Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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SELECTING, PIMUCING, AND FEEDING WIIOLE ALGAE
AS A FEED SUPPLENIENT FOR CATTLE AND BISON' =
TO PRODUCE MEAT ITIGI4 IN OMEGA VS FOR IIUMANI/EAL'Ill
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the invention
hi general, the .present invention is a composition; system and method of
ereatin.8 and
using whole algae as a footi supplement tbr. animals. The algae are high in
omega :3.s DliA and
.or EPA (and other constituents) in relation to total fats, and are StAO* for
cattle and bison's
digestive system. The resulting meat with high MIA. and EPA provides a
superior beef with
heart healthy properties and other healthy properties far the consumer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Thereis a current recognition of the diverse benefits of algae as a
nutritional supplement,
a pottinial tnofuei. and with e.oine webnotogies forgrowing as a means to
capture excess or
unwanted CO,. The field of algae growth, harvesting and processing is
burgeoning and hundreds
of millions of dollars aro being invested into this industry, mostly tinned at
identifying. the.most
promising strains of algae for biofuel and developing prototype cultivation
facilities for their
growth. Additionally, more recently, algae growors are Ibmsing on growing
algae high in
Omega 3's and to process the algae into its constituents, with the Omega 3's
being of' very
high value and then producing biofuel with the remaining fats, and Waving
a..residual for
other constituents including a byproduct animal feed high in protein. Algae
may someday
achieve the game changing ability to convert renewable sunlight into
transportation fuel.
Sustainable transportation fuel was the hope underlying corn based ethanol but
the reality is that
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energy yields from corn are too low, while the use of prime cropland to grow
ethanol reedsteek
has crowded our agricultural system.
Algae is nature's most basic photosynthesis organism- Some algae eonsume -
wafer,
stinEeht and carbon dioxide (C0z) to produce sugars. Those sugars and -reduced
high-energy
eompthinds eventually produce the lipids, which can be readily processed into
bit:rthd that can
be used In place of diesel fuel.. Corn grown.on America's best farmland can.
yield less than 200
gallons per acre of bloothanol. Experts agree that algae can yield more than
25 times the
energy density of com-deti ved bioluel: algae grOwn On au acre of wasteland
(retiuiring only decent
sunlight) can yield anywhere between 2,000 and 7,000 gallons of biofuel per
Year. Algae may be
a biolnel competitive with diesel oil priced at $2.00 to t 3.00 per gallon if
algae can be found or
made to grow 6ster. or the algae can be modified metically to refine filet
such as gasoline,
which is then -excreted through the cell Wall of the algae so it does not have
ni be processed.
However. algae, -Which is heterotrophie, Oitil use organie carbon sources in
the water, such as
sugar under fermentation, or glucose, as a substitute for sunlight, or in
addition to sunlight. This
13 patent -focusses on the growth of such hetetotrophie algae for use itS
an animal :feed supplement.
becawe there are now available techniques for growing such algae that are much
less expensive
than former methods. While this vowing technique does not directly nse CO2
from power plant
and ethanol plant emissions, them is CO2 removed from. the atmosphere by the
plant. sugar cane,
which uses the CO2 ( front power plant or ethanol plant emissions) Ti the
photosynthetic proems.
The heterothonnie algae also commonly have silica cell walls thaking less
likely to break In the
rumm and leave the omega 3's intact when released in the small intestine.
There are two groups of essential Patty acids, Omega-3 fatty adds and Oineg.a.-
6 fatty
acids. Ornega-1 finty acids are Thundriaturally in the oil of cold-water-fishõ
such as mackerel,
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saiman, iiardines, anchovies and nma, or as extracted oil fromõ.plants, Such
as flaxseed., canola
(rapeseed). or soybean. Examples of Ornega-3 fatty acids include
docottahexaenoie acid (DHA),
eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) and alpha linolenic acid (ALA). Of key.immtance,
the Omega 3's
EPA. and DI IA are found...in large amounts only in cold,-water fish, and not
in land animals or
seeds, Hence, to obtain large amounts of EPA and DHA., humans need eat oily
fish or take oil
supplements, which are made from fish or from the algae that form the base of
the food chain for
fish. ALA. hi contrast, is fbund abundantly in seeds such as lks. Omega-3
fatty acids are
linked to a wide variety of beneficial health effects in documented
intervention studies as
essential constituents of' twits, especially brain cells, nerve cells, retina,
adrenal glands, and
reproductive cells. !.ong chain Omega-3 polyunsaturates (PUFA*8) such as
DIJA&EPA are
thought to have health benefits for the heart, skin, and immune system and
help regulate
inflammatory diseases. attention deficit disorders and infant dmicipment.
There are also
number of studies underway that suggestbenefits in preventing
Alzheimer's, dementia,
colorectal cancers, and redwing deaths due to heart disease.
15I here have been a number of patents granted outlining the benelits from
specific Omega
fittty acids present in food and/or supplements. SevOat 'patents have also
been granted for the
enrichment of foods that ate normally low or deficient in Omega-3I6 and
PLII:Als. For example,
J.S. Pat, No, 5,932,257 (Wright et al.) relates to DI-IA being. produced in
cow's milk through the
feedin of cold-water fishmeal to cows, using a feather meal based feed
supplement. The feather
meal used according to this prior art ref.4enee is used as an inhibitor of
microbial. degradation of
MIA in the rumen of the dairy cattle. U.S. Pat. Ns. 4.911,9441 and 5.290,573
also disclose the
use &feed supplements containing fishmeal combined with animal b:y=-produets
e.g. leather
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meal, hone. meal and the like. A number of patents have idso been granted for
th elevation of
Omega-3 in eggs using flax-meal or algae/DI-IA feed supplements in chickens.
in terms of algae: (DMA fermented concentrates), these feed and food mixes arc
produced via genetic mombination technology, which has limited consumer tav or
in most
markets. Prior art feed ibrmulas have a number of deficiencies on a practical
basis. Pm- example,
fish meal/feather meal feed supplements arc very unpalatable and oan be a
feeding deterrent to
livestock such as cows; and only limited amounts of.i)HA. can be achieved in
the milk. Also the
use of miinal by-products, i.e., blood meal/feather meal, have been bannedin
most countries to
prevent the spread rif infectious diseases.
0 There is a need in the art for feed supplements capable of elevating
the amount of
Omega-3 fatty acids in beef The above discussed limitations in. the prior art.
is not intended to be
exinra;;tive. The. current invention provides a solution not currently found
in the known art.
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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the foregoing disadvantages inhereni in the known types of algae
food
supplements the. present invention provides a new and improved erfective algae
based food
supplement for beef cattle and or buffalo where the prior art fails, As such,
the -general purpose
ofthe present invention, which will be described snbsequently in greater
detail. is to provide a
new-and improved method of creating an algae based food supplement and means
to reduce CO2
which has all the advantages of the prior art.andnone of the disadvantages.
To attain this, the present invention essentially comprises a system and
method tbr taking
commonly available carbohydrates such as sugar, which consume CO2 in the
atmosphere, And
feeding: it lo algae, The invention also cultivates algae-for a specific use,
and feeds it to cattle
improving the eardiovascular health of the beef consumer by increasing
specific Omega-3
polyunsaturated fatty acids (I)UFAs) in the muscle tissue of beef:
It is further contemplated the invontim may he utilized for the general
feeding of other
animals,. such as but not limited to buffalo. It is contemplated that buffalo
may be used a
livestock for meat.
There tine thus been outlint%l, rather broadly, the more important features of
the invention
in order that the detailed description thereofthattbi lows may be better
understood and in order
that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are,
ef come.
additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and
which will form the
20- subject matter of the claims appended hereto.
In this respect, before explaining at lenst one embodiment of the invention in
detail, it is
to be understood that the invention is not. limited in this application to the
details of construction,
arrangement of the components, and amounts thereof set font; in the following
description. The
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Invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried
out in various
ways. Also. it is to be onderstood that the phraseology and terminology
employed herein are thr
The purposed description and should not be regarded as limiting. As such,
those skilled in the
art will appreciate that the, conception upon which this disclosure is based
may readily be utilized
as a basis fOr the designing of other compositions, methods, and systems for
carrying out the
several purposes of the present invention. It iA important, the fire, that the
claims be regarded
as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from
the spirit and scope
of the present invention.
Further, the purpose of the foreping abstract is to ertablethe I.J.S. 'Patent
and Trademark
Office and the public generally, and especially the engineers and
practitioners in the art who are
not familiar with patent or legal terms or ptirasco!ogy, to determine quickly
from 4 cursory
inspection the nature and essence of the technical di wfostue of the
applieation. The abstract ia
neither intended to define the invention of the application, which is measured
f:ly the claims, nor
is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way,
It is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved method
and system
to create and.. use an algae based food supplement for but not:limited to beef
cattle.
Still another object of the present inkTriTiOn is to provide a new and
improved algae food
supplement'which prOvidesall of the advantages of the prior artõ while
annuitaneously
overeornine some of the disadvantages normally associated !:herewith.
'Yet another 0*i:A of the present invention is to providez new and improved
method and
system for new and improved algae and algae food supplement that is
commercially available
such that public awareness is garnered and environmental improvement is
created in reenrds to
CC12 (eduction,
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Au even ihrther object of the present invention is to provide a nevi; and
improved food
supplement that provides the benefit of Omega-3 to the consumer with the
ability to eat red meat
which is far healthier than conventional red meat having a moderate or high
degree of marbling,
because heart healthy omega 3s counteract the negative health consequences of
saturated fats
present in the meat.
Stilt an. even.further object of file present inventioni.s to provide an
optime yield rate of
algae growth, approximately 25% or more of Omega-3 DIM and or EPA composition
in
harvested algae. approximately 50% of total tins in the algae, a consistent
feedlot weight gain of
3 Ills/day per animal meeting industry standtmls, an increase of 10 to 20
times the healthy
Omega-3 MIA. and EPA in beef ready for market, and a possibly decrease of
saturated fats in
beef ready for market.
It is still further an object of the present invention to provide a new and
improved method
and sratem to Create and use an algae baSed toed Supplem.ent for cattle and
buffalo for producing
A bettei heart healthy food product from the cattle i,trid buffalo Or to
generally feed and nourish
cattle and buffalo.
It is further contemplated, the invention may be .taili7ed. for the general
feeding of otilt.tr
anitrialg, such as but not limited to buffalo. It is contemplated. thathu Mk)
may be used a
livestock fur meat.
It is a further invention of thts produce. to modit:y the traditional modem
*allot
composition substantially by reducing r()Iled corn and substituting. wheat or
barley with nutch
lower fat content to then allow much higher amounts of algae to be fed the
cattle without
sappnessinglhe total feed intake of the cattle due to too inta:õb fin, in.
addition, reducing senn
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lowers Omega 6, whieb iS believed to be too high in the Ted meet diet
itSIdarla: in ttrWrigi
inflammation and
Thom together with other objects of the it-Went:ion, along with the variOus
features Of
novelty, which characterize the .invention,.are pointed out with particularity
in the.
an:i=eAi to and; forming a part a this digt.1.9Strre. For a better
dricilerstanding of the invention its,
opeTating advantages. and the specific objects strained by its uses, rcference
should be ha1 to the
accompanying descriptive matter in which there are illustrated preferred
embodimouts of the
invention.
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BRIEF' DESCRIPTION OF THE PICTORIAL TWSTRATIONS,
GRAPHS, DRAWINGS, .AND APPENDICES
The intvation will be bettor understood and object$ Qtlittr than those t'it
,forth above
bttoult apparent when eonslcieratiOn isgivttin..0 the :followittg detailed.
&kriOon thomr. SucJ
deseriPtion makes refereboc to the atmexod pitttpthll flittstration3.õ
drawin and
apponclietµs.
Figure I is generally a graphical repmsentation of concontrations of fatty
;kids per man
tissue,
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. .
DETAILED DESC.RTIMO.N.
In a preferred embodiment, the composition generally tally-rises algae as a
tOod
supplement for animals such as but not limited to beef cattle. It is a further
object attic present
invention to provide a new and improved method and system to create and Ilse
amalgat based
food supplement for animals such as but not Iiirtitd to buffalareattle, and
other meat sources ir
Inunan consumption that is more heart healthy as further described below.
It is undermood that the ibllowing description or said ompononts IS not
limited to exact
percentages, quantities. or ingredients and that it is understood equivalent
ingredients known in
the art may be substituted or added. The current invention contemplates a
unique algae-based
cattle feed production system that will result in the commercial production of
cattle feed with
healthier fat COTIT.Orit that may also include the capture and disposable of
CO2 from power
generation.
There are more than 30.000 cultivars identified and catalogued to date. The
current
invention may utilize some specific etiltivars of algae at readily produce
high levels of DHA
1.5 lipids, Docosahexaeonie Acid (DHA) a n-3 royansawrate4 Fatty Acid
(PUFA) lras been
aSsociated=with decreasing levels of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis,
inflammation,
arrhythmia, and circulating triglyeeridc levels while increasing neural
development and visUal
acuity t. National Academy of soienees, 2002; Knapp et al.. 200). nest:lipids
can be either
extracted from the harvested algae. or the harvested algae can be condensed
into a slurry, or can
2.0 be dried and ean be &sd whole, directly to cattle. The Teel lie algae
culti vats chosen becomes an
ingredient in the total feeding process for the cattle and it will result in
the development of
increased DHA and eicosapentacnoic acid, EPA, polyunsaturated fats in the
finished beef.
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. . . .
Theeurrent invention May utilize { I) acultivar that 'produces high Weis of
DEA and or
P.PA; and (2) growing environment (algae formibiereactor) that includes
feeding the algae. with
a carbon source As earbOhydrate (such as sugar) This-algae growth system
meofimizes algae
growth and the production of the omega 3.8..in the maximum amounts and grows
it at reiraively
S row cost.
This invention does not include the technology for growing the algae itself.
That
-technology is developed and patented by others. This invention choseS the.
algae to be grown in
the algae growing system, especially for its ability both to produce high
omega 3's and also ti-.1
have a tough cell wall which will allow the algae to protect the omega rs as
the algae transits
the rumen into the small intestine. Also this invention employs the whole
algae in a feeding
protocol which maximizes the intake of omega 3's, While it does not suppress
the total feed
intake: and tines not-reduce the commercially ideal average doily gain of the
cattle in the feed
yard.
= lt-i s contemplated that it is desirableto achieve not VillY sufficient
growth rates and high.
IS levels ofrecoverable fat content in the algae "crop;'. but relatively
high percentages of
polyunsaturated fats- in relation to total this. The saturated =fats are not
useful in producing
Ontegtkrs in cattle; but reduce the total feed intake if tot& tats reach appro-
xintately Se..Y.;) of Mc
total feed.intake. A goal is to feed large amounts of algae containing large.
amounts olDITA
and or EPA without reducing food intake to maintain industry standouts of
daily weight gain in
the: catiie of about 3..5 lbsiday These success factors depend in turn upon
the selection of the
best algae oll.!vitieli there are thou.sands ufeisti.ng candidates and more
being genetically
engineered and:the performance of the ale.al growth with a bioreacior
environment.
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It is contemplated that the current invention may utilize algae strains found
in the current
art. It is also contemplated that the. ClErrent invention may utilizenew.and
non-prior art algae
strains with the desired charaeterislics. It is still farther onteruplated the
current Invention may
use Whole, not processed, algae as a feed for clink and bison, as feeding
()Mega- :Vs directly,.
that is WithOlittile= protection of the. Omega- 3's by the cell wall while, n
the rumen, is not
suitable for the digestive system of cattle which otherwise destroys the
polyunsaturated
rendering them un-useful for absorption in the small intestin6 and depositing
Omega in the
marbling (yr the meat.
One embodiment may dewatcr the:algae to about 18% and deliver the whole
unprocessed
algae immediately to a nearby iced yard for mixing With the modified
tradi(iona1 feed ration.
Whole algae may also be.dried and fed directly to cattle for a. -source of
protein, carbohydrate,
and lipids.
it is also contemplated: growing a very particular kind of algae with
appropriate
environmental growing conditions including nutrition and stress protocols that
enhancethe
tristing, but underutilized genetic proclivity of the algae strain to maximize
high valve
tpdynnsaturated fatty acids) containing the Omega-3 fatty acids INIA. and.
EPA, These PUPA.
algae can be -used whole/dried and or wet and mixed directly with the cattle
teed.. Feed with such
shows the ability of cattle to ingest and incorporate the DIAA and EPA into
the marbling tat of
the or into
the muscle cell walls; or into the interior of the muscle cells, transibrming
the
beefinto a new loon of5licaith,y beer, which may improve the heart health and
central nervous
system of the consumer. It is eamentplated the current invention may utilize
di fle.rent dosages,
iniin of tired, duration, deposition razes and depositiou position.
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h is contempli:nclto main an algae having a cuhivr With flgh Omega-3.'s and
kIppropriate cell wall. The cell walls.of micro algae.can naturally he
corapoSed of very diftent
IlilitOriai$ and having very different degrees or digestibility in the normal
rumen of cattle, whicit
I s highly acidies and the small. intestine; which is highly basic. It is-
oontomplated to Utifin an
algae which pnxittees-a cell wall that is not digestible in the rumen, where
the Omega- 3's inside;
are protected front hydrogenation during digestionis hut the cell wall does
break in the small
intestine; releasing the Omega- 3's. In effect, the appropriate cell wall
behaves like a time
-release capsule.
Now retrring generally to the figures and more in particular to Figure . the
graph
generally shows the increase of EPA. and DEA with three alternate feed rations
of no algae,
modest aigae, and rich algae. The data was obtained with feed demonstrations
at Oklahoma
State Efrtiversity, The demonATZORN ØSed a commercially available product,
Marte.k.GULII,
which is .particularly high in MIA and not high in EPA.: The demunstrations
generally utilie:ed
mix or dry algae to modified mixtures of typical cattle fbed rations and
provided a successful
'corailusion of the high depositions of EPA and DlIA into the muscie and fat
within the muscle of
beef cattle.
It is also contemplated that the current invention may provide algae feed
rations withont
compromising the average dailrweight gain of the catde,Ar; the daily gain of
cattle must be as
good as with non-algae rations, to produce the desired eutcom of not
significantly icing
the total coat of the fully fed steer,
it k kimwn in the industry to provide algae for some other end products. High
value algae.
p4rticularry containing high amounts of DNA algae have been commercialized by
Marta
Bioseiences based in Baltimore, MD. The Martek algae contain the right cell
Wall ano the tight
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amounts of RHA but are hetenamphie, meaning they are fed sugar, and the vowing
and
containment system is expensive., making the product very expensive. Their
products are
marketed to egg production and infant baby formulas and many other products.
It is contemplate
the current invention may he utilized with heterotrophio production systems
which are much
lower in cost than Mart& s system
While the current price of heterotrophic Martek algae is S 9000 per ton, it 44
expected
that other systems may produce the-requisite algae for $3,000 to $4000
per*ton. The value of algae
for beef is math greater than for biodiesel, rendering, this use of algae more
economical in the
nen terill.
Docosahexaeortic Acid (DI:lA) an .11-3 Dolyunsaturatvd Fatty Acid (PUPA) has
been
associated with decreasing levels of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis,
inflammation,
arrhythmia:, and circulating triglyee,sride levels while increasing neural
development aud visuai
acuity (National Academy a Sciences, 2002; Knapp et al., 200,3). Until now,
DHA has been
sourced from fish oil, fishmeal, fivsh fish and algae. It is eonteinpIated
that the s:vrrent invention
may use various feeds for-cattle to increase tile proportion of healthy to
unhealt4 fat in tiVir
"Ink-Wing.' Increased levels al:D/4A in cattle feeds has been shown to
additionally increase the
levels of (NA upted linoleic and vaccenie acids in riarninatit fat unsaturated
fatty acids are also
implicated in enhanced human health bent:ills
Ilwmarket for algae as- cattle feed is tko potentially 'mac. ft -would take
the daily
.20 produotioo of 200,000 pounds to supply the feedlot cattle for the
"natural Bier market (without
hormonal Dr antibiotic chenlicals), Another 4t10,000 pounds per clay would
supply algae to.
cattle destined for the White tablecloth market. And 20,000,000 pounds per day
would he
nockled to supply the more than10.000,000 cattle in U.S, feed yards h ths.
Corn fic.lit from the
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Texas Panhandle to South Dakota.
The currentinvention contomplates the util 'ado') of U system wherein the
location or
algae growth facility, and or cattle are optimized with a preferred
emtiNlintent locating the algae
-
growth facility, and fmllot for the cattle in such a mariner that no
processing or drying is needed.
and. no or little transliortation is needed between same.
It la contemplated to produce Omega.-3 rich algae feed for bet( cattle which
in Mtn
results in a potentially healthier meat product containing higher levels of
protective nits and
lower levelS of unhealthy saturated fats than the. market standard.
In a preferred embodiment, an array of algae growing facilities will be
located close to the
to feedlots. The close location win both minimize transportation expenses
and allow .for the
algal slurry, eontaininct a 20:80 algae-water minure, to be delivered directly
to feed cattle
without drying it-first. Ibis arrangement may serve as an ellkient design
model, for the
commercial algae-fed cattle industry.. It is also coittemplarkxl the algae
will be &watered to a
ratio of 18% algae by weight fig easy pumping and cost-effective trucking to a
feed yard for the
cattic. ftis contemplated that avoiding the cost of drying the algae will
reduce casts arid.
processing time. The algae/water mixture may be sprayed on the primary cattle
reed in the
"bunk" as a. top dressing, or it may be mixed, as is customary, in the feed
truck itself to provide
uniferm algaegeed mixture.
In a prefetred embodiment of the invention, whole algae may be added
immediately to
typical bin adjusted cattle feed rations to optimize the average daily gain:
of the cattle at about 3
pounds per day. The concept of l'mding algae to cattle only for its ealoric
!boil value to the
clink itself or to. improve the health of the cattle itself isnot unique.
However, the concept of
feeding algae to mile to shift the marbling let from saturated fat to
polyunsaturated fats or to
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produce more polyunsaturated fats in the musck tissue is unique.
= Presentfy food-grade algae, high in Omega-3 DIM, is expensive ($19,000
per ton) and
thus not praotical to teed animals in large quantities. The current invetnion
contemplates
producing algae containing MIA and EPA Omega-Ts at $3,000 per ton. This will
allow a
unique cattle.fmding program resulting in Substantially reduced saturated fats
and an increase
in healthy polyunsaturated Rms.
With algae fed beef, the current invention contemplates ten times or more. of
Omega-3's
and a SuhstantiAl reduction of saturated fats, It Ia further contemplated the
health benefits of
redueing saturated fats and increasing unsaturated fats with Omegs-3's, will
attract 00t1RITtleffi to
the product who will pay a premium, which is not expected to be more than .10
percent above
standard beef and is less expensive than beef with no antibiotics and no
hormonal implants, or
than organic beef,1 he price of existing niche beef which is sold asztealthy
beer', is as much as
riAdie the price of regular commercial beef This very high price is likely due
to the very low
sales volumes and inefficiencies of the producers. At this tim.e, the price of
beef free of chemical
residuals from .tirlibiotics or hormonal implants is $5,00 higher than
comparable beef. The cost
of algae supplement.. is predicted to add about 5l.40 to the Wholesale Cost of
beef:
A cattle feeding demonstration has proven The eonccpt that algae can be=fed to
cattle and
the meat can contain high amounts of On DRA and lTA, such as ate available
otherwise
in salt-water White fish. Algae was utilized from -the Martetk Corporation
thathad high Omega-3.
The Omega-3 of Martek is about tii% lipids (flit) of which about half or 24%
of the algae weight
is MIA, and 2% is EPA.
It is noteworthy that Omega-3's cannot be led to cattle directly, such as from
fish oil in
high quantities, but can be fed the anega-3's in algae. In previous feeding
trials by others. it was
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determined that feeding cattle fish oil containing Ornega-l's depressed rumen
function.
Microorganisms in the cattle's rumen hydrogenate the Omega-Ts polyunsaturated
fatty acids
into saturated fats so that the fish oil could not supply unsaturated fitts in
the small intestine
where they could be absorbed. In contrast, the current invention utilizes
algae that have a cell
wall that bas a natural advantage, The cell wall is not as readily and as
tapidly broken down lathe
rumen. More of the algae cell is transmitted to the duodenum intact where the
pH change and
digestive enzymes break down the algae rs4easing the Omega-3's to be absorbed
in the small
intostine, the valuable ()mega-3's need to be mieroeneapsulated in order to be
absorbed intItct.
The algal enhivais of the current embodiment will feed to cattle haw the
Otnega--3's
0
mieroencapsulated naturally. Herioe, the. algae provide a natural fond
supplement to improve the
healthiness of beef.
ii is also t;onternplaed to utilize different types of cultivar selection
programs to develop
more efficient aud effective -seeds' for use in feeding cattle. A variety of
species from multiple
alttal d iVjA.011R, classes, order, families, Er:etterit and species Ill fly
he Itiii7ccI. Optimal culture
patterns may use a variety of potential cultivars picked Air their growth
rates, nutrition profiies,
or production of tatique sec.ondary metabolites. Jnitkd. lab erorts by a DOE
funded project in
Arizona resulted in the down-selection of a few potential etiltivars that:were
subsequently grown
in large outdoor cultivators, A summary of those strains bases-apt:A. and
potentiaj for 1.1sc are
illustrated in below.
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=
Mi.:tat. Species t Nagnochiorop.tis 660 Sokertavorm 12'27
Sooruth.Kmief, if 08.
=
G.:laming Period t'd) 206 I 40.
i 210
====¨t
oroveth
R4te(gita2.44
Average 1 17 ===,,
=
Grow tit
Rati(ginald)
Meximai 26 ===t-
'NW Volum,:
I Harvested Over
Period (L) 122,500 1 I.700 J3:1'000
Cciture (f..) 20-,30 10-40
. =
It is cometnplated to utiii%C.rflpi cultivar based on selection criteria that
extend beyond
biological parameters and may include its-ability to be harvested,
transportedi anti prowssell,
Although these tzharact0Tistia may be secondary to utilizing a cultivar that
grows rapidly,.
producing- algae that can be filtered easily or senio naturally may gmatly
reduce. harvesting
operational expenses. which can have a significant effect on the ea:Rival-
selection process.
Potential eultivar candidates characteristics may include high production.
rates.,
accumulates signitIcant amOUTAS of oil under the correct conditions and eau
partially settle
without any energy or chemical input and are not genetically modified or
enhanced. hi
preferred 01.111)0dirritalt SpOCics: may consist of 2-8% lipids With the
understanding other
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culturing conditions- in the large-scale culturing systems may accumulate up
to at least 40% of
the biomass.as extractable lipid. A. preferred embodiment may grow
nannochloropsis with
39% lipids of which 9% was EPA. Other prthrred embodiment may be
ett,ttortlea a
euryhaline ((J.:3 5 ppt) and eurythermal (0-60 of') alga, witich thrive in low-
light conditions.
Additionally Chloralia maccf2arcphilarepresem another potential winter spedes.
Athens,* a
global genus, many Orioivila are found In waters of 40* F knight) to 65 F
(day). Some
(77/oretia varieties have a high (.)ea-3 fatty acids and astaxanthin (Pigment)
content,
The current illVelltiat: contemplates utilizing an algae such as a particular
sehizochytrium
With -similar constituents to DNA GOLD TM from MAXTEK also known as MARTEIC
GOLD.
0 Generally, the total. fat may be 56% and the percentage of fat that is
MIA and F.PA may
generally be4,1%. h. LS understood that DHA GOLD TM is a thrmentation product,
and due to
.th, characteristics of producing
organism some variability in the nutritional values will be
observed from lot to lot. The bask components (g/.100) may be but isnot
limited to moisture
2.03, protein 6.66, crude fiber 4.5, atilt 8.81, crude lia 5537, and
earbc.thydrates (by subb'nt
15, 12.43, The minerals in the algae (g/100) may be but is notlimited to
calcium 0.01 sodium 2.21,
potassium 0.51, magnesium 0,11, and phosphorus 0.13.
The fay acid profile (%117A) may be but is not limited to:
12:0 Laurie 0.3
20 14:0 Myritnic
15;0 ---Pentademo 0.3
16:0 Pahnitie 23.2
18:0 =Stearie 0.8
24:0 ¨Ligtweric 0,9
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.3116 - ipolenic 0.4
18An3 Q42tadecatotranottie 0.4
20:1.1%5 Hornoga iirma)Inei 1 .56
20:4;37 C,:icoiatetrartoie 0.9
20',3:113 ¨EPA i9
2:5n6OPA 17.7
22: 6n3 ¨DHA 42.3
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The.amino acid profile (gil Mg) may be but is not limited to:
Tryptophan 0.16
Aspartie Acid 1.2$
Threonine 0,46
Serine= 0.49
atlantic Acid 3,86
Proline 0,50
Slyeine 0,60
Marline 0.70
Cysiirm 5
Valine 0,74
0:27
Iscucine 0.37
Leiwine 0,66
Tyrne 0.29
Phenyialanine 0.42
iNidhi 0.22
Lysine 0:4-2
Aitinin4 1 .48
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. =
The vitaillbl content may be but la not limited to:
Biotin 0.38 nag/100g
ClioIliac .2.20 00.t
Folic Acid 1.28 ing1100g
Niacin 5.756 mg/100g
Vitamin A true ivtinol <440 Hill 00g
Beta carotene 6,440 1.k3/1 00g
Vitamin ill thiamine:- HO 2.81 rog/100g,
'Vitamin 132 riboflavin 3.15 mati0Og
1.0 Vitamin 136 pyridoxine 1.90. ing/100it
Vitamin C ascorbic acid 14.1 me1100g
Vitamin 1.:' alpha tocopherOl =c: 0.7 ItS100g,
Vitamin 1312 cyanocobalamin 93.6 uel 00g
Paniotheitic acid 5,33 ing'100g
It is. understood that feedlots. for suchanimals as cattle attemi: w max:-
=!7.e the meat on
an. animal while balancing the time spent on the fecxllot with tbod intake and
costs associated
thereof: It is typical that cattle would need apprositnately about 5.5 to 6.5
pounds of diet for an
animal to 6,3:n1 pound assuming norrnal finishing diet. Also, it is understood-
that the animals
do not enter !l1e feedlot until they already weigh 600 to 900pounds. Dtwine,
that time, they
coma= mostly tbrage.prior to entering the feedlot. Most.prod.ucers use fin.age
because it i s-
dumper 'and a good use of fiber that would otherwise not he harvested.
Cattle are potrovily kept ()attic feedlot until tbr betwexri 15.0 and 240
days, butina this
time period, they may pin 500 to 600 pounds. It is not unusual hr aniniala to
arrive at 7 to 9
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months of age and receive WO% grass:feed to help maintain rtunen health lOt
the first fOur day&
&Nut let:dims use different types of Ititid whereas some rations may be
comprised or5;even
ingredients, including corn, soy, alfalfa, straw, and wet grain distillers
that are hy-produers of the
ethanol industry. These feeds range- from 0% corn to 75% corn.
The typical steer arrives at. the feedlot weighing approximately NO pounds and
on
average, leaves 6 months- later, having eaten 5,000 pounds ol feed to gain 600
pounds in weight.
Cattle are normally fed 25 pounds of grain and small amounts of other
constituents. For
commercial viability in the feed yard, the average cow must consume enough
Itml for a
weight gain of approximately 3.5 pounds a day.
1.0 The current invention contemplates providing a araximum amount of
algae, whieh.zi
cow could consume without suppressing the remainder of the feed intake ;Mil
without reducing
the daily gain as measured by pounds of body weight per day. In a preferred
embodiment. a.
daily intake of alate mq contain. approximately 24% Oinrot-3's, DIIA and EPA
in order to
111;X:dilliZe: the deposition of Omega-3's in the matbling, It is f,dso
contempiatcd -that an.
optimum diet may eliminate one of the nonual constituents of pig fin and. or
reduced corn and
increase of algae. such as but not limited to MARTEK GOLD, to obtain -the
corroct choleric
value of the total feed. It is contemplated that fbeding too much algae may
suppress the diet of
the animal. By exam*, 2 pounds of Martek algae combined with the other
ingredient and
ingested as above with a high amount of oil in the corn resulted in the cow
eating haff its total
2.0 feed for the day and, resulted in the cow not gainhm sufficient -weight
per day.
A preferred 4.'..mbodiment provides .8. to 1.0 pounds of Martek ali,ae per
day. It is
contemplated the suppression of daily intake may be caused by an e,CCiNS unman
of tin in the
diet Bee ('cattle reduce food intake by themselves when the flu composition of
the feed exceeds
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.8%. Corn, the main ingredient in a fed kri ration,. is 5.4% fat from corn oil
and therefore i.efi a
small window of approximately 2% fat, which could be adat.-!d by the algae
without suppressintt
the diet. One pound of aloe, which contained 50% fat, half saturated fat and
half
.polyunsaturated flu:, would 0111.1.611 approximately 2% fat by weight in the
.tied lot ration. The
2% it in the algae plus the neatly 6% fat in the coin totakif approximeely 8%
which is the
daily Limit for beef cattle.
It is contemplated to utilize a new feedlot ration.substituting wheat and/or
barley for corn.
Wheat or barley contain approximately 2% fat and can substitute for corn for
the high calorie
catbohydrate in the ration. This leaves approximately 6% fat that could be
added by the algae.
This would allow an additional 1,..5 pounds of fat, which would be present in
3 pounds of nitrile
from Marta, or 6 pounds. of other possible algae. It is contemplated to
substitute wheat or
barley for corn and provides 4 pounds of algae rather than I pound, Therefore,
another Intl-erred
imibodirritmt may include utilizing barley instead of and or With corn. It is
contemplated to
utilize 2 to 3 pounds of algae, such as but not limited, to MARTEK (iOLI) midi-
mincing the
IS barley or wheat ration slightly to maintain total caloric intake.
A prelerred embodiment may include the use of algae without whole corn. it is
contemplated to maize wheat and corn gluten wherein the total fat content is.-
under 8% and
around 6%; and wherein the algae content is higher than with whole-corn, which
hits more tin
from corn oil. A prefturcti embodiment may contain wheat 56.5 %, corn gluten
feed 20.0 %.
;3,0 alfalfa hay fair 4,75 %, prairie hay 5.0 %, algae 7.5 Wheat mills 1,0
%, urea 0,3.2
potassium chloride 0.3 %, limestone at 38% 1.65 ='1, salt 0.25 %, manganou5
oxide 0 002
zinc 30iiiite 0.015 (P;.i. magnesium oxide 0.10 %. vitamin a-30,000 0.004 %,
vitamin e-50%
0.0022%, corn dont No. 2 .2.5767%, rurnensin 90 0.0188% , and tylart40
0.0113%, it Is
24
understood that the amount may be approximate and the invention may or may not
include all
the same elements.
It is therefore contemplated to provide a method for increasing the omega-3
highly
unsaturated fatty acid content of meat for human consumption comprising
feeding algae to
cattle and or buffalo without suppressing the remainder of the feed intake of
said cattle and
without reducing the daily gain as measured by pounds of body weight per day
of said cattle and
or buffalo wherein said algae comprises an omega-3 unsaturated-fatty acid
content of about 25%
percent of total weight in an effective amount to increase the content of
omega-3 highly
unsaturated fatty acids in said beef
Furthermore, it is contemplated the method may utilize an omega-3 unsaturated
fatty
acid content of about 24 percent DHA, and or about 2 percent EPA, or with
higher ratios of
EPA to DHA. The effective amount is about 0.8 to 1.0 pounds of said algae per
day.
A number of implementations have been described herein. Nevertheless, it will
be
understood that various modifications may be made. Accordingly, other
implementations are
within the scope of the following claims. Changes may be made in combinations,
operations,
and arrangements of the various steps, elements and amounts described herein
without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
***
In some aspects, embodiments of the present invention as described herein
include the
following items:
Item 1. A method for increasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in
beef for
human consumption which comprises feeding to cattle an effective amount for
increasing the
level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of an algae
containing Omega-
3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and/or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and a cell
wall that
allows the algae to protect the omega-3 fatty acids as the algae transits the
rumen of cattle,
wherein the algae fed to the cattle comprises the whole algae cell,
wherein the feeding does not suppress the remainder of feed intake to said
cattle, and
wherein the feeding does not reduce a daily gain of said cattle measured by
pounds of
body weight per day.
25
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-14
Item 2. A method for increasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in
beef for
human consumption which comprises feeding to cattle an effective amount for
increasing the
level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of an algae
containing Omega-
3 DHA and/or EPA and a cell wall that allows the algae to protect the omega-3
fatty acids as
the algae transits the rumen of cattle,
wherein the algae fed to the cattle is unprocessed and comprises the whole
algae cell,
wherein the feeding does not suppress the remainder of feed intake to said
cattle, and
wherein the feeding does not reduce a daily gain of said cattle measured by
pounds of
body weight per day.
Item 3. A method for increasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in
beef for
human consumption which comprises feeding to cattle an effective amount for
increasing the
level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of a processed
algae
containing Omega-3 DHA and/or EPA,
wherein the processed algae comprises the whole algae cell constituents,
wherein the feeding does not suppress the remainder of feed intake to said
cattle, and
wherein the feeding does not reduce a daily gain of said cattle measured by
pounds of
body weight per day.
Item 4. The method of any one of items 1 to 3, wherein the algae is
Schizochytrium.
Item 5. The method of any one of items 1 to 3, wherein the effective amount is
between 0.36 to 0.45 kg (0.8 to 1.0 pound) per day.
Item 6. The method of any one of item 1 to 3, further comprising feeding to
cattle at
least one member selected from the group consisting of corn, wheat and barley.
Item 7. The method of any one of item 1 to 3, wherein the algae is selected
from the
group consisting of Chiarella saccharophila, Kaliella antartica and
Schizochytrium.
Item 8. The method of any one of item 1 to 3, wherein the algae has a cell
wall that is
not digestible in the rumen of cattle.
26
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-14
Item 9. The method of item 4 consisting essentially of feeding to cattle,
without
suppressing the remainder of feed intake of said cattle and without reducing
daily gain of said
cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day, an effective amount for
increasing omega-
3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of the Schizochytrium; corn;
and at least one
ingredient selected from the group consisting of soy, alfalfa, straw and wet
grain distillers.
Item 10. The method of item 4 for increasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty
acid content
in beef for human consumption wherein the effective amount of the
Schizochytrium is between
0.91 to 1.40 kg (2 to 3 pounds) per day.
Item 11. The method of item 4, wherein the Schizochytrium comprises about 25%
by
weight of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid.
Item 12. The method of item 4, wherein said method consists essentially of
feeding to
cattle, without suppressing the remainder of feed intake of said cattle and
without reducing
daily gain of said cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day, an
effective amount of:
the Schizochytrium and
corn, and
wherein the effective amount of the Schizochytrium is between 0.36 to 0.45 kg
(0.8
to1.0 pound) per day and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content is
increased in the beef
of said cattle.
Item 13. The method of item 4, wherein said method consists essentially of
feeding to
cattle, without suppressing the remainder of feed intake of said cattle and
without reducing
daily gain of said cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day, an
effective amount of:
the Schizochytrium and
at least one grain selected from the group consisting of wheat and barley, and
wherein the effective amount of the Schizochytrium is between 0.91 to 1.40 kg
(2 to 3
pounds) per day and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content is increased in
the beef of
said cattle.
Item 14. The method of item 6, wherein the effective amount of the algae is
between
0.91 to 1.40 kg (2 to 3 pounds) per day.
27
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-14
Item 15. The method of item 9, wherein the effective amount of the
Schizochytrium is
between 0.36 to 0.45 kg (0.8 to 1.0 pound) per day and omega-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acid
content is increased in the beef of said cattle.
Item 16. The method of item 9, wherein the effective amount of the
Schizochytrium is
between 0.91 to 1.40 kg (2 to 3 pounds) per day and omega-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acid
content is increased in the beef of said cattle.
Item 17. The method of any one of item 1 to 3, which comprises feeding to a
beef
animal, without suppressing the remainder of the feed intake of said animal
measured by
pounds of body weight per day, an effective amount for increasing the level of
omega-3
polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of the animal of an algae
containing Omega-3
DHA and/or EPA, and at least one of corn, wheat and barley, wherein the
effective amount is
between 0.36 to 0.45 kg (0.8 to 1.0 pound) per day.
28
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-14
