Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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ARTICLES OF MANUFACTURE AND
METHODS FOR MAKING SAME
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to articles of manufacture, more particularly to
soil
adsorbing agent-containing articles of manufacture, such as dry fibrous
structures that provide
superior minor cleaning properties compared to known soil adsorbing agent-
containing articles
of manufacture.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the past, fibrous structures, such as paper towels, have been commonly
utilized in
combination with liquid cleaning compositions to clean windows, minors,
countertops, and other
hard surfaces. Known paper towels typically provide cleaning performance
primarily by
absorption of soil laden fluid into the pores of the paper towel,
consequently, the cleaning
performance of known paper towels is limited by the ability and capacity of
the paper towels to
absorb and retain the soil laden fluid.
Articles of manufacture, such as fibrous structures, for example paper towels
that
comprise 6 #/ton or more of a soil adsorbing agent are known to exhibit a
Minor 2 Densitometer
Value greater than its Minor 1 Densitometer Value as measured according to the
Minor
Cleaning Test Method described herein.
Further, articles of manufacture, such as fibrous structures, for example
paper towels that
comprise less than 6 #/ton of a soil adsorbing agent are known to exhibit a
Minor 2 Densitometer
Value greater than its Minor 1 Densitometer Value as measured according to the
Minor
Cleaning Test Method described herein and a difference between the Minor 2
Densitometer
Value and the Minor 1 Densitometer of -0.21 or less.
Further, articles of manufacture, such as fibrous structures, for example
paper towels that
comprise less than 6 #/ton of a soil adsorbing agent are known to exhibit a
Minor 2 Densitometer
Value greater than its Minor 1 Densitometer Value as measured according to the
Minor
Cleaning Test Method described herein and a sum of the Minor 2 Densitometer
Value and the
Minor 1 Densitometer Value of -0.48 or less as measured according to the Minor
Cleaning Test
Method.
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The prior art articles of manufacture described above still do not meet
consumers' desires
for improved mirror cleaning on at least the first and second mirrors as
measured according to the
Minor Cleaning Test Method described herein.
In light of the foregoing, it is clear that there is a need for an article of
manufacture, such
as a fibrous structure, more particularly a dry fibrous structure, such as a
paper towel that exhibits
improved minor cleaning properties compared to known articles of manufacture.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention fulfills the needs described above by providing an
article of
manufacture, such as a fibrous structure, for example a dry paper towel that
exhibits improved
cleaning of various hard surfaces including minors, compared to known articles
of manufacture.
In one example of the present invention, an article of manufacture comprising
greater
than 0 #/ton to less than 6 #/ton of a soil adsorbing agent, wherein the
article of manufacture
exhibits a Minor 2 Densitometer Value greater than the Minor 1 Densitometer
Value as
measured according to the Minor Cleaning Test Method and wherein the
difference between the
Minor 2 Densitometer Value and the Minor 1 Densitometer is greater than -0.20
and wherein the
article of manufacture exhibits a sum of the Minor 2 Densitometer Value and
the Minor 1
Densitometer Value of greater than -0.48 as measured according to the Minor
Cleaning Test
Method, is provided.
In another example of the present invention, an article of manufacture, for
example a
fibrous structure, such as a dry fibrous structure comprising greater than 0
#/ton to less than 6
#/ton of a soil adsorbing agent, wherein the article of manufacture exhibits a
Minor 1
Densitometer Value of greater than -0.25 and wherein the article of
manufacture exhibits a
Minor 2 Densitometer Value that is greater than the Minor 1 Densitometer Value
as measured
according to the Minor Cleaning Test Method, is provided.
In another example of the present invention, an article of manufacture, for
example a
fibrous structure, such as a dry fibrous structure comprising greater than 0
#/ton to less than 6
#/ton or less of a soil adsorbing agent that exhibits a VOC of less than 20%,
wherein the article of
manufacture exhibits a Minor 2 Densitometer Value that is greater than the
Minor 1
Densitometer Value as measured according to the Minor Cleaning Test Method, is
provided.
In still another example of the present invention, an article of manufacture,
for example a
fibrous structure, such as a dry fibrous structure comprising a soil adsorbing
agent that exhibits a
Total Volatiles content of less than 55% and/or less than 50% and/or less than
45% and/or less
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40% and/or less than 40% and/or less than 35% and/or less than 25% and/or less
than 15% as
measured according to the VOC Test Method described herein, is provided.
In even another example of the present invention; an article of manufacture,
for example
fibrous structure, such as a dry fibrous structure comprising a soil adsorbing
agent that exhibits a
Moisture content of less than 30% and/or less than 25% and/or less than 20%
and/or less than
15% as measured according to the VOC Test Method described herein, is
provided.
In still another example of the present invention, a method for making an
article of
manufacture, for example a fibrous structure, such as a dry fibrous structure
comprising a soil
adsorbing agent that exhibits a Volatile Organic Carbon content of less than
20% and/or less than
17% and/or less than 15% and/or less than 10% and/or less than 5% as measured
according to the
VOC Test Method described herein, the method comprising the step of contacting
an article of
manufacture with a soil adsorbing agent that exhibits a Volatile Organic
Carbon content of less
than 20% and/or less than 17% and/or less than 15% and/or less than 10% and/or
less than 5% as
measured according to the VOC Test Method described herein, is provided.
In still another example of the present invention, a method for making an
article of
manufacture, for example a fibrous structure, such as a dry fibrous structure
comprising a soil
adsorbing agent that exhibits a Total Volatiles content of less than 55%
and/or less than 50%
and/or less than 45% and/or less 40% and/or less than 40% and/or less than 35%
and/or less than
25% and/or less than 15% as measured according to the VOC Test Method
described herein, the
method comprises the step of contacting an article of manufacture with less
than 5 #/ton of a soil
adsorbing agent that exhibits a Total Volatiles content of less than 55%
and/or less than 50%
and/or less than 45% and/or less 40% and/or less than 40% and/or less than 35%
and/or less than
25% and/or less than 15% as measured according to the VOC Test Method
described herein, is
provided.
In still another example of the present invention, a method for making an
article of
manufacture, for example a fibrous structure, such as a dry fibrous structure
comprising a soil
adsorbing agent that exhibits a Moisture content of less than 30% and/or less
than 25% and/or
less than 20% and/or less than 15% as measured according to the VOC Test
Method described
herein, the method comprising the step of contacting an article of manufacture
with a soil
adsorbing agent that exhibits a Moisture content of less than 30% and/or less
than 25% and/or
less than 20% and/or less than 15% as measured according to the VOC Test
Method described
herein, is provided.
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In still yet another example of the present invention, a soil adsorbing agent
composition
comprising a first soil adsorbing agent that exhibits a VOC content of greater
than 20% and a
second soil adsorbing agent that exhibits a VOC of less than 20% as measured
according to the
VOC Test Method, is provided.
In even still yet another example of the present invention, an article of
manufacture, for
example a fibrous structure, such as a dry fibrous structure comprising a soil
adsorbing agent
composition according to the present invention, is provided.
Accordingly, the present invention provides articles of manufacture that
exhibit improved
and/or superior minor cleaning properties based on their Minor Densitometer
Values compared
to known articles of manufacture and methods for making such articles of
manufacture.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a sample of article of manufacture
used in the
Minor Cleaning Test Method described herein;
Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of 9 individual spectrodensitometer
measurement
spots on a surface of a minor for the Minor Cleaning Test Method described
herein;
Figs. 3 and 3A is a diagram of a support rack utilized in the VFS Test Method
described
herein; and
Figs. 4 and 4A is a diagram of a support rack cover utilized in the VFS Test
Method
described herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
"Article of manufacture" as used herein means any solid matter, such as a web,
foam
structure, or particle.
"Web" as used herein means a fibrous structure or a film.
"Fibrous structure" as used herein means a structure that comprises one or
more fibrous
filaments and/or fibers. In one example, a fibrous structure according to the
present invention
means an orderly arrangement of filaments and/or fibers within a structure in
order to perform a
function. Non-limiting examples of fibrous structures of the present invention
include paper,
fabrics (including woven, knitted, and non-woven), and absorbent pads (for
example for diapers
or feminine hygiene products).
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Non-limiting examples of processes for making fibrous structures include known
wet-laid
processes, such as wet-laid papermaking processes, and air-laid processes,
such as air-laid
papermaking processes. Wet-laid and/or air-laid papermaking processes and/or
air-laid
papermaking processes typically include a step of preparing a composition
comprising a plurality
5 of fibers that are suspended in a medium, either wet, more specifically
aqueous medium, or dry,
more specifically gaseous medium, such as air.
The aqueous medium used for wet-laid
processes is oftentimes referred to as a fiber slurry. The fiber composition
is then used to
deposit a plurality of fibers onto a forming wire or belt such that an
embryonic fibrous structure
is formed, after which drying and/or bonding the fibers together results in a
fibrous structure.
Further processing the fibrous structure may be carried out such that a
finished fibrous structure
is formed. For example, in typical papermaking processes, the finished fibrous
structure is the
fibrous structure that is wound on the reel at the end of papermaking, and may
subsequently be
converted into a finished product, e.g. a sanitary tissue product.
Another process that can be used to produce the fibrous structures is a melt-
blowing
and/or spunbonding process where a polymer composition is spun into filaments
and collected on
a belt to produce a fibrous structure. In one example, a plurality of fibers
may be mixed with the
filaments prior to collecting on the belt and/or a plurality of fibers may be
deposited on a prior
produced fibrous structure comprising filaments.
The fibrous structures of the present invention may be homogeneous or may be
layered in
the direction normal to the machine direction. If layered, the fibrous
structures may comprise at
least two and/or at least three and/or at least four and/or at least five
layers.
The fibrous structures of the present invention may be co-formed fibrous
structures. "Co-
formed" as used herein means that the fibrous structure comprises a mixture of
at least two
different components wherein at least one of the components comprises a
filament, such as a
polypropylene filament, and at least one other component, different from the
first component,
comprises a solid additive, such as a fiber and/or a particulate. In one
example, a co-formed
fibrous structure comprises solid additives, such as fibers, such as wood pulp
fibers and/or
absorbent gel articles of manufacture and/or filler particles and/or
particulate spot bonding
powders and/or clays, and filaments, such as polypropylene filaments.
"Solid additive" as used herein means a fiber and/or a particulate.
"Particulate" as used herein means a granular substance or powder.
"Fiber" and/or "Filament" as used herein means an elongate particulate having
an
apparent length greatly exceeding its apparent width, i.e. a length to
diameter ratio of at least
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about 10. In one example, a "fiber" is an elongate particulate as described
above that exhibits a
length of less than 5.08 cm (2 in.) and a "filament" is an elongate
particulate as described above
that exhibits a length of greater than or equal to 5.08 cm (2 in.).
Fibers are typically considered discontinuous in nature. Non-limiting examples
of fibers
include wood pulp fibers and synthetic staple fibers such as polyester fibers.
Filaments are typically considered continuous or substantially continuous in
nature.
Filaments are relatively longer than fibers. Non-limiting examples of
filaments include
meltblown and/or spunbond filaments. Non-limiting examples of articles of
manufacture that
can be spun into filaments include natural polymers, such as starch, starch
derivatives, cellulose
and cellulose derivatives, hemicellulose, hemicellulose derivatives, and
synthetic polymers
including, but not limited to polyvinyl alcohol filaments and/or polyvinyl
alcohol derivative
filaments, and thermoplastic polymer filaments, such as polyesters, nylons,
polyolefins such as
polypropylene filaments, polyethylene filaments, and biodegradable or
compostable
thermoplastic fibers such as polylactic acid filaments, polyhydroxyalkanoate
filaments and
polycaprolactone filaments. The filaments may be monocomponent or
multicomponent, such as
bicomponent filaments.
In one example of the present invention, "fiber" refers to papermaking fibers.
Papermaking fibers useful in the present invention include cellulosic fibers
commonly known as
wood pulp fibers. Applicable wood pulps include chemical pulps, such as Kraft,
sulfite, and
sulfate pulps, as well as mechanical pulps including, for example, groundwood,
thermomechanical pulp and chemically modified thermomechanical pulp. Chemical
pulps,
however, may be preferred since they impart a superior tactile sense of
softness to tissue sheets
made therefrom. Pulps derived from both deciduous trees (hereinafter, also
referred to as
"hardwood") and coniferous trees (hereinafter, also referred to as "softwood")
may be utilized.
The hardwood and softwood fibers can be blended, or alternatively, can be
deposited in layers to
provide a stratified web. Also applicable to the present invention are fibers
derived from
recycled paper, which may contain any or all of the above categories as well
as other non-fibrous
articles of manufacture such as fillers and adhesives used to facilitate the
original papermaking.
In addition to the various wood pulp fibers, other cellulosic fibers such as
cotton linters,
rayon, lyocell and bagasse can be used in this invention. Other sources of
cellulose in the form
of fibers or capable of being spun into fibers include grasses and grain
sources.
"Dry article of manufacture" as used herein means an article of manufacture
that
comprises less than 30% and/or less than 20% and/or less than 15% and/or less
than 10% and/or
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less than 7% and/or less than 5% and/or less than 3% and/or less than 2%
and/or less than 1%
and/or less than 0.5% by weight of moisture as measured according to the
Moisture Content Test
Method described herein.
"Dry web" as used herein means a web that comprises less than 30% and/or less
than
20% and/or less than 15% and/or less than 10% and/or less than 7% and/or less
than 5% and/or
less than 3% and/or less than 2% and/or less than 1% and/or less than 0.5% by
weight of
moisture as measured according to the Moisture Content Test Method described
herein.
"Dry fibrous structure" as used herein means a fibrous structure that
comprises less than
30% and/or less than 20% and/or less than 15% and/or less than 10% and/or less
than 7% and/or
less than 5% and/or less than 3% and/or less than 2% and/or less than 1%
and/or less than 0.5%
by weight of moisture as measured according to the Moisture Content Test
Method described
herein.
"Sanitary tissue product" as used herein means a soft, low density (i.e. <
about 0.15
g/cm3) web useful as a wiping implement for post-urinary and post-bowel
movement cleaning
(toilet tissue), for otorhinolaryngological discharges (facial tissue), multi-
functional absorbent
and cleaning uses (absorbent towels), and folded sanitary tissue products such
as napkins and/or
facial tissues including folded sanitary tissue products dispensed from a
container, such as a box.
The sanitary tissue product may be convolutedly wound upon itself about a core
or without a core
to form a sanitary tissue product roll.
In one example, the sanitary tissue product of the present invention comprises
a fibrous
structure according to the present invention.
The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit a basis
weight between
about 10 g/m2 to about 120 g/m2 and/or from about 15 g/m2 to about 110 g/m2
and/or from about
20 g/m2 to about 100 g/m2 and/or from about 30 to 90 g/m2. In addition, the
sanitary tissue
product of the present invention may exhibit a basis weight between about 40
g/m2 to about 120
g/m2 and/or from about 50 g/m2 to about 110 g/m2 and/or from about 55 g/m2 to
about 105 g/m2
and/or from about 60 to 100 g/m2.
The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit a total dry
tensile
strength of at least 59 g/cm (150 g/in) and/or from about 78 g/cm (200 g/in)
to about 394 g/cm
(1000 g/in) and/or from about 98 g/cm (250 g/in) to about 335 g/cm (850 g/in).
In addition, the
sanitary tissue product of the present invention may exhibit a total dry
tensile strength of at least
196 g/cm (500 g/in) and/or from about 196 g/cm (500 g/in) to about 394 g/cm
(1000 g/in) and/or
from about 216 g/cm (550 g/in) to about 335 g/cm (850 g/in) and/or from about
236 g/cm (600
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Win) to about 315 g/cm (800 Win). In one example, the sanitary tissue product
exhibits a total
dry tensile strength of less than about 394 g/cm (1000 Win) and/or less than
about 335 g/cm (850
Win). In another example, the sanitary tissue products of the present
invention may exhibit a
total dry tensile strength of at least 196 g/cm (500 Win) and/or at least 236
g/cm (600 g/in) and/or
at least 276 g/cm (700 g/in) and/or at least 315 g/cm (800 g/in) and/or at
least 354 g/cm (900
g/in) and/or at least 394 g/cm (1000 g/in) and/or from about 315 g/cm (800
g/in) to about 1968
g/cm (5000 g/in) and/or from about 354 g/cm (900 g/in) to about 1181 g/cm
(3000 g/in) and/or
from about 354 g/cm (900 g/in) to about 984 g/cm (2500 g/in) and/or from about
394 g/cm (1000
g/in) to about 787 g/cm (2000 g/in).
The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit an initial
total wet
tensile strength of at least 118 g/cm (300 g/in) and/or at least 157 g/cm (400
g/in) and/or at least
196 g/cm (500 g/in) and/or at least 236 g/cm (600 g/in) and/or at least 276
g/cm (700 g/in)
and/or at least 315 g/cm (800 g/in) and/or at least 354 g/cm (900 g/in) and/or
at least 394 g/cm
(1000 g/in) and/or from about 118 g/cm (300 g/in) to about 1968 g/cm (5000
g/in) and/or from
about 157 g/cm (400 g/in) to about 1181 g/cm (3000 g/in) and/or from about 196
g/cm (500 g/in)
to about 984 g/cm (2500 g/in) and/or from about 196 g/cm (500 g/in) to about
787 g/cm (2000
g/in) and/or from about 196 g/cm (500 g/in) to about 591 g/cm (1500 g/in).
In another example, the sanitary tissue products of the present invention may
exhibit an
initial total wet tensile strength of less than about 78 g/cm (200 g/in)
and/or less than about 59
g/cm (150 g/in) and/or less than about 39 g/cm (100 g/in) and/or less than
about 29 g/cm (75
g/in).
The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit a density
(measured at
95 g/in2) of less than about 0.60 g/cm3 and/or less than about 0.30 g/cm3
and/or less than about
0.20 g/cm3 and/or less than about 0.10 g/cm3 and/or less than about 0.07 g/cm3
and/or less than
about 0.05 g/cm3 and/or from about 0.01 g/cm3 to about 0.20 g/cm3 and/or from
about 0.02 g/cm3
to about 0.10 g/cm3.
The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may be in the form of
sanitary tissue
product rolls. Such sanitary tissue product rolls may comprise a plurality of
connected, but
perforated sheets of fibrous structure, that are separably dispensable from
adjacent sheets. In one
example, one or more ends of the roll of sanitary tissue product may comprise
an adhesive and/or
dry strength agent to mitigate the loss of fibers, especially wood pulp fibers
from the ends of the
roll of sanitary tissue product.
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The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may comprises additives
such as
softening agents, temporary wet strength agents, permanent wet strength
agents, bulk softening
agents, lotions, silicones, wetting agents, latexes, especially surface-
pattern-applied latexes, dry
strength agents such as carboxymethylcellulose and starch, and other types of
additives suitable
for inclusion in and/or on sanitary tissue products.
"Weight average molecular weight" as used herein means the weight average
molecular
weight Mw (in units of g/mol) as determined using gel permeation
chromatography according to
the protocol found in Colloids and Surfaces A. Physico Chemical & Engineering
Aspects, Vol.
162, 2000, pg. 107-121.
"Number average molecular weight" as used herein means the number average
molecular
weight Mr, (in units of g/mol) as determined using gel permeation
chromatography according to
the protocol found in Colloids and Surfaces A. Physico Chemical & Engineering
Aspects, Vol.
162, 2000, pg. 107-121.
"Basis Weight" as used herein is the weight per unit area of a sample reported
in lbs/3000
ft2 or g/m2 and is measured according to the Basis Weight Test Method
described herein.
"By weight of moisture" or "moisture content" means the amount of moisture
present in
an article of manufacture measured according to the Moisture Content Test
Method described
herein immediately after the article of manufacture has been conditioned in a
conditioned room at
a temperature of 73 F 4 F (about 23 C 2.2 C) and a relative humidity of
50% 10% for 2
hours.
"Water-soluble" as used herein means a material, such as a polymer, for
example a soil
adsorbing agent that is miscible in water. In other words, a material that is
capable of forming a
stable (does not separate for greater than 5 minutes after forming the
homogeneous solution)
homogeneous solution with water at ambient conditions.
"Machine Direction" or "MD" as used herein means the direction parallel to the
flow of
The fibrous structure through The fibrous structure making machine and/or
sanitary tissue
product manufacturing equipment.
"Cross Machine Direction" or "CD" as used herein means the direction parallel
to the
width of The fibrous structure making machine and/or sanitary tissue product
manufacturing
equipment and perpendicular to the machine direction.
"Ply" as used herein means an individual, integral fibrous structure.
"Plies" as used herein means two or more individual, integral fibrous
structures disposed
in a substantially contiguous, face-to-face relationship with one another,
forming a multi-ply
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fibrous structure and/or multi-ply sanitary tissue product. It is also
contemplated that an
individual, integral fibrous structure can effectively form a multi-ply
fibrous structure, for
example, by being folded on itself.
Article of Manufacture
5 A non-limiting example of an article of manufacture of the present
invention includes a
dry article of manufacture, for example a dry fibrous structure such as a dry
paper towel, rather
than a pre-moistened, liquid composition-containing towel or wipe or pad, that
exhibits improved
and/or superior average Minor Cleaning Densitometer Values and/or improved
and/or superior
total Minor Cleaning Densitometer Values as measured according to the Minor
Cleaning Test
10 Method described herein compared to known articles of manufacture.
In one example, the article of manufacture exhibits a Minor 2 Densitometer
Value that is
greater than its Mirror 1 Densitometer Value as measured according to the
Minor Cleaning Test
Method described herein. In another example, the article of manufacture
exhibits a Mirror 2
Densitometer Value that is greater than its Mirror 1 Densitometer Value and
wherein the
difference between the Minor 2 Densitometer Value and Minor 1 Densitometer
Value is greater
than -0.20 and/or greater than -0.18 and/or greater than -0.15 and/or greater
than -0.10 and/or
greater than -0.07 and/or greater than -0.05 as measured according to the
Mirror Cleaning Test
Method described herein.
In another example, the article of manufacture exhibits a Mirror 2
Densitometer Value
that is statistically equivalent to the Minor 1 Densitometer Value.
In another example, the article of manufacture exhibits a sum of the Mirror 1
and Minor
2 Densitometer Values of -0.48 or greater and/or -0.45 or greater and/or -0.41
or greater and/or -
0.39 or greater -0.35 or greater and/or -0.29 or greater and/or -0.25 or
greater and/or -0.21 or
greater and/or -0.10 or greater as measured according to the Mirror Cleaning
Test Method
described herein.
In another example, the article of manufacture exhibits an Average Mirror
Cleaning
Densitometer Value of greater than -0.45 and/or greater than -0.38 and/or
greater than -0.30
and/or greater than -0.25 and/or greater than -0.20 and/or greater than -0.15
as measured
according to the Mirror Cleaning Test Method described herein.
In one example, the article of manufacture exhibits a Mirror 2 Densitometer
Value of
greater than -0.27 and/or greater than -0.21 and/or greater than -0.17 and/or
greater than -0.10
and/or greater than -0.06 as measured according to the Mirror Cleaning Test
Method described
herein.
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In one example, the article of manufacture exhibits a Mirror 1 Densitometer
Value of
greater than -0.30 and/or greater than -0.25 and/or greater than -0.20 and/or
greater than -0.15
and/or greater than -0.10 and/or greater than -0.07 as measured according to
the Mirror Cleaning
Test Method described herein.
In one example, the article of manufacture comprises two or more soil
adsorbing agents.
In another example, the article of manufacture comprises a blend (mixture) of
two or more soil
adsorbing agents. In another example, the two or more soil adsorbing agents
are different soil
adsorbing agents.
In one example, the article of manufacture comprises a web. In another
example, the
article of manufacture comprises a particle.
When the article of manufacture comprises a web, the web may comprise a
fibrous
structure. The fibrous structure may be a dry fibrous structure.
The fibrous structure of the present invention may comprise a plurality of
pulp fibers.
Further, the fibrous structure of the present invention may comprise a single-
ply or multi-ply
sanitary tissue product, such as a paper towel.
In another example, the article of manufacture of the present invention may
comprise a
web, for example a fibrous structure, in the form of a cleaning pad suitable
for use with a
cleaning device, such as a floor cleaning device, for example a Swiffer
cleaning pad or
equivalent cleaning pads.
In still another example, the article of manufacture of the present invention
may comprise
a foam structure.
The article of manufacture of the present invention may comprise a soil
adsorbing agent.
When present, the soil adsorbing agent may be present in and/or on the article
of manufacture at
a level of greater than 0.005% and/or greater than 0.01% and/or greater than
0.05% and/or
greater than 0.1% and/or greater than 0.15% and/or greater than 0.2% and/or
less than 5% and/or
less than 3% and/or less than 2% and/or less than 1% by weight of the article
of manufacture. In
one example, the soil adsorbing agent is present in and/or on the article of
manufacture at a level
of from about 0.005% to about 1% by weight of the article of manufacture.
In another example of the present invention, an article of manufacture may
comprise a
soil adsorbing agent at a level of from greater than 0 pounds/ton (#/ton)
and/or greater than 0.1
#/ton and/or greater than 0.5 #/ton and/or greater than 1 #/ton and/or greater
than 2 #/ton and/or
greater than 3 #/ton and/or to less than 20 #/ton and/or to less than 15 #/ton
and/or to less than 10
#/ton and/or to less than 6 #/ton and/or to 5 #/ton or less and/or to 4 #/ton
or less by weight of the
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article of manufacture. The level of soil adsorbing agent present in and/or on
an article of
manufacture as used herein according to the present invention is in terms of
active solids basis of
the soil adsorbing agent.
The article of manufacture may comprise other ingredients in addition to the
soil
adsorbing agent, for example a surfactant. The surfactant may be present in
the article of
manufacture at a level of from about 0.01% to about 0.5% by weight of the
article of
manufacture. Non-limiting examples of a suitable surfactant include C8_16
alkyl polyglucoside,
cocoamido propyl sulfobetaine or mixtures thereof.
In one example, the article of manufacture comprises a signal, such as a dye
and/or
pigment that becomes visible or becomes invisible to a consumer's eye when the
article of
manufacture adsorbs soil and/or when a soil adsorbing agent present in and/or
on the article of
manufacture adsorbs soil. In another example, the signal may be a difference
in texture of the
article of manufacture or a difference in the physical state of the article of
manufacture, for
example the article of manufacture dissolves and/or vaporizes when the article
of manufacture
adsorbs soil.
In another example, the soil adsorbing agent may be present in and/or on an
article of
manufacture in a pattern, such as a non-random repeating pattern composing
lines and or
letters/words, and/or present in and/or on regions of different density,
different basis weight,
different elevation and/or different texture of the article of manufacture. In
one example, the soil
adsorbing agent present in and/or on an article of manufacture may provide a
visual signal
resulting from an increased concentration of soil adsorbed onto the soil
adsorbing agent
In still another example of the present invention, the article of manufacture
may provide a
residual cleaning effect as measured according to the Mirror Cleaning Test
Method described
herein on a surface, such as a mirror, after adsorbing at least a portion of
the soil previously
present on the surface. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that
this residual cleaning
effect, which at least partially inhibits at least some soils from collecting
and/or remaining on the
surface, results from at least a portion of the soil adsorbing agent
depositing on the surface and
remaining on the surface after cleaning with the article of manufacture.
Table 1 below shows individual Mirror Densitometer ("Density") Values and
Average
Mirror Cleaning Densitometer ("Density") Values for articles of manufacture,
in this case dry
fibrous structures (e.g., paper towels) for example a fibrous structure in
accordance with the
present invention and of known articles of manufacture, such as dry fibrous
structures (e.g., paper
towels), as measured according to the Mirror Cleaning Test Method described
herein. Statistical
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analysis software, for example JMP Statistical Analysis software, was utilized
to compare the
mean Mirror Densitometer Values by mirror # for each of the articles of
manufacture. Within
Table 1, the letters A, B, C and D are listed along with the mean Mirror
Densitometer Values for
each article of manufacture and each mirror within that article of
manufacture. Mirrors
connected by the same letter are not significantly different at a 95%
Confidence Interval utilizing
a students t-test.
Mirror 1 Mirror 2 Mirror 3 Mirror 4 Average
Article of Densitometer Densitometer Densitometer Densitometer
Mirror Cleaning
manufacture Value Value Value Value Densitometer
Value
Control (No
adsorbing agent) -0.23A -0.31A -0.35A -0.93B -
0.45
Invention
(50/50 by
volume Blend of
Hyperfioc
NE823F and
ND823 @
1#/ton) -0.06A -0.02A -0.10A -0.21B -0.10
Hyperfioc
NE823F @
1#/ton -0.06A -0.09A -0.12A -0.25B -0.13
Hyperfioc
ND823 @
1#/ton -0.16B -0.05A -0.14AB -0.3C -0.16
Hyperfioc
ND823 @
1#/ton - low
steam
application -0.19B -0.06A -0.22B -0.36C -0.21
Hyperfioc
ND823 @
1#/ton - high
steam
application -0.24B -0.11A -0.09A -0.21B -0.16
Hyperfioc
ND823 @
1#/ton - applied
to two surfaces -0.25A -0.16A -0.23A -0.51B -0.29
MVF1961-039
soil adsorbing
agent
99%AAM,
0.25% AA, and
0.75%
MAPTAC
@ 6#/ton -0.04A -0.03A -0.16B -0.38C -0.14
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MVF1961-039
soil adsorbing
agent
99%AAM,
0.25% AA, and
0.75%
MAPTAC
@ 2#/ton -0.03A -0.08A -0.26B -0.45C -0.21
Hyperfioc
NE823F @
1#/ton -0.25BC -0.04A -0.21B -0.34C -0.21
Hyperfioc
NE823F @
2#/ton -0.03A -0.08A -0.29B -0.48C -0.22
Mirapol HSC-
300 @ 5#/ton
-0.27A -0.21A -0.27A -0.50B -0.31
Hyperfioc
CE1954 @
2#/ton -0.11A -0.27AB -0.37BC -0.55C -0.33
Mirapol HSC-
300 Wet-end
Addition @ 10
#/ton) -0.36A -0.27A -0.32A -0.58B -0.38
Hyperfioc
CE1954 Wet-
end addition @
4#/ton -0.28AB -0.24A -0.46B -0.84C -0.46
MVF1562-100B
soil adsorbing
agent
99%AAM,
0.25% AA, and
0.75%
MAPTAC
6#/ton -
Different
Molecular
Weight from
MVF1961-039 -0.17AB -0.10A -0.28B -0.51C -0.27
Bounty Mega
Roll - 2011 -0.57A -0.63A -1.00B -1.05B -0.81
Bounty
(Lupasol P.
4#/ton, pH 4.5) -0.45A -0.54A -0.59A -0.98B -0.64
Bounty Basic -0.40A -0.56A -0.92B -1.14C -0.76
Viva -0.73A -0.54A -0.56A -0.82A -0.66
Kroger Nice
and Strong -0.70A -0.50A -1.00B -1.15B -0.84
Meijer
Premium -0.62A -0.61A -0.88A -1.29B -0.85
Kroger
Everyday -0.32A -0.59B -0.86C -1.12D -0.72
Meijer
Regular -0.74A -0.92AB -1.11BC -1.18C -0.99
Marcal Small
steps -0.78AB -0.53A -0.88BC -1.12C -0.83
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Sparkle -0.39A -0.39A -0.84B -1.03B -0.66
Scott Towels -0.61A -0.70A -1.14B -1.43C -0.97
Target -0.48A -0.55A -0.86B -0.98B -0.72
Brawny -0.20A -0.27A -0.57B -0.87C -0.48
Thrifty Maid -0.27A -0.78B -0.94C -0.93C -0.73
Sam's Club -0.43A -0.82AB -1.21C -1.41C -0.97
Kirkland GP -0.50AB -0.28A -0.56B -0.88C -0.56
Table 1
*NOTE: Hyperfloc addition to the articles of manufacture is applied equally to
both plies
of a two ply product except were indicated e.g 1#/ton in total sheet all
applied to the
5
embossed side is represented as 2/0/1 meaning 2#/ton applied to the embossed
ply and
0#/ton applied to the un-embossed side resulting in 1#/ton in total sheet.
#/ton calculation
for individual plies utilizes the basis weight of the individual play as
opposed to using
total basis weight of multiply sheets.
10 In
one example of the present invention, the soil adsorbing agent present in the
article of
manufacture exhibits a volatile organic content (VOC) of less than 20% and/or
less than 15%
and/or less than 10% and/or less than 5% as measured according to the VOC Test
Method
described herein. In another example, an article of manufacture of the present
invention
comprises a first soil adsorbing agent that exhibits a Volatile Organic Carbon
content (VOC) of
15
greater than 20% and a second soil adsorbing agent that exhibits a Volatile
Organic Carbon
content (VOC) of less than 20% and/or less than 15% and/or less than 10%
and/or less than 5%
as measured according to the VOC Test Method described herein.
In another example of the present invention, the soil adsorbing agent present
in the article
of manufacture exhibits a Total Volatiles content of less than 55% and/or less
than and/or less
than 50% and/or less than 45% and/or less 40% and/or less than 40% and/or less
than 35% and/or
less than 25% and/or less than 15% as measured according to the VOC Test
Method described
herein.
In another example of the present invention, the soil adsorbing agent present
in the article
of manufacture exhibits a Moisture content of less than 30% and/or less than
25% and/or less
than 20% and/or less than 15% as measured according to the VOC Test Method
described herein.
Table 2 below illustrates Total Volatiles content, Moisture content, and
Volatile Organic
Carbon content (as measured according to the VOC Test Method described herein)
of examples
of soil adsorbing agents, in this case nonionic polyacrylamides; namely,
Hyperfioc NE823E,
Hyperfioc NE823F, and Hyperfioc ND823 (commercially available from SNF
Floerger and/or
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Hychem, Inc.) alone and in blends with each other prepared from commercially
available
materials.
Total
Volatiles Moisture VOC
Hyperfloc Material (%) (%) (%)
NE823E 60.1 37.4 22.7
NE823F lot RA07/1310 57.3 35.7 21.6
NE823F lot RA10/1276 57.6 35.0 22.6
NE823F lot RA10/1216 57.1 36.9 20.2
NE823F lot RA07/1307 57.2 36.4 20.9
NE823F lot RA06/1309 56.9 35.4 21.5
Average NE823F 57.2 35.9 21.4
Std. Dev. 0.24 0.75 0.87
ND823 lot DA06/1216 14.04 5.31 8.73
Calculated
25/75 Blend of
NE823F/ND823 24.83 12.93 11.90
50/50 Blend of
NE823F/ND823 35.62 20.61 15.01
75/25 Blend of
NE823F/ND823 46.41 28.25 18.22
Measured
25/75 Blend of
14.2 10.5 3.7
NE823F/ND823
50/50 Blend of
29.9 17.6 12.3
NE823F/ND823
75/25 Blend of
44.0 23.3 20.7
NE823F/ND823
Table 2
Soil Adsorbing Agents
The soil adsorbing agent of the present invention may be any suitable
chemical, such as a
polymer, that when applied to and/or present in an article of manufacture of
the present invention
provides the article of manufacture with an improved Mirror Cleaning
Densitometer Value than
when the article of manufacture is void of the chemical as measured according
to the Mirror
Cleaning Test Method as described herein.
In one example, the soil adsorbing agent exhibits a weight average molecular
weight of
greater than 750,000 and/or greater than 1,500,000 and/or greater than
4,000,000 and/or to about
40,000,000 and/or to about 20,000,000 and/or to about 10,000,000.
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In another example, the soil adsorbing agent exhibits a number average
molecular weight
of greater than 200,000 g/mol and/or greater than 500,000 g/mol and/or greater
than 750,000
g/mol and/or greater than 900,000 g/mol to less than 2,000,000 g/mol and/or
less than 1,750,000
g/mol and/or less than 1,500,000 g/mol. In one example, the soil adsorbing
agent exhibits a
number average molecular weight of from about 500,000 g/mol to about 2,000,000
g/mol and/or
from about 900,000 g/mol to about 1,700,000 g/mol.
In one example, the soil adsorbing agent of the present invention exhibits an
average
particle size distribution of less than 5000 d.nm and/or less than 3000 d.nm
and/or less than 2000
d.nm and/or greater than 10 d.nm and/or greater than 100 d.nm and/or greater
than 500 d.nm
and/or greater than 1000 d.nm.
Non-limiting examples of suitable chemicals include polymers. In one example,
the soil
adsorbing agent comprises a polymer comprising monomeric units derived from
acrylic acid
and/or amine compound and/or quaternary ammonium compounds and/or acrylamide.
In another
example, the soil adsorbing agent comprises a polymer comprising monomeric
units derived
from acrylic acid and/or quaternary ammonium compounds and/or acrylamide. In
one example,
polyethyleneimines, such as Lupasol , which is commercially available from
BASF Corporation,
are not suitable as soil adsorbing agents within the present invention.
In one example, the soil adsorbing agent comprises a flocculating agent as
compared to a
coagulating agent.
A flocculating agent is a chemical that results in colloids and other
suspended particles,
especially in liquids, to aggregate. An example of a flocculating agent
according to the present
invention is Rhodia's Mirapol and Hychem/SNF's Hyperfloc .
A coagulating agent on the other hand, for purposes of the present invention
is a chemical
that results in a liquid changing into a thickened solid. An example of a
coagulating agent
according to the present invention is BASF Corporation's Lupasol .
In one example, the soil adsorbing agent comprises a homopolymer of
polyacrylamide,
such as Hyperfioc , which is commercially available from Hychem, Inc.
In one example, the soil adsorbing agent may be used as a highly concentrated
inverse
emulsion (for example a water-in-oil emulsion), containing greater than 10%
and/or greater than
15% and/or greater than 20% and/or greater than 25% and/or greater than 30%
and/or greater
than 35% and/or to about 60% and/or to about 55% and/or to about 50% and/or to
about 45%
active. The oil phase may consist of high quality mineral oil with boiling
point range of 468-
529 F or a heavy mineral oil with boiling point range of 608-968 F. In another
example the soil
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adsorbing agents may be used as a highly concentrated dewatered emulsion for
example
essentially dry particles suspended in a continuous oil phase, containing
greater than 10% and/or
greater than 15% and/or greater than 20% and/or greater than 25% and/or
greater than 30%
and/or greater than 35% and/or to about 60% and/or to about 55% and/or to
about 50% and/or to
about 45% active. The oil phase may consist of high quality mineral oil with
boiling point range
of 468-529 F or a heavy mineral oil with boiling point range of 608-968 F. In
one example, the
oil phase of the dewatered emulsion comprises a hydrocarbon fluid, such as
white mineral oil,
that exhibits a VOC content of less than 60% as measured according to the VOC
Test Method
and an emulsifying surfactant and/or inverting surfactant. In addition, the
soil adsorbing agent of
the dewatered emulsion may exhibit a net charge density of greater than -5
meq/g to less than 5
meq/g and/or from greater than -5 to about -0.1 meq/g as measured according to
the Charge
Density Test Method, described herein. In still another example, the soil
adsorbing agent may
exhibit a UL Viscosity of from about 1 to about 6 cP as measured according to
the UL Viscosity
Test Method described herein.
In one example, the soil adsorbing agent may be used as a highly concentrated
inverse
emulsion wherein the continuous phase of the inverse emulsion comprises
mineral oil, such as
white mineral oil.
In still another example, the soil adsorbing agent may be used as a dewatered
inverse
emulsion, such as Hyperfloc ND823, AD589, and CD864, which are commercially
available
from SNF Floerger and/or Hychem, Inc., which consist of micron size particles
of highly coiled
polymer in a continuous oil phase.
The inverse emulsions of the present invention may be directly applied to a
surface of an
article of manufacture, such as a surface of a dry fibrous structure, a
surface of a wet fibrous
structure and/or added to the wet-end of a papermaking process.
In one example, the soil adsorbing agent comprises a blend of two or more soil
adsorbing
agents. In one example, the soil adsorbing agent comprises a blend of a
polyacrylamide water-
in-oil emulsion (such as Hyperfioc NE823F) and a polyacrylamide dewatered
inverse emulsion
(such as Hyperfloc ND823). In one example, the blend comprises 50% by volume
or greater
and/or 60% or greater by volume and/or 75% or greater by volume and/or 80% by
volume or
greater
In one example, the soil adsorbing agent of the present invention is water
soluble.
Typically, the addition of aqueous solutions onto the dry tissue is
challenging due to
limitations on the amount of water that can be applied to the dry sheet
without significantly
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degrading sheet structure and the high viscosity of higher solids content
(greater than about 2%
active) solutions. High viscosity solutions are more prone to bridging of
polymer and thus
bonding between individual sheets on a roll; which may cause tearing as
individual sheets are
removed from the roll. Additionally, the slow penetration of the polymer into
the sheet causes
more severe polymer buildup on rolls and other surfaces exposed to the sheet
in the converting
process. Utilization of water in oil emulsions such as Hyperfloc NE823F
overcomes the process
issues associated with addition of high viscosity aqueous solutions, however,
water in oil
emulsions exhibit a high content of Volatile Organic Compounds significantly
increasing VOC' s
and requiring additional major permitting and/or implementation of Best
Available Control
Technology. Utilization of dewatered emulsions such as Hyperfloc ND823
dramatically
decreases VOC content. However, it was observed that dewatered polyacrylamide
emulsions
exhibit lower mirror cleaning performance than its water in oil emulsion
equivalent Hyperfloc
NE823F. This deficiency is most apparent when cleaning the first mirror and in
fact the
majority of the data show that cleaning performance improves on the second and
in some cases
the third mirror relative to the first mirror. This initial lag in performance
could minimize the
favorable consumer response observed with Hyperfloc NE823F.
In light of the foregoing, it is clear that a low VOC content emulsion that
improves initial
e.g. first mirror cleaning performance relative to Hyperfloc ND823 is needed.
In this regard it
was surprisingly discovered that blends of Hyperfloc NE823F/ND823 formed
stable emulsions
and that the presence of a small percentage of water in oil emulsion improves
initial cleaning
performance.
Processes for Making Article of Manufacture
The article of manufacture of the present invention may be made by any
suitable process
known in the art. For example, if the article of manufacture is a web, any
suitable web making
process can be used.
In one example, the article of manufacture comprises a fibrous structure. The
fibrous
structure may be made by a process comprising the step of contacting a surface
of the fibrous
structure with a soil adsorbing agent according to the present invention. We
have surprisingly
found that direct application of the high active content water in oil emulsion
to the dry sheet can
be accomplished without significantly disrupting the sheet structure and
providing for improved
VFS absorbent capacity in much the same way as superabsorbent polymers without
the negative
consumer response associated with release of visible super absorbent gel
particles contaminating
the surface being cleaned or the consumers hands.
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In another example of a process for making an article of manufacture, such as
a fibrous
structure, comprises the steps of:
a. providing a fiber slurry;
b. depositing the fiber slurry onto a foraminous wire to form an embryonic
web;
5 c. drying the embryonic web to produce a fibrous structure; and
d. contacting the fibrous structure with a soil adsorbing agent to produce an
article of
manufacture (a fibrous structure, for example a dry fibrous structure) in
accordance
with the present invention.
In yet another example of a process for making an article of manufacture, such
as a
10 fibrous structure, comprises the steps of:
a. providing a fiber slurry comprising a soil adsorbing agent;
b. depositing the fiber slurry onto a foraminous wire to form an embryonic
web; and
c. drying the embryonic web to produce an article of manufacture (a fibrous
structure,
for example a dry fibrous structure) in accordance with the present invention;
and
15 d. optionally, contacting the article of manufacture with a soil
adsorbing agent.
The fiber slurry may comprise permanent and/or temporary wet strength agents
such as Kymene (permanent wet strength) and Hercobond (temporary wet
strength) both
available from Ashland Inc.
In still yet another example of a process for making an air-laid fibrous
structure comprises
20 the steps of:
a. providing pulp fibers;
b. producing an air-laid fibrous structure from the pulp fibers; and
c. contacting a surface of the air-laid fibrous structure with a soil
adsorbing agent
according to the present invention.
In one example, the soil adsorbing agent may be added to a fibrous structure
of the
present invention during papermaking, between the Yankee dryer and the reel,
and/or during
converting by applying it to one or more surfaces of the fibrous structure. In
one example, a
single-ply paper towel comprises the soil adsorbing agent on one surface of
the paper towel. In
another example, a single-ply paper towel comprises the soil adsorbing agent
on both surfaces of
the paper towel. In still another example, a two-ply paper towel comprises the
soil adsorbing
agent on one or both exterior surfaces of the two-ply paper towel. In still
another example, a
two-ply paper towel comprises the soil adsorbing agent on one or more interior
surfaces of the
two-ply paper towel. In yet another example, a two-ply paper towel comprises
the soil adsorbing
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agent on one or more exterior surfaces and one or more interior surfaces of
the two-ply paper
towel. One of ordinary skill would understand that exterior surfaces and
various interior surfaces
of a three or more ply paper towel could comprise the soil adsorbing agent.
In still another example, an emulsion, an inverse emulsion, of the soil
adsorbing agent
may be added to the fiber slurry in the wet-end addition of a papermaking
process by adding the
neat inverse emulsion as received or after inverting the emulsion by forming a
dilute 0.1-0.2%
active solids aqueous solution of the soil adsorbing agent into suction of fan
pump of a paper
machine.
In one example, the article of manufacture may be made by adding a soil
adsorbing agent
into the wet end of a wet laid papermaking process. In other words, the soil
adsorbing agent may
be added to a fiber slurry comprising hardwood and/or softwood fibers prior to
depositing the
slurry onto a foraminous wire.
In another example, the article of manufacture of the present invention may be
made by
printing a soil adsorbing agent onto a surface of an article of manufacture,
such as a fibrous
structure, for example in a converting operation. The printing operation may
occur by any
suitable printing equipment, for example by way of a gravure roll.
In still another example, an article of manufacture of the present invention
may be made
by extruding a soil adsorbing agent onto a surface of an article of
manufacture, such as a fibrous
structure.
In even another example, an article of manufacture of the present invention
may be made
by spraying a soil adsorbing agent onto a surface of an article of
manufacture, such as a fibrous
structure.
In yet another example, an article of manufacture of the present invention may
be made
by spraying a soil adsorbing agent onto a wet fibrous structure during
papermaking after the
vacuum dewatering step, but before the predryers and/or after the predryers,
but before the
Yankee.
In one example, one or more soil adsorbing agents may be added to a fibrous
structure in
the wet-end, in the fibers prior to inclusion into a fiber slurry, and/or
during papermaking and/or
during converting of the fibrous structure and/or to a finished fibrous
structure, such as a paper
towel. For example, a first soil adsorbing agent may be added to a fibrous
structure in the wet-
end and second soil adsorbing agent, the same or different as the first, may
be added to the
fibrous structure during papermaking and/or converting.
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A soil adsorbing agent comprising Hyperfioc NE823F represents an APE free,
non-ionic
water-in-oil emulsion (about 30% active ¨ about 30% polyacrylamide, 30% water,
30% high
boiling oil, and 10% surfactants) available from Hychem, Inc. under the trade
name NE823F. A
soil adsorbing agent comprising Hyperfioc ND823 represents a dewatered
emulsion consisting
of (about 50% active ¨ about 50% polyacrylamide, 40% high boiling oil and 10%
surfactants). A
blend (mixture) of the Hyperfioc NE823F and ND823, for example via low shear
mixing, result
in a stable emulsion with no obvious settling. Formulations ranging from 100%
NE823F to
100% ND823 were found to be stable with minimal short duration low shear
mixing as is
typically recommend with water in oil emulsion products. A 50/50 volume blend
is prepared.
Other blends such as 25/75 and/or 75/25 by volume of NE823F and ND823 may be
utilized. The
Hyperfioc 50/50 volume blend emulsion of NE823F/ND823 is applied directly to
an embossed
surface of a fibrous structure via an extruder in converting utilizing an S-
wrap configuration such
that the extruder is positioned below the sheet with full wrap over the
extruder head.
Alternatively, dual side extrusion may be utilized.
In even yet another example, an article of manufacture of the present
invention may be
made by depositing a plurality of fibers mixed with a soil adsorbing agent in
an air-laid and/or
coform process.
In still another example, an article of manufacture may be made that contains
soil
adsorbing agents by including the soil adsorbing agents at acceptable
locations within
spunbonding, meltblowing, carding, and/or hydroentangling processes.
The soil adsorbing agent may be applied to and/or included in an article of
manufacture in
a pattern, such as a non-random, repeating pattern.
Non-limiting Examples
Example 1
Articles of manufacture, in particular fibrous structures; namely, paper
towels are
produced utilizing a cellulose furnish consisting of a Northern Softwood Kraft
(NSK) and
Eucalyptus Hardwood (EUC) at a ratio of approximately 65/35. The NSK is
refined as needed to
maintain target wet burst at the reel. Any furnish preparation and refining
methodology common
to the papermaking industry can be utilized.
A 3% active solution Kymene 1142 is added to the refined NSK line prior to an
in-line
static mixer and 1% active solution of Wickit 1285, an ethoxylated fatty
alcohol defoamer
available from Ashland Inc. is added to the EUC furnish. The addition levels
are 20 and 1 lbs
active/ton of paper, respectively.
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23
The NSK and EUC thick stocks are then blended into a single thick stock line
followed
by addition of 1% active carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution at 7 lbs
active/ton of paper
towel, and optionally, a softening agent may be added. .
The thick stock is then diluted with white water at the inlet of a fan pump to
a consistency
of about 0.15% based on total weight of NSK and EUC fiber. The diluted fiber
slurry is directed
to a non-layered configuration headbox such that a wet web produced from the
fiber slurry is
formed onto a Fourdrinier wire (foraminous wire).
Dewatering occurs through the Fourdrinier wire and is assisted by deflector
and vacuum
boxes. The Fourdrinier wire is of a 5-shed, satin weave configuration having
84 machine-
direction and 78 cross-direction monofilaments per inch, respectively. The
speed of the
Fourdrinier wire is about 675 fpm (feet per minute).
The embryonic wet web is transferred from the Fourdrinier wire at a fiber
consistency of
about 22% at the point of transfer to a patterned belt through-air-drying
resin carrying fabric. To
provide fibrous structure products of the present invention, the speed of the
patterned through-
air-drying fabric is about 18% slower than the speed of the Fourdrinier wire
(for example a wet
molding process). In another example, the embryonic wet web may be transferred
to a patterned
belt and/or fabric where the speed of the patterned through-air-drying fabric
is approximately the
same as the speed of the Fourdrinier wire.
Further de-watering is accomplished by vacuum assisted drainage until the web
has a
fiber consistency of about 26-28%.
While remaining in contact with the patterned drying fabric, the web is pre-
dried by air
blow-through pre-dryers to a fiber consistency of about 65% by weight.
After the pre-dryers, the semi-dry web is transferred to a Yankee dryer and
adhered to the
surface of the Yankee dryer with a sprayed creping adhesive. The creping
adhesive is an aqueous
dispersion with the actives consisting of about 2#/ton polyvinyl alcohol, and
0.5#/ton of release
aid (CREPETROL R6390). Crepe aids such as CREPETROL A3025 may also be
utilized.
CREPETROL A3025 and CREPETROL R6390 are commercially available from Ashland
Inc.
(formerly Hercules Inc.). The creping adhesive is delivered to the Yankee
surface at a rate of
about 0.15% adhesive solids based on the dry weight of the web. The fiber
consistency is
increased to about 97% before the web is dry creped from the Yankee with a
doctor blade.
The doctor blade has a bevel angle of about 45 and is positioned with respect
to the
Yankee dryer to provide an impact angle of about 1010. The Yankee dryer is
operated at a
temperature of about 177 C and a speed of about 550 fpm. The fibrous
structure is wound in a
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roll using a surface driven reel drum having a surface speed of about 610 fpm.
In another
example, the doctor blade may have a bevel angle of about 25 and is
positioned with respect to
the Yankee dryer to provide an impact angle of about 81 and the reel is run
about 10% slower
than the speed of the Yankee.
A first soil adsorbing agent comprising a dewatered (dehydrated) Hyperfioc
emulsion of
micron size polymer particles dispersed in oil (about 50% active ¨ about 50%
polyacrylamide,
40% high boiling oil, and 10% surfactants) available from Hychem, Inc. under
the trade name
ND823 is applied directly to a surface of a fibrous structure in the
converting operation via an
extruder to the embossed side of a two ply product. Additionally, a second
extruder can be
utilized to apply soil attracting polymer to the un-embossed side of the
sheet.
A second soil adsorbing agent comprising a Hyperfioc water-in-oil emulsion
(about 30%
active ¨ about 30% polyacrylamide, 30% water, 30% high boiling oil, and 10%
surfactants) with
the active polymer consisting of highly coiled polymer dissolved in micron
size water droplets
available from Hychem, Inc. under the trade name NE823F, which is the non-
dewatered (non-
dehyrdated) form of Hyperfioc ND823, is applied directly to a surface of a
fibrous structure via
a spray application in papermaking onto the fabric side and/or the wire side
of the dry fibrous
structure between the calender and the reel. Alternatively extruder
application in converting can
be utilized.
The fibrous structure may be embossed prior to and/or subsequent to the
application of
one or both of the soil adsorbing agents. It may then be subsequently
converted into a two-ply
paper towel product having a basis weight of about 28 ¨ 33 lbs/3000 ft2 with
fabric side out
and/or wire side out.
Example 2
Articles of manufacture, in particular fibrous structures; namely, paper
towels are
produced utilizing a cellulose furnish consisting of a Northern Softwood Kraft
(NSK) and
Eucalyptus Hardwood (EUC) at a ratio of approximately 70/30. The NSK is
refined as needed to
maintain target wet burst at the reel. Any furnish preparation and refining
methodology common
to the papermaking industry can be utilized.
A 3% active solution Kymene 1142 is added to the refined NSK line prior to an
in-line
static mixer and 1% active solution of Wickit 1285, an ethoxylated fatty
alcohol defoamer
available from Ashland Inc. is added to the EUC furnish. The addition levels
are 20 and 1 lbs
active/ton of paper, respectively.
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The NSK and EUC thick stocks are then blended into a single thick stock line
followed
by addition of 1% active carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution at 7 lbs
active/ton of paper
towel, and optionally, a softening agent may be added. .
The thick stock is then diluted with white water at the inlet of a fan pump to
a consistency
5 of about 0.15% based on total weight of NSK and EUC fiber. The diluted
fiber slurry is directed
to a non-layered configuration headbox such that a wet web produced from the
fiber slurry is
formed onto a Fourdrinier wire (foraminous wire).
Dewatering occurs through the Fourdrinier wire and is assisted by deflector
and vacuum
boxes. The Fourdrinier wire is of a 5-shed, satin weave configuration having
84 machine-
10 direction and 78 cross-direction monofilaments per inch, respectively.
The speed of the
Fourdrinier wire is about 675 fpm (feet per minute).
The embryonic wet web is transferred from the Fourdrinier wire at a fiber
consistency of
about 22% at the point of transfer to a patterned belt through-air-drying
resin carrying fabric. To
provide fibrous structure products of the present invention, the speed of the
patterned through-
15 air-drying fabric is about 18% slower than the speed of the Fourdrinier
wire (for example a wet
molding process). In another example, the embryonic wet web may be transferred
to a patterned
belt and/or fabric where the speed of the patterned through-air-drying fabric
is approximately the
same as the speed of the Fourdrinier wire.
Further de-watering is accomplished by vacuum assisted drainage until the web
has a
20 fiber consistency of about 26-28%.
While remaining in contact with the patterned drying fabric, the web is pre-
dried by air
blow-through pre-dryers to a fiber consistency of about 65% by weight.
After the pre-dryers, the semi-dry web is transferred to a Yankee dryer and
adhered to the
surface of the Yankee dryer with a sprayed creping adhesive. The creping
adhesive is an aqueous
25 dispersion with the actives consisting of about 2#/ton polyvinyl
alcohol, and 0.5#/ton of release
aid (CREPETROL R6390). Crepe aids such as CREPETROL A3025 may also be
utilized.
CREPETROL A3025 and CREPETROL R6390 are commercially available from Ashland
Inc.
(formerly Hercules Inc.). The creping adhesive is delivered to the Yankee
surface at a rate of
about 0.15% adhesive solids based on the dry weight of the web. The fiber
consistency is
increased to about 97% before the web is dry creped from the Yankee with a
doctor blade.
The doctor blade has a bevel angle of about 45 and is positioned with respect
to the
Yankee dryer to provide an impact angle of about 1010. The Yankee dryer is
operated at a
temperature of about 177 C and a speed of about 550 fpm. The fibrous
structure is wound in a
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roll using a surface driven reel drum having a surface speed of about 610 fpm.
In another
example, the doctor blade may have a bevel angle of about 25 and is
positioned with respect to
the Yankee dryer to provide an impact angle of about 81 and the reel is run
about 10% slower
than the speed of the Yankee.
A soil adsorbing agent comprising Hyperfioc NE823F represents an APE free,
non-ionic
water-in-oil emulsion (about 30% active ¨ about 30% polyacrylamide, 30% water,
30% high
boiling oil, and 10% surfactants) available from Hychem, Inc. under the trade
name NE823F. A
soil adsorbing agent comprising Hyperfioc ND823 represents a dewatered
emulsion consisting
of (about 50% active ¨ about 50% polyacrylamide, 40% high boiling oil and 10%
surfactants). A
blend (mixture) of the Hyperfioc NE823F and ND823, for example via low shear
mixing, result
in a stable emulsion with no obvious settling. Formulations ranging from 100%
NE823F to
100% ND823 were found to be stable. A 50/50 volume blend is prepared. The
Hyperfioc
50/50 volume blend emulsion of NE823F/ND823 is applied directly to an embossed
surface of a
fibrous structure via an extruder in converting utilizing an S-wrap
configuration such that the
extruder is positioned below the sheet with full wrap over the extruder head.
Alternatively, dual
side extrusion may be utilized.
The fibrous structure may be subsequently converted into an embossed, two-ply
paper
towel product having a basis weight of about 28 ¨ 33 lbs/3000 ft2 with fabric
side out and/or wire
side out.
Test Methods
Unless otherwise specified, all tests described herein including those
described under the
Definitions section and the following test methods are conducted on samples
that have been
conditioned in a conditioned room at a temperature of 23 C 1.0 C and a
relative humidity of
50% 2% for a minimum of 2 hours prior to the test. All plastic and paper
board packaging
articles of manufacture must be carefully removed from the paper samples prior
to testing. The
samples tested are "usable units." "Usable units" as used herein means sheets,
flats from roll
stock, pre-converted flats, and/or single or multi-ply products. Except where
noted all tests are
conducted in such conditioned room, all tests are conducted under the same
environmental
conditions and in such conditioned room. Discard any damaged product. Do not
test samples
that have defects such as wrinkles, tears, holes, and like. Samples
conditioned as described
herein are considered dry samples (such as "dry filaments") for testing
purposes. All instruments
are calibrated according to manufacturer's specifications.
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Basis Weight Test Method
Basis weight of a fibrous structure is measured on stacks of twelve usable
units using a
top loading analytical balance with a resolution of 0.001 g. The balance is
protected from air
drafts and other disturbances using a draft shield. A precision cutting die,
measuring 3.500 in
0.0035 in by 3.500 in 0.0035 in is used to prepare all samples.
With a precision cutting die, cut the samples into squares. Combine the cut
squares to
form a stack twelve samples thick. Measure the mass of the sample stack and
record the result
to the nearest 0.001 g.
The Basis Weight is calculated in lbs/3000 ft2 or g/m2 as follows:
Basis Weight = (Mass of stack) / [(Area of 1 square in stack) x (No.of squares
in stack)]
For example,
Basis Weight (lbs/3000 ft2) = [[Mass of stack (g) / 453.6 (g/lbs)] / 1112.25
(in2) / 144 (in2/ft2) x
1211x 3000
or,
Basis Weight (g/m2) = Mass of stack (g) / 1179.032 (cm2) / 10,000 (cm2/m2) x
121
Report result to the nearest 0.1 lbs/3000 ft2 or 0.1 g/m2. Sample dimensions
can be changed or
varied using a similar precision cutter as mentioned above, so as at least 100
square inches of
sample area in stack.
Moisture Content Test Method
The moisture content present in an article of manufacture, such as a fibrous
structure is
measured using the following Moisture Content Test Method. An article of
manufacture or
portion thereof ("sample") is placed in a conditioned room at a temperature of
23 C 1.0 C and a
relative humidity of 50% 2% for at least 24 hours prior to testing. Each
fibrous structure
sample has an area of at least 4 square inches, but small enough in size to
fit appropriately on the
balance weighing plate. Under the temperature and humidity conditions
mentioned above, using
a balance with at least four decimal places, the weight of the sample is
recorded every five
minutes until a change of less than 0.5% of previous weight is detected during
a 10 minute
period. The final weight is recorded as the "equilibrium weight". Within 10
minutes, the sample
is placed into a forced air oven on top of foil for 24 hours at 70 C 2 C at
a relative humidity of
4% 2% for drying. After the 24 hours of drying, the sample is removed and
weighed within
15 seconds. This weight is designated as the "dry weight" of the sample.
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The moisture content of the sample is calculated as follows:
% Moisture in sample = 100% x (Equilibrium weight of sample ¨ Dry weight of
sample)
Dry weight of sample
The % Moisture in sample for 3 replicates is averaged to give the reported %
Moisture in sample.
Report results to the nearest 0.1%.
Minor Cleaning Test Method
A test stand cart holding 4 individual 28"x 28" minors (one on each of the 4
sides)
resting on a flat surface, such as a floor, is utilized for the minor cleaning
test. The silver minor
layer is on the back surface of a flat clear glass sheet approximately 5 mm
thick. The cart is
configured such that the bottom edge of each minor is approximately 3' 6" off
the flat surface.
The minor is prepared for testing by cleaning as follows: 1) Windex
commercially
available from SC Johnson (a composition containing 0.1-1.0% by weight of
Ethyleneglycol
Monohexylether, 1.0-5.0% by weight of Isopropanol, and 90-100% by weight of
Water) or
equivalent is sprayed (4 full sprays, about 3.5 g of solution) onto the minor
surface which is then
spread across the entire surface of the minor with 2 sheets of a 1-ply paper
towel, for example
2010 commercially available Bounty Basic (folded into quarters) using a
circular wiping
motion; 2) the minor surface is then wiped dry and lightly polished with the
essentially dry side
of the folded 1-ply paper towel; 3) wiping the minor surface with an
additional two sheets of the
1-ply paper towel saturated with deionized water; and 4) using a squeegee in a
top to bottom
motion to remove all excess deionized water. Steps 3) & 4) may be repeated as
necessary to
achieve a streak and smudge free minor surface that has no residual impact on
the cleaning
performance of subsequent test articles of manufacture. Any suitable absorbent
substrate can be
used in place of Bounty Basic that is not impregnated with polymers that may
be deposited onto
the glass surface, which may impact the ease or difficulty of cleaning with
subsequent test article
of manufacture.
A model soil suspension is prepared by suspending 1% by weight of Black Todd
Clay in
a 50/50 weight ratio of water/isopropyl alcohol mixture containing 0.05% by
weight of 100%
soybean oil (viscosity of from 150 cP to 200 cP).
Preparation of 100% cooked soybean oil is as follows. Approximately 200 grams
of
100% soybean oil available from Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp., 14422
S. San Pedro
St., Gardena, CA 90248 is placed in a 1000 mL beaker with stir bar. The
soybean oil in the
beaker is placed on a hot plate and heated to 204 C while stirring slowly. Air
is added through a
glass pipette tip set to bubble continuously through the oil. The oil is
cooked continuously until
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viscosity, at 25 C 2.2 C, is between 150 and 200 cP. The color changes to a
dark orange.
Viscosity is measured using a Cannon-Ubbelohde Viscometer tube # 350 available
from Cannon
Instrument Company, State College, PA 16803, or equivalent viscometer. A
sample of oil which
is near room temperature is added to the viscometer and equilibrated to 25 C
in a constant
temperature water bath. The efflux time for the meniscus to pass from the top
mark to the
bottom mark is measured to within 0.01 second while allowing the oil to flow
through the
viscometer tube under gravity. Kinematic viscosity in mm2/s is calculated by
multiplying the
time in seconds by the calibration constant supplied with the viscometer tube.
Separately the
fluid density is determined by measuring the weight of a fixed volume of oil
using a 25 mL
volumetric flask and a 4 place analytical balance. Viscosity in cP can be
calculated by
multiplying the Kinematic viscosity by density of oil in g/mL. The cooking
time will vary
depending on quantity, surface area and air flow through the oil.
The following procedure is used to apply model soil to the clean minor
surfaces. The
target amount of model soil sprayed is 44 g +/- 2.5 g. A spray bottle, part #
0245-01 available
from www.SKS-bottle.com or equivalent spray bottle is used to spray the model
soil suspension
onto the mirror surface. Fill the spray bottle with the model soil suspension
and weigh to the
nearest 0.01 g and record as initial weight. The spray bottle is then manually
pressurized as
needed to achieve a dispersed spray of fine droplets. Additional
pressurization is required
between each mirror. Holding the spray bottle about 1.5 feet from the mirror
surface a
substantially horizontal sweeping motion is used starting at the top of the
mirror surface and
working down to the bottom of the mirror surface traversing the minor surface
a total of 8 times
while attempting to have relatively even coverage on the minor surface. After
applying the
model soil suspension to all 4 mirrors, the spray bottle and remaining
contents are weighed to the
nearest 0.01 g and recorded as weight after first spray. The minors are dried
sequentially using a
handheld hair dryer. The difference between the initial weight and after first
spray is used to
adjust the amount of spray applied in a second application to achieve the
target amount of 44 g
+/- 2.5 g. The second application of the model soil suspension is applied to
each minor surface
in a circular motion, moving from the outside (approximately 8-10 inches from
the side edges)
inward toward the center. After drying the second application of model soil
suspension the
minors are ready to be cleaned with an article of manufacture ("specimen") to
be tested. If the
time between soil application and cleaning of the mirrors with a test sample
extends past 30
minutes, the mirrors need to be returned to their pristine condition using the
procedure define
previously after which the soil application procedure can be repeated.
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A specimen of a test article of manufacture, for example a paper towel, is
prepared as
follows. Two sheets of the article of manufacture, for example a paper towel,
may be delineated
and connected to adjacent sheets by perforation or tear lines or the sheets of
the sample may be
individual sheets, such as in the form of individual wipes, napkins, and/or
facial tissues. If the
5 article of manufacture, for example a paper towel, is a select-a-size
format, then 4 sheets are
used. Individual sheet dimensions or in the case of select-a-size two sheets
vary by brand from
about 8.5"x 11" to 14" x 11" and 2.20 g to 5.2 g. The 2 or for select-a-size 4
sheet specimen is
folded in half as shown in Fig. 1 (along perforations if present) with the
emboss side out (where
applicable). As shown in Fig. 1, the folded sample is then folded in half
again with the crease
10 perpendicular to the MD direction and then folded in half again
perpendicular to the CD direction
such that a sample pad of quarter size sheet that is 8 sheets thick is formed,
each sheet may
consist of 1, 2 or more individual plies. In the case of articles of
manufacture with single side
application of soil attracting polymer it is important to fold the sheet such
that the side containing
the soil attracting polymer directly contacts the surface of the mirror. The
mirror surface is then
15 treated with 5 full sprays of Windex: two at top; one in the center and
two in the lower area of the
minor. The weight of Windex sprayed per minor is about 4.35 g 0.36 g. The
minor surface is
cleaned by grasping the sample pad in the hand, clamping the substrate between
the thumb and
index finger and wiping with firm pressure in a cross direction, while holding
the sheet (side 1)
as flat as possible upon the surface of the minor and avoiding contacting the
minor with any part
20 of the hand using 8 side-to-side passes, such that the full surface of
the mirror is contacted. The
sample pad is then turned over and the relatively dry back-side (side 2) is
used to wipe the mirror
surface in an up and down motion, with firm pressure applied using 14 passes,
ensuring that the
entire surface of the minor is contacted, again holding the sample pad as flat
against the minor
surface as possible. The sample pad is then unfolded once and then folded back
on itself
25 revealing a relatively fresh sample pad surfaces to clean the second
minor after application of
Windex as discussed above; side 3 (opposite side 1) is used for the side-to-
side wiping and then
turned over to side 4 (opposite side 2) for the up and down wiping. The pad is
then unfolded
twice to reveal a fresh surface of the specimen. The specimen is then folded
in half such that the
fresh sample surface is visible with the two used areas of the first sample
pad configuration (sides
30 1 and 3) facing each other and then folded again to clean the third
minor surface after application
of Windex as discussed above. Side 5 opposite side 1 and 3 is used first and
then turned over to
side 6 for the second up and down wiping. The sample pad is unfolded once and
then folded
back on itself revealing sides 7 and 8 to clean the fourth minor surface after
application of
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Windex as discussed above. Side 7 opposite sides 5, 3 & 1 is used for the side-
to-side wiping
and then turned over to side 8 for the final up and down wiping. In each case
the wettest part of
the folded sample pad is used for the side-to-side wiping and the dryer side
for the final up and
down wiping.
All 4 minor surfaces should be cleaned sequentially such that minimal drying
of the
specimen pad occurs. After cleaning all four mirror surfaces, the mirror
surface is permitted to
dry and each mirror surface's optical density is measured utilizing an X-Rite
518
Spectrodensitometer. A full calibration as described in the operator's manual
is performed. The
instrument is set-up per instructions in the manual in Density minus Reference
Measurement
Mode. The four 28"x 28" mirror surfaces were cleaned as described above
representing a pristine
condition. A single reading of a minor in pristine condition is completed and
stored as Refl and
is used as a reference for all subsequent measurements. A series of 9, 12, or
15 measurements
are made on each of the 4 minors (3, 4, or 5, respectively, across the top, 3,
4, or 5, respectively,
across the middle and 3, 4, or 5, respectively, across the bottom always
maintaining a minimum
of 3 inches from any edge of the minor) as shown in Fig. 2 for example. The
minor cleaning test
stand is oriented in the lab such that there is no direct overhead lighting
and rotated such that the
mirror being measured is facing towards an interior wall thus minimizing any
influence caused
by external lighting differences. Measurements were performed on each of the
pristine minors.
These 9, 12, or 15 individual values are averaged for each minor. The average
values were
found to be consistent between minors, however, as expected the average shows
a small
difference from the single point reference. This difference is used to correct
all subsequent
average values measured.
Additionally, average values were determined for minors after
application of the model soils. After, following the cleaning procedure with
the sample
specimen, 9, 12, or 15 density readings are performed and an average
Densitometer Value is
reported for each of the individual minors. The Average Minor Cleaning
Densitometer Value is
the average of the average Densitometer Values across all 4 minors. The
orientation of the
minors and room lighting is such that streaks are not readily visible thus
insuring a random
location of each measurement taken within the limitations of the 3x3, 3x4, or
3x5 grid described
above.
Volatile Organic Carbon (VOC) Test Method
The VOC content of an article of manufacture, expressed in units of weight of
VOC per
weight of polymer (soil adsorbing agent(s)), and shall be determined as
follows. The VOC
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content of water in oil emulsions and dewatered emulsions is determined
utilizing EPA method
24. Specifically the following procedure was utilized:
% volatiles:
1. Weigh an Al drying pan utilizing a 4 place analytical balance.
2. Equilibrate sample by gently mixing to insure representative sampling.
3. Add approximately 1 gram of neat material to the preweighed Al dry pan and
weigh on the 4 place analytical balance.
4. Weight in step 3 minus the weight in step lequals the sample weight.
5. Place Al pan with sample into oven at 105 C for 1 hour.
6. Remove the Al pan and dry sample from oven and place in a dessicator to
cool.
7. Reweigh Al pan + dried and cooled sample on 4 place analytical balance.
8. Difference in weight of step 7 minus step 1 equals the residual weight.
9. Residual weight determined in step 8 divided by the sample weight in step 4
x 100
= % solids at 105 C.
10. 100 minus % solids determined in step 9 equals % volatile at 105 C.
% moisture by Karl Fischer:
The industry standard volumetric titration using a Metter DL18 or DL31 Karl
Fischer specific titrator, a two component reagent system and a Mettler DM143-
SC
double platinum pin electrode. Alternatively, moisture can be determined by
ASTM D
4017.
% VOC:
% VOC = % Volatiles - % Moisture.
Charge Density Test Method
If one has identified or knows the soil adsorbing agent in and/or on an
article of
manufacture, then the charge density of the soil adsorbing agent can be
determined by using a
Mutek PCD-04 Particle Charge Detector available from BTG, or equivalent
instrument. The
following guidelines provided by BTG are used. Clearly, manufacturers of
articles of
manufacture comprising soil adsorbing agents know what soil adsorbing agent(s)
are being
included in their articles of manufacture. Therefore, such manufacturers
and/or suppliers of the
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soil adsorbing agents used in the articles of manufacture can determine the
charge density of the
soil adsorbing agent.
1. Start with a 0.1% solution (0.1 g soil adsorbing agent + 99.9 g
deionized water).
Preparation of dilute aqueous solutions in deionized water from inverse or
dewatered inverse
emulsions are performed as instructed by the supplier of the emulsions and is
well known to one
of ordinary skill in the art. Depending on the titrant consumption increase or
decrease soil
adsorbing agent content. Solution pH is adjusted prior to final dilution as
charge density of many
additives is dependent upon solution pH. A pH of 4.5 is used here for cationic
polymers and
between 6-7 for anionic polymers. No pH adjustment was necessary for the
anionic polymers
included in this study.
2. Place 20 mL of sample in the PCD measuring cell and insert piston.
3. Put the measuring cell with piston and sample in the PCD, the electrodes
are
facing the rear. Slide the cell along the guide until it touches the rear.
4. Pull piston upwards and turn it counter-clock-wise to lock the piston in
place.
5. Switch on
the motor. The streaming potential is shown on the touch panel. Wait
2 minutes until the signal is stable.
6.
Use an oppositely charged titrant (for example for a cationic sample having a
positive streaming potential: use an anionic titrant). Titrants are available
from BTG consisting
of 0.001N PVSK or 0.001N PolyDADMAC.
7. An
automatic titrator available from BTG is utilized. After selecting the proper
titrant, set the titrator to rinse the tubing by dispensing 10 mL insuring
that all air bubbles have
been purged.
8.
Place tubing tip below the surface of the sample and start titration. The
automatic
titrator is set to stop automatically when the potential reaches 0 mV.
9. Record
consumption of titrant, ideally, the consumption of titrant should be 0.2
mL to 10 mL; otherwise decrease or increase soil adsorbing agent content.
10. Repeat titration of a second 20 mL aliquot of the soil adsorbing agent
sample.
11. Calculate charge demand (solution) or charge demand (solids);
Charge demand (eq/L) = V titrant used(L) x Conc. of titrant in Normality
(eq/L)
Volume of sample titrated (L)
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Charge demand (eq/g) = V titrant used(L) x Conc. of titrant in Normality
(eq/L)
Wt. solids of the sample or its active substance (g)
The charge density (charge demand) of a soil adsorbing agent is reported in
meq/g units.
UL Viscosity Test Method
1) Reagents and Equipment
a) NaC1,
b) Deionized water,
c) 9 moles Ethoxylated Nonyl Phenol (for example SYNPERONIC NP9 from ICI
surfactant),
d) Mechanical stirrer fitted with a stainless steel shaft equipped at the end
with about 2 cm radius
propeller-type blades,
e) High tall 600 ml beaker,
f) Disposable syringes (5 ml, 2 ml and 10 ml)
g) Balance with an accuracy of 0.001 g,
h) Thermometer,
i) 200 i.tm stainless steel screen.
2) Preparation of an initial 0.5% polymer solution in water
a) Obtain a clean 600 ml beaker and fill it with 100 g of deionized water,
b) Start stirring with the mechanical stirrer at 500 rpm to create a
vortex,
c) Calculate the weight of pure emulsion (W0) required to obtain 0.5 g of
polymer,
Wo = 50/C
C is the percentage of active matter in the emulsion
d) Withdraw approximately the weight (W0) of emulsion into a plastic syringe,
e) Weigh accurately the syringe and record the weight filled (WE),
f) Disperse rapidly the contents of the syringe into the vortex of the
beaker,
g) Let stir 30 minutes,
h) Weigh the empty syringe and record the weight empty (WE),
i) Calculate W = WE ¨ WE.
3)Preparation of a 0.1% solution of polymer in 1 M NaC1
a) Remove the beaker from the stirrer let the shaft and the blade, drain
completely over the beaker,
b) Place the beaker on the balance and weigh in accurately:
i) 0.2 g of ethoxylated nonyl phenol
ii) (QE) g of deionized water, where QE = W x (9.7949 x C ¨ 1) ¨ 100.2,
c) Let it stir again for 5 minutes at 500 rpm,
d) Then add the salt Qs in g: let if stir for 5 minutes, where Qs = 0.585 x W
x C,
e) Resulting in a 0.1% solution of polymer in 1 M NaC1,
f) The polymer solution is now ready for measurement after filtration
through a 200 i.tm screen.
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4) In the Case of a High Molecular Weight Emulsion (UL Viscosity greater than
7cP)
a) Prepare the solution at 0.5% as in step 2.
b) Remove the beaker from the stirrer let the shaft and the blade drain
completely over the beaker,
c) Place the beaker on the balance and weight accurately:
5 i) 0.2 g of ethoxylated nonyl phenol,
ii) (QE) g of deionized water where QE = W x (9.7949 x C ¨ 1) ¨ 100.2,
d) Let it stir again for 5 minutes at 850 rpm,
e) Then add the salt Qs in g,; let it stir for 5 minutes at 850 rpm, where Qs
= 0.585 xWxC
f) Resulting in a 0.1% solution of polymer in 1 M NaC1,
10 g) The polymer solution is now ready for viscosity measurement after
filtration through a 200 i.tm
screen.
5) Viscosity Measurement of Polymer Solution
The viscosity is determined by means of a Brookfield viscometer model LVT with
the UL adapter and
a spindle speed of 60 rpm
15 a) 16 ml of the solution are placed in the cup, and the temperature is
adjusted to 23-25 C. the cup is
then attached to the viscometer.
b) Let the spindle turn at 60 rpm until the reading is stable on the dial
(about 30 seconds);
c) Read the value indicated on the dial:
Viscosity (in cP) = (reading -0.4) x 0.1
20 Vertical Full Sheet (VFS) Test Method
The Vertical Full Sheet (VFS) test method determines the amount of distilled
water
absorbed and retained by a fibrous structure of the present invention. This
method is performed
by first weighing a sample of the fibrous structure to be tested (referred to
herein as the "dry
weight of the sample"), then thoroughly wetting the sample, draining the
wetted sample in a
25 vertical position and then reweighing (referred to herein as "wet weight
of the sample"). The
absorptive capacity of the sample is then computed as the amount of water
retained in units of
grams of water absorbed by the sample. When evaluating different fibrous
structure samples, the
same size of fibrous structure is used for all samples tested.
The apparatus for determining the VFS capacity of fibrous structures comprises
the
30 following:
1) An electronic balance with a sensitivity of at least 0.01 grams and a
minimum
capacity of 1200 grams. The balance should be positioned on a balance table
and slab to
minimize the vibration effects of floor/benchtop weighing. The balance should
also have a
special balance pan to be able to handle the size of the sample tested (i.e.;
a fibrous structure
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sample of about 11 in. (27.9 cm) by 11 in. (27.9 cm)). The balance pan can be
made out of a
variety of materials. Plexiglass is a common material used.
2) A sample support rack (Figs. 3/3A) and sample support rack cover (Fig.
4/4A) is also
required. Both the rack and cover are comprised of a lightweight metal frame,
strung with 0.012
in. (0.305 cm) diameter monofilament so as to form a grid as shown in Figs.
3/3A. The size of
the support rack and cover is such that the sample size can be conveniently
placed between the
two.
The VFS test is performed in an environment maintained at 23 1 C and 50 2%
relative
humidity. A water reservoir or tub is filled with distilled water at 23 1 C
to a depth of 3 inches
(7.6 cm).
Eight 19.05 cm (7.5 inch) x 19.05 cm (7.5 inch) to 27.94 cm (11 inch) x 27.94
cm (11
inch) samples of a fibrous structure to be tested are carefully weighed on the
balance to the
nearest 0.01 grams. The dry weight of each sample is reported to the nearest
0.01 grams. The
empty sample support rack is placed on the balance with the special balance
pan described above.
The balance is then zeroed (tared). One sample is carefully placed on the
sample support rack.
The support rack cover is placed on top of the support rack. The sample (now
sandwiched
between the rack and cover) is submerged in the water reservoir. After the
sample is submerged
for 60 seconds, the sample support rack and cover are gently raised out of the
reservoir.
The sample, support rack and cover are allowed to drain vertically for 60 5
seconds,
taking care not to excessively shake or vibrate the sample. While the sample
is draining, the rack
cover is carefully removed and all excess water is wiped from the support
rack. The wet sample
and the support rack are weighed on the previously tared balance. The weight
is recorded to the
nearest 0.01g. This is the wet weight of the sample.
The procedure is repeated for with another sample of the fibrous structure,
however, the
sample is positioned on the support rack such that the sample is rotated 90
compared to the
position of the first sample on the support rack.
The gram per fibrous structure sample absorptive capacity of the sample is
defined as
(wet weight of the sample - dry weight of the sample). The calculated VFS is
the average of the
absorptive capacities of the two samples of the fibrous structure.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being
strictly
limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise
specified, each such
dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally
equivalent range
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37
surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as "40 mm" is
intended to mean
"about 40 mm."
The citation of any document, including any cross referenced or related patent
or
application is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any
invention disclosed or
claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other
reference or references,
teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that
any meaning or
definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition
of the same term in
a document cited herein, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in
this document shall
govern.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated
and
described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other
changes and
modifications can be made without departing from the invention described
herein.
