `'e."a.-
.?. oil. a.. =';?<32. ~:.x? e#, ..'='iiici.
In so!-le Cases. acou.stiff:: +:kata m, to ide-.??ii < `ropes #v i ..111 < ;O
" l 00a 'e`` o{'3{ilg >h:Fi,~ 'O 0r <s ,#: iF'<' E.o.<s, t:: in Z ell
.. the
sting i,?6 terminates above the E.,".: (. >. 10 at 'L<
-c ' 0 õ, .... working
b '~' 0" "1
,` g .. C{ ii4..:<.o~ :3.
I t
> a of Se : ban 1 . Or xample, the work .2g string .?{ ? can
20 s twin or :a>.o`.aE:i lTC ot'hn'a3 t ansk r f Wid) into t71= .:i1'.>E h;'i
a portion of be W born 102.
The. working swing 106 m r; be in fuid communication i a a fluid 'ppl
f`,'d. s 6 f.i, a: u.c<.. Fi> .Ei.i ... Stear generator. a sur ile,.E: C?#'ia
`i.. f t a boileà on #ntei#2:
corns? .;;\.;:., 2'` t='er .User c `i3?bi#?Fian device, natu.sa ps a ,d/ "o ?E
ii.}?e's tle.
`trateip ::~ ...r3 25 the working i~li .{12 1.06 cart ...t
to ,`.i \........ : trea...>en, ;i` :f; 'uato be Well horn 102. A # t.unber
t`i i i ''3cm oo1s are
<
>~ 1i ~f?. Ile 1't0.> in dudes swan,
to the he S :3 kdg string ,s~~,.:d i f. ` ?
ascil `t? systems 11 he and 11 8b to ;+;c#liate a b..OW' of f >d .. o the well
bore 11.102. . A fluid
sido` can include any oscillator s4s.5.i'Fit 118, and in some ase i, a
.c 00d ?F2`.'a...o . nelad.s no fu :d oC Hator svste.ni 3:t]. 1 iii.
\si.s.l'....:vi Y..> s.o i.
t
?.. .;'~#. des a `... ? iFC:ra 1 6 in ON t <?F?7 i7.?Ei? Ã iio.`; i4il . l ?<
stea;?a <~ . a>i. ::: J> ~?li
? be at any location
8. ?. citaici' ..6 1'r ,.. 1 i.i1E3 Ei ?) j' ein,
:En
a in the well s s.e,... . # f<a. For example. the steam enerati?{' ?L: g can
be in a?leC at
location in 3i 2 ,.?e i 02 or above the fl i4 web bore 102. .
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
WO 2009/009437 PCT/US2008/069225
i a
.,...' 'i:
"-hole st:`:iii# 3Fi..i,ie,`s `.:~:fF. .,.\4.is to
:;iÃ~?:`..~: ~a.L:~:?}3 , :,; a E(ai n
#. .;t >.,..>. ,. . ,... ` 1.,a >:i;:e 110. Re example steam ge :,t,...?tc.,
116 ..C is .Didd to
` 'dk'itain ,.\ :ai to heal another t p;e o 'neat transt i A.d, In some h a #s
proiiili: \`. ` .t> }? one ..i Y`yF't o i=t?E71 `isiiE?f? .i,.f e co,
>"}3i`'t# F E,3#i t?, Ate,', an's\Z ?3} . j.\',?il} .ai process. ti=i .cili )a
,?mi;.FFi and,,.`> others In soF E: E _F w~
F1t.,., i#,.\,.i..n s..??#' \'#i ,#?cluee one of . ue horns tE` "<,3:'
\.._ ...}i:.i.:r. a #,:g3Li'wEa VOW= t`E>E 1z E;#3C> .t}.:Ff a;.l \.. Fi`.,',
'p s.
.. s, can include per ttw.itio ns in oz- ...,..3E,. Re
:.i,..? .,,.. t:... 108 includes 5erA F3:tiEfn5 14 t .ini.# h which Steam can
bfinjected i the
112a ~)..
..i.. ...., , > ,,.t: in some e ` cases, St4i.#?'# is i#3,J~`:LE:c~ into iC
zone .. 12a and/or , , ..,:
?not tõ I. .:.e ert"<ia,aons 14 at an oscillating flow rate. ?tso:..+.Ã..= :3
'ij . s.
\.. . ? <Y : sand-, water, c}i1E.~;=C3#' (.C<n;~') 't i.. + }?E'. \ a
~:it'>iS:.i\-<::e .3E:. the
.,>? 4.3i\:ias: ` and other #? #.3=i tai a<'zii;i (+.., )ia ` `. '
133,; . ter .t ,....c i#gh the pt:3`2.::sFa.E ons I IA. The oas, F` 2"?.i:e?:
fz3 w;:i' kin > F:3
is can Include ,.. of ether systcnas and tools 110" EI.,,str>it` d in the For
`. ` :.
the ,.: i \ >\ >or ; stri g can include inflow i:E>fl{# 3 device sand slotted
`'`'poYems.
..i ii .::> ar 7 <~i.Ei';t3ct#'~# a.E.
,....,`..?Ci .i\j C': = 3 #.i:.C'F'ti,
.,.
he n=el system ..,im also includes a control s s m That i? clu de. a c
nt,olle., I
).. 5. a:3...ines 124, and ..en was g 12 .224. 1224, `2th `3.22e, ..2f l22,~
2õ4 ""cod .w.:.: Z'Cls,
i ... VMS sensors . 2 detect acoustic signa . Ex..#B; 3. a..` .;ij . 2.
#3rsi#iE or o:iit..:. S.tctoi #?. devices ;E
s.:a we We 102. or in another well bore p an aup tee.}3t .,s. nruc o .. .
then well boon. in some the control xy;te.31 includes at:difional sc rs
h: ii E t?\. 3Ã i ze.rties ?the# than acotisti signals. For exta . }. l . the
control \ .?tem
25 can also include sensors that detect pressure, =.3o current'. ..:d/or
r in cases, the control svsteni <?i:~~3 includes a monitor 12& The .,:o nito}
....`.f can
dipjay data the well system 100, For example, t:i3e mo:nito. 26 can include an
-C'11 \: tier deb ice. for #ap.-Iiici. i 'i3t.>F#t`c#t;: i'#, } onto` \\ . tei
,
r . aa> s ry >: . lines 124. = he- ii.gna,: ines 12411. allow
of the well system I OOa. For example:.. the sensors can, communicate data to
he
i~ i and -i..,?; ni ,r
and the L:i3L.i? E.~.i i. .. ,.a..3 communicate i=:.>?..E1?
..,#:#=: Her ..,.\. vi.-,. 1 .#t\ >
#,. &.s stea generator ; 6 arW,. or 13' steam oscillator s, to#i3 . 1 8 via
`.:..3e lines
= 21 in \ .,.,, cases, yens 3. . .2^ communicate with fl..,..t3#?.# tiler 120
using .
3 in ce ' .,3 cases. the sensors 122 communicate over . shared >.} 3..ees. In
'Son- :
2*
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
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ir.:ti
z. .<>:..., die , i nai lines inchjdenaet.~.,,l conductors, fit
e iFr < :. ~ .,;.v#I#SÃi~ C#.. 3. ,i '` . j??#~?v or all, of the sF:",:;s:ci
3.. ¾.:_`Y iii 'C: ;,
_:..\.s.,,., .. .. ~i,i, a.,., u } i... .4 . ,. :C'
t; C. uc,>ts p,
,:.>.::.3. o:. x..,..;? z.: to sensors 122 fFmy i'Cip.?.31mi...i...-
dIE.<..Z:= : 3< , "-
y<:~# tit does not require
e -c up. Lg may iI cliid. iow f# t, quei-ic ; >i Y)ÃIIw, leek ku. ` .not::' '
C:I1 ``.~ ca 1 bi` >,feilt.eC. at a variety o p sitio \ `.: the i'4 3.L. 3
00"a, in tiiC:
example, i~
I# E>i.ted ... JCF.s?r i.22a is .,Staked above the stir1a..C. . 3 '._,i..
;ti,. i
head 104; We \,.Ã.s 3 . s ÃiT. r~l above the j4.I:'i. c 110 at, aà d sian in
Me M 1wad
1(1%li lens .. ,22e i1 #I#`oitt?,L.<? E ~..(>~} the s rfltee t 10 at a
3_.!J.t?..,rethe f.:c-:i`f',
... the so.-so. .2.\ I FI tal .ed .n.. th; well bore I I0õ ,:I<. a radial YZ`
z ,3..I,. ? oxii,~:al to the c%Ysin',
and a I,h. ... pos tt . ?etwei .. the surface .10 and the steam `\ IÃ.i.I?,:I
) szer 8, Ã`:,
.E... working s; ~ ;,
li t # ,?? ~C s
st'.. 122e is ,>.s ,.e, 3.t W >`. L. we R 1{}.: at a radial i ( S.'?IoÃF
,0,. a pd long :>I#..:i r .. 3tion bet,iv n the Stirihee I 10 and the seam
Ci\cilfatC?I : ~>te. . t.
t f "
õ'F:' .:'Ã.:) =o. is !,>.>Ã<3.. :: F p o. s ià ate Me steam tierr S stem 16,
the sen ,:. Ã , is
.I, toaill ,e? 11 t.fl>. \CS .I`,'F 1 J tI?C' 12211 is II?<.' .ffleI.. in tiw
k-ell
and lyro 102 at a radial osit#?#: "iIcximate the casing 105 and a to
'Ii3L..?I<3.
3.18 in the well tore. E02 the sensor 1221 in.:.a: e pf,z?xAnat. the St.am oci
.,, . system. i l 8b, Sensors F' ay be in alled in 2dd. iowad
in ft3JiiI' I A..
's.: . `a,w sensors I 122 can he ÃI31.gi'iI#i. .,,E3: r St.' "urC: t i:n ..
n" \?..~. ?> . .o
4o. sy\.f. ?.: For example, Me mFSC.. 122f can .. .I3 s. g, .Io cto .3. 3 the
the tea?. .:.3t.:. s. :i, .,:##I:itiwid taesensor I*2218.Ãi:?. I>?#2:f
3..LI,:,:: as. a ... ..;t.~ 3 i`, S i e installed '3 ?xim:.I<.e he steam t
rmie,al'oI 16, As <n, s #: #i
, . . i i\~s::.f à S`i,.iiity i?,C ~i. . tCõ I Ma, h vi.JC?, s, I .=4
t..S.=. ,.:: `2g .... . ri ss.:ilà i `~s;I3:~ 3 à ~ i 3F' Ã
....
DC a. : includes ..,..e.?s:.. W: H bores an one or more sensors can be
.,tits., ed i:# ' e... b.,
, bore . . Ias ~I~Is:ttAtl'~;`:i in Z the \C:,FY1C?`2
other than the well ~ FIGURE'. i<. I , C: in
f t t
..\<,..:~ A can inn .gÃ~ ted th F#Ito structu e <,'3m<a Y ell 'svssi.#õ
IÃFsta.lled in a
w b.,.....I?e. ..,.3I> the bore :f: In other (.aEos-`.^..h,- sensor :i; can be
installed
the ...>>, 110 by another technique. t.sensor installed 3IoxiF.:.ato the
lfi~.dd 3lei:tion string
can be used to detect a .`a e.3Y?e ac ustic sir-'al ti=onni an _wousik sou
ce:. 'i~# I?' ?. ,:=a'.
he used sed to detect a baseline <`'ac3 C.istic <~ nt . f{. sE'I t. . #L;
~aIÃi3 .~~.>F 2 ~..... i?I
3vF... ., ... , can y I ?~ th2. cs oe ,..
= .3:, i)..., 2r.,... .t,.ti2.~. i.3~-C?C \E signal i.~ifl`>. ?3i.
s:C?A.?~,3tL<. to an ._vS3.,, \ii~. C CtF:C..i:s.. .
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
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.\\. ,:# sensor .. ...~ >.i ci?Lod at = greater distance the.:tC 'aÃS.t
i>.`42,sa1 ).:. `t` \ ~~., ~<?
,a .
3 t:\, i0 ..oi~., ''=ti view of.c3 :3a.32'i':Ã<).. of a ';t<.. `~ ..f...;
100. As in
..(],\,.. 3 .,.`.
. .` :<`. ,< >i<?f? s:.Ã3..a:`?= sysWrn i steam 4 ? ?.. Od-).,
... `.#.\ ..>~. ` . `` ;; bore 02 \"i t 152 . .. <
of the Z fl bore 0.2 and prc ent the #v#.> ,I . ct' to,,var J,
h, 5. Lf2, The steal?3 f 54a ?cne,,iGi.vs 2à e zone à i .. ....t ..-.f:,
....,.
``e-f..,?..o )..1. ? ?~'fvZl' th ymcker 151 The stea i. 15Th tha has enters :
Ãh,,
well # 3 twc s< \ fl t \Yr f t4 ; td`" fr
nnalio~n the we
O -w As steam Bows into the zone 112, a steam
on n some easel acoustic ?c.: coin t, :C<:.
through the zone 111 I
of ., te: i, t>nt I `?ll. For example, the! steam front can represent an .,.:
to f,, :.C
and the ~_ ~ÃIff resources 56. The steam front can t he'.-o re
be :; õ :'~ E,
s reflected
,. ..s..an L s: acoustic Ã.?#3:ed an e that ..a nbe detected b~ Z'if
it,..essi#?Y~ .~\.f. Ãf,.3Ã.< sign i.:~
15 o?i:$;v: n`,. ..?e steam 158,
The well Stan? 100 include cont. hudware Ã40 ,l the op `.-t Ã.
> he hardware 1.40 can 4i?.;2:??3.Ã.:IL_a .e w 4h components .. the
.)?#?150a, 150a, 150b, and :` r example, i ...
well \i y.ki?? 100a including L,i, ` r i e?iÃ~\~~ Wes 3 } .t 50a:.. Or the
.\. 0#.: f.,o'
hardware 140 ys.i ?1# ., i s: z.: with, the control v flue ., 50a e ?rout, h,
a c<?n..... lI#.et 3 4rt. the
s 3pa e 140 can Dorm?lf iicate with the control vakie ob Ã? r l ?:;r': a
control . Ãne
and the c ,.t:,`E ?:<lrt?4',:.,3 1.40 can communicate with the valve IS,t
through
144c The condo! lines I44, :4 . an(,,' 144c f ., , a: b\ #??Z`Ãa à en 3 ,.. t
f.:: ?~:;?
control >Ã#,c:
c (: ~, i , f!#:?w: 3.#f~`L f<?:?r I<: 4 : 3.?~Yl? 2iI#.,'.<ti, i.i:
.:i>i;,.... ` ..3ii:?t,,
ine,
3 Wes 1 S O>:?, 150b, be impl : 1f..\..:+. ae à , 'L. ti a a ~'`Ei?~fbl:: Row
' ''` ... ..~., <
25 The ..>,,::, \. and ~.if<; can :. ~3i
valves that ...... a flow rate o. a fluid thro.u'gh a condUft. control , :l ,
and 150c can be used to control o eratimi of one #..., f..S: we ssu.-i .
the string 1106 cnan communicate an oxidant fluid, such as a3Ã=. `=` e .
,?.:, <.. other oxidant, , o the .ea generator 116 at a t34> .<?:r controlled
by the control We
150a; a conduit 1Ã6 can communicate di. such as ?i., d ifcasoli c, natural
gas, prop,--mw.
by the Lon:#
t`. ..,.\:# õ\ . to Me learn f \ 11'.~?: , 11 6 at a rat f?ià Hed
an: a ..:.,#. 148 can heat transfer fluid, such as )3 <.;.. Y, stew \s n ? ?
.'
{{ the heat transfer ..3?#Ã+:t to, f3Z i~(:fi~f} generator 1 ? 6 at :. ~.<.
~: rate c~1.,..t>2. d
tO
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
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150, 0 Control fa: 'd'are 140 ..an send Q f.,;fa,tf>#:.::4 ,.,.3 Wc, 150%
4 120.
i.< .?{.v .,`:k based on .Yata- .c,ce- d 'bi.i#t d' he .t.)
Me e titcfi # M1L{i.L:..::..:.s#C.~:#i'{ ...{lii.?
l?at; Ptak received &-o ugh .he varkOg stria 106 and the ci,nd is 146 and
1^18, hC. \{Z'.:3 `"`
6 ...........f x: 18 t1#at C<. nl t t .# t" # S C C \4s..
` ? is#.: .. ... ,.e no ,?) 1s; . 182 i4 controlled and/or {1iod# ..Li.: base
on uc:ous Fk. S, { i \
c.C..:ate by a ..a.. S.tch as saws- 122 F or i'l.i# 1.}w set,sor. 'T#.. ,;t t
:> ?c1... at.(?#
<F..c,. ~.\: .s ~..~. JAY ?Rog f3f erat.1Jn, For c:St #?.?3i(. in of stem yy1:
:..t,f.. 116 t: ,:.it
...Scf.;
iz #iC%E:1.s... ...c.i... ,.c:i>lit)li\:k n Ole c n-lb :istion. caa `'#:.ner'-
F.te acc.. rt.i s, ,tits that he.
. ~. to .' l,... 4.v.... e tt. . c ) :'t{' T' ` signal 1 ? ... e acotwtic
sensors 122C 22 22h and:. F' another sensor, The detected acoustic d tare
,,.o? m.3ni al d to the Conti{nlY {i and the Ca'ltlolle 120 a e t3S the ac
:3.,stic data.. one
or 1? ..c?,:t F.{. .,..:..,~ ,.. with dka from other For the c.. #:nrrfl:S...
121",, Lt.c.> use
#i .. 6m one or more temperature sei#sors, 4_?11e or mor pressure # -..s:;? ..
one or
11?~ :C: ~~ .?1e i` `?d or i 1_hei i&,..4. :s o, devices, In certain, the
c. ` ~ .,.>... sensors can m a,D#3'C the t~{11perat l,S of +,3##?t>li~i. 3.
tile temperature Vt'the
, ea swan ,,j L:t, ): ` 4{(.Y, the #i:. lz. ~:.':l'f{ .) 3 .ir in it ~e :c a,.
;?<?:. the
ated by .:
,.c.,.:~:> Old ,_ =s'.ner r 1tC the
;. r
1:. We temperature of the <1{}~. .)1:Ii.l.El3.. .11~~:'..` neat
.....c'{ ,,. .t.:,., ......\. ea.i.,,...s 3nc'ta yeti flie.press re sensors
can. t "he
co L b F. . >... chamber of the steamy ?1~: i3to ? t0, the pressure in l e
well bosrF the stea.;
he 1`.. C3;t .f..w.,la a dlorboat. t. <.;.S:~G3. 't cl 3.i, ,.,1;.;. . i11
~'{=
.....;t:.i.E.... .n Cc.st.,M instances, the. o meters c<F:?the ,,
f~o 4 a
.c. trans for >.,.c into the Steam f t0. titv..`.lf of heated 5,....c out of
to seam
g `erator 1 o thin- fl..ws. f1`.= some cases. the acoustic ignal g e er< tf.d
by th steam
\ L....c.. .,,t<.i . i~ and detected by the .7i''#;:i3:5 122 t3{,}; 1Ct,:.. 6-
u'6 {`: A.tlitl .': ..b:.i#el an :: "'F r. `:gate
of stem n generator 116, Such as an idea. or ,f #I<.3õ a L ft'.{i?f # li.. te.
of the Stearn
c .bust`s.,... of .B.ta,= and oxidant . For example. het tro #.t .C. ,. .c {t
ti<
E>#? t'#1Jt;f i., the t#: C:? #?:
i : of a rate can tend to quench the
steam -1,6a,, we, hu
c xi d ii t" or new quenching can Cause that
steady and suong, c. 3..5 h.}#ty; In another example. , intros .,cing a l. it
tr-'a,
Y: r ).y- i t l
>z? > t. ;. icl :#ic.-al St a t<t ,# Y. A 1?? f'lo.i:t ;#1 I#].,t..o.1
t t
oduce a i1 ,':;: . n..ferm acoustic% signal, for oxannple :fl<'t t??{t:C:.
Examples >f n 1 1Cea
`t#?` states of "I tha cart be identi ed and/or diagnosed based en a,ous;i,
date
!t
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
WO 2009/009437 PCT/US2008/069225
`' .. i * :\:..,. Vii: WAS
.,..... \...:# `, ~. tL~. ;.,.co Z Ã`ition o i't idi?A?t.'t o fm v
io h_ ,a.. .F of > st_. #c.h netric 0.J-'J t!' t#<'.t #i2 xt it t , rieb {?iiF
n s' t ''
.,'##3 ture, having an ox ia i io fuiel o ee than Ã.nat ..3,.
i ,i: tit=e=t, a Are }F,# with re-i'snft'w" Zta
;..... . ''s or h 't S' riÃ.Yi?it:#Le#.F?t4,, and t. >t:i_c>: i, in silnl
reaction . ~,?
..c...3,.... c:.n b fi#.a r.`=ÃL#LLa \ 1' (<ruti.t?f# in a <.ornbfi\:<.3;'. In
some .iple. ?>..#?i..:ti.....`.',
o fa s:'tii?i ?#Fs #iiF3 aetioa ~tà i /or ot`' t _ st.abi ides c.i.`, e.?.:Ã.
:....\
;taLas ,,.a. .. , S a:>c'K wave can be interpret e(1lo a:tip; quenching 'and.
/or WSHOWes.
. \,....~:Ls ,r .fit;( can can i , t~i: .ag 1n.,1~h:d to .i of ` .' a ....
s~~i. 4i';:iti~ data WSW non-
of a TH system coo pone#'i.. In some cases, the <...'# r Uer 20 can A,
>, #:Ã??:?::~ > > ~.e; ~=:; ... kb
t~iiitf>~ii.'
is?3. i?~ #~'f% :.<Fl ope ? #i#.`
based on ..:e ,,.e,.,.i 'L.,.iL: i.4.ai, For a.Z LiT ple. ,{ ,}i itb: Ce nt
ypos
$ q2
sons am y = ?. t.õ :sL~rs#\i i signals andthis cl??t>r<?ller 120 can be pr
lnt. ita m..ed ti
h .i:.i y and det Ã"Ã31.#t 'hat rFs>., :f er a i f f.i õ Late #
,
... ...#... :. In s<._i= cases, the ~:i'F1.\,l{{ foi 120. ci1i? f71'
pro,a#i?:.,..<,.t Y<:#is.F<iG #.3?ei.~,.st~ fÃ~ ~_=
a i. e> . the , : um n of the stem generator 116 base{' ?? an identified
cause of .,.ttti4 state. h be L<3Fali?"iiFÃFtE at.e dit ecti= , the stew ;: .,
.. 16
cia 'th .-ca 124. .;?i..,.. the Ãn structions can b the hs.:?>L::i?'e
140, Sued' i ti?3Fi , the steam a encrat{3i I ? t i' aft i?# , a Fti' an
ammeter Ow control hardware 140 ma # ,iaixi`i: _w ate , }:
v., .d 'e a
W 150, .....onic c ase^, an air to ;Ãte ratio in a ., ,.it. usto# fay b+:
a:..d.iled
bawd on . etectt. d acoustic tii` ,als. As, another e` 3.mple . flow rate ?:
.. d
into the s,S<:a enerata 116 can i , diusted based on the de ected ae ustic
tf==#i .
#'FS?#1 #. eal
In some instances. it . may ?aS be , ifficult or impractical to detyÃ` ,,.ti<:
a w
tzC?t Ã( eai =i~3f .,,Ft? ?, to exi.i.,.
o ..,.t# >. .?.... t se ac< . #.iaa#c 03, 1?aL ether than that a
The co3itri>:s. ...t.' # i<.4 be programmed to generate instructions to
<:d,usà different aspects ..
a and cs the f t #'.tp,:
-> , it= t~: g, h t..A oxidant, t?Lit.ii3'i'F#t ..>.tf.fta:,? =c~i ~=> ,<
i
'q oa h. unt the no zi eal ;3t3r`.ra F#F~' tatL 51 ~?~i t?#' e à ,., s#<.. i,
of .. t> #F f.. f? : :
existen e of an .fdt.fia#ed Flz ..,^#t..:<?I .`'f Eating state, the controller
120 i?F a `make
r. r-'
a :i , iti,,... the ,,. = of & AS , and ( .i?:..f.t a'-,a'-,d i3i~tC. ~F.:t.
.. the :?<?#F.z~~.i; :??r3~-, 3 4 state
o
3: s > t , i"':>.i..f 120 may then ?t ii .the {.,SF,t i.#i
?Z #Ã xidant z.#iai `C?
.e. . the , .o. .deal o=, e operating state subsides. th. +.~{?t i. ~'i 4#
120 mat then .?s.iFFE. the
tr.t>,men >::d Cow ri L, and so on, G;F.st#i3M tt'eF' Ft ?iF1:_i,.<ters rttFl
it an
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
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s the Ãit s{~ itC'c. al i.p-.i sizt+., .? sill:?. "20 {
E, . i{#..#.,x ,, ..,.. r ~: ~t4 ` ?:...:#Ã: -sL <st{i?õ+v. he ;'E~i3
add.onA use in..b#ti>?t.3? . i.Ãii#i? other sensors. such k` 13x4' :+. 23.
so?:so.'S,
ltr \.: i\'lt Y
Row sensors, p ... \:;, = ...#{so? S.:?#li~ ~?.~ other S . Sensors, ~~Z ,et
..er 'in S F:,..+ c #,e,.,.#: õ i,ia;'t#ctio.n s r Ope 'xt:ii?g the 5tcC`i
.C,.V.(T,\?#
ii n .+ o :... , operat o #? the itea;il t s is .3 :ito.i > stem .. ,
.I. .i t... ` \:,.. 'b t. .. , and be sÃf.,.c?.1# scicà { r system i3 L
generates ust MW ~ ? <.#.. 1, t: is
Ming .?:\........ in some caseti the steam OS Rdc?lo system 118 is hum: S M'.S
~C.#r:Ã
t .. t \....t ~.. i~.....i.. ~.~. }Ã- example, le, (.E?',". lrr:i. t. .1...?.
t ;ton,
`. - one . e steam 2` .stirs to ;ene#at c{t is;3k~ ;. signals
Squencies. In some <.ases, os. hatto.i frequencies ui the s.: :?sC..lato
sEL..+ are
?., LVi to YCOOMnt i::o#:iene.ies of the well bore 1P2. #~' 3t?1?4 o the well
b r 02.
\ ..- of the well system 1 00h, <3,.?i E^i regions of the j.Ãhte.rr : cai
tE:?.t . n,
Generating '. t resonance A. t -i:L~~a~.~a +:~Z~ r .2Je : 'L .. . , o az.mi-'
~e .i... >:+L. ~.. ~.{...
:{>. ... ~..): can . .~. .... .,
Driving-, s,. at the l"3j c \ resonance --y 'n ':"Y ,# <tà :' se
an \.` ` 1.C e: 5 ?'f # {#?SÃ i't i3 eo Ã:; ?t 't.. and"
g ` c3 t
+... ,,,.. 1..~.:. :..\,`. ,int. ;,i?i'.<3t\'.i? . ~?~' the C3..3tE:i:t. f -
'or i'i?~~.ii:.. .-t# 'Ãta \ .~ii.!' he cn..tit .{,t
:: s 1 n ' ,... >. +:'.Ãi,:{ tii sler 118 w i,".1 have
~i 2
q aco ?`, rc .j.:.: ,.,,~ i {Y. !iS ,acs ?.tiÃL3eniiy close to the resonance
..3 a<{#. _.i.:: of the cavi
08 can s,# a high maximum pressure e.\i:u{ .i?: `. Zi'.i .,.. the cavity
d ~. ? . -..\ also an ..it.1 ? Ã#E resonance frequency associated i4.Ã?. the
slj'hterr ,. ea n
a materials v iihin the .u ` ; =, t . sna on. >.2, het' fluff
velocities ,.`,:?+. amplitudes may' be produced tE Ãi1?#i3 the for-
Stearn
!Z ?4Ã; system J. 18 F Ãl.c?:i :t .{..?.aà f S, f.ilwi\ .'s or . en :`, =t?~
iti :?i,, These higher .luid Vol -,.?.:` and i 3 ?{': ir .?:?? :..` i.+..t.
,: to "li"itJ . ::=\:Ã vit and.`or retl..ice stca?:i3? Ch,.{#incling. The .s'
runs <>.e de ected
by .+n or .note of Se sensors 122f12' & . 2211, wirid,-'or another `ensorr, in
S..i.L ,., ses, ..,i`
acoulic signals ,.: efactt 1vit?he subterranean fO#nm6o. an d,or a o? flhe-
s tem 100a e.`Ãe they are demied, T 'ho detected {ct. {#s {c data is +. o ?;3{
m aÃe to the
tt # > st:., data, 'with
..,+,i > 120, mid the L: tip.t,i>...,. ,...nt) analyzes the cta. a.Et .lF{~=
or
. .. one o 'r Ã1.:? o
..tfL?1 ?.ii,#..#i . :
t # i.?;. #.'.#' .,.,,....... ,.?i?, For õ~: Ã~. ti:, the controller 120 can
use n
ti soS one t{3 i .F. i~':~.~ pressure sum o r , one ar 12iore i,
sunwors or LwÃ?i. L_ti;, .\.. ,.>...~o33 L? r
+ent devices. in cerit{S.{i inst a#?i r he .w`inper ? ui sensors \.2s..`
eosriÃ'%:
?.rpa..ttr of com.3.:s ton, the oft.Ã3w fluid gntcrat-d 1n- s,
1 the
~t .t t t t , in the I. ore about ihie Stearn gene:. atoi fs
i 31
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
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i'L:i YC:.ad:...,.. of U. ,_.clc iÃil and v#"bL it vans Tfhi .. it/or a`= 1i'
i,=,'..'ipe." :#.1res. .#..:ert::a
< Y, \ .2 i f. ~ Y \.:4i:Ã.ta .;..~\ t.:3;ia ~w~i:~3..i =..,ciiit, C.i <.
,t~:i '
. e q:..13~:
ste. ) g #;t.,a,.a., , ` tie pressure in the ~:3'C)t)t'3}?atl))y) e a
3)t2?lF). til o;.i. :t nerd o 3Fi. .~ is :.?:..t:
\), ,,... i.#Y\l:t)f' be a. \%t3i4:i ?)e:Sti#\-:`r #.. \.<.?.,Ã#...
..` :tern call ;ieasuia, the flo"Z cs air xidÃiii and:`t) boat, #ttÃts>C:
fluid m o 'h w ...,
gei'erator . 6 . l i L~~4 e ,`i i i~:c~.:i u<,s. 2f.:.l .i6 ,; ,ZiceL ).:'
rk""'k \,
.. ,t- >!, i of heated out ~= `t~,.I , h--'
à 3i'f. ....
i..<: cases, a.d. li..<.f < <toctVd by he tiens F'1 22
\.~:. ..ll #i#.
> ' i` i3 .? )ti. i, t:)`:'aL cases 'Ile of a F ~.Ã
more .>Ã......~ .,. i12.,.ie. i3i... Can Ile #'LkflhtieU had on dcto tei...~ac
For
~. . 1L.::> fle
Ci.
to ?,= = ,..~.. >.,s ue 'tho4 between .i. ::i',.i1 Water a i a or another
material ray be .s:
F .GUR ,. IC system tUhe, . nc?ude\ ,. `i=o2\a: `:. st.. ; . Oh #nstahed i. a
woO bore E {
thud E jecda swing. he fluid #iljQc'J'o -? string- includes a steam generator
16, a .
.?<' . \.. v,... .. a. .. 180b, 180k ,I 80d, and k 71s.l.> $02.a :.t..! 02b.
'11-c. can
\., The cont# ,i We 150d can \<: ec i<+..1 a?i,.L' i.ion-l the
COUP > B.., > a. =!. >i. 3`;i: is Va. .i i< ct?{`. ii.lÃI L.. 3 o# ,i., and l'
The
rol line 14'4fc;' F the
i.. can riv; '. a L . ?itia . 1 . 1i3 3 1Ã'ifittb the on
signal coal b ..e.:t O:. by com'.'rol hard.wam 40 Z #' <Z. v.a .#(33v'i' 12"
cm
'based on the Comm! sigma of t. of ino{. .. o.i-'or mint?`?..?f .C
<.;.'i>.#.., .'2.`.=.
and , $Od. lie conduit 80d can communicate fluid tto third device of
the conduit a8 d can serve as a Qass to C~?`="; Y3.3#?S = t fluid directly
Ãnto the we;.. ? i. ..
a
The whistles ?02 ,,:,L described in greater deÃal below ` i"Ill regard to .
Z` ... ?.: 3A
Of oid'
... ty?La. >.
B. .-.i '.<. or boo of to : histles 302 can be replaced with, a diff`ert. ..
such as the f uId oscillator device 309a of i 1(iM..: 3G. The wC'l. ' te# l
a number o whistles and/or other fluid <?~ ;: Ãi: {ll," 3c,:VJk:4 s # > fluid
with the steam ge i rator 110. The whistles can be Ã3-.sfi m d pr::<h at one
another or at a distance thy n > no he.# s c 0 et. .E21, t. I dOl` .them. or
... stun? v. e..... :,h#:'a,es be tuned to d#.ereai c7L;e:j `.i #..= #Fe ."
.,)L 3w .f. the ` h..",ids a,
be tuned ierat; the rmre acoustic frequencies.
.`~ I ; one aspect o . p=er moot, the steam enerato i I6 receives treatment
.fluid,
heats to fluid, and .l.i$:1` o :#a:5 heated :#~ ea.tm f. t fluid to t. ee
conduit I $t ia, i)uri
~ :i-.a\,?
.., `2 time period, `aide heated treatment Nuid is communicated to # - e
whistle 301a, and, .. 1e
whistle ene:f':i first a,<. ft S%F\ signal having a first l Liti a%~`
content
one i < i : `Ã i des During. a second t4'l e'3eriod,, the h acted t'reatF.a<na
fluid
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... cZ;?I`.i.; 3k 2a. and flit t~' 11tiÃ:iS '02a ; . ,.t a 5i<:'. ri; :#
v..si.`
us.i.:. t?... e~ i it i.r> cp.iency con tent Ile Lt o`...ft#i-nL t`..F f?.<?i
t . s":.#.
Act or e t? the first time termÃ?F , ft rit f a third t. o period, the heated
~...<?3? ;<#:. i.'ic Be W bore 102 t.?#"t?`tch the cored z 1 80d. The second
#;.? :
period i' niv be ;e, r . >:i:.i?> or overlapping the first at"d/or 5ecc.nd rim
periods, The ste<:}i>?
... ..#;<`.` m y ) i) generate a third acoustic signal ~i#rin' th i st. sc n ,
i + or th.. '
,.:....
Lr r;;
A . <
#t'i:i).#i::<3x.i~ or Bird i?.i+..ll.i+ k ti ...`: l? >.i:t.S.tib ' the
Ã:.~#.t..:. e' .~ #.i~) ~ , i...
..,.22 .,. ~ .. .. 1'``<,i.,Z 12211, and. ,`of any of the other sensors stk<?.
in t.,'.~, t . i S t , \ 3 B. ::, r.
. detected b' . C. . :i ~c, ,ra.:ti\ ,:).:. <# 5\a5m can '`+.?e rwEFf_.e\
,;?~~ to .iiotiE fy a of the . fi-s',
i ~ f>, <. i detected à t \t1i;'s....
third <14i?##~~ signals, ~' :3 i ~>_i>I,.=.:i. 4 c.:: be
\i oces:ae a %i iect s.w. `.) :2 secondar 5Ã<i real a re-f-reflected a. t
ai.s.}t#.tte
and/or any other pO?'ti(n of an acoustic signal generated in
`,i .? heated tie itmeni. fluid into the well. The
::. tt:\i ,?..., .,.:: s, ?. 3.; can be cNnp re filtered, me dl i" >oi;.i i l
ed, a,`. ` ="
;.`tr ner
Muse,,.'. on the .i of p}'ccessi ie: inlb#'mat# iE; can be one of the n, .s
'the well or Me subt<>.#'rane n ant:. he <Tia#A..?, ); ed
).r.., di ri..r.ti?i t: t? rolata: to at lk.ast1: o ..`=t vC.s ,t' ..:i3
.,x ... \;..`ti.#::}. e
>t ..:, ,\ #:' ell or open, .'an of M Q --fluid i~-..Jection
ption of Me subterranean R oration can include C.:at i, to at least
one of .3 :~`\tr,>..,r of a fluid iit...f i.:e, a of a fluid t? ..{:.
#.#it..... ..
F?i.t ,`..t ).,t. to integrity T e well can include Si?tt....iaÃ.. o.: related
to at..t ast one
., leak a co #.>t, . ,tent i?, t"'vet, a leak in a#.'.=s?l installed the.
"veil. 1N't#uctioo
?Zel a Now obstruction in a tool installed in the i; or another sp t, The
he l.
i t
A)Ir ....cõ.2_ :~.),.....~: to ?t"3c.:.~>i? of we e i i. ;iLt;t? .=l `t.r
`.~:can ei#f:.:1.E). a. to
~. ~.<
<i> . ~ . ` r a. +^_ ust.E ? .T:
,:; ~.:,:.~= , ,?;. ....) air to a i:~2,ij~ ,.,_.~t 1 t?#?ÃÃ..>,:i t+.?i#;, a
5..,#,..<; i ..,
~4 t?.t?t ,~:) .`:: he contioiier 120 can modify at t:....t: one aspect ofth
.itch
;. t . by the analysis , ..:`: t4 s f `::d t n?t'. }?#~~?~~i%~:~ E3: )~.
c.l.':t?8Z l33 of acoustic signals,
c < t#=<}. example i(~C$it.t is ct ?: e tel..
)~ : .. ~ ..: ).till;?~,\ ,..- io r.t! t`t<? )i \~<
#.i. traled well tem }OOh includes a first welt bore 102a and a secand welt
bore 102h. The
il.. c. the same components as the iel bole J,02
The vA bore 102b ca" n, ,i~\.?
t': No , i):. l{ute the saute and/ or d$thre ?, inohA \. in
well bores 102 W>.. RFS . A o B. For cxan'#ple, the bore .. 0,:? i ., t?p>.3
=E?.t.,
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
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,F WK r. ew ..>. string 106b. l le well bore 02b tnd:.=tC, sensors 1.2and ..K
.,v.lied} beio surface .i>. ,,ct ^. :Za.(i s';S.t::: Ã0t d ah-,t. 2.:.en. S..
.......>. ,. ed
.~.;.?)'G >?,, J..`...\.= I , -> zone of interest 112 ides t1 d..ti<#ck,i.
~,. <.;..d T^
1.3.,.>. >2= a,. ,.\ n\:#,. 3..0, hl h :h-a?Ã#vF.#de iii Ã. .iii =v:#on i
?t'o.\= \:Z. =c 4'C:
. .:.\.o Z '` D, 70 and ..h region Fk 72)b rc`,idcs the
. ~.i. <F,>,ei. ,wFt tFa #s. he ~. s3, ,F,#l.,a# Z' } t ti ! ,.dt .a,,a' +. ~.
] . M .. f #? }?s`?#?
E \ ; other > :2
including vertex!, ti<`ii..; =? a.., We? >::## Y4t.:l?'"v.l(~~F#>'~ and O-
hers. As :F.#, \.{Fi.p?.~., ?.,\:
.?f: , nda= y 170 may F = .i. sw.s.' :#.Ã an is terf Fc b: tet'ceIl a region
~<3. i F IÃ\v 4Ca ?# : i . ! # . # F i \.: o i l 1 ),. i:ei;,L` of We
bouudart' 170, the 'region 172a, and of the region 172h can he idendled,
igna s i,onera e by components, of à e we s stem MW The tmd 3't'.
%i t }= k r . t a J1azF#~ Vii` in acoustic np da Ic'e.
\ }= ?2: }# t. Fa lids. are represented in ''l3. i.. Rb ?t.+ by arrows c a;
OOb 160,
s i . <' t k. ! 3` i \Ã ;C f?'E \ ,.,='::,,.i .,.u=' by t ho
60', i >. , i#.:t1SZ' ; 16 Oa and :601.- #:3.}#..#'i3Ã~ Ft ~. t C. sir.
:.Ã
\ 60b e } si pp r tos a ?t? tk)I \rEat. a. a ;
F, i~a <.~\t=. s.8, t,. a,4 n # .r#`sÃ..>.2 e i ..# at i3s v v .< ,..
in eraa the rggian i72 and are detected by the sensor 12.2k. Arrow ,a
ii#.n)t}.'.
:.:k.tC? o \ir, =!- .>.}l: ; tsti.)#F 1. . M 2`,.E. is i s:F#3C,~'.F#",y
.~i<i, I#FÃt'sF~.. with ~ Ã ~<. #',.'4 ) ,s:~:~.:.:_,...
..~>.::?~,.}>4k.4 ~ ,. S .5,:.=..t he ?3s;3F.#}idia:F'Z* 1%(), F portion ,a:.
EFL #.\.F#::. are '. # .F
a
>? r~s as Mustiated by arrows "?(le an?
= t > -o 'g tai..\. , tJi#C 3..3:aJ ( V s {4=f' ,5 - the \#F# i . 99 5 0 1'
.3\` - t Z= i ) and
`.~,\f:c c=t. t. k,) a_ c: F`
\.. =: P,
arrow s .R, .;\e > a p' #F on \a-, the propagated acoustic signals detected'
above ,..,e su# face
,..>\.. - 1, .., ,. Some of the cof# tic si!.kt.is are ie locted 1 2?C:
}?,.ua.="I"'r > 0,. .v..
idumsted by We arrows 160 and 60d For example, th acousti > t ~ may N) t ,'
tee
;..,.
\.v.= ,. a impedance between regions . ?......,..t. 1-72b, .L>ic3w
t i#,t \ a F)s,:#i. 0U of }?: reflected aci;#.FS##< F n Eis detected n the
sensor } 21k 't'ie
we \ 101and arrow 16Od illustrates a part ion o v? IC r .Iec.ed .2c:~?E#. t =
\ ign dea,",Cd
F\ ; -eo )el bore I02.,. The arrows ihOe, 360b, ?.60;c 1had. , 6(.)e.. i:.;
':0
by fl.
to ` ~ acoustic Signals and are not intended to imply or define any Whalimi on
the. enL..:i,-, ddee: i n o acoustic signals in. a well system.
so > IGU ,. 2 in a block diagram illustrating dete tionn and anal s s of
generated in a weil system. The. example well < .'stem 200 includes Ffat It#I
F= s stem
0,a, `s s 'a such as the a#Ial3i?F7ent illustrated in FIGURE 1A. 4uch v` a co
p Ct o >2.
\...,\. ,Y õ\ fluid oscillator production .t,# k;F#. of the w stem 4f? _aap:
nents .uss be ins a :e>. abuse.. t e ground
i :s
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
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,,i?a {.r
jr:~=:. ; ^= < =r 7 ! i$ well j ?utsa2.ae of ... -sv; "H aa#t~=\ a,
...:~4i;^ ?Ã?SI%~~. of a . ~~:: i'L. ~
,CJ, ir. ni .f"=a . the 4'r.oll system ,trop( Qitts a..a]. a.id s c.n ai
.,is6c; Ã#..: 208,'.
Onc 'm .` . c.`. .h' well system a:oIt pnienis includes a. inte.rac m
..:\.diua:a .... \ :i: vie or
the \: crr Y t? c !=` S L t ' ~".. ~.
] an ai..=C~Li. < aL er..Ã 'm. .)4 a. \. .~:.
e
the wcll system omra iitii?t`r includes an act ustii signal analyzer : It ).
ht- `. a? `'y stf 200
may additional well system o upon ÃFt 2()(L
. Zs `.. c3t\:.a 2. acousik signals goÃt.a'aw' rh , d c wo st e aot'm- .: o :
a"
to'
.:. In >t ,.;<~iifF?, it:a ~?Faia c~c s+..\.
'~` t eo2& ].a i >\ ).,\- ]t t cFi:. ~.: t.;. Fti' f o= 212. some cases, fc. .
t) : 'E % iV ~. j
t)\:l
2l'2 is ifl :<>t.h .to theacoustic source 208, the ..:<,?ÃI Ãx,12F.s =
3FU.ated by q <
a \ .::itao Joi#.'cc .cta o .:2%Ft t averse ;.F'itÃ'.tactÃi>n medium un ,?Foie
t - are b" Me
:a.c. :i..\c a... .,..\ In some oases, for when the , o.:isti detect: and Q -
,c
L: .a\L... at :e 20 are both installed in the same well bore, she acousa) t<#.
> ene.:<_:aed b
the sou., 20$ IÃ?ta.ract :w. F an interaction medium Oa 114 f F~ t3t;. svste ?
0
i a.4 ,2~% c~cGtL4,v \f _ ; .12. In sonic c:F:sL for s. far `\ (,.~aà \:, when
i citi'a#:
..t.a..~ .=~a\t?i L ...\'. >.~:a,i),.F'#.~.~ atly ,...,
\aetect . 1-2 ` aced at the surface or in a d#fffent wk' bore tF. is?.a. the
ac ,'us !c. source- 2208.
. co"" t] faa.. Oen < `~~ i 2` the oacoust'i source .~~.,ifiE:.;rnet z it t
an
medium 2 .` O b before re a ::h2. g t. e ac'.t3 ..if fr detector 2 '. The exte
fF ?.. diwn
NO can include all oraan.of asubit f3 iifL.tÃ$ l?!#: a ion, a oneo a. ÃLrCsi
.tnd.-`o# ,.ii;..soa
sw i.,,w.\ me a. T H a3tusti: #i`nai aà b ze#. 214 analyzes the de .c'te.
acoiia,fic signal s,. The
a,\ `.:`;.). 208 and..?: otfie t stem co mpoi_eÃ1ts 206 nmy be modified or
:?Ã::. w#.e :
based on ,jtabY nata3, a 2 provided by the c,i.Liifsti\. Fa;a,] l a.aals<.a y.
G. ..):4, example
. `i aLi . < i a 2 't "based
a i f a\.O='\..: : ana:
~caa -c\.) as : ..~.. Z ?t.c- \aa.i :Ã,iie `3 i?{C#'#F1iii,.f?. ~:# fat ci by
iaa.
analyzer 214.
in some car. the interact \A"it 3 the 2,; ..1c e
2f acoustic #....f by the :it 1Eisi.fa detector .v).2, e,i\a. iaifi4
t.~tc:`t. a a
\t .aa3.~ '.t?,~ 2 bore to _a sensor instafh-d .n the ?.ici ?ore, the arc
tia:#C
signals ca,n interact with u ., tools, an.d;or other Ã2Fetr,a in the well ore.
,`. some signals st?{t;:F'a4f.c with the i) # medium
detected by the acaa.st;c detector .= 1, i ? si' v~itiiFÃ'= < , as the acrst
ic.
signals subterranean. formation to sensor, the 20.. >i:i\ signals cm,
,.',:. solids and/s.ii' oth =t types o mocha in the 'oimat a, IS 13:r'iF o Of
õ-\ '
J] ; i -pe ac'a other ] r\
a i 3F to ] f l tT L2~= to fid, among . #Ff! \.3F f he n n.lsi
t1... S.#. ;, ,ter: ]kj r Z"-\
of aja ... t j 1 r l=r l i e j = r \ ... a.
t; r.. `,erja . For example, acoustic 'g?'gals i]ial' li';sl' iii
o
than . \:\ a; ? ugh ,#.. or w ater, Sine Some t,'pe of __k are more de se
ttiaa . or
171
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he a)+i,.#L :,} ` cr`s., u#.Cz > < ~, ~ ~ tth#' }#~). the #i7.at~::r al 1-
flay . e~dÃ~:a on l` !:.t
.~... F.. `is
. ....;i,v#'`:?. m', a t4 .,1,pt tl tw . pr ssL#ie, i 'id, others. (.FiÃ3s
qa;. `: t .a:. nowÃ. o ..iÃF,;
ii ;`e`..i;~ac .. `.).. ,aer al. `t#rtiei`iaii;3e,`?.}i c'T.a~'t}. d,t. .p
signals :r:Yi.z. *>` ,>...> a;? Ã than .>ahe:. #.imo ,z'}is, Thi:#'Wri, the .,-
#i'fp: Ã
...:
as .. :...:.>:# .> pia #' p:Ã`E?pag:.ited rougb a ?.Z L.. ;}ii.t #:<a . .ait
d4 #} on,
In .. .,`.e .. t#: te:ri<a#aear l?C.atio?. .ct#idc..t. a`.:
,.i,...Eõ~E.... õ~ ...E ,i (. tel 'ted i <.~ ... ,~ #~.L~c ,.... ..
oug outt to on. For cx Ã: p.,<:, Ã `n Ã.>m have,.,,
substantially ;.:<1t'rial Composition and mass F.1eià ,y gh+ E#,. ON,
..#...... a zone may have ? ti a FT` x 3 :> ? \.~.E>.:.. ?#'v a icF?#?i.
i..rt. }C..
Li sc#i .;1'Ai#1.:~i' Z ;.. ,,..
a
huahwe )C':o., n two on à :?i'~:CÃ# 4 a tans#t.#on k.C...iE a zone
i`. L:i -...r ...,F. hE `v n,`,) a second pr'ope be ... ... t..i..: n
.. e , ? > ifs:Ã~ 4xt}.#}l1l'., between two J.i e eil. types of ?:.c\
to ,. isF:'lli3Cd~#~'. 3.~! . ~' In
..
od, ~,,as;ca., ce can be mpresmued as a more nebulous transition region, Or
ex:: l .v, .z . ;,; ... oa ,..,#ia ~3 .il:'.Y I,:iiiC. and a'. Sand zww,
t a in `s r `".\,t
. . ..{aC''.# ., ~.: . <av~: i
# terlhce C.t Z)her ..
W. .. acoustic signals O t + ,s .m.. :ge an .Z
t > on of the lcoustÃc signals may be rdlected and a, i i of
o signals may h .s+a. is.d across the hate thee, Iia so# ie eases .'f t_ c` t}
: ;#fL de c the
and , a ,#,ude of he rd:'te portion we d 4:,#.#.,,.`i C. : Z' the
t3t..ti s of the OVO zww" d'. at share the #Ã# v. i#ce. For exam e.. < in
mo zones 1,:,3vi g a significant di ferencc in mass t ens..: . .y u<,us
. d'
s a .,aCant portion of dc :ncident acoustic signal to be rofloct.od antis
.l.~' a srn# ,ll portion
..5 oar .,..._ iS U,.. :;.~ .. %.~ nal to be transtmtted across d q,,. i.i ter
aee. \ : Z=C'#', an
where change mass densit is very s ri.ihh i}1tay cause a more '
i .` . sfanal to he transmitted across the It son --w case Yi #l ?.le
-al
sse,ns_,,rs -a ). used t'o t .tie trans: a#tted and reflected si Oals. ; F
ex,,. i,t?iii : _#?st sensor
can dete,t a dire , } `gnai l that has been transmitted across an rot a ..a.
,>nd a seco'e' sen,so r
s can Mot a ,..,>... . .: #... ai that has been ,e-flected at i intteE -ce.
< >
ti to ..1:n:..? can inc i d : .Ei'iC?#i~ 4 ?. i, far
us..c. sianals to e ectricai sinnal s (c.g. volt Ss..'. current, or so "
t ear or toucet to a surface structure ';'?(,3 ' he :su.,x-#t , :nt .lt t , at
least
a indicative of the od:Ya.7 e-te o tinte#esi..
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a ayzer 214 can #Ftc.Ãtd ;;,:f:~fr<;t': <a ~ t, #> ;.. F SF,>?~>
#d:~:+' interpret acoustc signal, aco \.ic `'gyna na "zor ?. . c
i "#:_ 3iaF;i\,: : k? hJp1le .tt.?t4:?~ 'C fIi. ..:f C. i on one O more
C.:e'Ilp #.ng 0;~` .The
.`:. )u S
ti, i : >F,,, an ,l ly~ i '4 can b implemented as ..~.~.2,.... F . pc..#:45.
at I V w
a ?f i? 1., E S. The . 'ttQ a Stt,~t=.
# t~.l Ã.# Ã~: 4 tote :. l à i:i ti #Ã
Fna 0'`...:# 214 . ....,. cq-,pi"y .., v :.:1 'y 3i. faci?usti.t:= s kc i:F-i
processing- 10chiniq .., . such õ5 ...:.t.: l=..: ,
.. a. .. t .2 , e.. :l i s < a à and others, 4 The c : t a . . ~ y u s t # C
`_i.;al c'2F3cF ` ,F 2 iify' 'r on
~; . na3 3 source 2t8 Wor ,anot.ie.
of or .
206 based o , acoustic signa"s.
FIGURES <i and 88 ,u:ti.at. <3... fiiiFl.p,L steam whideEas ernhF 302 at
mei<,des
a single `tom..... `, . \ti.. ?d. , :}G st.k ?.Ft ;.h tie. assembly 302. can
k C'. F#Fff i...r man-' p;e,
~:. .ii. the ~.4' #~i >seiU%F Fi?Ã y,%iit~'.'FL: `... or i. 8b of FI
`t:.~.. ,: . he steam
w ,sick 302 i#?,:lt.,,. es a ho`.:sine At Ã44,#Ãtes tw xia, steam i?F,4:?:!
?F" #a nod 4,
c.. t k ..>.m 241t>`.' ie 301 F s\,. .=R ., ' is a Std. view o(t fitt steam
whistle. assembly
t..\. FIGURE 13 :1 a side view of he s:e,s#... whistle sseml`k 302 taken,
``` 32--.'3.13 of kk'' c i
As shown in FIGURE 31:4, to `.> LOi Z 1]`i~L FS
an i i>, $ (3: :.` outlet i)$, and I chamber 303. The 1.canF: 504 can 3t'
wkh no s The -Ã w1,:4 04 has a sub sta t Ffl\ st;360
;awe to < s..,..F.o> C How of 3ea., .C.ans.er f td .} Ã o . ... ea L'..
AFF'
... :. >:.`.?Z rate of s. :F'F;. Trough y the catÃt.. 308 (01 .t `ru ,3..FC:
..FÃl.f;, The oscillatory- t3~?1 i?i h-ea., iaFi sk-r be
.,.:`F#,:,. 4
chamber 3.03. The p.,ess ur'e f>sc i, i.Fi..: ,:.s , 3.? m d, c
signals in a compressible heat t.F'Fnsfln' t Ã.i:c?, In Some c ses. to
acoustic signals = b c.
.. tr...,`.;...,.iite the v:-Q11 tore 102 into the zone à 32. For thy. a
S,~oust,l: can
i iOp., 5<t':: turd it.... a sub,0rrane_ n ab ti a.tic?.,. ai- the . e. f?F.
rces In
sonic _ instancv. the voWme of 'k chamber 303 can be adjusted .b. ex ri2j`l `w
Ith a,,I
a,.,t,# =F ,:3... `:s .`. in the chamber 303 (not shown), to allow, t t t(
?SG,i :mot of s.
~wa. o."i :tOOfl <i em 0 0ws Ãn t the StetF.,. VA It Ie _.0'-t t..;3. t` i,
`:" e F#F I3::t 306, he
.?c on .F ;.cip 305, :FfId t.iw.st3 a:" is ei:33Ft
the
boo the chamber 03 As mean Bows into Me ahambe`. 303, the pressure of e.': ,..
F>.. at
chamber 303 increases, the pressure increase in 303. steam inside the
chamber 303 flow .?..,.. o3. t: :G. sawn KiS. l... 304 through the outlet 308.
,.G :%o~ .>`
J4
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.. i F4r 3 ~.,. Smug )3 ..t.; 'T i> i the he !#ft~ fti perturbs . i=C ~~t:1 ..
~ `: e. 'oi? the ,
~'aS.,:.,... ....s. ,.. ~ o ham ~ S3{.fÃ.1LÃ~ i p''i~= 2 ~t:i.
26=` ti 2 we sÃu??. s3 '+` i ~~ sZi'i3g from tl i.?~: .#i`t nit. ,. '`
..i.h: ~., >:.> : ..1.,.>,..,. : i2t .z,,,. t .Dais
the >?: 'i? S 308 i a n i o t chamber 303. , , 3 `< su diF - . , "fiw-
,rt the ha..., .., 303 decreases. Due to the i?,esaum c#s'L.+.<ltia' the
etFarnbQ `(?J the, flow,,.-,
t ?.
steam m he AS ?,>6 shit .Fga?n and 7i i7s to fi w into s z t?.,:.?(2 :_3~
'i"he
of the p esnu of st.<:i.Fi in the chamber 303 continues, In
ei Ã4na.: ' be 22SG,.w. in Be M~lWet s.Ã~l~~l:F' fà c`~ <:à ~#?F~:, and
o:' dF ` ' of .Ã.4,.}, ? 2~3.?#t~`'i1F Ã :+. .`2J`:? ?)>c.llc`Fl>= o4'C''
t. .,;?e.
is Kit`\ ~: .`` < is a ffii.i +.'.;l:#.,3 ' 307 ,r Ie 4Q#1 that .. ,i.
( three :309-.a. 3091-% and. 309c, example, the sus 30 may be :~) ff ~~~~, SS
Each steam , `..,,....,i.. system. 111, S ot F G. =RU; A. ach o the F+, three
stetÃ>? Mtn devices 309a,
t )band . .:? . .ect heat transfer fluid into well bare at a d.f. rre.nt .ff
x> l :cosÃdon. .
3. :< y..? } 3 i`pe ate. i . a St.atsC to 22\t.21.,.~.t~ > h'
s. .. ,.m Jam..>::.... . ~~ ...~ ~ t. . 0.9 l.. ,'a#?(~ 309c ..
. at
low of' õe a: t`,. ..iii. fluid Ago à e well Deices ..(` and '309, define
oufet` 3.!A
15 O cot heat ummukr 0d in a radial dl#'e ton. De "--,ice 309C defines
outlets 314 that .;..a eat
.;nnsAr ....ice, in st bsttt .ir:..liy axial direction.
Tlie example Steam de ice 309a includes an t....es? an
,.i-e ii... v h.nne of the steam oscillator device 309a. he ."t'n-io su ec
defines <::.. inlet alb.
~a . :dl)ae f.: ,w.- paths 312q 3 . 21. two outlet lost' paths ` i 4a, 3 l
ih., a primary' ~IF.t?F be
. r.
an 316, and a . ecoitd,r: y c.3<aa?#"fr1' .> 18. Tl.ii` p-F-iF1`3af.i~,
t;latal-#ifLi~ . tf? > 1`'..t.,.1.~-Ci ),~y
t r i'? surthe,. that ?;Elude, two diverg##a,. side ails, The h f edbac.< flaw
pad-,,s e? tend
ii t'.?
. .<,o, Le.' "air
t?s>.c. ~{.a. 3116 '..i..4i end <. the :. i"~
.~. #' .~.::. ~. ,_ ,.~F of he 1 , ?#?i~i:y :.-l:a:;tf"f, f,s ~..~tL ,<i. v
5.= t5.. pf2
316, now the .??,c 310, Hh outlet flow ptitrla. .> :4<l,, = 3 t ti<x.eIe.i
,iC3?nn the .l.Wb.i., ..o
oaths i I .:. ,ivel '. t'la<: 4s t t IFL ya)' ,:ilc #'Fal`.:.r ? eaten': ?
`t?F :.1F ?i ` i.i;l ?Ã.
chamber 1 $ ~~ 1'ia:S4i. `iataiÃ? , :t ` m ~e " 1 8 is hounded by a ~=~ i ,on
oft"le
.,. , i zi\ primary ~ ...:,i:
S.. that includes two :five gin? sidewalk,
s_# < t st
~. ' A is ti illustrating an exa wl process for
t well -yste 1, In some cases. the Process < t}#s is pl `ia'Fv ..t < #
signals generated in C't~..nect#.s.-.v"i h nJect?ti. h :a treatment ...uid a
~. E z?f {~E,..L~=
a ell, A,.ous sle ials . ene` ated Al with injecting heat t. .?tme t~j:?;.?~,
to õ
f: .eCl ll,` <aStf:till r~e:.'Lroto ii. 2.zoth,r h at Z:
~"itx<a ~ ~~:iai>v-slÃ
t> ~,?:S. i } i` ti t i3?' =ÃYothe' fluid oscillator . vic., o>:;t:tai other
too: For
x ,.. is ` ss 420 an be f? ple me tl.ed in .,the 2'i e Ãe n. i _o .
and.. 1 3st..it of . KI R.bo ..'3_.I and/o the well systei...2Ã 0
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the. t.`k\ c. ss 4ÃiÃ. can include the same', }C C r, i># 23f?C.1= ;Ã Ss~ is{i
#{S
e
p.aa =:,.:=a.a r. sanno t.` t uUl
order..
At 4,02'.. acoz. S O=. signals are generated hum a i...#{?pO.=nen- \?. a " ' U
bore% ,.'.~.,#..:. One
signals i i a` be generated ` a fluid in Lctio 01:;e o #It r
t
signals .,,,.> . may ,. r ...'~ `t = r i' > ,f.. i.,,j< Ã##T,, g. IzE~.i[i:E:
ii #i#{ie t fluid into #a ~. {;
be t~=ne.a\a iii e ..'\.i?>?t,L.Ã,.i# E Ã
,tE`;C%, For ,;?m,#.\:. ,.. =: i.t3?Ets,>`.=f' E>t õ> steam #,,vi'3>"#'3.iÃE
{', J`Wiid, ==#'. {'#i? =?,` a.
>..=_....:. signaL 3h acoustic signals can hgenerated during t {`1E,#.. .
periods. Em b of a t . ,vsf# . ;li,:i# tÃIi Signals aii be t. it <<t.~Ee Ã;>
have d'i",=,e.# , ro.pert es'
W }., t? .,,.. can include, a a;.de, for example, one or more of' .zebu. c ch.
t ? ~F #i:#\o< i.;
.. r = ..,s\:, others. generated si,t{.:al.. i l' Lt3 ..{- , n-Obint`s22: ". o
t. eit3p. =.e
IS aim 4 can Ã?+,~i#~~s.: :{IÃ;.
signals, t n e 5.;,{ .ak, ti'equeii ? -sweep `iwn3.il, randi?m sig{tats,
pseudo r nd ; 3` s ..'`c ..
nd5;`r E?Ã2i'va_. ff
F'>ipp f
' exanip(e. dote` ,g the acoustic signal
crude ,. a..\ c.:#t? a p , . n.a{ iÃ~f i<a s o nal, a ,e;..~or nu't' aaa
}s{.#;.i.{c L{ f i? ; . a {'et,c,.,.cd
shea : Z\at 'e, ati3 \
a i..{tia,:1.a2.t ,:ac ,a,~i# signaL , a i i1t 3:' , #:a3 `Zave, a
?.{\\ ar.gt :,
others,
are i .t,a4'fe , f~ ` dhc ,, .nal can indhide
to the i,.:=.L,. si,
signals. For exampte. Me r na{ls ..lily be interpreted to gain
t
# ..: L. i .: a! least me M" the w t.a t e formation, the in e to{?.
tt,#it2, i>i , ?# ;?: {:a.i.l .3 ;{5;. 3i.#yà ~' ~ n . j <~.at: c L: C$Li~r,
::}#ai .. {s i. tet t > ~ tr {s`2: i= ';
<,',.>..$ =. tk, ta3ati ,an be processed à {dent i'y' a portion o> th,
+.eÃecÃed aco,'.#st.t. sign l
,
.1-.m, .,'#Ã,. >.&C ii ig heated treatment flEi#.:. into #n,3. tiw,'.
:S,a.a2:,,=. .i3.
zom Processing the detected acoustic signals call include # erinag tile
~dg.najs "o
signal Alerts,, such as a portion of tth< signal generated h. { t: u d t ecti
n ,.i'{#l:
:,#\?\. ~`s t`j ~? ~.etect.,d ac : {sa#:.. ;~}4:1als cm :3 include ? ?i>: ` .
oc? :~; \a s \} c'
signals a x i,~?<? t = ~` er
genera"'i-~d in I{#,. zone ii{'ti3f~ ~r ~,' i3 t.:.`=,7;t.:{~i$ C.~ ,i~. Well
asse n, ,ti
than a fluid injk"czion #i3;` The a3coust# signals he by siignaIls
de: ecÃe \:;.. ..a.., ...L. i,`.~..,5, source 1.3 \if_ L s:\ i_tE_Ã= c#.C.ti9
<?a ;. {\,aai_ , ,.i unt Ã3:.,. c,< .'i`>?E.i.. =i3.rce.
Tt,).. =<'oO-npar\ r c, . 4'3 .an be `ins, generated ., . T `y#i4#is s;during.
the sft~<i.Vi.t
. : \: ai1\ ..H)a.=.a . t t>Z: or \.#; t. \.{{\\`.s.
detected t3. \Ã sign?ak can hiclude #d t.tifyi{Zit =ro Ze# ty = a portion oa
Ã,:4
t : or exampre, the ?i'~; ?L# #t can inch#ale at least =i#
or :,L detected acoustic signal can ..:>E. Ãdõ#It.t'' , rash{,:
,,e .v 'v a ~.,i: h by ' a by fluid <?, 4{~:.1ato r
t,\; : of an iL\. t`,s{;.<a l r.. device,
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\ >4e i 3# of a conipf:ient o the system is o i3#E t i3 ed t 3'
c r .i,, .s of .;.i. J "t tC::ta.'ia is}t:o..stic s g a,.. For Q; anIAie F'
erat?on .>t <#. in
well an b i. , .l.: ia<.3. best d at ,ezis in pat on the deEec se\ <2G?.`Ã#J
Ãt. `s ,23.I3..
:,,:?t.ti;
FK31HtE tB ? a f,. '`; .hit #tti.#stiatÃ#3;õ" an exa.t:.np.I i3?'. e s; 420
ft>r dicing
ent d ;_,
ao` ¾, i 3 2.# `sie3 ( f ai some cases, 21~ t2~' process rõt. Ã is i#i#, i4, .
~')
.. signals .. ..): \,i ...~. ~l >. .Ãx. well ~)~3. =
< .r\ ....5.#\ i i. g\ .:;rai d in c- i?...ecu(1 bt''fÃt ...j<#=+t y F3:?2...i
e.at'..ne`:a :. :d
w elk Acoustic Sig""".., M\..t-i.ife cE>i?nedio.- with inpj E1:.,. . . .. ;iõ
F. Z 3 <
e i zipõ?.fit:.'
spa. 3:i~~.. at3: a\.. ... ...\" y..iit`+ ~0r `:i.# ia: Cf ,~, .,.
.ply <e'- ",' ) `Y fa#i).E. ((tt,.3; r d ,,n,i Z '1 r t : s YV~. source, ?
`i.\: aa.i'#. Z iiifl iC: C,t~<'Y e. .2:,C>>f ~.~.# E3i:it~ other .....~. ~.
:'
>
.~ i 3r.
io .'ci3'i3``3~. the t ..Cs. i,\.) call be iiilr:~~'.Ã#l\-~~f~-i. in ii#1Z=
C.f :h.C? ;A ..ell sys;4 n~
mi 1:?,..: of 116 URES ; A All 1nd/o Be we. I : nÃG#i1 200 of . i#f t'at #.
,s.
3 -~ r.r. e r . ,i. : r Ã#3 .y.rt aC,\- , th~ C.tÃ113, # :>r aÃG#:. ,f_ . \.
\:,#..:VC..\. x.:. ;)1 .. .. .~i,.C (?t=~.,...t;?#iS
;.3<~i`~P3'r.i` need in ..the same or a different order.
ar ashtiC:i'F3 .t:> # 2 t i bo Ehe
.~:. a ... .a'c?,.Ã~t>.. ~~T i,i1~.: is 4fC~ t <3 2t;1s i.ifi. a,. ~.ii. ?
r
At ,.....^= , ti.'.~l..a>.o 3GVt,s,i: 'aÃg"#1al is ...t:Ã3:#"i3ed fl-oÃ233
;1 +.:?:3:i4Ã#f a.= `r.: v C is: S: s,eÃ'#? ""he
))..,::.,.1CÃAÃ' second ...:..4f">.. s.i.Ã'#iy.s can be generated in
.C`I3i<t...(> ..+_ft) :. .t`,''.i=.:<':
treatment ....:\. ...,t a well. In son \ Cases, f:h irst acoustic :: first
.'.t l?
e. . des and he second acoustic signal comprises i> second set 'i f`"equ
neic`.a not
#.) the .itst t i i`.quencie , In some cases, the ###1t acoustic signal is
du#.##g a
and the second i?i-Si 3:?i?~: signal f #~, c ie.t.Ãi.M#..ed v La.s. n
second We period ,<c: " ..a.
...., r\# .Ã#11t' period \ >it.a the ~. a 2..... ..\.:
the Br A r..#.. '.and/or r g the first time perioC .
At 424a 424 acoustic sInWs we detected. AI or a .. .f :3 � o à ti.e
m\r..i.ts,ic
signals can be dctec ed by sensor or by ?.iui## `Ie di>)ierent sensors disti-
ibuled in
WHO= .\ `.}. . \ .in w'a 1, abo 'e the surface, and/-'."r in a a
LV.i..>:!V'L#: zone.
... At 426, the detected acoustic- signals are analyzed to idcnt.if,s the fir
and `et.-`..i.
acoustic :`eneiated in connection LSit.1 f: jectii#t, heat treatment flu 14
into a v ell. '\3#
<.`m;. )1.. :.3.. ? 3\...ed acous. n. signals .,all ?'. #ÃJ po'ir don
<aÃ#.a. i ..
second <3:3~;at:e'.g#~3i F:.i1;:r IteE.. in ,.: =3:1 'ii #.1fc;t# #.t e
second ; .q.. t>. .. :..a?: detected `E3Ã xÃ~>_,:;.
='i Ã)d into a welt in a uhterraaean zone,
. t.:
.2\. identified portions of be firm and 3 second acoustr: signals i e analyzed
de Ã>> r; `::.: ~ZG ? system or the subtetnuica#t .;1;'#.,<!.ki the identified
f ;' os
33 _ t
y. a,~'.Ã...7.: can be used to determine one Ovid ,tt ct u or the subterranean
Zone. he portions. o the
can of a fluid Ãnterte in d
; ,:ilh \:t3.3 he used to i;;~G;i3ltti movement
`
22
CA 02692691 2010-01-05
WO 2009/009437 PCT/US2008/069225
;,3a>,:'t3 Si 1;,,:,ht part on the first l a,.Ãi: i3 and Me ,~ccoõ on- 1-0{
maÃ:ii. le. idea . it ,a , z ..'eni 'ent 0.. `ÃI.Ã inteI #'t4tC-e ii-w
:.iC.,.
, Z'1:a.ii.ti die signals include, g pa- iii Ota 1:
mam Am s .EF#e cases aÃ., .
ponion of s. .s o ' a second p 3rtion of s F t.,,.s in
.. signals i ;chides idle f l _ dia.itja'etices ? 31...sveim the firs" ~'.=l?
t# .=li and the second
S
sanoe ` operations \ ribed in this 2 3ec#featioi? such as the analysis, ,,a:A`
.i
,t; -a op.`ratia ns based or,. the detected acoustic can be ;i?Fr
..,,3:.5:.,.x:.:.
QUA iv:; ,` ..,>.:..b:s."F.filFy or in >,(:s;?E'Jk1iea software. .Ãi'E9iv
ai3'S.. :...:co.Ce~r.. ,.. ?.. .2C. , s,?;~x
can iapr ,, , as one more computer program product? (e-g in machine readable
storage device) ". itt l the operation data pi > e ` Ã?
o Ãnwi,t , cornruters). A coÃnpute # f <:lÃ#? :also as
ile
t<1, ,. ~ 3`,3 `?Ali.3.Ã?, or ) . code) <.) can <Z ..L . w ~~ .i ~. >, i:f. >i
, ; 7, f~Z rotj
~ ~ ~c=z: ,... ., ..F > application, in, ck t, ; .. ..
3 #,: -.l i o i?1(3#,v. >j' interpreted ?an4 '.<ZF?e.:.. and can be deployed -
n
. C >i#C as a stand alone roeÃan'i or as, a module, corn j s..L< t,
subroutine, or tithe unit
Ãi:. `.. for use in computing environment. A comp ter program can be deà to ed
to be
l# I i~;C13> 2 =i >~3 #l>l~?
r on tai#ilfip1<'. G+. 3nipuic-s at ?Ã1: site t'si'
on i F
ites a..C. "by ,-.I
A -wi-be have been described, it he
may be made. A o. ??;.;lv other Ã#a ple;?:`..atr, m c
within cl hms,
23
