Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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ARRANGEMENT FOR AND METHOD OF DYNAMICALLY
MANAGING ELECTRICAL POWER BETWEEN AN
ELECTRICAL POWER SOURCE AND AN ELECTRICAL LOAD
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
Powered systems for supplying alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC)
electrical power from a myriad of non-renewable energy sources that typically
burn hydrocarbon
fuel in engine-generators, turbine-generators, thermal-electric generators,
fuel cells, etc., and from
a myriad of renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic cells, wind
generators, hydroelectric
devices, biomass generators, solar thermal systems, geothermal systems, etc.,
for delivery to various
electrical inductive loads, such as motors and ballasts for fluorescent or
vapor-arc lighting, and/or
resistive loads, such as common filament light bulbs, and/or capacitive loads,
such as capacitive
motor starters, are well known, Since photovoltaic cells and wind generators,
for example, depend
upon an unpredictable availability of the source of energy, e.g, sunlight or
wind, such renewable
energy sources typically produce unpredictable, unregulated AC or DC power
with uncontrolled
frequency or voltage levels at uncertain, variable times. Hence, powered
systems utilizing such
sources typically collect and store energy in a DC battery bank over time,
then apply the stored DC
power directly to the loads as needed, and are typically operated as stand-
alone systems. The battery
bank provides a standby energy reservoir tor the powered system,
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Although generally satisfactory for their intended purpose, the known powered
systems are inefficient, As noted above, the supply of power is erratic and
variable because one or
more of the electrical power sources may not be available at all times and,
even when available, may
not always be operating at its rated nominal power condition or most
economical state. In addition,
the loading condition of the various loads is variable as one or more loads
are brought online and
offline, as well as during the course of their normal operation. The above-
mentioned battery bank
= serves to compensate for such variable power and loading conditions, but
charging and recharging
the battery bank takes a considerable time, thereby degrading system
efficiency. System efficiency
is lowered with no or poor management of which of the available power sources,
and how much of
the power from each of such available power sources, is to be distributed and
delivered to the one
or more of the loads that require such power, especially when all such actions
advantageously need
to be rapidly performed while the power and loading conditions vary. Greater
efficiency is both an
economic and conservation goal.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One aspect of the present invention resides, briefly stated, in an arrangement
tbr
dynamically and efficiently managing electrical power among one or more
electrical power sources
that supply electrical power and one or more electrical loads that consume
electrical power. The
sources can include any alternating current (AC) source, such as an AC power
grid or supply mains,
any direct current (DC) source, or any combined AC/DC source. The sources can
include any
non-renewable energy source, tbr example, one that typically burns hydrocarbon
fuel in
engine-generators, turbine-generators, thermal-electric generators, fuel
cells, etc., or any renewable
energy source, such as photovoltaic cells, wind generators, hydroelectric
devices, biomass
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generators, solar thermal systems, geothermal systems, etc. The loads can
include any electrical
inductive loads, such as motors and ballasts for fluorescent or vapor-arc
lighting, and/or any
resistive loads, such as common filament light bulbs, and/or any capacitive
loads, such as capacitive
motor starters.
The arrangement includes an input terminal connected to each source, an output
terminal connected to each load, and a plurality of monitor nodes connected to
each input terminal
and each output terminal. A plurality of electrical power storage cells is
connected among the input
and output terminals. As described below, each cell is capable of storing
power from at least one
of the sources and is capable of discharging stored power to at least one of
the loads. Preferably,
each cell includes a capacitor by itself, or a parallel combination of a
battery and a capacitor, 17or
storing DC voltage from the at least one source and for discharging the stored
DC voltage to the at
least one load. Advantageously, each such cell acts as a voltage regulator and
filter, is rechargeable
and has an extremely low internal resistance for rapid recharging with a high
efficiency in energy
storage exceeding 95%. The cells are preferably" architecturally identical and
interchangeable with
one another. At least one of the cells is arranged in a base layer.
The arrangement further includes a plurality of controllable switches
connected to
the cells and having control inputs for enabling each switch to be switched
between switching states.
Advantageously, each switch is a transistor having a gate, a base or a trigger
as the control input.
Each switch can, for example, be a solid-state switch, such as a field effect
transistor (PET),
especially a HEXFET or a MOSFET, or a FlipFET, or an insulated gate bipolar
transistor (IGBT),
or a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), or their equivalent, e.g., a relay. A
plurality of diodes is also
connected in the arrangement to control the direction of DC current flowing
between the input and
output terminals. The diodes block the flow of the DC current along unwanted
paths through the
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arrangement, At least one of the switches and another of the cells are
together arranged in a
switching layer.
The arrangement still further includes a programmed control system, including
a
slave controller for each layer, and a master controller operatively connected
to each slave
controller. The control system is operative for dynamically monitoring
operating conditions, e.g,,
operating voltages, at the monitor nodes during operation of each source and
each load, and for
selectively dynamically controlling the switches at their control inputs to
interconnect the cells in
different circuit topologies in response to the monitored operating
conditions. The control system
enables each cell in one of the switching states, e.g.., a closed state, to
store the voltage from at least
one of the sources, and enables each cell in the other of the switching
states, e.g., an open state, to
discharge the stored voltage to at least one of the loads.
The control system advantageously accesses a memory or look-up table with data
corresponding to the stored circuit topologies, and retrieves the data in
response to the monitored
operating conditions. For example, in some different topologies, all the cells
are connected in series
and/or in parallel and/or in series-parallel with one another for charging
and/or discharging; and in
other different topologies, individual cells are selected for charging and/or
discharging. The various
topologies can be simultaneously or sequentially implemented in single or
multiple steps.
The arrangement, also called a module, comprises the aforementioned base layer
and
one or more of the aforementioned switching layers. The module can have any
number of switching
layers and, hence, the module is readily scalable. This not only reduces cost,
but also enables the
resolution or number of switching layers to be selected as desired for a
particular application. The
switching layers can be arranged in mutually perpendicular planes. For
example, one or more of
the switching layers can be interconnected in two dimensions and lie in a
horizontal or X-Y plane,
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and then, one or more additional switching layers can be interconnected in a
third dimension and
lie in a vertical or Z plane, thereby greatly increasing the number of
available circuit topologies that
can be selected by the controller, Furthermore, the arrangement is
symmetrical, in that the
aforementioned input terminals, as well as the aforementioned output
terminals, can be located at
either a right side or a left side of the arrangement, thereby enabling the
external sources or the
external loads to be connected at either side of the arrangement.
Still another feature of the present invention resides in a method of
dynamically
managing electrical power between each electrical power source and each
electrical load. The
method is performed by connecting each input terminal to each source,
connecting each output
terminal to each load, connecting the monitor nodes to each input and output
terminal, connecting
the electrical power storage cells among the input and. output terminals, each
cell being capable of
storing power from at least one of the sources and being capable of
discharging stored power to at
least one of the loads, arranging one of the cells in a base layer, connecting
the controllable switches
to the cells, each switch having a control input for enabling the switch to be
switched between
switching states, arranging at least one of the switches and another of the
cells together in a
switching layer, dynamically monitoring operating conditions at the monitor
nodes with a slave
controller for each layer, and with a master controller operatively connected
to each slave controller,
during operation of each source and each load, selectively dynamically
controlling the switches at
the control inputs by operation of the controllers to interconnect the cells
in different circuit
topologies in response to the monitored operating conditions, enabling each
cell in one of the
switching states to store the power from the at least one source, and enabling
each cell in the other
of the switching states to discharge the stored power to the at least one
load,
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The novel features which are considered as characteristic of the invention are
set
forth in particular in the appended claims. The invention itself, however,
both as to its construction
and its method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages
thereof, will be best
understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in
connection with
the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. l is an electrical circuit schematic of part of one embodiment of an
arrangement
for dynamically managing electrical power between at least one electrical
power source and at least
one electrical load in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 2 is a programmed master controller for use with the arrangement of FIG.
1.
FIG. 3 is a look-up table accessed by the master controller of FIG, 2,
FIG, 4 and FIG. 5 together comprise an electrical circuit schematic of another
embodiment of the arrangement in accordance with this invention,
FIG, 6 is an electrical circuit schematic of still another embodiment of an
arrangement for dynamically managing electrical power between at least one
electrical power source
and at least one electrical load in accordance with this invention, and is
analogous to FIG. 1, but
depicting a plurality of slave controllers.
FIG, 7 is an electrical circuit schematic depicting how a master controller is
connected to each slave controller in the embodiment of FIG. 6.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Reference numeral 10 generally identifies an arrangement for dynamically and
efficiently managing electrical power among one or more external electrical
power sources 12, 14
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and 16 that supply electrical power and one or more external electrical loads
that consume electrical
power. The sources can include any alternating current (AC) source 14, such as
an AC power grid
or supply mains, any direct current (DC) source 16, or any combined. AC/DC
source 12. The
sources 12, 14 and 16 can include any non-renewable energy source, for
example, one that typically
burns hydrocarbon fuel in engine-generators, turbine-generators, thermal-
electric generators, fuel
cells, etc., or any renewable energy source, such as photovoltaic cells, wind
generators, hydroelectric
devices, biomass generators, solar thermal systems, geothermal systems, etc.
Although three
sources are illustrated in FIG. 1, any number of sources, including just one
source, can be employed.
The loads can include any DC resistive load R1 and R2, such as common filament
light bulbs, or
any AC load 17, such as inductive loads in motors and ballasts for fluorescent
or vapor-are lighting,
andior capacitive loads, such as capacitive motor starters. Although three
loads are illustrated in
FIG. 1, any number of loads, including just one load, can be employed.
The arrangement 10 includes at least one input terminal and, as illustrated, a
plurality
of input terminals 18,20 and 22 (labeled IN I, IN 2 and IN 3) connected to
each source 12, 14 and
16, at least one output terminal and, as illustrated, a plurality of output
terminals 24, 26 and 28
(labeled OUT 1, OUT 2 and OUT 3) connected to each load R1, R2 and 17, and a
plurality of
monitor nodes Ni , N2, N3, N4, N5, N6, N7, N8, and N9, each connected to the
input and output
terminals via a resistor R. As described below, a programmed control system
dynamically monitors
operating conditions, e.g., operating voltages, at the monitor nodes during
operation of the sources
and the loads. In the embodiments of FIGs, 1-5, the control system comprises a
single master
controller 30 (see FIG, 2), In the embodiment of FIGs. 6-7, the control system
comprises a single
master controller 42 and a plurality of slave controllers 44, 46 and 48 (see
FIG. 7). The master
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controller 30 of FIG, 2 has input pins 1-9 respectively connected to the
monitor nodes NI, N2, N3,
N4, N5, N6, N7, N8, and N9.
A plurality of diodes Di, D2, D6, 1)7, D1 I and D12 is also connected in the
arrangement 10 to control the direction of DC current flowing between the
input and output
terminals. The diodes block the flow of the DC current along unwanted paths.
Monitor nodes N1,
N4 and N7 are respectively connected to input terminals 18, 20 and 22. Monitor
nodes N3, N6 and
N9 are respectively connected to output terminals 24, 26 and 28. Diodes Di, D6
and D I are
connected between monitor node pairs N1, N2; N4, N5; and N7, N8.
A plurality of electrical power storage cells 22,34 and 36 is connected among
the
input and output terminals, As described below, each cell 32, 34 and 36 is
capable of storing power
from at least one of the sources and is capable. of discharging stored power
to at least one of the
loads, Preferably, each cell 32, 34 and 36, or power object, includes a
capacitor by itself, or a
parallel combination of a batteiy (B1, B2 and B3) and a capacitor (CI, C2 and
C3), for storing DC
voltage from the at least one source and for discharging the stored DC voltage
to the at least one
load. Advantageously, each such cell (also labeled B-CAP 1, B-CAP 2 and B-CAP
3), acts as a
voltage regulator and filter, is rechargeable and has an extremely low
internal resistance for rapid
recharging with a high efficiency in energy storage exceeding 95%.
Advantageously, the cells are
electronic double layer capacitors, also known as. supercaps or ultracaps. The
cells 32, 34 and 36
are preferably architecturally identical and interchangeable with one another.
The arrangement 10 further includes a plurality of controllable switches Ml,
M2, M3
and M4 connected to the cells and having control inputs Gl, 02, 03 and G4 for
enabling each
switch to be switched between open and closed switching states.
Advantageously, each switch is
a transistor having a gate, a base or a trigger as the control input. Each
switch can, for example, be
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a solid-state switch, such as a field effect transistor (FET), especially a
HEXFET (as illustrated) or
a MOSFET, or a FlipFET, or an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), or a
silicon controlled
rectifier (SCR), or their equivalent, e.g., a relay. Switch Mi is connected
across cell 32 between
input terminals 18, 20. Switch M2 is connected across cell 32 between output
terminals 24, 26.
Switch M3 is connected across cell 34 between input terminals 20, 22, Switch
M4 is connected
across cell 34 between output terminals 26, 28
The arrangement 10 further includes a plurality of control input terminals 38,
40
(labeled IN A and IN B), A parallel combination, having diode D4 and switch MA
in one branch,
and diode DS and switch MB in another branch, is connected across terminals 38
and 26, and
interconnects cells 32 and 34., Another parallel combination, having diode D9
and switch MC in one
branch, and diode D10 and switch MD in another branch, is connected across
terminals 40 and 28,
and interconnects cells 34 and 36, Switches MA, MB, MC and MD have control
inputs GA, GB,
GC and GD. Additional switch MX having control input GX is connected via diode
D3 between
terminal 38 and ground. Additional switch MY having control input GY is
connected via diode D8
between terminal 40 and ground.
The master controller 30, as previously mentioned, dynamically monitors the
operating conditions, e.g., the operating voltages, at all the monitor nodes
NI, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6,
N7, N8, and N9 during operation of each source and each load. The master
controller 30 detects the
voltages at one or more of these nodes, and determines, for example, whether a
particular source is
supplying power, and/or whether a particular load is receiving power. The
master controller 30 also
selectively dynamically controls all the switches Ml, M2, M3, M4, MA, MB, MC,
MD, MX and
MY at their respective control inputs to interconnect the cells 32, 34 and 36
in different circuit
topologies in response to the monitored operating conditions. The controller
30 has output pins 12-
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17 and 19-22 respectively connected to these control inputs. Pin 10 is
supplied with a DC voltage.
Pin 11 is grounded. Pin 18 is reserved. The controller 30, the cells 32, 34
and 36, and all the
switches Ml, M2, M3, M4, MA, MB, MC, MD, MX and MY are DC devices. Hence, AC-
to-DC
rectifiers 13 and 15 are employed to convert the AC voltages supplied by the
respective AC sources
12 and 14 to DC voltages. Analogously, a DC-to-AC inverter 19 is connected at
the AC load 17.
The master controller 30 enables each cell in one of the switching states,
e.g., a
closed state, to store the voltage from at least one of the sources, and
enables each cell in the other
of the switching states, e.g., an open state, to discharge the stored voltage
to at least one of the loads.
The master controller 30 advantageously accesses a memory or look-up table
(see FIG. 3) with data
corresponding to the stored circuit topologies, and retrieves the data in
response to the monitored
operating conditions. For example, in some different topologies, all the cells
are connected in series
and/or in parallel and/or in series-parallel with one another for charging
and/or discharging; and in
other different topologies, individual cells are selected for charging and/or
discharging. The various
topologies can be simultaneously or sequentially implemented in single or
multiple steps.
More particularly, the table of FIG. 3 depicts the switches MI, M2, M3, M4,
MA,
MB, MC, MD, MX and MY across a top row. The first column indicates whether the
cells are
charged or discharged. The second column indicates the topology. An "X" at the
intersection of
a column and a row indicates that a particular switch is switched by the
master controller 30 to a
closed state. An "0" at the intersection of a column and a row indicates that
a particular switch is
switched by the controller 30 to an open state.
The cells are preferably arranged in layers. One of the cells, e.g., 36, is
arranged in
a base layer 60, preferably together with the diodes Di 1 and D12 and with the
monitor nodes N7,
N8 and N9. Another of the cells, e.g., 34, is arranged in a switching layer
62, together with one or
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more of the switches M3, M4., MC, MD and MY, and with the diodes D6 and D7,
and with the
monitor nodes N4, N5 and N6. Still another of the cells, e,g., 32, is arranged
in. another switching
layer 64, together with one or more of the switches Ml, M2, MA, MB and MX, and
with the diodes
DI and D2, and with the monitor nodes N1, N2 and N3. The arrangement, also
called a module,
comprises one base layer 60 and one or more of the switching layers 62, 64.
The module can have
any number of switching layers and, hence, the module is readily scalable,
This not only reduces
cost, but also enables the resolution or number of layers to be selected as
desired for a particular
application. The layers can be arranged in mutually perpendicular planes. For
example, the
aforementioned base layer 60 and one or more of the aforementioned switching
layers 62, 64 can
be interconnected in two dimensions and lie in a horizontal or X-Y plane, and
then, additional
switching layers, which each include additional cells B-CAP 4, B-CAP 5 and B-
CAP 6, as best seen
in FIG. 4, can be interconnected in a third dimension and lie in a vertical or
Z plane, thereby greatly
increasing the number of available circuit topologies that can be selected by
the controller.
Furthermore, the arrangement is symmetrical and bi-directional, in that the
input terminals 12, 14
and 16, as well as the output terminals 24, 26 and 28, can be located at
either a right side or a left
side of the arrangement, thereby enabling the external sources or the external
loads to be connected
at either side of the bi-directional arrangement.
The multiple path, symmetrical, matrix-like, architecture enables the
arrangement
to be infinitely expandable, of low cost and highly efficient. In some cases,
the efficiency
approaches or exceeds 99%. The arrangement 10 is comprised of as many
duplicate switching
layers as desired. The number of such switching layers defines the available
resolution of the
arrangement. The arrangement efficiently integrates multiple external power
sources, including
different AC and DC sources that may vary between high and low impedances, and
blends one or
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more of their available output powers for storage. in one or more of the cells
and/or for delivery to
one or more of the loads. If no or insufficient output power is available for
a particular loading
condition, then the cells assume the responsibility for blending one or more
of their available stored
powers for delivery to one or more of the loads. Power storage or transfer can
occur simultaneously
or sequentially.
The arrangement 10 can be described as an intelligent energy collector and
distributor, that operates dynamically, Le., in real time. The base layer and
one or more switching
layers can be mounted on a single printed circuit board (PCB), Additional PCBs
having one or more
switching layers can be easily interconnected to the first-mentioned PCB. The
arrangement 10
employs a simple modular structure assembled in a repetitive pattern. The
number of cells is
defined by the maximum load power and voltage resolution required. Continuous
or frequent
monitoring of the state of the loads and of the sources is desired. By
monitoring the monitor nodes,
the controller 30 can detect whether any particular layer or PCB is defective,
and can control the
switches to bypass any such defective layer or PCB.
It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or
more
together, also may find a useful application in other types of constructions
differing from the types
described above, For example, the two HEXFETs MA and MB and their diodes D4
and D5 can be
replaced by a single FlipFET.
Turning now to the embodiment of FIGs. 6-7, FIG. 6 is identical to FIG, 1,
except
that the aforementioned slave controllers 44, 46 and 48 have been illustrated,
one for each layer 64,
62 and 60. FIG. 7 depicts how these slave controllers 44, 46 and 48 are
connected to a master
controller 42. The nodes, cells, and switches in FiGs. 6-7 are identical in
structure and function to
those described above in Wis. 1-3 and, hence, need not be repeated. Rather
than relying on the =
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master controller 30 alone to perform its above-described functions, in Fins,
6-7, the master
controller 42 and its slave controllers 44, 46 and 48 perform these same
functions, but with greater
speed and efficiency, as well as additional functions.
As shown in FIG. 7, the master controller 42 is connected to the slave
controllers 44,
46 and 48 over bidirectional or handshake lines 50, 52 and 54. The master
controller 42 has control
outputs Control I, Control 2, Control 3, Control 4 and Control 5 that are
connected either to control
inputs GX, (ii, GA, GB and G2 of the slave controller 44 in switching layer
64, and/or to control
inputs GY, G3, GC, GD and G4 of the slave controller 46 in switching layer 62.
The slave
controller 44 monitors the nodes NI, N2 and N3 and is connected to the control
inputs GX, GI, GA,
GB and G2. The slave controller 46 monitors the nodes N4, N5 and N6 and is
connected to the
control inputs GY, G3, GC, GD and G4. The slave controller 48 monitors the
nodes N7, N8 and
N9.
Thus, in accordance with this disclosure, the arrangement comprises a
plurality of
identical cells or power objects in the switching layers. Each power object
contains a positive
input/output and a negative input/output with blocking diodes to ensure
polarities are not violated.
There is always a connection to ground and a connection to the power source.
Power and ground
can be of either polarity. At the center of the power objects are fast charge
and discharge energy
storage components, such as the aforementioned supercops B-CAP 1, B-CAP 2 and
B-CAP 3.
Connected to all signal paths, with the exception of power, are the
controllable switches, typically
semiconductor devices, such as HEXFETS. By controlling these switches the
available power is
directed to the power objects for charging and, as appropriate, power is then
released to the desired
load or target in such required forms as voltage, amperage, wave shape, and
timing. Each of the
switching layers has signal input and output lines for controlling the
switches and for monitoring
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the power states available, and the load demands required and/or possible, for
the best possible
solution (performance) for any given moment in time. Controlling all this is
the control system and
programmable ROM, The various timings and component combinations define not
only the state
of the power, but also the shape and timing of the same.
The arrangement can be operated as a power pulse consumer (power charging), or
as a power pulse generator (power supplier). Charging or discharging the cells
can be performed
as at least one timed function, or as a series of timed functions, These timed
functions (pulses) can
be very long, or very short, or any time period in between. A rapid series of
long pulses would yield
a substantially constant output with little or no variability or shape, i.e.,
a straight horizontal line
function, or DC voltage. Everything else would yield a variable output having
at least a slope or
even greater variability, or AC voltage. Since each power state can be
composed of at least one or
an aggregate of pulses (a pulse is comprised of voltage, amperage, and time)
for a given time period,
it becomes possible to shape any type of power charging function, or power
consuming function,
as required, for any given source, or any given load.
= To further increase the versatility and power of this arrangement, the
aforementioned
slave controllers 44, 46 and 48 with accessible memory is added to each cell
in each layer to make
each cell "smart". The addition of localized "smart" cells provides the
additional ability to transfer
certain functions, such as charge state, noise control, timing, distortion,
shape, etc, at the source
where they can be better and faster managed, thereby expanding the
sophistication and efficiency
of the arrangement. The arrangement is always monitored and managed by the
master controller
with accessible memory for storing a truth table, and for executing additional
subroutines for
providing customized functionality, such as a specific wave shape, a power
limitation, a load priority
dropout, and/or a sequence table, etc. The slave controllers 44, 46 and 48
monitor local conditions
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in each layer the same way the master controller does, but each slave
controller is assigned specific
functions by the master controller to take over or supplement the functions of
the master controller.
Further, secondary or tertiary functions can be relegated to the slave
controllers 44, 46 and 48, such
as noise removal or switching distortions. The arrangement has the capability
to develop many
varied power management functions through software development on its hardware
platform.
While the invention has been illustrated and described as an arrangement for,
and a
method of, dynamically managing electrical power among one or more electrical
power sources and
one or more electrical loads, it is not intended to be limited to the details
shown, since various
modifications and structural changes may be made without departing in any way
from the spirit of
the present invention.
Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the
present
invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for
various applications
without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly
constitute essential
characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention and,
therefore, such adaptations
should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of
equivalence of the
following claims.
What is claimed as new and desired to be protected by Letters Patent is set
forth in
the appended claims,
