Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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COATED SUBSTRATES AND METHODS OF PREPARING THE SAME
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] GRAS materials are materials that are regarded by experts as safe for
human
consumption. GRAS materials are exempt from the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act
(FFDCA) food additive tolerance requirements. GRAS coatings are coatings that
are safe for
human consumption. GRAS coatings can be applied to food or applied to food
packaging.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0002] We recognize that there is a need for coating compositions that protect
food from outside
elements (e.g., moisture and oxidation) and that are safe for human
consumption. We further
recognize that there is a need for coated articles that protect food from
outside elements (e.g.,
moisture and oxidation) and that can be safely contacted with food. At this
time there are very
few such coating compositions. Disclosed herein, are coating compositions that
protect food
from outside elements (e.g., moisture and oxidation) and that are safe for
human consumption.
Further disclosed herein are coated articles that protect food from outside
elements (e.g.,
moisture and oxidation) and that can be safely contacted with food.
[0003] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method for preparing a
coated article, comprising:
(a) coating a substrate with a composition comprising: (i) a polypeptide,
wherein the polypeptide is
selected from: cysteine, albumin, transferrin, ovomucin, lysozyme, or
combinations thereof, and (ii) a
denaturing agent; and (b) curing and cross-linking the composition by exposing
the composition to
shortwave actinic radiation to form a coated article; wherein the temperature
of the composition during
the curing process is less than about 70 C; and wherein the composition does
not coagulate during the
curing process. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a polar
solvent. In some
embodiments, the polar solvent is water. In some embodiments, the composition
is safe for
human consumption, safe for contact with food, or a combination thereof. In
some
embodiments, the curing comprises exposing the composition to actinic
radiation having a
wavelength from about 200 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the curing
comprises
exposing the composition to actinic radiation having a wavelength of about 280
nm. In some
embodiments, the composition further comprises an acid. In some embodiments,
the
composition further comprises: 2,3-dihydroxysuccinic acid; ethanoic acid; 3-
hydroxypentanedioic acid; salts thereof, partial salts thereof, or
combinations thereof. In some
embodiments, the polar solvent has a pH of about 7 or below. In some
embodiments, the
composition further comprises a natural gum, a flavoring agent, a dye, a de-
foaming agent, or a
combination thereof. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises
maltodextrin, an
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oil, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the substrate is paper,
plastic, metal, food,
or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide is provided in
the form of a
powder.
[0004] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a coated article
comprising: (a) a substrate; and
(b) a polypeptide composition, wherein the polypeptide composition comprises a
polypeptide
selected from: cysteine, albumin, transferrin, ovomucin, lysozyme, or
combinations thereof
coating the substrate; and wherein the polypeptide composition is cross-linked
after coating the
substrate; and wherein the polypeptide composition is not coagulated. In some
embodiments, the
polypeptide composition further comprises a polar solvent. In some
embodiments, the
polypeptide composition further comprises water. In some embodiments, the
polypeptide
composition further comprises a denaturing agent. In some embodiments, the
polypeptide
composition is safe for human consumption, safe for contact with food, or a
combination
thereof. In some embodiments, cross-linking the polypeptide composition
comprises exposing
the polypeptide composition to shortwave actinic radiation. In some
embodiments, cross-linking
the polypeptide composition comprises exposing the polypeptide composition to
actinic
radiation having a wavelength from about 200 nm to about 400 nm. In some
embodiments,
cross-linking the polypeptide composition comprises exposing the polypeptide
composition to
actinic radiation having a wavelength of about 280 nm. In some embodiments,
the polypeptide
composition further comprises an acid. In some embodiments, the polypeptide
composition
further comprises: 2,3-dihydroxysuccinic acid; ethanoic acid; 3-
hydroxypentanedioic acid; salts
thereof; partial salts thereof; or combinations thereof. In some embodiments,
the polar solvent
has a pH of about 7 or below. In some embodiments, the polypeptide composition
further
comprises a natural gum, a flavoring agent, a dye, a de-foaming agent, or a
combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the polypeptide composition further comprises
maltodextrin, an oil, or a
combination thereof. In some embodiments, the substrate is impregnated with
the composition.
In some embodiments, the substrate is paper, plastic, metal, food, or a
combination thereof. In
some embodiments, the polypeptide is in the form of a powder.
[0005] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method for preparing a
coated article, comprising:
(a) coating a substrate with a composition comprising: (i) a monomer, an
oligomer, or a combination
thereof, and (i) a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide is selected from:
cysteine, albumin, transferrin,
ovomucin, lysozyme, or combinations thereof, and (b) curing and cross-linking
the composition by
exposing the composition to shortwave actinic radiation to form a coated
substrate; wherein the
temperature of the composition during the curing process is less than about 70
C; and wherein the
composition does not coagulate during the curing process. In some embodiments,
the composition is
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safe for human consumption, safe for contact with food, or a combination
thereof. In some
embodiments, the monomer is trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA),
ethoxylated TMPTA
(TMPTEOA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TRPGDA), or a combination thereof.
In some
embodiments, the oligomer is epoxy diacrylate. In some embodiments, the
composition further
comprises: a photoinitiator, a diluent, a surfactant, a pigment dispersion, a
natural gum, a dye, a
de-foaming agent, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the
composition further
comprises maltodextrin, an oil, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments,
the curing
comprises exposing the composition to actinic radiation having a wavelength
from about 200 nm
to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the curing comprises exposing the
composition to
actinic radiation having a wavelength of about 280 nm. In some embodiments,
coating
comprises impregnating the substrate with the composition. In some
embodiments, the substrate
is paper, plastic, metal, food, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments,
the polypeptide is
in the form of a powder.
[0006] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a coated article
comprising: (a) a substrate; and
(b) a composition coating the substrate comprising: (i) a cross-linked
monomer, oligomer, or a
combination thereof, and (ii) a polypeptide selected from cysteine, albumin,
transferrin,
ovomucin, lysozyme, or combinations thereof; wherein the composition is cross-
linked after
coating the substrate, and wherein the composition is not coagulated. In some
embodiments, the
composition is safe for human consumption, safe for contact with food, or a
combination
thereof. In some embodiments, the monomer is trimethylolpropane triacrylate
(TMPTA),
ethoxylated TMPTA (TMPTEOA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TRPGDA), or a
combination
thereof. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises: a diluent, a
surfactant, a
pigment dispersion, a natural gum, a flavoring agent, a dye, a de-foaming
agent, or a
combination thereof. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises
maltodextrin, an
oil, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, cross-linking the
composition comprises
exposing the composition to shortwave actinic radiation. In some embodiments,
cross-linking
the composition comprises exposing the composition to actinic radiation having
a wavelength
from about 200 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, cross-linking the
composition
comprises exposing the composition to actinic radiation having a wavelength of
about 280 nm.
In some embodiments, the substrate is impregnated with the composition. In
some embodiments,
the substrate is paper, plastic, metal, food, or a combination thereof. In
some embodiments, the
polypeptide is provided in the form of a powder.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0007] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method for preparing a
coated article, comprising:
(a) coating a substrate with a composition comprising: (i) a polypeptide,
wherein the polypeptide is
selected from: cysteine, albumin, transferrin, ovomucin, lysozyme, or
combinations thereof, and (ii) a
denaturing agent; and (b) curing and cross-linking the composition by exposing
the composition to
shortwave actinic radiation to form a coated article; wherein the temperature
of the composition during
the curing process is less than about 70 C; and wherein the composition does
not coagulate during the
curing process. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a polar
solvent. In some
embodiments, the polar solvent is water. In some embodiments, the composition
is safe for
human consumption, safe for contact with food, or a combination thereof. In
some
embodiments, the curing comprises exposing the composition to actinic
radiation having a
wavelength from about 200 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the curing
comprises
exposing the composition to actinic radiation having a wavelength of about 280
nm. In some
embodiments, the composition further comprises an acid. In some embodiments,
the
composition further comprises: 2,3-dihydroxysuccinic acid; ethanoic acid; 3-
hydroxypentanedioic acid; salts thereof; partial salts thereof; or
combinations thereof. In some
embodiments, the polar solvent has a pH of about 7 or below. In some
embodiments, the
composition further comprises a natural gum, a flavoring agent, a dye, a de-
foaming agent, or a
combination thereof. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises
maltodextrin, an
oil, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the substrate is paper,
plastic, metal, food,
or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide is provided in
the form of a
powder.
[0008] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a coated article
comprising: (a) a substrate; and
(b) a polypeptide composition, wherein the polypeptide composition comprises a
polypeptide
selected from: cysteine, albumin, transferrin, ovomucin, lysozyme, or
combinations thereof
coating the substrate; and wherein the polypeptide composition is cross-linked
after coating the
substrate; and wherein the polypeptide composition is not coagulated. In some
embodiments, the
polypeptide composition further comprises a polar solvent. In some
embodiments, the
polypeptide composition further comprises water. In some embodiments, the
polypeptide
composition further comprises a denaturing agent. In some embodiments, the
polypeptide
composition is safe for human consumption, safe for contact with food, or a
combination
thereof. In some embodiments, cross-linking the polypeptide composition
comprises exposing
the polypeptide composition to shortwave actinic radiation. In some
embodiments, cross-linking
the polypeptide composition comprises exposing the polypeptide composition to
actinic
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radiation having a wavelength from about 200 nm to about 400 nm. In some
embodiments,
cross-linking the polypeptide composition comprises exposing the polypeptide
composition to
actinic radiation having a wavelength of about 280 nm. In some embodiments,
the polypeptide
composition further comprises an acid. In some embodiments, the polypeptide
composition
further comprises: 2,3-dihydroxysuccinic acid; ethanoic acid; 3-
hydroxypentanedioic acid; salts
thereof; partial salts thereof; or combinations thereof. In some embodiments,
the polar solvent
has a pH of about 7 or below. In some embodiments, the polypeptide composition
further
comprises a natural gum, a flavoring agent, a dye, a de-foaming agent, or a
combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the polypeptide composition further comprises
maltodextrin, an oil, or a
combination thereof. In some embodiments, the substrate is impregnated with
the composition.
In some embodiments, the substrate is paper, plastic, metal, food, or a
combination thereof. In
some embodiments, the polypeptide is in the form of a powder.
[0009] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method for preparing a
coated article, comprising:
(a) coating a substrate with a composition comprising: (i) a monomer, an
oligomer, or a combination
thereof, and (i) a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide is selected from:
cysteine, albumin, transferrin,
ovomucin, lysozyme, or combinations thereof; and (b) curing and cross-linking
the composition by
exposing the composition to shortwave actinic radiation to form a coated
substrate; wherein the
temperature of the composition during the curing process is less than about 70
C; and wherein the
composition does not coagulate during the curing process. In some embodiments,
the composition is
safe for human consumption, safe for contact with food, or a combination
thereof. In some
embodiments, the monomer is trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA),
ethoxylated TMPTA
(TMPTEOA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TRPGDA), or a combination thereof.
In some
embodiments, the oligomer is epoxy diacrylate. In some embodiments, the
composition further
comprises: a photoinitiator, a diluent, a surfactant, a pigment dispersion, a
natural gum, a dye, a
de-foaming agent, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the
composition further
comprises maltodextrin, an oil, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments,
the curing
comprises exposing the composition to actinic radiation having a wavelength
from about 200 nm
to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the curing comprises exposing the
composition to
actinic radiation having a wavelength of about 280 nm. In some embodiments,
coating
comprises impregnating the substrate with the composition. In some
embodiments, the substrate
is paper, plastic, metal, food, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments,
the polypeptide is
in the form of a powder.
[0010] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a coated article
comprising: (a) a substrate; and
(b) a composition coating the substrate comprising: (i) a cross-linked
monomer, oligomer, or a
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combination thereof, and (ii) a polypeptide selected from cysteine, albumin,
transferrin,
ovomucin, lysozyme, or combinations thereof; wherein the composition is cross-
linked after
coating the substrate, and wherein the composition is not coagulated. In some
embodiments, the
composition is safe for human consumption, safe for contact with food, or a
combination
thereof. In some embodiments, the monomer is trimethylolpropane triacrylate
(TMPTA),
ethoxylated TMPTA (TMPTEOA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TRPGDA), or a
combination
thereof. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises: a diluent, a
surfactant, a
pigment dispersion, a natural gum, a flavoring agent, a dye, a de-foaming
agent, or a
combination thereof. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises
maltodextrin, an
oil, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, cross-linking the
composition comprises
exposing the composition to shortwave actinic radiation. In some embodiments,
cross-linking
the composition comprises exposing the composition to actinic radiation having
a wavelength
from about 200 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, cross-linking the
composition
comprises exposing the composition to actinic radiation having a wavelength of
about 280 nm.
In some embodiments, the substrate is impregnated with the composition. In
some embodiments,
the substrate is paper, plastic, metal, food, or a combination thereof. In
some embodiments, the
polypeptide is provided in the form of a powder.
Polypeptides as Self-linking Components
[0011] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method for preparing a
coated article,
comprising: (a) coating a substrate with a composition comprising: (i) a
sulfur-containing
biological molecule, and (ii) a denaturing agent; and (b) curing and cross-
linking the
composition by exposing the composition to shortwave actinic radiation to form
a coated article;
wherein the temperature of the composition during the curing process is less
than about 70 C;
and wherein the composition does not coagulate during the curing process. In
some
embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is a self-linking
component (i.e., it
serves as both photoinitiator and the molecule that is cross-linked). In some
embodiments, where
the sulfur-containing biological molecule is utilized as a self-linking
component, the
composition does not comprise a monomer, oligomer, or a photoinitiator that is
not the
aforementioned sulfur-containing biological molecule utilized in the
composition.
[0012] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method for preparing a
coated article,
comprising: (a) coating a substrate with a composition comprising: (i) a
polypeptide, wherein
the polypeptide is selected from: cysteine, albumin, transferrin, ovomucin,
lysozyme, or
combinations thereof, and (ii) a denaturing agent; and (b) curing and cross-
linking the
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composition by exposing the composition to shortwave actinic radiation to form
a coated article;
wherein the temperature of the composition during the curing process is less
than about 70 C;
and wherein the composition does not coagulate during the curing process. In
some
embodiments, the polypeptide is a self-linking component (i.e., it serves as
both photoinitiator
and the molecule that is cross-linked). In some embodiments, where the
polypeptide is utilized
as a self-linking component, the composition does not comprise a monomer,
oligomer, or a
photoinitiator that is not the aforementioned sulfur-containing biological
molecule utilized in the
composition.
[0013] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method for preparing a
coated article,
comprising: (a) coating a substrate with a composition comprising: (i) a plant-
derived sulfur
containing compound, and (ii) a denaturing agent; and (b) curing and cross-
linking the
composition by exposing the composition to shortwave actinic radiation to form
a coated article;
wherein the temperature of the composition during the curing process is less
than about 70 C;
and wherein the composition does not coagulate during the curing process. In
some
embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur containing compound is a self-linking
component (i.e., it
serves as both photoinitiator and the molecule that is cross-linked). In some
embodiments, where
the plant-derived sulfur containing compound is utilized as a self-linking
component, the
composition does not comprise a monomer, oligomer, or a photoinitiator that is
not the
aforementioned sulfur-containing biological molecule utilized in the
composition.
[0014] Further disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a coated article
comprising: (a) a
substrate; and (b) a cross-linked sulfur-containing biological molecule
composition coating the
substrate; and wherein the composition is not coagulated.
[0015] Further disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a coated article
comprising: (a) a
substrate; and (b) a cross-linked polypeptide composition selected from cross-
linked albumin,
cross-linked transferrin, cross-linked ovomucin, cross-linked lysozyme, or
combinations thereof
coating the substrate; and wherein the composition is not coagulated.
[0016] Further disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a coated article
comprising: (a) a
substrate; and (b) a cross-linked plant-derived sulfur containing compound
composition coating
the substrate; and wherein the composition is not coagulated.
Polypeptides as Photoinitiators
[0017] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method for preparing a
coated article,
comprising: (a) coating a substrate with a composition comprising: (i) a
monomer, an oligomer,
or a combination thereof, and (ii) a sulfur-containing biological molecule;
and (b) curing and
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cross-linking the composition by exposing the composition to shortwave actinic
radiation to
form a coated substrate; wherein the temperature of the composition during the
curing process is
less than about 70 C; and wherein the composition does not coagulate during
the curing process.
In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is utilized as
a photoinitiator.
In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is utilized as
a booster with an
additional photoinitiator.
[0018] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method for preparing a
coated article,
comprising: (a) coating a substrate with a composition comprising: (i) a
monomer, an oligomer,
or a combination thereof, and (ii) a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide is
selected from:
cysteine, albumin, transferrin, ovomucin, lysozyme, or combinations thereof;
and (b) curing and
cross-linking the composition by exposing the composition to shortwave actinic
radiation to
form a coated substrate; wherein the temperature of the composition during the
curing process is
less than about 70 C; and wherein the composition does not coagulate during
the curing process.
In some embodiments, the polypeptide is utilized as a photoinitiator. In some
embodiments, the
polypeptide is utilized as a booster with an additional photoinitiator.
[0019] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method for preparing a
coated article,
comprising: (a) coating a substrate with a composition comprising: (i) a
monomer, an oligomer,
or a combination thereof, and (ii) a plant-derived sulfur-containing compound,
wherein the
plant-derived sulfur-containing compound is derived from: a garlic love, an
onion, a leek, or
combinations thereof; and (b) curing and cross-linking the composition by
exposing the
composition to shortwave actinic radiation to form a coated substrate; wherein
the temperature
of the composition during the curing process is less than about 70 C; and
wherein the
composition does not coagulate during the curing process. In some embodiments,
the plant-
derived sulfur-containing compound is utilized as a photoinitiator. In some
embodiments, the
plant-derived sulfur-containing compound is utilized as a booster with an
additional
photoinitiator.
[0020] Further disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a coated article
comprising: (a) a
substrate; and (b) a composition coating the substrate comprising: (i) a cross-
linked monomer,
oligomer, or a combination thereof, and (ii) a sulfur-containing biological
molecule; and wherein
the composition is not coagulated.
[0021] Further disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a coated article
comprising: (a) a
substrate; and (b) a composition coating the substrate comprising: (i) a cross-
linked monomer,
oligomer, or a combination thereof, and (ii) a polypeptide selected from
cysteine, albumin,
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transferrin, ovomucin, lysozyme, or combinations thereof; and wherein the
composition is not
coagulated.
[0022] Further disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a coated article
comprising: (a) a
substrate; and (b) a composition coating the substrate comprising: (i) a cross-
linked monomer,
oligomer, or a combination thereof, and (ii) a plant-derived sulfur-containing
compound derived
from: a garlic clove, an onion, a leek or combinations thereof; and wherein
the composition is
not coagulated.
Recognized as Safe for Human Consumption
[0023] In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein is safe for
human
consumption or safe for contact with food. In some embodiments, a coating or
coated article is
classified as GRAS. As used herein, "GRAS" or "Generally Regarded as Safe"
means an FDA
designated substance that is considered safe for human consumption and is thus
exempted from
the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) food additive tolerance
requirements.
[0024] Where the coating or coated article is intended to be safe for human
consumption or safe
for contact with food, all components must be safe for human consumption or
safe for contact
with food. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule and
substrate are
safe for human consumption or safe for contact with food. In some embodiments,
the
polypeptide and substrate are safe for human consumption or safe for contact
with food. In some
embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur-containing compound and substrate are
safe for human
consumption or safe for contact with food. Where the coating composition
further comprises a
denaturing agent, the denaturing agent is safe for human consumption or safe
for contact with
food. Where the coating composition further comprises a monomer and/or
oligomer, the
monomer and/or oligomer is safe for human consumption or safe for contact with
food. Wherein
the coating composition further comprises an additional component selected
from: a nano-filler,
a diluent, a surfactant, a pigment dispersion, a natural gum, a flavoring
agent, a dye, a de-
foaming agent, or a combination thereof; the additional component is safe for
human
consumption or safe for contact with food.
[0025] Where the coating or coated article is not intended to be safe for
human consumption or
safe for contact with food, none of the components must be safe for human
consumption or safe
for contact with food. Where the coating or coated article is not intended to
be GRAS, any of the
components may be safe for human consumption or safe for contact with food.
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Sulfur-Containing Biological Molecules
[0026] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method for preparing a
coated article,
comprising: (a) coating a substrate with a composition comprising: (i) a
sulfur-containing
biological molecule, and (ii) a denaturing agent; and (b) curing and cross-
linking the
composition by exposing the composition to shortwave actinic radiation to form
a coated article;
wherein the temperature of the composition during the curing process is less
than about 70 C;
and wherein the composition does not coagulate during the curing process.
[0027] Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method for preparing a
coated article,
comprising: (a) coating a substrate with a composition comprising: (i) a
monomer, an oligomer,
or a combination thereof, and (ii) a sulfur-containing biological molecule;
and (b) curing and
cross-linking the composition by exposing the composition to shortwave actinic
radiation to
form a coated substrate; wherein the temperature of the composition during the
curing process is
less than about 70 C; and wherein the composition does not coagulate during
the curing process.
[0028] As used herein, "sulfur-containing biological molecule" means a
molecule (e.g., a
polypeptide, an amino acid) that is obtained from a natural source (e.g., a
plant, or an animal). In
some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is derived from an
animal. In
some embodiments, the sulfur containing molecule is derived from albumen. In
some
embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is derived from a
plant.
[0029] In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is a
sulfur containing
amino acid. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing molecule is cysteine.
In some
embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is any biological
(e.g., naturally-
occurring) molecule with a thiol group (also known as a sulfhydryl group). As
used herein, a
thiol group means a functional group composed of a sulfur atom and a hydrogen
atom (-SH). In
some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is any polypeptide
with a thiol
group. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is any
naturally-
occurring molecule with a cysteine. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing
biological
molecule is any naturally-occurring polypeptide with a cysteine.
[0030] In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is safe
for human
consumption or safe for contact with food. In some embodiments, the sulfur-
containing
biological molecule is found on the list of GRAS components issued by the FDA.
[0031] In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is a
polypeptide
obtained from albumen. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological
molecule is a
polypeptide selected from: albumin, transferrin, ovomucin, lysozyme, or
combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is a
polypeptide selected from:
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albumin, transferrin, and ovomucin. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing
biological
molecule is a polypeptide selected from: albumin and transferrin. In some
embodiments, the
sulfur-containing biological molecule is a polypeptide selected from: albumin
and ovomucin. In
some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is a polypeptide
selected from:
albumin and lysozyme. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological
molecule is a
polypeptide selected from: transferrin and ovomucin. In some embodiments, the
sulfur-
containing biological molecule is a polypeptide selected from: transferrin and
lysozyme. In some
embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is a polypeptide
selected from:
ovomucin and lysozyme. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological
molecule is
albumin. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is
ovomucin. In some
embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is transferrin. In some
embodiments, the
sulfur-containing biological molecule is lysozyme. In some embodiments, the
sulfur-containing
biological molecule is cysteine.
[0032] In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is
obtained from a
plant. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is
obtained from an
onion. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is
obtained from a leek.
In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is obtained
from garlic.
[0033] In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is
dehydrated before
being used to make a coating disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the sulfur-
containing
biological molecule is provided in the form of a powder (e.g., the sulfur-
containing biological
molecule is contained within powdered albumen). In some embodiments, the
sulfur-containing
biological molecule is provided as a lyophilized powder. In some embodiments,
the sulfur-
containing biological molecule is pasteurized before being dehydrated.
[0034] In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule
comprises about 99%
w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing
biological
molecule comprises about 98% w/w of the coating composition. In some
embodiments, the
sulfur-containing biological molecule comprises about 97% w/w of the coating
composition. In
some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule comprises about
96% w/w of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological
molecule comprises
about 95% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the sulfur-
containing
biological molecule comprises about 94% w/w of the coating composition. In
some
embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule comprises about 93% w/w
of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological
molecule comprises
about 92% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the sulfur-
containing
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biological molecule comprises about 91% w/w of the coating composition. In
some
embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule comprises about 90% w/w
of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological
molecule comprises
about 85% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the sulfur-
containing
biological molecule comprises about 80% w/w of the coating composition. In
some
embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule comprises about 75% w/w
of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological
molecule comprises
about 70% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the sulfur-
containing
biological molecule comprises about 65% w/w of the coating composition. In
some
embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule comprises about 60% w/w
of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological
molecule comprises
about 50% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the sulfur-
containing
biological molecule comprises about 40% w/w of the coating composition. In
some
embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule comprises about 30% w/w
of the
coating composition.
[0035] In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 99% w/w of the
coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 98% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 97% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 96% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 95% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 94% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 93% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 92% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 91% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 90% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 85% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 80% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 75% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 70% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 65% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 60% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 50% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 40% w/w of
the coating
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composition. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises about 30% w/w of
the coating
composition.
[0036] In some embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur containing compound
comprises about
99% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the plant-derived
sulfur containing
compound comprises about 98% w/w of the coating composition. In some
embodiments, the
plant-derived sulfur containing compound comprises about 97% w/w of the
coating
composition. In some embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur containing compound
comprises
about 96% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the plant-
derived sulfur
containing compound comprises about 95% w/w of the coating composition. In
some
embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur containing compound comprises about 94%
w/w of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur containing
compound
comprises about 93% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the
plant-derived
sulfur containing compound comprises about 92% w/w of the coating composition.
In some
embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur containing compound comprises about 91%
w/w of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur containing
compound
comprises about 90% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the
plant-derived
sulfur containing compound comprises about 85% w/w of the coating composition.
In some
embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur containing compound comprises about 80%
w/w of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur containing
compound
comprises about 75% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the
plant-derived
sulfur containing compound comprises about 70% w/w of the coating composition.
In some
embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur containing compound comprises about 65%
w/w of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur containing
compound
comprises about 60% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the
plant-derived
sulfur containing compound comprises about 50% w/w of the coating composition.
In some
embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur containing compound comprises about 40%
w/w of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur containing
compound
comprises about 30% w/w of the coating composition.
Denaturing Agents
[0037] In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule is
denatured such that
the thiol groups are exposed. In some embodiments, the polypeptide is
denatured such that the
thiol groups are exposed. In some embodiments, the plant-derived sulphur
containing compound
is denatured such that the thiol groups are exposed. In some embodiments, the
sulfur-containing
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biological molecule is denatured by an agent (i.e., the denaturing agent) that
is safe for human
consumption or safe for contact with food. In some embodiments, the
polypeptide is denatured
by an agent (i.e., the denaturing agent) that is safe for human consumption or
safe for contact
with food. In some embodiments, the plant-derived sulphur containing compound
is denatured
by an agent (i.e., the denaturing agent) that is safe for human consumption or
safe for contact
with food. In some embodiments, the denaturing agent is found on the list of
GRAS components
issued by the FDA.
[0038] In some embodiments, the denaturing agent is an acid. In some
embodiments, the
denaturing agent is 2,3-dihydroxysuccinic acid (also known as tartaric acid);
ethanoic acid (also
known as acetic acid); 3-hydroxypentanedioic acid (also known as citric acid);
salts thereof;
partial salts thereof; or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the
denaturing agent is
vinegar. In some embodiments, the denaturing agent is lemon juice. In some
embodiments, the
denaturing agent is a compound with the formula KC4H506 (also known as
potassium bitartrate,
also known as potassium hydrogen tartrate, also known as Cream of Tartar).
[0039] In some embodiments, the denaturing agent comprises about 20% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the denaturing agent comprises about 15% w/w
of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the denaturing agent comprises about
10% w/w of
the coating composition. In some embodiments, the denaturing agent comprises
about 9% w/w
of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the denaturing agent
comprises about 8%
w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the denaturing agent
comprises about
7% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the denaturing agent
comprises
about 6% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the denaturing
agent
comprises about 5% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the
denaturing
agent comprises about 4% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments,
the
denaturing agent comprises about 3% w/w of the coating composition. In some
embodiments,
the denaturing agent comprises about 2% w/w of the coating composition. In
some
embodiments, the denaturing agent comprises about 1% w/w of the coating
composition.
Solvents
[0040] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a polar solvent.
As used
herein, a "polar solvent" is a solvent that is able to dissolve a dipolar or
charged solute.
[0041] In some embodiments, the solvent is safe for human consumption or safe
for contact with
food. In some embodiments, the solvent is GRAS according to the FDA.
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[0042] In some embodiments, the polar solvent is water. In some embodiments,
the polar
solvent is an alcohol. In some embodiments, the polar solvent is ethanol. In
some embodiments,
the polar solvent is a glycol. In some embodiments, the polar solvent is a
combination of water
and ethanol. In some embodiments, the polar solvent is a combination of water
and glycol. In
some embodiments, the polar solvent is a combination of ethanol and glycol.
[0043] In some embodiments, the polar solvent has a pH from about 2 to about
7. In some
embodiments, the polar solvent has a pH of about 7 or below. In some
embodiments, the polar
solvent has a pH of about 6 or below. In some embodiments, the polar solvent
has a pH of about
or below. In some embodiments, the polar solvent has a pH of about 4 or below.
In some
embodiments, the polar solvent has a pH of about 3 or below.
[0044] In some embodiments, the polar solvent comprises about 90% w/w of the
coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polar solvent comprises about 85% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polar solvent comprises about 84% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polar solvent comprises about 83% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polar solvent comprises about 82% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polar solvent comprises about 81 % w/w
of the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polar solvent comprises about 80% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polar solvent comprises about 75% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polar solvent comprises about 70% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polar solvent comprises about 60% w/w of
the coating
composition. In some embodiments, the polar solvent comprises about 50% w/w of
the coating
composition.
Monomers
[0045] In certain embodiments, the sulfur-containing biological molecule in a
coating
composition disclosed herein is utilized as a photoinitiator in combination
with a second
photoinitiator. In certain embodiments, the polypeptide in a coating
composition disclosed
herein is utilized as a photoinitiator in combination with a second
photoinitiator. In certain
embodiments, the plant-derived sulfur containing compound in a coating
composition disclosed
herein is utilized as a photoinitiator in combination with a second
photoinitiator. In some
embodiments, where the sulfur-containing biological molecule in a coating
composition
disclosed herein is utilized as a photoinitiator in combination with a second
photoinitiator, the
composition further comprises a monomer, an oligomer, or a combination
thereof. In some
embodiments, where the polypeptide in a coating composition disclosed herein
is utilized as a
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photoinitiator in combination with a second photoinitiator, the composition
further comprises a
monomer, an oligomer, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, where the
plant-
derived sulfur-containing compound in a coating composition disclosed herein
is utilized as a
photoinitiator in combination with a second photoinitiator, the composition
further comprises a
monomer, an oligomer, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, where the
sulfur-
containing biological molecule composition is utilized as a self-linking
component, the
composition does not comprise a monomer, an oligomer, or a combination
thereof. In some
embodiments, where the polypeptide composition is utilized as a self-linking
component, the
composition does not comprise a monomer, an oligomer, or a combination
thereof. In some
embodiments, where the plant-derived sulfur-containing compound composition is
utilized as a
self-linking component, the composition does not comprise a monomer, an
oligomer, or a
combination thereof.
[0046] In certain embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein
comprises at least one
monomer, monomeric unit (e.g., in a polymer or oligomer formed from a mono-
functional
monomer), oligomer, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, a coating
composition
disclosed herein comprises a combination of monomers, monomeric units, and/or
oligomers. In
certain embodiments, upon exposure to a source of actinic radiation, such as
ultraviolet light,
and in the presence of a photo-initiator, monomers described are rapidly
polymerized to form
oligomers comprising monomeric units of the monomers described. Thus,
depending on the
extent of polymerization, compositions herein may comprise momomeric units in
the form of
monomers, oligomers, or monomers and oligomers.
[0047] Where the coating or coated article is intended to be safe for human
consumption or safe
for contact with food, any monomer utilized must be safe for human consumption
or safe for
contact with food. In some embodiments, the monomer is a GRAS monomer. In some
embodiments, the monomer is trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA),
ethoxylated TMPTA
(TMPTEOA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TRPGDA), or a combination thereof.
[0048] Where the coating or coated article is not intended to be safe for
human consumption or
safe for contact with food, any monomer may be utilized. In some embodiments,
the monomer
is: 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate, isobomyl acrylate, acrylate ester derivatives,
methacrylate ester
derivatives, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, 2-
phenoxyethyl acrylate
esters, or combinations thereof.
[0049] In some embodiments, the monomer, monomeric unit, and/or oligomer is
present in a
coating composition disclosed herein in any suitable amount. In some
embodiments, the
monomer, monomeric unit, and/or oligomer comprises about 50% w/w of the
coating
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composition. In some embodiments, the monomer, monomeric unit, and/or oligomer
comprises
about 40% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the monomer,
monomeric
unit, and/or oligomer comprises about 30% w/w of the coating composition. In
some
embodiments, the monomer, monomeric unit, and/or oligomer comprises about 20%
w/w of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the monomer, monomeric unit, and/or
oligomer
comprises about 15% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the
monomer,
monomeric unit, and/or oligomer comprises about 10% w/w of the coating
composition. In some
embodiments, the monomer, monomeric unit, and/or oligomer comprises about 9%
w/w of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the monomer, monomeric unit, and/or
oligomer
comprises about 8% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the
monomer,
monomeric unit, and/or oligomer comprises about 7% w/w of the coating
composition. In some
embodiments, the monomer, monomeric unit, and/or oligomer comprises about 6%
w/w of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the monomer, monomeric unit, and/or
oligomer
comprises about 5% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the
monomer,
monomeric unit, and/or oligomer comprises about 4% w/w of the coating
composition. In some
embodiments, the monomer, monomeric unit, and/or oligomer comprises about 3%
w/w of the
coating composition. In some embodiments, the monomer, monomeric unit, and/or
oligomer
comprises about 2% w/w of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the
monomer,
monomeric unit, and/or oligomer comprises about I% w/w of the coating
composition.
[0050] In an embodiment, a coating composition disclosed herein comprises
TMPTA in any
suitable amount (e.g., from about 50% to about 1% w/w/). In an embodiment, a
composition
disclosed herein comprises TMPTEOA in any suitable amount (e.g., from about
50% to about
1% w/w/). In an embodiment, a coating composition disclosed herein comprises
TRPGDA in
any suitable amount (e.g., from about 50% to about 1% w/w/).
Substrates
[0051] In some embodiments, the composition is coated onto a substrate or
article. In some
embodiments, substrate or article is a paper, a plastic, a metal, or a food
article.
[0052] In some embodiments, the substrate or article is a paper. As used
herein, "paper" means
any article made from plant fibers (e.g., cellulose). In some embodiments, the
paper is made
from wood (e.g., spruce, pine, fir, larch and hemlock, and hardwoods such as
eucalyptus, aspen
and birch). In some embodiments, the paper is made from papyrus. In some
embodiments, the
paper is made from cotton. In some embodiments, the paper is made from flax.
In some
embodiments, the paper is made from abaca.
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[0053] In some embodiments, the paper is paperboard. In some embodiments, the
paper is
cardboard. In some embodiments, the paper is kraft paper. In some embodiments,
the paper is
manila paper. In some embodiments, the paper is sack paper.
[0054] In some embodiments, the substrate or article is a plastic. As used
herein, "plastic"
means any article made from a synthetic or semisynthetic organic amorphous
solid material. In
some embodiments, the plastic is made from the polymerization of acrylic
monomers, polyester
monomers, silicone monomers, polyurethane monomers, or combinations thereof.
In some
embodiments, the plastic is a thermoplastic. In some embodiments, the plastic
is a thermoset.
[0055] In some embodiments, the substrate or article is a metal. In some
embodiments, the
article is a metal alloy. In some embodiments, the metal is sodium, potassium,
calcium,
magnesium, aluminum, nickle, copper, iron, silver, platinum, gold, or
combinations thereof.
[0056] In some embodiments, the substrate or article is food. As used herein,
"food" means any
article that is intended to be consumed by a mammal, especially a human. In
some
embodiments, the food is a fruit (e.g., an apple, a peach, a strawberry, a
cherry). In some
embodiments, the food is a dried fruit. In some embodiments, the food is a
vegetable (e.g., a
cucumber, a zucchini, a squash). In some embodiments, the food is a dried
vegetable. In some
embodiments, the food is a meat (e.g., chicken, pork, beef, or fish). In some
embodiments, the
food is a candy. In some embodiments, the food is a baked good (e.g., a
cookie, a bread, a
doughnut, or a pastry).
Application
[0057] In some embodiments, the coating composition is applied onto the
outside of the
substrate or article. In some embodiments, the coating is impregnated into the
substrate or
article.
[0058] Compositions maybe applied to substrates by means of spraying,
brushing, rolling,
dipping, blade coating, curtain coating or a combination thereof. For example,
the means of
spraying can include, but is not limited to, the use of a High Volume Low
Pressure (HVLP)
spraying systems, air-assisted/airless spraying systems, or electrostatic
spraying systems.
Curing
[0059] In some embodiments, regardless of the light source, the emission
spectra of the lamp
must overlap the absorbance spectrum of the photo-initiator.
[0060] In some embodiments, the curing comprises exposing the composition to
actinic
radiation having a wavelength from about 200 nm to about 400 nm. In some
embodiments, the
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curing comprises exposing the composition to actinic radiation having a
wavelength of about
280 nm.
[0061] Light sources used for UV curing include arc lamps, such as carbon arc
lamps, xenon arc
lamps, mercury vapor lamps, tungsten halide lamps, lasers, the sun, sunlamps,
and fluorescent
lamps with ultra-violet light emitting phosphors. Medium pressure mercury and
high pressure
xenon lamps have various emission lines at wavelengths which are absorbed by
most
commercially available photo-initiators. In addition, mercury arc lamps can be
doped with iron
or gallium. Alternatively, lasers are monochromatic (single wavelength) and
can be used to
excite photo-initiators which absorb at wavelengths that are too weak or not
available when
using arc lamps. For instance, medium pressure mercury arc lamps have intense
emission lines
at 254 nm, 265 nm, 295 nm, 301 nm, 313 nm, 366 nm, 405/408 nm, 436 nm, 546 nm,
and
577/579 nm. Therefore, a photo-initiator with an absorbance maximum at 350 nm
may not be a
efficiently excited using a medium pressure mercury arc lamp, but could be
efficiently initiated
using a 355 nm Nd:YVO4 (Vanadate) solid-state lasers. Commercial UV/Visible
light sources
with varied spectral output in the range of 250-450 nm may be used directly
for curing purposes;
however wavelength selection can be achieved with the use of optical bandpass
or longpass
filters. Therefore, as described herein, the user can take advantage of the
optimal photo-initiator
absorbance characteristics.
[0062] In some embodiments, curing of a coating composition disclosed herein
is achieved in
any suitable amount of time. In further or alternative embodiments, the time
period for exposing
a coating composition disclosed herein to actinic radiation is less than 2
minutes. In further
embodiments, the time period for exposing a coating composition disclosed
herein to actinic
radiation is less than 1 minute. In further embodiments, the time the time
period for exposing a
coating composition disclosed herein to actinic radiation is less than 15
seconds.
[0063] A coating composition disclosed herein can optionally be exposed to two
sources of
actinic radiation (e.g., for any suitable amount of time). In further or
alternative embodiments,
the time between the first actinic radiation step and the second actinic
radiation step is less than
2 minutes. In further embodiments, the time between the first actinic
radiation step and the
second actinic radiation step is less than 1 minute. In further embodiments,
the time between the
first actinic radiation step and the second actinic radiation step is less
than 15 seconds.
[0064] Further curing and applications methods are set forth in WO
2007/040493, which is
hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0065] In some embodiments, the temperature of the coating during curing does
not exceed
100 C. In some embodiments, the temperature of the coating during curing does
not exceed
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90 C. In some embodiments, the temperature of the coating during curing does
not exceed 80 C.
In some embodiments, the temperature of the coating during curing does not
exceed 75 C. In
some embodiments, the temperature of the coating during curing does not exceed
70 C. In some
embodiments, the temperature of the coating during curing does not exceed 65
C. In some
embodiments, the temperature of the coating during curing does not exceed 60
C. In some
embodiments, the temperature of the coating during curing does not exceed 55
C. In some
embodiments, the temperature of the coating during curing does not exceed 50
C. In some
embodiments, the temperature of the coating during curing does not exceed 45
C. In some
embodiments, the temperature of the coating during curing does not exceed 40
C. In some
embodiments, the temperature of the coating during curing does not exceed 39
C. In some
embodiments, the temperature of the coating during curing does not exceed 38
C. In some
embodiments, the temperature of the coating during curing does not exceed 37
C.
Additional Components
[0066] Where the sulfur-containing biological molecule (e.g., polypeptide or
plant-derived
sulfur containing compound) is utilized as a photoinitiator in combination
with a second
photoinitiator, in some embodiments, the composition further comprises a nano-
filler, a
photoinitiator, a surfactant, a diluent, a pigment or pigment dispersion, or a
combination thereof.
In some embodiments, where the sulfur-containing biological molecule (e.g.,
polypeptide or
plant-derived sulfur containing compound) is utilized as a self-linking
component, the
composition does not comprise a nano-filler, a photoinitiator, a surfactant, a
diluent, a pigment
or pigment dispersion, or a combination thereof.
Nano--fillers
[0067] Where the coating or coated article is intended to be safe for human
consumption or safe
for contact with food, any nano-filler utilized must be safe for human
consumption or safe for
contact with food.
[0068] In certain embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein further
comprises a
nano-filler. In various embodiments, nano-fillers comprise insoluble inorganic
particles, and/or
insoluble organic particles. The inorganic nano-fillers are generally metal
oxides, although other
inorganic compounds can be used. Examples of inorganic nano-fillers include
aluminum
nitrides, aluminum oxides, antimony oxides, barium sulfates, bismuth oxides,
cadmium
selenides, cadmium sulfides, calcium sulfates, cerium oxides, chromium oxides,
copper oxides,
indium tin oxides, iron oxides, lead chromates, nickel titanates, niobium
oxides, rare earth
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oxides, silicas, silicon dioxides, silver oxides, tin oxides, titanium
dioxides, zinc chromates, zinc
oxides, zinc sulfides, zirconium dioxides, and zirconium oxides.
Alternatively, organic nano-
fillers are generally polymeric materials ground into appropriate sized
particulates. Examples of
nanometer sized organic nano-fillers include, but are not limited to, nano-
polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylate nanosphere colloids, methacrylate nanosphere
colloids, and
combinations thereof, although micron sized fillers of the
polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylate,
methacrylate, and combinations thereof may be used.
[0069] In one embodiment, a coating composition disclosed herein further
comprises nano-
alumina. Nano- alumina is composed of high purity aluminum oxide that is of
nanometer size,
including by way of example less than 200 nm, and within the range of
approximately 5-40
nanometer discrete spherical particles. In a specific embodiment, a coating
composition
disclosed herein further comprises nano-silicon dioxide (nano-silica, e.g., C
155: 50/50
nanosilica and propoxylated glyceryl triacrylate). Representative nano-silicon
dioxides include
those sold under the name Nanocryl C by Hanse Chemie (Geesthacht, Germany),
such as
Nanocryl C 350, Nanocryl C 130, Nanocryl C 140, Nanocryl C 145, Nanocryl
C 146,
Nanocryl C 150, Nanocryl C 153, Nanocryl C 155, Nanocryl C 165. In a
specific
embodiment, Nanocryl C 155 is included in the present compositions.
[0070] Nano-silicon dioxides having a nanometer size, including by way of
example less than
about 200 nm, and by way of further example, with an average particle size 5
to 40 nm, can be
incorporated into compositions. Addition of nano-silicon dioxides may impart
improved
toughness, hardness and abrasion and scratch resistance.
[0071] Other materials that may be used as nano-fillers include: oxides,
carbides, nitrides,
borides, silicates, ferrites and titanates. For instance, examples of such
nano- fillers are, but not
limited to, nano-zirconium oxide, nano-zirconium dioxides, nano- silicon
carbide, nano-silicon
nitride, nano-sialon (silicon aluminum oxynitride), nano- aluminum nitrides,
nano-bismuth
oxides, nano-cerium oxides, nano-copper oxides, nano- iron oxides, nano-nickel
titanates, nano-
niobium oxides, nano-rare earth oxides, nano- silver oxides, nano-tin oxides,
and nano- titanium
oxides. These materials have relatively high mechanical strength at high
temperatures.
[0072] Alternatively, nano-fillers used in the composition described herein
include amorphous
silicon dioxide prepared with polyethylene wax, synthetic amorphous silica
with organic surface
treatment, untreated amorphous silicon dioxide, alkyl quaternary bentonite,
colloidal silica,
acrylated colloidal silica, alumina, zirconia, zinc oxide, niobia, titania
aluminum nitride, silver
oxide, cerium oxides, and combinations thereof. The silicon dioxides are
chosen from a group
consisting of both synthetic and natural silicon dioxides with surface
treatments including
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polyethylene wax or waxes and IRGANOX from Ciba Specialty Chemicals 540 White
Plains
Road, Tarrytown, New York, U.S.A.
[0073] The average particle size of nano-fillers in the compositions described
herein includes by
way of example less than about 20 m, and by way of further example, with an
average particle
size 1 to 10 m discrete particles; whereas, the average particle size of nano-
filler particles
includes by way of example less than about 200 nm, and by way of further
example, with an
average particle size 5 to 50 nm discrete particles. In an embodiment, nano-
filler particles have
an average diameter of 10, 20, 30, or 40 nm. Furthermore, in another
embodiment, the particle
size distribution of nano-filler particles ranges from 1 nm to 60 nm, such as
from 5 nm to 30 nm.
[0074] Nano-fillers are present in a coating composition disclosed herein in
an amount ranging
from 10 to 60% wt/wt, such as from 25 to 55% wt/wt, 30 to 50% wt/wt, or 30 to
40% wt/wt. In
an embodiment, a coating composition disclosed herein comprises from 31-36%
wt/wt of
nanofiller.
Photo-initiators
[0075] In a further or alternative embodiment, a coating composition disclosed
herein further
comprises at least one photo-initiator. In a further or alternative
embodiment, a coating
composition disclosed herein further comprises at least two photo-initiators.
In further or
alternative embodiment, a coating composition disclosed herein further
comprises at least three
photo-initiators.
[0076] Generally, photo-initiators are added to initiate rapid polymerization
of monomers in the
composition upon exposure to a source of actinic radiation, such as
ultraviolet light. The photo-
initiator can be matched to the spectral properties of the UV source, such as
medium pressure
mercury arc lights which produce intense UV-C (200-280 nm) radiation, doped
mercury
discharge lamps which produce UV-A (315-400 nm) radiation, or UV-B (280-315
nm) radiation
depending on the dopant, or combination of lamp types. Depending on the photo-
initiator or
combination of photo-initiators in the composition, varying UV source(s) may
be employed.
[0077] Any suitable type of photo-initiator may be used in the composition,
including those
categorized as free radicals. The photo-initiator may be in liquid or solid
form.
[0078] Furthermore, combinations of photo-initiators may be used which
encompass different
spectral properties of the UV sources used to initiate polymerization.
[0079] Where the coating or coated article is intended to be safe for human
consumption or safe
for contact with food, any photoinitiator utilized must be safe for human
consumption or safe
for contact with food. In some embodiments, the photoinitiator is a GRAS
photoinitiator. In
some embodiments, the photoinitiator is ESACURE ONE.
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[0080] The photo-initiator may be selected from a group consisting of diphenyl
(2, 4, 6 -
trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide, benzophenone, ESACURE KTO, IRGACURE 184,
IRGACURE 500, DAROCUR 1173, Lucirin TPO, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone,
2-
hydroxy-2-methyl-l-phenyl-propan-l-one, 2, 4, 6,-trimethylbenzophenone, 4-
methylbenzophenone, oligo (2 -hydroxy-2 -methyl -1-(4-(1-
methylvinyl)phenyl)propanone),
and combinations thereof. In addition, the photo- initiators may be selected
from a group
consisting of phosphine oxide type photoinitiators, diphenyl (2,4,6-
trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine
oxide, benzophenone, 1- hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-l-
phenyl-
propan-l-one (DAROCUR 1173 from Ciba Specialty Chemicals 540 White Plains
Road,
Tarrytown, New York, U.S.A.)), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzophenone and 4-
methylbenzophenone,
ESACURE KTO 46 (Lamberti S.p.A., Gallarate (VA), Italy), oligo(2-hydroxy-2-
methyl-l-(4-
(1-methylvinyl)phenyl)propanone), amine acrylates, thioxanthones, benzyl
methyl ketal, and
mixtures thereof. Furthermore, the photo-initiators may be selected from 2-
hydroxy-2-methyl-l-
phenyl-propan-l-one (DAROCUR 1173 from Ciba Specialty Chemicals 540 White
Plains
Road, Tarrytown, New York, U.S.A.), phosphine oxide type photoinitiators,
IRGACURE (D
500, 819, or 1700 (Ciba Specialty Chemicals 540 White Plains Road, Tarrytown,
New York,
U.S.A.), amine acrylates, thioxanthones, benzyl methyl ketal, ESACURE ONE,
and mixtures
thereof.
[0081] Other photo-initiators which are suitable for use in the practice of
the present invention
include, but are not limited to, 1-phenyl-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-l-propanone,
oligo {2-hydroxy-2
methyl-1-4-(methylvinyl)phenylpropanone)}, 2-hydroxy 2-methyl-l- phenyl propan-
1 one, bis
(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl phosphine oxide, 1-
hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl
ketone and benzophenone as well as mixtures thereof. Still other useful
photoinitiators include,
for example, bis(n,5,2,4- cyclopentadien -1-yl)-bis 2,6 -difluoro-3-(1H-pyrol-
l-yl) phenyl
titanium and 2-benzyl -2-N,N-dimethyl amino -1- (4-morpholinophenyl) -1-
butanone. These
compounds are IRGACURE 784 and IRGACURE 369, respectively (both from Ciba
Specialty Chemicals 540 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, New York, U.S.A.) While,
still other
useful photoiniators include, for example, 2-methyl-l-4(methylthio)-2-
morpholinopropan-l-one,
4-(2 -hydroxy) phenyl - 2-hydroxy-2-(methylpropyl)ketone, 1 -hydroxy
cyclohexyl phenyl
ketone benzophenone, (cyclopentadienyl)( 1 -methylethyl)benzene-iron
hexafluorophosphate,
2,2-dimemoxy-2- phenyl- l-acetophen-one 2,4,6- trimethyl benzoyl-diphenyl
phosphine oxide,
benzoic acid, 4-(dimethyl amino)-ethyl ether, as well as mixtures thereof.
[0082] In a further or alternative embodiment, a coating composition disclosed
herein further
comprises at least one photo-initiator comprising ce-hydroxyketone, such as 1-
hydroxy-
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cyclohexyl-phenyl- ketone. In another or alternative embodiment, a coating
composition
disclosed herein further comprises at least one photo-initiator comprising
benzophenone. In
another or alternative embodiment, a coating composition disclosed herein
further comprises at
least one photo-initiator comprising a benzoyl diaryl phosphine, such as 2,4,6-
trimethylbenzoyl)diphenylphosphine oxide.
[0083] In an embodiment, a coating composition disclosed herein further
comprises a
combination of photo- initiators. In an embodiment, a coating composition
disclosed herein
further comprises IRGACURE 184 and IRGACURE 500. In another embodiment, a
coating
composition disclosed herein further comprises IRGACURE 184, IRGACURE 500,
and
Lucirin TPO.
[0084] The photo-initiator(s) are present in a coating composition disclosed
herein in any
suitable amount including, e.g., an amount ranging from 0.5-10% wt/wt, such as
from 1 to 9%
wt/wt, 3 to 8% wt/wt, or 4 to 6% wt/wt. In another embodiment, a coating
composition disclosed
herein further comprises a combination of photo-initiators, wherein each photo-
initiator is
present in an amount ranging from 0.5- 5% wt/wt, such as from 1 to 4% wt/wt or
2 to 3% wt/wt.
In yet another embodiment, a coating composition disclosed herein further
comprises
IRGACURE 184 in an amount ranging from 2 to 6% wt/wt, such as about 2, 3, 4,
5, or 6%
wt/wt and IRGACURE 500 in an amount ranging from 0.5 to 4% wt/wt, such as
about 0.5, 1,
2, 3, or 4% wt/wt.
[0085] In an embodiment, a coating composition disclosed herein further
comprises a pigment
(e.g., a pigment dispersion). In further embodiments, such compositions
optionally comprise a
second photo-initiator comprising benzoyl diaryl phosphine oxide. Although the
presence of
pigments can absorb radiation both in the UV and visible light regions and
reduce the
effectiveness of some types of photo-initiators, phosphine oxide type photo-
initiators are
effective in pigmented composition, including, by way of example only, black
and UV-curable
coating materials. Phosphine oxides also find use as photo-initiators for
white coatings. In
certain embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein further comprises
a pigment
dispersion and a photo-initiator comprising 2,4,6-
trimethylbenzoyl)diphenylphosphine oxide,
such as Lucirin TPO.
[0086] In an embodiment, a coating composition disclosed herein further
comprises a photo-
initiator comprising benzoyl diaryl phosphine oxide that is present in an
amount ranging from
0.5- 5% wt/wt, such as from 1 to 4% wt/wt or 2 to 3% wt/wt. hi an embodiment,
the photo-
initiator comprising benzoyl diaryl phosphine oxide may be present in the
composition in an
amount of about 0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 4% wt/wt.
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Surfactants
[0087] Where the coating or coated article is intended to be safe for human
consumption or safe
for contact with food, any surfactant utilized must be safe for human
consumption or safe for
contact with food.
[0088] In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein further
comprises at least
one surfactant. Examples of surfactants include, but are not limited to,
polymers such as
polystyrene, polypropylene, polyesters, styrene-methacrylic acid type
copolymers, styrene-
acrylic acid type copolymers, polytetrafluoroethylene,
polychlorotrifluoroethylene,
polyethylenetetrafluoroethylene type copolymers, polyaspartic acid,
polyglutamic acid, and
polyglutamic acid-y-methyl esters, and modifiers such as silane coupling
agents and alcohols.
Additional surfactants include olefins, such as polyethylene, polypropylene,
polybutadiene, and
the like; vinyls, such as polyvinylchlori.de, polyvinylesters, polystyrene;
acrylic homopolymers
and copolymers; phenolics; amino resins; alkyds, epoxys, siloxanes, nylons,
polyurethanes,
phenoxys, polycarbonates, polysulfones, polyesters (optionally chlorinated),
polyethers, acetals,
polyimides, and polyoxyethylenes. Further exemplary surfactants include cross-
linked as well as
non-crosslinked acrylates that are compatible with UV curing compositions,
such as
crosslinkable silicone acrylate.
[0089] Exemplary surfactants include those manufactured under the name TEGO
Rad by
Degussa AG (Essen, Germany) and include TEGO Rad 2100, 2200, 2250, 2300,
2500, 2600,
2650, and 2700. In various embodiments, the surfactant(s) are present in a
compositions in any
suitable amount including, e.g., in an amount ranging from 0.01-2.0% wt/wt,
such as about 0.01,
0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, or
2.0 % wt/wt.
Diluents
[0090] Where the coating or coated article is intended to be safe for human
consumption or safe
for contact with food, any diluent utilized must be safe for human consumption
or safe for
contact with food.
[0091] In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein further
comprises at least
one diluent. In an embodiment, the diluent is appropriate for diluting
oligomers, e.g., as a
diluting monomeric unit. In another embodiment, a coating composition
disclosed herein further
comprises a reactive diluent that produces polymers through the formation of
free radicals when
exposed to a source of actinic radiation, such as ultraviolet light.
[0092] Representative diluents include, but are not limited to, isobornyl
acrylate, isodecyl
acrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), di-trimethylolpropane
triacrylate (Di-
TMPTA), propoxylated TMPTA (P06-TMPTA), and combinations or monomeric units
thereof.
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In certain embodiments, diluents that may be employed in the present
composition are also
categorized as mono-functional or multi-functional monomeric units, described
and listed
herein.
[0093] In certain embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein further
comprises at
least one diluent in an amount ranging from 2-20% wt/wt, such as from 5 to 18%
wt/wt, 7 to
15% wt/wt, or 10 to 12% wt/wt. In an embodiment, a coating composition
disclosed herein
further comprises isobornyl acrylate in an amount ranging from 2-20% wt/wt,
such as from 5 to
18% wt/wt, 7 to 15% wt/wt, or 10 to 12% wt/wt.
Pigments and Pigment Dispersions
[0094] Where the coating or coated article is intended to be safe for human
consumption or safe
for contact with food , any pigment or pigment dispersion utilized must be
safe for human
consumption or safe for contact with food.
[0095] In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein optionally
comprises at
least one pigment or pigment dispersion. In various embodiments, pigments, are
insoluble white,
black, or colored material, e.g., PC 9003 (white bonded pigment).
[0096] Various organic pigments are used with a composition described herein,
including, but
not limited to, carbon black, azo-pigment, phthalocyanine pigment, thioindigo
pigment,
anthraquinone pigment, flavanthrone pigment, indanthrene pigment,
anthrapyridine pigment,
pyranthrone pigment, perylene pigment, perynone pigment and quinacridone
pigment.
[0097] Various inorganic pigments are used with a composition described
herein, for example,
but not limited to, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium
oxide, iron oxides:
red oxide, yellow oxide and black oxide, Ultramarine blue, Prussian blue,
chromium oxide and
chromium hydroxide, barium sulfate, tin oxide, calcium, titanium dioxide
(rutile and anatase
titanium), sulfate, talc, mica, silicas, dolomite, zinc sulfide, antimony
oxide, zirconium dioxide,
silicon dioxide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, lead chromate, zinc
chromate, nickel
titanate, clays such as kaolin clay, muscovite and sericite.
[0098] In various embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein
optionally comprises at
least one pigment or pigment dispersion in an amount ranging from 1-12% wt/wt,
such as from 3
to 10% wt/wt, or 5 to 9% wt/wt.
Miscellaneous
[0099] In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein further
comprises a
natural gum, a flavoring agent, a dye, a de-foaming agent, or a combination
thereof.
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[00100] In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein further
comprises
a natural gum. In some embodiments, the gum is arabic gum, karaya gum, locust
bean gum,
tragacanth gum, carrageens gum, guar gum, xanthan gum, scleroglucan gum.
[00101] In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein further
comprises a
flavoring agent. In some embodiments, the flavoring agent is maltodextrin or
an oil. In some
embodiments, the flavoring agent is an essential oil. In some embodiments, the
flavoring agent
is acacia syrup, acesulfame K, alitame, anise, apple, aspartame, banana,
bavarian cream, berry,
black currant, butterscotch, calcium citrate, camphor, caramel, cherry, cherry
cream, chocolate,
cinnamon, bubble gum, citrus, citrus punch, citrus cream, cotton candy, cocoa,
cola, cool cherry,
cool citrus, cyclamate, cylamate, dextrose, eucalyptus, eugenol, fructose,
fruit punch, ginger,
glycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhiza syrup, grape, grapefruit, honey, isomalt, lemon,
lime, lemon cream,
monoammonium glyrrhizinate, maltol, mannitol, maple, marshmallow, menthol,
mint cream,
mixed berry, neohesperidine DC, neotame, orange, pear, peach, peppermint,
peppermint cream,
raspberry, root beer, rum, saccharin, safrole, sorbitol, spearmint, spearmint
cream, strawberry,
strawberry cream, stevia, sucralose, sucrose, sodium saccharin, saccharin,
aspartame, acesulfame
potassium, mannitol, talin, sylitol, sucralose, sorbitol, swiss cream,
tagatose, tangerine,
thaumatin, tutti fruitti, vanilla, walnut, watermelon, wild cherry,
wintergreen, xylitol, or any
thereof.
[00102] In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein further
comprises an
anti-foaming agent. As used herein, an "anti-foaming agent" is an agent that
reduces foaming.
Where the coating or coated article is intended to be GRAS, any anti-foaming
agent utilized
must be GRAS. Exemplary anti-foaming agents include silicon emulsions,
sorbitan sesquoleate,
vegetable oils, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-foaming
agent is canola
oil, grapeseed oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, or a combination
thereof.
[00103] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown
and described
herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments
are provided by way
of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now
occur to those
skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be
understood that various
alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be
employed in practicing
the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of
the invention and that
methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents
be covered
thereby.
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