Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
WO 2017/035100 PCT/US2016/048093
Papermakina Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
[001] This application claims the benefit of priority and the filing date of
U.S. Provisional Patent
Application 62/208,662, filed on August 22, 2015.
[002] Paper is an incredibly important, practical and versatile substance with
tens of thousands of
different paper-based products being produced yearly. Paper may be
impregnated, enamelled, creped,
waterproofed, waxed, glazed, sensitised, bent, folded, crumpled, cut,
dissolved, macerated, moulded or
embossed. Likewise, paper may be laminated with fabrics, plastics and metals.
In an effort to organize,
the vast array of products that can be made from paper can be classified into
five broad categories: 1)
newsprint and magazine; 2) printing and writing paper; 3) sanitary and
household; 4) packaging material
and products; and 5) specialized papers. Being such a natural part of our
daily lives, we can sometimes
forget just how much we rely upon this essential, renewable and evolving
resource.
[003] The usefulness of paper products has made a significant impact of the
global economy. In 2015,
worldwide production of paper-based products was over 300 million tons and was
valued at $500 billion.
Corrugated and paperboard containers account for about 30% of industry
revenue. Other major products
include paperboard (15%), bags and coated and treated paper (10%) and sanitary
paper products (5%).
The global pulp and paper industry is a multi-billion dollar industry that is
largely dominated by the United
States and China, both accounting for over 40% of the world's total
production. However, Japan, Germany,
Canada, South Korea, Sweden, Finland, Brazil and Indonesia also have
significant pulp and paper
enterprises. Leading exporting and importing countries include the United
States and Germany.
[004] In addition to being one of the dominating forces in the industry, the
United States also consumes
more paper-based products than any other country in the world, using a third,
or about 100 million tons, of
a paper-based products produced in 2015. This high use and consumption of
paper-based products is
important to the United States economy. In the United States, 450
manufacturing facilities produced
products valued at nearly $2 billion. Around 150,000 persons are directly
employed by the industry, creating
a payroll approaching $10 billion. It is estimated that the pulp and paper
industry is the tenth largest
employer in the United States.
[005] The manufacturing of paper is a mature industry. The fundamental
components and processes
currently being used by the pulp and paper industry have been in place for
almost a century. In addition,
pulp processing and paper making is a high production volume that also uses
huge amounts of natural
resources such as water and wood, chemicals and energy to produce pulp and
paper. As such, the maturity
of the industry, the high production volume, the extensive use of material and
energy resources as well as
environmental regulations puts a severe economic strain on manufacturers.
However, innovations
improving or optimizing the productivity and/or efficiency of paper production
are still significant and
valuable. For example, due to the high volume of paper productions, innovation
enhancing productivity
and/or efficiency would translate into tens, if not hundreds, of millions of
dollars in savings and/or increased
profits. In addition, innovations reducing the large amounts of energy
consumption as well as the generation
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of large amounts of waste water effluent and waste by-products, would address
important environmental
concerns which would also lead to reduced environmental impact and economic
relief. As such, there is a
great need to improve the process of making paper.
[006] Accordingly, there is a great need for papermaking additives that are
non-toxic, biodegradable and
effective in improving or optimizing the productivity and/or efficiency of
paper production.
SUMMARY
[007] Aspects of the present specification disclose papermaking additive
compositions. The disclosed
papermaking additive compositions comprises a treated fermented microbial
supernatant and one or more
nonionic surfactants. The disclosed papermaking additive compositions may
further comprise one or more
anionic surfactants. In addition, the disclosed papermaking additive
compositions may optionally further
comprise a cellulose digesting enzyme. The disclosed papermaking additive
compositions are
biodegradable and substantially non-toxic to humans, mammals, plants and the
environment.
[008] Aspects of the present specification disclose a papermaking additive
kit. The disclosed
papermaking additive kit comprises a papermaking additive composition
disclosed herein and instructions
for how to use the compositions to improve or optimize the productivity and/or
efficiency of paper production.
[009] Aspects of the present specification disclose methods of separating
fibers from a pulp slurry. The
disclosed methods comprises applying an effective amount of a composition
disclosed herein to the pulp
slurry during pulping and/or paper production phases. The application results
in increased separation of
fibers from raw materials present in the pulp slurry.
[010] Aspects of the present specification disclose methods of removing
impurities and/or contaminates
from pulp and/or paper material. The disclosed methods comprises applying an
effective amount of a
papermaking additive composition disclosed herein to a pulping and/or a paper
production phase. The
application results in the removal of impurities and/or contaminates from the
pulp and/or paper material.
[011] Aspects of the present specification disclose methods of deinking pulp
and/or paper material. The
disclosed methods comprise applying an effective amount of a composition
disclosed herein to a pulping
and/or paper production phases. The application results in the removal of ink
from the pulp and/or paper
material.
[012] Aspects of the present specification disclose uses of a papermaking
additive composition disclosed
herein for separating fibers from a pulp slurry. The disclosed uses comprises
applying an effective amount
of the papermaking additive composition to the pulp slurry during pulping
and/or paper production phases
in order to increase separation of fibers from raw materials present in the
pulp slurry.
[013] Aspects of the present specification disclose uses of a papermaking
additive composition disclosed
herein for removing impurities and/or contaminates from pulp and/or paper
material. The disclosed uses
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comprises applying an effective amount of the papermaking additive composition
to the pulp slurry during
pulping and/or paper production phases in order to remove ink from the pulp
and/or paper material.
[014] Aspects of the present specification disclose uses of a papermaking
additive composition disclosed
herein for deinking pulp and/or paper material. The disclosed uses comprises
applying an effective amount
of the papermaking additive composition to the pulp slurry during pulping
and/or paper production phases
in order to remove ink from the pulp and/or paper material.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[015] FIGs. 1A-C show time-dependent improvement of homogenization of fibers
treated with a
papermaking additive composition disclosed herein in pulping process with FIG
1A showing freeness of
fibers at 10 minutes; FIG 1B showing freeness of fibers at 20 minutes; and FIG
1C showing freeness of
fibers at 30 minutes.
[016] FIG. 2 shows refined fibers after treatment with a papermaking additive
composition disclosed
herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[017] Paper is made from cellulosic fibers obtained from plant materials, such
as, e.g., wood from
hardwood or softwood trees, rags, flax, cotton linters and/or bagasse.
Reclaimed paper can be recycled to
produce new paper products, where is often blended with virgin fibers.
Synthetic materials may be used to
impart special qualities to a finished paper product. Other products made from
cellulosic fibers include
diapers, rayon, cellulose acetate, and cellulose esters, which are used for
cloth, packaging films, and
explosives.
[018] Typical woods are comprised of about 40%-50% cellulose, 25%-35%
hemicellulose, 15%-30%
lignin and 2%-10% extractives. In making paper, one major step is to extract
the cellulose from the
remainder of the other components. In general, the higher amount of
hemicellulose, lignin and extractives
present in a paper product, the lower the quality.
[019] Many modern papermaking mills are roughly divided into five distinct
operational phases: 1) the
pulping phase; 2) the forming phase; 3) the pressing phase; 4) the drying
phase; and 5) the calendering
phase. The last four phases can be collectively referred to as the paper
production phase. Raw materials
are processed and refined in the pulping phase to isolate cellulose fibers
from lignin, extractives and other
raw material impurities and produce a wet slurry or pulp having about 99%
water content called the furnish.
In the forming phase, also known as the wet end, the furnish is dispersed onto
a moving screen known as
a fourdrinier wire in order to drain water from the furnish (by gravity or
under vacuum) to form a continuous
mesh of fibers. In the pressing phase, the fiber mesh then passes between
large rolls loaded under high
pressure to squeeze out as much water as possible to form a pressed sheet. The
pressed sheet then enter
drying phase where it passes through a series of steam heated drying cylinders
which reduces the water
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content down to a level of about 6%. Lastly, in the calendering phase the
dried paper is smoothed and
flattened under high loading and pressure using steel rollers to produce the
finished untrimmed paper
product. The untrimmed paper is wound into rolls for use on web-fed presses,
such as newspaper presses,
or slit and cut into lengths to make sheets of paper for sheet-fed presses.
[020] During the pulping phase, useful fibers are separated from lignin,
extractives (e.g., oleoresins and
waxes) and other raw material waste products using chemical and/or mechanical
procedures. For example,
in chemical procedures, raw material is processed into smaller particles, put
into a pressurized kettle, called
a digester, along with chemicals (white liquor) and water, and cooked with
steam under high pressure.
Cooking breaks down the lignin binding material which separates the cellulose
fibers from the rest of the
raw material. The separated raw material and spent cooking chemicals are then
sent to a recovery process,
where the pulping chemicals and energy are recovered via multiple evaporation
steps for concentration of
pulping waste liquid (black liquor) which can then be burned as fuel.
[021] In mechanical procedures, raw material passes through a grinder where it
is ground against a water
lubricated rotating stone or the heat generated by grinding softens the lignin
binding the fibers and the
mechanized forces separate the fibers to form groundwood. Alternatively, raw
material passes through a
refiner where it is subjected to intensive shearing forces between a rotating
steel disc and a fixed plate.
The discs have raised bars on their faces and pass each other with narrow
clearance. This action separates
the fibers from the rest of the raw material. The shearing action also
unravels the fibers, causing the fibrils
of the fibers to partially detach and bloom outward. Raw material can also be
softened by heating (thermo-
mechanical) or impregnated with a chemical treatment before entering the
digester or refiner to facilitate
fibrillation (chemical thermos-mechanical).
[022] Whether fiber separation occurs by chemical, mechanical, or a
combination of both procedures, the
processed pulp is pumped through a sequence of holding tanks commonly called
chests for further
processing. For example, the pulp can be washed to cleanse the fibers and
remove residual lignin and
other impurities as well as screened to remove any remaining fiber bundles and
achieve a more uniform
quality and consistency. The processed pulp can also be mixed in a blending
chest with other processed
pulp obtained from different raw material sources or recycled paper products
in order to create a blended
processed pulp. Depending on the type of final paper product being made, the
processed pulp can also
pass through a series of chests were various fillers are added to the
processed pulp to improve, e.g.,
opacity, brightness, mechanical strength, smoothness, ink receptivity, as well
as other properties. For
example, bleach or other whitening agents may be added to whiten the fibers
and increase brightness, dyes
and pigments may be added to produce colored papers, opacity agents like
calcium carbonate, clay and
titanium dioxide increase opacity to enable printing on the both sides, a
sizing agent may be added to
increase moisture resistance. The processed pulp can also be treated to remove
ink (deinking) and other
contaminants, which typically is needed if the raw material was reclaimed
paper products that are being
recycled. Lastly, the processed pulp can have its pH adjusted and be diluted
with water to form a consistent
furnish for subsequent processing.
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[023] A major goal of the pulping phase is to remove as much lignin,
extractives and other waste materials
from the pulp in order to increase the amount of separated cellulose fibers
present in the pulp, without
sacrificing fiber integrity and strength in order to achieve a high fiber
purity and quality. Another major goal
of the pulping phase is to increasing the surface area of fibers to promoting
bonding by, e.g., causing the
fibrils of the fibers to partially detach and bloom outward. Additionally,
particularly with respect to recycled
paper, another goal is the removal of inks and adhesive contaminants, which
can affect the purity and
quality of the final paper product.
[024] Without wishing to be limited by its theory, the presently disclosed
papermaking additive
compositions dissolve, disperse, or otherwise disrupt one or more components
of the raw materials used
to make pulp. This mechanism of action appears, in part, to be tied to the
ability of the papermaking additive
compositions disclosed herein to break down lignin and/or facilitate the
separation of individual cellulose
and hemicellulose fibers from fiber bundles. The end result is improved
separation of cellulose and
hemicellulose fibers from fiber bundles which ultimately leads to the
production of higher quality paper
products in a more efficient and cost-effective manner. This mechanism of
action also appears, in part, to
be tied to the ability of the papermaking additive compositions disclosed
herein to break down ink and other
organic compounds considered impurities in raw materials obtained from
reclaimed paper products.
[025] Regardless of the theory of operation, the disclosed papermaking
additive compositions, methods
and uses offer an alternative means of paper making that does not rely on
chemicals toxic to humans or
the environment. In addition, the disclosed papermaking additive compositions,
methods and uses results
in a better breakdown of lignin and other impurities that facilitates easier
recycling of waste water for reuse
in the pulping or paper production phases which also benefits humans and the
environment. Further, the
disclosed papermaking additive compositions, methods and uses to not require
extensive energy input,
thereby enabling a reduction of overall energy usage which further benefits
humans and the environment.
Rather the papermaking additive compositions, methods and uses disclosed
herein appear to increase
cellulose fiber separation, increase the surface area of fibers as well as,
remove ink, adhesive and other
contaminants, without sacrificing fiber integrity and strength in order to
achieve a high fiber purity and
quality. In addition, the disclosed papermaking additive compositions been
proven to be substantially non-
toxic to man and domestic animals and which have minimal adverse effects on
wildlife and the environment.
[026] Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, a papermaking
additive composition. A
papermaking additive composition disclosed herein comprises a treated
fermented microbial supernatant
and one or more non-ionic surfactants. The treated fermented microbial
supernatant lacks any live
microorganisms such as yeast or bacteria, and additionally, lacks any active
enzymes, activatable pro-
enzymes, or any enzymatic activity. Additionally, the papermaking additive
composition itself lacks any live
microorganisms such as yeast or bacteria, and additionally, lacks any active
enzymes, activatable pro-
enzymes, or any enzymatic activity. A papermaking additive composition
disclosed herein may be used in
any personal or commercial papermaking processes.
[027] In an aspect of this embodiment, a papermaking additive composition
disclosed herein comprises,
e.g., about 75% to about 99% of treated fermented microbial supernatant and
about 1%-25% of one or
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more non-ionic surfactants. In another aspect of this embodiment, a
papermaking additive composition
disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 80% to about 97% of treated fermented
microbial supernatant and
about 3%-20% of one or more non-ionic surfactants. In yet another aspect of
this embodiment, a
papermaking additive composition disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 85%
to about 95% of treated
fermented microbial supernatant and about 5%-15% of one or more non-ionic
surfactants. In still another
aspect of this embodiment, a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein
comprises, e.g., about
87% to about 93% of treated fermented microbial supernatant and about 7%-13%
of one or more non-ionic
surfactants. In another aspect of this embodiment, a papermaking additive
composition disclosed herein
comprises, e.g., about 88% to about 92% of treated fermented microbial
supernatant and about 8%-12%
of one or more non-ionic surfactants. In another aspect of this embodiment, a
papermaking additive
composition disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 89% to about 91% of
treated fermented microbial
supernatant and about 9%-11% of one or more non-ionic surfactants.
[028] Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, a fermented
microbial supernatant. A
fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein can be prepared by culturing
a yeast strain, a bacterial
strain, or a combination of both a yeast strain and a bacterial strain in a
fermenting medium comprising a
sugar source, a malt and a magnesium salt. In an aspect of this embodiment,
only a single yeast strain is
used in a fermenting medium. In another aspect of this embodiment, two or more
different yeast strains
are used in a fermenting medium. In yet another aspect of this embodiment,
only a single bacterial strain
is used in a fermenting medium. In still another aspect of this embodiment,
two or more different bacterial
strains are used in a fermenting medium. In another aspect of this embodiment,
one or more different yeast
strains are used in conjunction with one or more different bacteria in a
fermenting medium. In yet another
aspect of this embodiment, two, three, four, five or more different yeast
strains are used in conjunction with
two, three, four, five or more different bacteria in a fermenting medium.
[029] A sugar source includes, without limitation, sucrose from molasses, raw
cane sugar, soybeans or
mixtures thereof. Molasses generally contains up to about 50% sucrose in
addition to reducing sugars such
as glucose and maltase as well as ash, organic nonsugars and some water. The
presence of the sugars of
the type found in the molasses is important in encouraging the activity of the
enzymes and the yeast bacteria
by which they are produced. Although the untreated cane blackstrap molasses is
preferred, other molasses
such as beet molasses, barrel molasses and the like may also be used as a
natural source of the materials
required for the enzymatic fermentation. The amount of molasses useful in
preparing a fermenting medium
disclosed herein is between 40% and about 80% by weight, and preferably
between about 55% and about
75% by weight. It will be appreciated that specific amounts of the molasses
utilized may be varied to yield
optimum compositions desired.
[030] Raw cane sugar is a sugar product which has not been refined and which
contains residual
molasses as well as other natural impurities. Although it is not clearly
understood, it has been found that
the presence of raw sugar in the fermentation reaction yields significantly
improved properties as compared
to the use of refined sugars which contain residual chemicals used in the
decolorization and final purification
and refinement which may have some deleterious effect on the yeast and malt
enzymes. It has been found
that optimum biological and enzymatic properties of the disclosed fermenting
medium are improved where
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a portion of the fermentable materials present in the mixture comprises raw
sugar. The amount of raw cane
sugar useful in preparing a fermenting medium disclosed herein may be about
10% and about 40% by
weight, and preferably between about 10% and about 30% by weight. It will be
appreciated that specific
amounts of the raw cane sugar utilized may be varied to yield optimum
compositions desired.
[031] The essential enzymes which advantageously contribute to the
fermentation reaction are provided
by the malt and the yeast and/or bacteria. The specific malt utilized is
preferably a diastatic malt which
contains enzymes including diastase, maltase and amylase. The malt also is
believed to improve the activity
of the yeast and/or bacteria in addition to contributing to the overall
potency and activity of the enzymatic
composition within the final product mixture. The amount of malt useful in
preparing a fermenting medium
disclosed herein may be between about 3% and about 15% by weight, and
preferably between about 7%
and about 12% by weight. It will be appreciated that specific amounts of the
malt utilized may be varied to
yield optimum compositions desired.
[032] Fermentation is a metabolic process that results in the breakdown of
carbohydrates and other
complex organic substances into simpler substances like sugars, acids, gases
or alcohol. Fermentation
can occurs in yeast, bacteria and mold. Fermentation includes ethanol
fermentation and lactic acid
fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation includes homolactic fermentation and
heterolactic fermentation.
[033] A yeast refers to any fermentation fungi that can be produce the needed
enzymes for a fermentation
reaction that results in, for example the conversion of carbohydrates into
carbon dioxide and alcohols. A
number of enzymes are produced by the active yeast during the fermentation
reaction and include both
hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes such as invertase, catalase, lactase,
maltase, carboxylase and others.
Yeast include yeast strains useful in food processing fermentation, such as,
e.g., bean-based fermentation,
dough-based fermentation, grain-based fermentation, vegetable-based
fermentation, fruit-based
fermentation, honey-based fermentation, dairy-based fermentation, fish-based
fermentation, meat-based
fermentation and tea-based fermentation. A non-exhaustive list of particular
yeast genera useful in a
fermentation reaction disclosed herein include, but is not limited,
Brettanomyces, Candida, Cyberlindnera,
Cystofilobasidium, Debaryomyces, Dekkera, Fusarium, Geotrichum, lssatchenkia,
Kazachstania,
Kloeckera, Kluyveromyces, Lecanicillium, Mucor, Neurospora, Pediococcus,
Penicillium, Pichia, Rhizopus,
Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces,
Thrichosporon, Torulaspora,
Torulopsis, Verticillium, Yarrowia, Zygosaccharomyces and Zygotorulaspora.
Species of yeast useful in a
fermentation reaction disclosed herein belong to, without limitation A non-
exhaustive list of particular yeast
species useful in a fermentation reaction disclosed herein includes, but is
not limited, B. anomalus, B.
bruxellensis, B. claussenfi, B. custersianus, B. naardenensis, B. nanus, C.
colliculosa, C. exiguous, C.
humicola, C. kefyr, C. krusei, C. miler, C. mycoderma, C. pelliculosa, C.
rugose, C. stellate, C. tropicalis,
C. uti/is, C. valida, C. vini, C. zeylanoides, Cb. mrakii, Cs,
infirmominiatum, D. hansenfi, D. kloeckeri, Dk.
anomala, Dk. bruxefiensis, F. domesticum, G. candidum, I. or/entails, K.
exigua, K. unispora, KI. africana,
KI. apis, KI. javanica, Ku. lactis, Ku. marxianus, Ku. marxianus, L. lecanii,
M. hiemalis, M. plumbeus, M.
racemosus, M. racemosus, N. intermedia, P. cerevisiae, Pn. album, Pn.
camemberti, Pn. caseifulvum, Pn.
chrysogenum, Pn. commune, Pn. nalgiovense, Pn. roqueforti, Pn. so//turn, Pi.
fermentans, R. microspores,
Rs. infirmominiatum, Rt. glutinis, Rt. minuta, Rt. rubra, S. bayanus, S.
boulardii, S. carlsbergensis, S.
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cerevisiae, S. eubayanus, S. paradoxus, S. pastorianus, S. rouzfi, S. uvarum,
Sc. pombe, Th. beigeffi, T.
delbrueckii, T. franciscae, T. pretoriensis, T. microellipsoides, T. globosa,
T. indica, T. maleeae, T.
quercuum, To. versatilis, V. lecanfi, Y. lipolytica, Z. bailii, Z. bisporus,
Z. cidri, Z. fermentati, Z. florentinus,
Z. kombuchaensis, Z. lentus, Z. mellis, Z. microellipsoides, Z. mrakii, Z.
pseudorouxii and Z. rouxii and Zt.
florentina. A preferred yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae commonly available
as baker's yeast.
[034] Bacteria refer to any fermentation bacteria that can be produce the
needed enzymes for a
fermentation reaction that results in, for example the production of alcohols
like ethanol or acids like acetic
acid, lactic acid and/or succinic acid. A non-exhaustive list of particular
bacterial genera useful in a
fermentation reaction disclosed herein include, but is not limited,
Acetobacter, Arthrobacter, Aerococcus,
Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium, Barnobacterium,
Carnobacterium,
Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Gluconacetobacter, Gluconobacter,
Hafnia, Halomonas,
Kocuria, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Macrococcus, Microbacterium,
Micrococcus, Neisseria,
Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Propionibacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas,
Psychrobacter, Salmonella,
Sporolactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Streptomyces,
Tetragenococcus, Vagococcus,
Weissells and Zymomonas. A non-exhaustive list of particular bacterial species
useful in a fermentation
reaction disclosed herein includes, but is not limited, A. aceti, A. fabarum,
A. lovaniensis, A. malorum, A.
orientafis, A. pasteurianus, A. pasteurianus, A. pomorum, A. syzygii, A.
tropicalis, Ar. arilaitensis, Ar.
Bergerei, Ar. Globiformis, Ar. nicotianae, Ar. variabilis, B. cereus, B.
coagulans, B. licheniformis, B. pumilus,
B. sphaericus, B. stearothermophilus, B. subtilis, B. adolescentis, B.
animalis, B. bifidum, B. breve, B.
infantis, B. lactis, B. Ion gum, B. pseudolon gum, B. thermophilum, Br.
alimentarium, Br. alimentarium, Br.
tyrofermentans, Br. tyrofermentans, By. aurantiacum, By. casei, By. linens, C.
divergens, C.
maltaromaticum, C. piscicola, C. ammonia genes, Co. casei, Co.flavescens, Co.
mooreparkense, Co.
variabile, E. faecalis, E. faecium, G. azotocaptans, G. diazotrophicus, G.
entanfi, G. europaeus, G. hansenfi,
G. johannae, G. oboediens, G. xylinus, GI. oxydans, H. alvei, HI. elongate, K.
rhizophila, K. rhizophila, K.
varians, K. varians, L. acetotolerans, L. acidifarinae, L. acidipiscis, L.
alimentarius, L. brevis, L. bucheri, L.
cacaonum, L. casei, L. cellobiosus, L. collinoides, L. composti, L.
coryniformis, L. crispatus, L. curvatus, L.
delbrueckii, L. dextrinicus, L. diolivorans, L. fabifermentans, L. farciminis,
L. fermentum, L. gasseri, L.
ghanensis, L. hammesfi, L. harbinensis, L. helveticus, L. hilgardii, L.
homohiochfi, L. jensenfi, L. johnsonfi,
L. kefiranofaciens, L. kefiri, L. kimchi, L. kisonensis, L. kunkeei, L. mali,
L. manihotivorans, L. mindensis, L.
mucosae, L. nageffi, L. namuresis, L. nantesis, L. nodensis, L. oeni, L.
otakiensis, L. panis, L. parabrevis,
L. parabuchneri, L. paracasei, L. parakefiri, L. paralimentarius, L.
paraplantarum, L. pentosus, L. perolens,
L. plantarum, L. pobuzihfi, L. pontis, L. rapi, L. reuteri, L. rhamnosus, L.
rossiae, L. sakei, L. salivarius, L.
sanfranciscensis, L. satsumensis, L. secaliphilus, L. senmaizukei, L.
siliginis, L. similis, L. spicheri, L.
suebicus, L. sunkii, L. tucceti, L. vaccinostercus, L. versmoldesis, L.
yamanashiensis, Lc. lactis, Lc.
raffinolactis, Le. camosum, Le. citreum, Le. fa/lax, Le. holzapfeffi, Le.
inhae, Le. kimchi, Le. lactis, Le.
mesenteroides, Le. palmae, Le. Pseudomesenteroides, M. caseolyticus, Mb.
foliorum, Mb gubbeenense,
Mc. luteus, Mc. lylae, P. acidilactici, P. pentosaceus, P. acidipropionici, P.
freudenreichfi, P. jensenfi, P.
thoenfi, Pr. vulgaris, Ps. fluorescens, Py. Geier, S. camosus, S. condiment,
S. equorum, S. fleurettii, S.
piscifermentans, S. saphrophyticus, S. sciuri, S. simulans, S. succinus, S.
vitulinus, S. wameri, S. xylosus,
St. cremoris, St. gallolyticus, St. salivarius, St. thermophiles, St. griseus,
T. halophilus, T. koreensis, W.
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beninensis, W. cibaria, W. fabaria, W. ghanesis, W. koreensis, W.
paramesenteroides, W. thailandensis,
and Z. mobilis.
[035] Mold refer to any fermentation mold that can be produce the needed
enzymes for a fermentation
reaction that results in, for example the production of alcohols like ethanol
or acids like acetic acid, lactic
acid and/or succinic acid. A non-exhaustive list of particular mold genera
useful in a fermentation reaction
disclosed herein include, but is not limited, Aspergillus. A non-exhaustive
list of particular mold species
useful in a fermentation reaction disclosed herein includes, but is not
limited, A. acidus, A. fumigatus, A.
niger, A. oryzae, and A. sojae.
[036] It will be appreciated that actual amounts of the various types of
enzymes produced will be
dependent on a number of factors including the types of molasses and sugar
used in preparing the
fermentation mixture. However, again it is believed that, in utilizing the
molasses and raw sugar, optimum
enzyme yields and activity are obtained. In an embodiment, the amount of yeast
useful in preparing a
fermenting medium disclosed herein may be between about 0.2% and about 5% by
weight, and preferably
between about 1% and about 3% by weight. It will be appreciated that specific
amounts of the yeast utilized
may be varied to yield optimum compositions desired.
[037] The presence of a small amount of inorganic catalyst such as a magnesium
salt enhances the
activity of the enzymes not only during the fermentation reaction but
thereafter in the product composition
in attacking and decomposing the organic waste materials. A preferred
magnesium salt is magnesium
sulfate. The amount of magnesium salt useful in preparing a fermenting medium
disclosed herein may be
between about 0.1% and about 5% by weight, and preferably between about 1% and
about 3% by weight.
It will be appreciated that specific amounts of the magnesium salt utilized
may be varied to yield optimum
compositions desired.
[038] To prepare a fermented microbial supernatant, the molasses, sucrose and
magnesium salt are
added to a suitable amount of warm water. Although the specific amount of
water used is not particularly
critical, typically suitable amounts of water are from about 2 to about 20
times the total weight of the other
ingredients of the fermenting medium used in the fermentation reaction. This
amount of water is sufficient
to facilitate easy admixture as well as to activate the yeast, bacterial
and/or mold and dissolve the other
materials. In addition, the temperature of the water cannot be too hot such
that the heat inactivates the malt
and yeast enzymes needed for fermentation. Thus, for example, water
temperatures greater than about
65 C must be avoided and preferred temperatures are between about 25 C to
about 45 C. The use of
cold water may result in unduly slow fermentation reaction rates and, thus,
should also be avoided where
increased reaction rates are desired. After the molasses, sugar and magnesium
salt are effectively mixed
and dissolved, the malt and the yeast are added, the mixture stirred and
allowed to set until fermentation is
essentially complete. The reaction time may be between about 2 and about 5
days at temperatures between
about 20 C and about 45 C. Completion may be readily ascertained by noting
that the effervescence of
the reacting mixture has substantially subsided. At the end of the
fermentation reaction, the fermented
microbial culture is centrifuged to remove the "sludge" formed during the
fermentation. The resulting
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fermentation supernatant (typically about 90% to about 98% by weight) is
collected for subsequent
treatment.
[039] A fermented microbial supernatant contains bio-nutrients, minerals and
amino acids. Bio-nutrients
are typically present in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 1% of the
total weight of fermented microbial
supernatant. Each individual bio-nutrient is typically present in an amount of
from about 0.00001% to about
0.01% of the total weight of fermented microbial supernatant. Examples of bio-
nutrients include, without
limitation, biotin, folic acid, glucans like a-glucan and I3-glucan, niacin,
insotil, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine,
riboflavin and thiamine. In aspects of this embodiment, a fermented microbial
supernatant disclosed herein
comprises, e.g., about 0.00001% to about 0.0011% of biotin, about 0.0006% to
about 0.016% of folic acid,
about 0.005% to about 15% of niacin, about 0.01% to about 1% of insotil, about
0.00017% to about 0.017%
of pantothenic acid, about 0.0006% to about 0.016% of pyrodoxine, about 0.002%
to about 0.023% of
riboflavin and about 0.001% to about 0.02% of thiamine. In other aspects of
this embodiment, a fermented
microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.00006% to
about 0.0006% of biotin, about
0.001% to about 0.011% of folic acid, about 0.01% to about 0.1% of niacin,
about 0.08% to about 0.18% of
insotil, about 0.002% to about 0.012% of pantothenic acid, about 0.001% to
about 0.011% of pyrodoxine,
about 0.007% to about 0.017% of riboflavin, about 0.003% to about 0.013% of
thiamine. In yet other
aspects of this embodiment, a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein
comprises, e.g., about
0.00012% to about 0.0006% of biotin, about 0.001% to about 0.011% of folic
acid, about 0.01% to about
0.1% of niacin, about 0.08% to about 0.18% of insotil, about 0.003% to about
0.013% of pantothenic acid,
about 0.001% to about 0.011% of pyrodoxine, about 0.008% to about 0.017% of
riboflavin, about 0.003%
to about 0.013% of thiamine. In still other aspects of this embodiment, a
fermented microbial supernatant
disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.00009% to about 0.0003% of biotin,
about 0.004% to about
0.008% of folic acid, about 0.03% to about 0.07% of niacin, about 0.11% to
about 0.15% of insotil, about
0.006% to about 0.01% of pantothenic acid, about 0.004% to about 0.008% of
pyrodoxine, about 0.01% to
about 0.014% of riboflavin, about 0.006% to about 0.010% of thiamine.
[040] Minerals are typically present in an amount of from about 0.1% to about
20% of the total weight of
fermented microbial supernatant. Each individual mineral is typically present
in an amount of from about
0.0001% to about 5% of the total weight of fermented microbial supernatant.
Examples of minerals include,
without limitation, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphate,
potassium, sodium and zinc.
In aspects of this embodiment, a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed
herein comprises, e.g., about
0.02% to about 0.3% of calcium, about 0.000002% to about 0.0016% of chromium,
about 0.000009% to
about 0.0014% of copper, about 0.00005% to about 0.02% of iron, about 0.001%
to about 1.3% of
magnesium, about 0.2% to about 14% of phosphate, about 0.4% to about 16% of
potassium, about 0.2%
to about 15% of sodium and about 0.08% to about 13% of zinc. In other aspects
of this embodiment, a
fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.07%
to about 0.21% of calcium,
about 0.000007% to about 0.0011% of chromium, about 0.00004% to about 0.0009%
of copper, about
0.0001% to about 0.015% of iron, about 0.005% to about 0.9% of magnesium,
about 0.7% to about 9% of
phosphate, about 0.9% to about 11% of potassium, about 0.7% to about 10% of
sodium and about 0.3% to
about 8% of zinc. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, a fermented
microbial supernatant disclosed
herein comprises, e.g., about 0.05% to about 1% of calcium, about 0.0001% to
about 0.0009% of chromium,
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about 0.00006% to about 0.0007% of copper, about 0.0001% to about 0.013% of
iron, about 0.005% to
about 1% of magnesium, about 0.1% to about 7% of phosphate, about 0.5% to
about 9% of potassium,
about 0.5% to about 8% of sodium and about 0.5% to about 6% of zinc. In still
other aspects of this
embodiment, a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises,
e.g., about 0.12% to about
0.16% of calcium, about 0.0002% to about 0.0006% of chromium, about 0.00009%
to about 0.0004% of
copper, about 0.0006% to about 0.01% of iron, about 0.01% to about 0.4% of
magnesium, about 1% to
about 4% of phosphate, about 2% to about 6% of potassium, about 1% to about 5%
of sodium and about
0.8% to about 3% of zinc.
[041] Amino acids are typically present in an amount of from about 20% to
about 60% of the total weight
of fermented microbial supernatant. Each individual amino acid is typically
present in an amount of from
about 0.1% to about 15% of the total weight of fermented microbial
supernatant. Examples of minerals
include, without limitation, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine,
glutamic acid, glycine, lysine,
methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, and threonine. In aspects of this
embodiment, a fermented
microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.2% to about
16% of alanine, about 0.09%
to about 15% of arginine, about 0.4% to about 18% of aspartic acid, about
0.003% to about 5% of cysteine,
about 0.5% to about 20% of glutamic acid, about 0.09% to about 15% of glycine,
about 0.09% to about 15%
of lysine, about 0.002% to about 5% of methionine, about 0.09% to about 15% of
phenylalanine, about
0.09% to about 15% of proline, about 0.09% to about 15% of serine and about
0.09% to about 15% of
threonine. In other aspects of this embodiment, a fermented microbial
supernatant disclosed herein
comprises, e.g., about 0.7% to about 11% of alanine, about 0.5% to about 10%
of arginine, about 0.9% to
about 13% of aspartic acid, about 0.008% to about 1.2% of cysteine, about 1%
to about 15% of glutamic
acid, about 0.5% to about 10% of glycine, about 0.8% to about 12% of lysine,
about 0.2% to about 1.6% of
methionine, about 0.5% to about 10% of phenylalanine, about 0.5% to about 10%
of proline, about 0.5% to
about 10% of serine and about 0.5% to about 10% of threonine. In yet other
aspects of this embodiment,
a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.5%
to about 9% of alanine,
about 0.5% to about 8% of arginine, about 1% to about 11% of aspartic acid,
about 0.01% to about 2% of
cysteine, about 3% to about 13% of glutamic acid, about 0.5% to about 8% of
glycine, about 1% to about
10% of lysine, about 0.3% to about 3% of methionine, about 0.5% to about 7% of
phenylalanine, about
0.5% to about 7% of proline, about 0.5% to about 7% of serine and about 0.5%
to about 7% of threonine.
In sill other aspects of this embodiment, a fermented microbial supernatant
disclosed herein comprises,
e.g., about 2% to about 6% of alanine, about 1% to about 5% of arginine, about
4% to about 8% of aspartic
acid, about 0.03% to about 0.7% of cysteine, about 6% to about 10% of glutamic
acid, about 1% to about
5% of glycine, about 3% to about 7% of lysine, about 0.7% to about 1.1% of
methionine, about 1% to about
5% of phenylalanine, about 1% to about 5% of proline, about 1% to about 5% of
serine and about 1% to
about 5% of threonine.
[042] Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, a treated
fermented microbial supernatant. A
treated fermented microbial supernatant is one that is processed in a manner
that denatures, kills or
otherwise destroys any remaining live yeast, active enzymes contributed by the
yeast and malt as well as
any other microorganism or enzymes contributed by another source present in a
fermented microbial
supernatant disclosed herein. Non-limiting examples, of useful treatment
procedures include a boiling
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process using high temperatures, an autoclaving process using high
temperatures and high pressure or an
irradiation process by exposing the supernatant to ionizing radiation, or any
other sterilization process that
denatures, kills or otherwise destroys any remaining live yeast, active
enzymes contributed by the yeast
and malt as well as any other microorganism or enzymes contributed by another
source present in a
fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein. Furthermore, the above
treatment processes could be
used alone, in combination with one another, or in combination with a
pasteurization process, a chemical
sterilization process and a sterile filtration process to denature, kill or
otherwise destroys proteins such as
enzymes and microorganisms such as yeast, bacteria and/or mold present the
fermentation supernatant
disclosed herein. All the methods discussed above are processes known to a
person of ordinary skilled in
the art as these are routinely used in the food preparation and/or
sterilization arts.
[043] The treated fermented microbial supernatant can then be stored in liquid
form for subsequent use.
Alternatively, the treated fermented microbial supernatant can be spray dried
by methods known in the art
to produce a dry powder. The dry powder form can also be stored for subsequent
use.
[044] Any amount of treated fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein
may be used in a
disclosed papermaking additive composition, with the proviso that the amount
is useful to practice the
methods and uses disclosed herein. Factor used in determining an appropriate
amount include, e.g.,
whether the treated fermented microbial supernatant is in liquid or powder
form, the particular commercial
source of the treated fermented microbial supernatant, the particular method
used to produce the treated
fermented microbial supernatant, whether the papermaking additive composition
is produced as a
concentrate or as a ready as is product, and the dilution factor desired when
preparing papermaking additive
composition from a concentrate. Typically, a larger amount of a liquid form of
the treated fermented
microbial supernatant will be required relative to a dry powder form.
[045] In aspects of this embodiment, the amount of treated fermented microbial
supernatant used is, e.g.,
about 0.5% by weight, about 1.0% by weight, about 1.5% by weight, about 2.0%
by weight, about 2.5% by
weight, about 3.0% by weight, about 3.5% by weight, about 4.0% by weight,
about 4.5% by weight, about
5.0% by weight, about 6.0% by weight, about 7.0% by weight, about 7.5% by
weight, about 8.0% by weight,
about 9.0% by weight or about 10.0% by weight. In other aspects of this
embodiment, the amount of treated
fermented microbial supernatant used is, e.g., at least 0.5% by weight, at
least 1.0% by weight, at least
1.5% by weight, at least 2.0% by weight, at least 2.5% by weight, at least
3.0% by weight, at least 3.5% by
weight, at least 4.0% by weight, at least 4.5% by weight, at least 5.0% by
weight, at least 6.0% by weight,
at least 7.0% by weight, at least 7.5% by weight, at least 8.0% by weight, at
least 9.0% by weight or at least
10.0% by weight. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, the amount of
treated fermented microbial
supernatant used is, e.g., at most 0.5% by weight, at most 1.0% by weight, at
most 1.5% by weight, at most
2.0% by weight, at most 2.5% by weight, at most 3.0% by weight, at most 3.5%
by weight, at most 4.0% by
weight, at most 4.5% by weight, at most 5.0% by weight, at most 6.0% by
weight, at most 7.0% by weight,
at most 7.5% by weight, at most 8.0% by weight, at most 9.0% by weight or at
most 10.0% by weight. In
still other aspects of this embodiment, the amount of treated fermented
microbial supernatant used is
between, e.g., about 0.1% to about 2.5% by weight, about 0.1% to about 3.0% by
weight, about 0.1% to
about 3.5% by weight, about 0.1% to about 4.0% by weight, about 0.1% to about
5.0% by weight, about
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0.5% to about 2.5% by weight, about 0.5% to about 3.0% by weight, about 0.5%
to about 3.5% by weight,
about 0.5% to about 4.0% by weight, about 0.5% to about 5.0% by weight, about
1% to about 2.5% by
weight, about 1% to about 3.0% by weight, about 1% to about 3.5% by weight,
about 1% to about 4.0% by
weight, about 1% to about 5.0% by weight, about 1% to about 6.0% by weight,
about 1% to about 7.0% by
weight, about 1% to about 8.0% by weight, about 1% to about 9.0% by weight or
about 1% to about 10.0%
by weight.
[046] In other aspects of this embodiment, the amount of treated fermented
microbial supernatant used
is, e.g., about 15.0% by weight, about 20.0% by weight, about 25.0% by weight,
about 30.0% by weight,
about 35.0% by weight, about 40.0% by weight, about 45.0% by weight, about
50.0% by weight, about
55.0% by weight, about 60.0% by weight, about 65.0% by weight, about 70.0% by
weight, about 75.0% by
weight, about 80.0% by weight, about 85.0% by weight or about 90.0% by weight.
In yet other aspects of
this embodiment, the amount of treated fermented microbial supernatant used
is, e.g., at least 15.0% by
weight, at least 20.0% by weight, at least 25.0% by weight, at least 30.0% by
weight, at least 35.0% by
weight, at least 40.0% by weight, at least 45.0% by weight, at least 50.0% by
weight, at least 55.0% by
weight, at least 60.0% by weight, at least 65.0% by weight, at least 70.0% by
weight, at least 75.0% by
weight, at least 80.0% by weight, at least 85.0% by weight or at least 90.0%
by weight. In still other aspects
of this embodiment, the amount of treated fermented microbial supernatant used
is, e.g., at most 15.0% by
weight, at most 20.0% by weight, at most 25.0% by weight, at most 30.0% by
weight, at most 35.0% by
weight, at most 40.0% by weight, at most 45.0% by weight, at most 50.0% by
weight, at most 55.0% by
weight, at most 60.0% by weight, at most 65.0% by weight, at most 70.0% by
weight, at most 75.0% by
weight, at most 80.0% by weight, at most 85.0% by weight or at most 90.0% by
weight.
[047] In other aspects of this embodiment, the amount of treated fermented
microbial supernatant used
is between, e.g., about 5% to about 7.5% by weight, about 5% to about 10% by
weight, about 5% to about
15% by weight, about 5% to about 20% by weight, about 5% to about 25% by
weight, about 5% to about
30% by weight, about 5% to about 35% by weight, about 5% to about 40% by
weight, about 5% to about
45% by weight, about 5% to about 50% by weight, about 5% to about 55% by
weight, about 5% to about
60% by weight, about 5% to about 65% by weight, about 5% to about 70% by
weight, about 5% to about
75% by weight, about 5% to about 80% by weight, about 5% to about 85% by
weight, about 5% to about
90% by weight, about 5% to about 95% by weight, about 10% to about 15% by
weight, about 10% to about
20% by weight, about 10% to about 25% by weight, about 10% to about 30% by
weight, about 10% to about
35% by weight, about 10% to about 40% by weight, about 10% to about 45% by
weight, about 10% to about
50% by weight, about 10% to about 55% by weight, about 10% to about 60% by
weight, about 10% to about
65% by weight, about 10% to about 70% by weight, about 10% to about 75% by
weight, about 10% to about
80% by weight, about 10% to about 85% by weight, about 10% to about 90% by
weight, about 10% to about
95% by weight, about 15% to about 20% by weight, about 15% to about 25% by
weight, about 15% to about
30% by weight, about 15% to about 35% by weight, about 15% to about 40% by
weight, about 15% to about
45% by weight, about 15% to about 50% by weight, about 15% to about 55% by
weight, about 15% to about
60% by weight, about 15% to about 65% by weight, about 15% to about 70% by
weight, about 15% to about
75% by weight, about 15% to about 80% by weight, about 15% to about 85% by
weight, about 15% to about
90% by weight, about 15% to about 95% by weight, about 25% to about 25% by
weight, about 25% to about
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30% by weight, about 25% to about 35% by weight, about 25% to about 40% by
weight, about 25% to about
45% by weight, about 25% to about 50% by weight, about 25% to about 55% by
weight, about 25% to about
60% by weight, about 25% to about 65% by weight, about 25% to about 70% by
weight, about 25% to about
75% by weight, about 25% to about 80% by weight, about 25% to about 85% by
weight, about 25% to about
90% by weight, about 25% to about 95% by weight, about 25% to about 30% by
weight, about 25% to about
35% by weight, about 25% to about 40% by weight, about 25% to about 45% by
weight, about 25% to about
50% by weight, about 25% to about 55% by weight, about 25% to about 60% by
weight, about 25% to about
65% by weight, about 25% to about 70% by weight, about 25% to about 75% by
weight, about 25% to about
80% by weight, about 25% to about 85% by weight, about 25% to about 90% by
weight, about 25% to about
95% by weight, about 30% to about 35% by weight, about 30% to about 40% by
weight, about 30% to about
45% by weight, about 30% to about 50% by weight, about 30% to about 55% by
weight, about 30% to about
60% by weight, about 30% to about 65% by weight, about 30% to about 70% by
weight, about 30% to about
75% by weight, about 30% to about 80% by weight, about 30% to about 85% by
weight, about 30% to about
90% by weight, about 30% to about 95% by weight, about 35% to about 40% by
weight, about 35% to about
45% by weight, about 35% to about 50% by weight, about 35% to about 55% by
weight, about 35% to about
60% by weight, about 35% to about 65% by weight, about 35% to about 70% by
weight, about 35% to about
75% by weight, about 35% to about 80% by weight, about 35% to about 85% by
weight, about 35% to about
90% by weight, about 35% to about 95% by weight, about 40% to about 45% by
weight, about 40% to about
50% by weight, about 40% to about 55% by weight, about 40% to about 60% by
weight, about 40% to about
65% by weight, about 40% to about 70% by weight, about 40% to about 75% by
weight, about 40% to about
80% by weight, about 40% to about 85% by weight, about 40% to about 90% by
weight, about 40% to about
95% by weight, about 45% to about 50% by weight, about 45% to about 55% by
weight, about 45% to about
60% by weight, about 45% to about 65% by weight, about 45% to about 70% by
weight, about 45% to about
75% by weight, about 45% to about 80% by weight, about 45% to about 85% by
weight, about 45% to about
90% by weight, about 45% to about 95% by weight, about 50% to about 55% by
weight, about 50% to about
60% by weight, about 50% to about 65% by weight, about 50% to about 70% by
weight, about 50% to about
75% by weight, about 50% to about 80% by weight, about 50% to about 85% by
weight, about 50% to about
90% by weight, about 50% to about 95% by weight, about 55% to about 60% by
weight, about 55% to about
65% by weight, about 55% to about 70% by weight, about 55% to about 75% by
weight, about 55% to about
80% by weight, about 55% to about 85% by weight, about 55% to about 90% by
weight, about 55% to about
95% by weight, about 60% to about 65% by weight, about 60% to about 70% by
weight, about 60% to about
75% by weight, about 60% to about 80% by weight, about 60% to about 85% by
weight, about 60% to about
90% by weight, about 60% to about 95% by weight, about 65% to about 70% by
weight, about 65% to about
75% by weight, about 65% to about 80% by weight, about 65% to about 85% by
weight, about 65% to about
90% by weight, about 65% to about 95% by weight, about 70% to about 75% by
weight, about 70% to about
80% by weight, about 70% to about 85% by weight, about 70% to about 90% by
weight, about 70% to about
95% by weight, about 75% to about 80% by weight, about 75% to about 85% by
weight, about 75% to about
90% by weight, about 75% to about 95% by weight, about 80% to about 85% by
weight, about 80% to about
90% by weight, about 80% to about 95% by weight, about 85% to about 90% by
weight, about 85% to about
95% by weight or about 90% to about 95% by weight.
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[048] Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, a surfactant.
Surfactants are compounds that
lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lowering
of the interfacial tension
between two liquids, or between a liquid and a solid. Either a single
surfactant may be mixed with the
buffered solution disclosed herein, or a plurality of surfactants may be mixed
with the buffered solution
disclosed herein. Useful surfactants, include, without limitation, ionic
surfactants, zwitterionic (amphoteric)
surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, or any combination therein. The surfactant
used in a method disclosed
herein can be varied as appropriate by one skilled in the art and generally
depends, in part, on the particular
buffer being used, the protein being eluted, and the conductivity values being
employed.
[049] Ionic surfactants include anionic surfactants. Anionic surfactants
include ones based on permanent
functional groups attached to the head, such as, e.g., sulfate, sulfonate,
phosphate carboxylates) or pH
dependent anionic surfactants. Anionic surfactants include, without
limitation, alkyl sulfates like ammonium
!amyl sulfate and sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS); alkyl ether sulfates like
sodium laureth sulfate and sodium
myreth sulfate; docusates like dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate; sulfonate
fluorosurfactants like
perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorobutanesulfonate;
alkyldiphenyloxide Disulfonates like
DOWFAXTM 2A1 (Disodium Lauryl Phenyl Ether Disulfonate), DOWFAXTM 3B2
(Disodium Decyl Phenyl
Ether Disulfonate), DOWFAXTM Cl OL (Disodium Decyl Phenyl Ether Disulfonate),
DOWFAXTM 2EP, and
DOWFAXTM 8390 (Disodium Cetyl Phenyl Ether Disulfonate); potassium phosphate
polyether esters like
TRITONTm H-55 and TRITONTm H-66; alkyl benzene sulfonates; alkyl aryl ether
phosphates; alkyl ether
phosphates; alkyl carboxylates like fatty acid salts and sodium stearate;
sodium lauroyl sarcosinate;
carboxylate fluorosurfactants like perfluorononanoate and perfluorooctanoate;
and Sodium Hexyldiphenyl
Ether Sulfonate (DOWFAXTM C6L).
[050] Ionic surfactants also include cationic surfactants. Cationic
surfactants include ones based on
permanent or pH dependent cationic surfactants, such as, e.g., primary,
secondary or tertiary amines.
Cationic surfactants include, without limitation, alkyltrimethylammonium salts
like cetyl trimethylammonium
bromide (CTAB) and cetyl trimethylammonium chloride (CTAC); cetylpyridinium
chloride (CPC);
polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA); benzalkonium chloride (BAC); benzethonium
chloride (BZT); 5-
Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane; dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride; and
dioctadecyldimethylammonium
bromide (DODAB), as well as pH-dependent primary, secondary or tertiary amines
like surfactants where
the primary amines become positively charged at pH greater than 10, or the
secondary amines become
charged at pH less than 4, like octenidine dihydrochloride. Other useful
anionic surfactants include bio-
based anionic surfactants, including, without limitation, STEPONOL0 AM 30-KE,
an ammonium lauryl
sulfate, and STEPONOLe EHS, a sodium 2-ethyl hexyl sulfate. Such bio-based
surfactants are not
synthetic molecules, but instead are anionic biosurfactants derived from
organic matter such as plants.
[051] Zwitterionic surfactants are based on primary, secondary or tertiary
amines or quaternary
ammonium cation with a sulfonate, a carboxylate, or a phosphate. Zwitterionic
surfactants include, without
limitation, 3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS);
sultaines like
cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine; betaines like cocamidopropyl betaine; or
lecithins.
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[052] Non-ionic surfactants are less denaturing and as such are useful to
solubilize membrane proteins
and lipids while retaining protein-protein interactions. Nonionic surfactant
include polyether nonionic
surfactants, polyhydroxyl nonionic surfactants and biosurfactants. Nonionic
surfactant include alcohol
ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates, phenol ethoxylates, amide ethoxylates,
glyceride ethoxylates, fatty
acid ethoxylates, and fatty amine ethoxylates. A nonionic surfactant disclosed
herein may have the general
formula of H(OCH2CH2).0C6H4R1, H(OCH2CH2)x0R2, or H(OCH2CH2)x0C(0)R2, wherein
x represents the
number of moles of ethylene oxide added to an alkyl phenol and/or a fatty
alcohol or a fatty acid, R1
represents a long chain alkyl group and, R2 represents a long chain aliphatic
group. In aspects of this
embodiment, R1 is a C7-C10 alkyl group and/or R2 is a C12-C20 aliphatic group.
Other useful non-ionic
surfactants include bio-based non-ionic surfactants, including, without
limitation, STEPOSOL MET-10U, a
metathesis-derived, nonionic surfactant that is an unsaturated, short chain
amide. Such bio-based
surfactants are not synthetic molecules, but instead are non-ionic
biosurfactants derived from organic
matter such as plants.
[053] Non-limiting examples of surfactants include polyoxyethylene glycol
sorbitan alkyl esters (or
ethoxylated sorbital esters) like polysorbate 20 sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN
20), polysorbate 40 sorbitan
monooleate (TWEEN 40), polysorbate 60 sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN 60),
polysorbate 61 sorbitan
monooleate (TWEEN 61), polysorbate 65 sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN 65),
polysorbate 80 sorbitan
monooleate (TWEEN 80), polysorbate 81 sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN 81) and
polysorbate 85 sorbitan
monooleate (TWEEN 85); sorbital esters like sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan
monolaurate, sorbitan
monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate and sorbitan tristearate; polyglycerol
esters like glycerol
monooleate, glycerol monolaurate, glycerol monopalmitate, glycerol
monostearate, glycerol trioleate,
glycerol ricinoleate, glycerol tristearate, mono diglycerides and glycerol
triacetate; ethoxylated polyglycerol
esters; alkyl glucosides like arachidyl glucoside, C12.20 alkyl glucoside,
caprylyl/capryl glucoside, cetearyl
glucoside, coco-glucoside, ethyl glucoside and lauryl glucoside. decyl
glucoside; ethoxylated alkyl
glucosides; sucrose esters like sucrose monooleate, sucrose monolaurate,
sucrose monopalmitate,
sucrose monostearate, sucrose trioleate, sucrose ricinoleate, sucrose
tristearate, sucrose diglycerides and
sucrose triacetate; ethoxylated sucrose ester; amine oxides; ethoxylated
alcohols; ethoxylated aliphatic
alcohols; alkylamines; ethoxylated alkylamines; ethoxylated alkyl phenols like
ethoxylated nonyl phenol and
ethoxylated octyl phenol; alkyl polysaccharides; ethoxylated alkyl
polysaccharides; ethoxylated fatty acids
like ethoxylated castor oil; ethoxylated fatty alcohols like ethoxylated ceto-
oley1 alcohol, ethoxylated ceto-
stearyl alcohol, ethoxylated decyl alcohol, ethoxylated dodecyl alcohol and
ethoxylated tridecyl alcohol;
ethoxylated fatty amines; poloxamers (polyethylene-polypropylene copolymers),
like Poloxamer 124
(PLURONIC L44), Poloxamer 181 (PLURONIC L61), Poloxamer 182 (PLURONIC L62),
Poloxamer 184
(PLURONIC L64), Poloxamer 188 (PLURON IC F68), Poloxamer 237 (PLURONIC
F87), Poloxamer 338
(PLURONIC L108), and Poloxamer 407 (PLURONIC F127); linear secondary alcohol
ethoxylates like
TERGITOL TM 15-3-5, TERGITOLTm 15-3-7, TERGITOLTm 15-3-9, TERGITOLTm 15-S-12,
TERGITOLTm
15-3-15, TERGITOLTm 15-S-20, TERGITOLTm 15-3-30 and TERGITOLTm 15-3-40; alkyl
phenol polyglycol
ethers; polyethylene glycol alkyl aryl ethers; polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl
ethers, like octaethylene glycol
monododecyl ether, pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, BRIJ 30, and BRIJ
35; 2-dodecoxyethanol
(LUBROL -PX); polyoxyethylene glycol octylphenol ethers like polyoxyethylene
(4-5) p-t-octyl phenol
(TRITON X-45) and polyoxyethylene octyl phenyl ether (TRITON X-100);
polyoxyethylene glycol
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alkylphenol ethers like Nonoxyno1-9; phenoxypolyethoxylethanols like
nonylphenoxypolyethoxylethanol and
octylphenoxypolyethoxylethanol (IGEPAL CA-630 or NONIDETTm P-40); glucoside
alkyl ethers like octyl
glucopyranoside; maltoside alkyl ethers like dodecyl maltopyranoside;
thioglucoside alkyl ethers like heptyl
thioglucopyranoside; digitonins; glycerol alkyl esters like glyceryl laurate;
alkyl aryl polyether sulfates;
alcohol sulfonates; sorbitan alkyl esters; cocamide ethanolamines like
cocamide monoethanolamine and
cocamide diethanolamine; sucrose monolaurate; dodecyl dimethylamine oxide, and
sodium cholate. Other
non-limiting examples of surfactants useful in the methods disclosed herein
can be found in, e.g., Winslow,
et at., Methods and Compositions for Simultaneously Isolating Hemoglobin from
Red Blood Cells and
Inactivating Viruses, U.S. 2008/0138790; Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug
Delivery Systems
(Howard C. Ansel et al., eds., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, 7th
ed. 1999); Remington: The
Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Alfonso R. Gennaro ed., Lippincott, Williams
& Wilkins, 201h ed. 2000);
Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Joel G. Hardman
et al., eds., McGraw-
Hill Professional, 10th ed. 2001); and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients
(Raymond C. Rowe et al.,
APhA Publications, 41h edition 2003).
[054] Non-ionic surfactants act synergistically to enhance the action of the
fermentated microbial
supernatant. In addition, it has been established that the non-ionic
surfactants used in the papermaking
additive compositions disclosed herein are compatible with enhance chemical
reactions. Thus, in an
embodiment, a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein contains only
one or more nonionic
surfactants. In another embodiment, a papermaking additive composition
disclosed herein contains only
one or more nonionic surfactants and one or more anionic surfactants. In
another embodiment, a
papermaking additive composition disclosed herein does not contain any
cationic surfactants. In another
embodiment, a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein does not
contain any cationic
surfactants or zwitterionic surfactants. In another embodiment, a papermaking
additive composition
disclosed herein does not contain any ionic surfactants. In another
embodiment, a papermaking additive
composition disclosed herein does not contain any ionic surfactants or
zwitterionic surfactants.
[055] Any amount of surfactant disclosed herein may be used, with the proviso
that the amount is useful
to practice the methods and uses disclosed herein. In aspects of this
embodiment, the amount of surfactant
used is, e.g., about 0.01% by weight, about 0.05% by weight, about 0.075% by
weight, about 0.1% by
weight, about 0.2% by weight, about 0.3% by weight, about 0.4% by weight,
about 0.5% by weight, about
0.6% by weight, about 0.7% by weight, about 0.8% by weight, about 0.9% by
weight, about 1.0% by weight,
about 1.5% by weight, about 2.0% by weight, about 2.5% by weight, about 3.0%
by weight, about 4.0% by
weight, about 5.0% by weight, about 6.0% by weight, about 7.0% by weight,
about 7.5% by weight, about
8.0% by weight, about 9.0% by weight or about 10.0% by weight. In other
aspects of this embodiment, the
amount of surfactant used is, e.g., at least 0.01% by weight, at least 0.05%
by weight, at least 0.075% by
weight, at least 0.1% by weight, at least 0.25% by weight, at least 0.5% by
weight, at least 0.75% by weight,
at least 1.0% by weight, at least 1.5% by weight, at least 2.0% by weight, at
least 2.5% by weight, at least
3.0% by weight, at least 4.0% by weight, at least 5.0% by weight, at least
6.0% by weight, at least 7.0% by
weight, at least 7.5% by weight, at least 8.0% by weight, at least 9.0% by
weight, or at least 10.0% by
weight. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, the amount of surfactant used
is, e.g., at most 0.01% by
weight, at most 0.05% by weight, at most 0.075% by weight, at most 0.1% by
weight, at most 0.25% by
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weight, at most 0.5% by weight, at most 0.75% by weight, at most 1.0% by
weight, at most 1.5% by weight,
at most 2.0% by weight, at most 2.5% by weight, at most 3.0% by weight, at
most 4.0% by weight, at most
5.0% by weight, at most 6.0% by weight, at most 7.5% by weight, at most 8.0%
by weight, at most 9.0% by
weight or at most 10.0% by weight.
[056] In still other aspects of this embodiment, the amount of surfactant used
is between, e.g., about
0.1% by weight to about 0.5% by weight, about 0.1% by weight to about 0.75% by
weight, about 0.1% by
weight to about 1.0% by weight, about 0.1% by weight to about 1.5% by weight,
about 0.1% by weight to
about 2.0% by weight, about 0.1% by weight to about 2.5% by weight, about 0.2%
by weight to about 0.5%
by weight, about 0.2% by weight to about 0.75% by weight, about 0.2% by weight
to about 1.0% by weight,
about 0.2% by weight to about 1.5% by weight, about 0.2% by weight to about
2.0% by weight, about 0.2%
by weight to about 2.5% by weight, about 0.5% by weight to about 1.0% by
weight, about 0.5% by weight
to about 1.5% by weight, about 0.5% by weight to about 2.0% by weight, about
0.5% by weight to about
2.5% by weight, about 0.5% by weight to about 3.0% by weight, about 0.5% by
weight to about 4.0% by
weight, about 0.5% by weight to about 5.0% by weight, about 1.0% by weight to
about 2.5% by weight,
about 1.0% by weight to about 3.0% by weight, about 1.0% by weight to about
4.0% by weight, about 1.0%
by weight to about 5.0% by weight, about 1.0% by weight to about 6.0% by
weight, about 1.0% by weight
to about 7.0% by weight, about 1.0% by weight to about 7.5% by weight, about
1.0% by weight to about
8.0% by weight, about 1.0% by weight to about 9.0% by weight, about 1.0% by
weight to about 10.0% by
weight, about 2.0% by weight to about 2.5% by weight, about 2.0% by weight to
about 3.0% by weight,
about 2.0% by weight to about 4.0% by weight, about 2.0% by weight to about
5.0% by weight, about 2.0%
by weight to about 6.0% by weight, about 2.0% by weight to about 7.0% by
weight, about 2.0% by weight
to about 7.5% by weight, about 2.0% by weight to about 8.0% by weight, about
2.0% by weight to about
9.0% by weight, about 2.0% by weight to about 10.0% by weight, about 5.0% by
weight to about 6.0% by
weight, about 5.0% by weight to about 7.0% by weight, about 5.0% by weight to
about 7.5% by weight,
about 5.0% by weight to about 8.0% by weight, about 5.0% by weight to about
9.0% by weight, about 5.0%
by weight to about 10.0% by weight, about 5.0% by weight to about 11.0% by
weight, about 5.0% by weight
to about 12.0% by weight, about 5.0% by weight to about 13.0% by weight, about
5.0% by weight to about
14.0% by weight or about 5.0% by weight to about 15.0% by weight.
[057] Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, a pH of a
papermaking additive composition
disclosed herein. The final pH of a papermaking additive composition is
typically acidic as this contributes
to a longer shelf-life of the composition. In aspects of this embodiment, the
pH of a papermaking additive
composition disclosed herein is, e.g., about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5,
about 4, about 4.5, about 5,
about 5.5 or about 6. In other aspects of this embodiment, the pH of a
papermaking additive composition
disclosed herein is, e.g., at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5,
at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at
least 5.5 or at least 6. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, the pH of a
papermaking additive
composition disclosed herein is, e.g., at most 2, at most 2.5, at most 3, at
most 3.5, at most 4, at most 4.5,
at most 5, at most 5.5 or at most 6. In still other aspects of this
embodiment, the pH of a papermaking
additive composition disclosed herein is between, e.g., about 2 to about 3,
about 2 to about 3.5, about 2 to
about 4, about 2 to about 4.5, about 2 to about 5, about 2 to about 5.5, about
2 to about 6, about 2.5 to
about 3, about 2.5 to about 3.5, about 2.5 to about 4, about 2.5 to about 4.5,
about 2.5 to about 5, about
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2.5 to about 5.5, about 2.5 to about 6, about 3 to about 3.5, about 3 to about
4, about 3 to about 4.2, about
3 to about 4.5, about 3 to about 4.7, about 3 to about 5, about 3 to about
5.2, about 3 to about 5.5, about 3
to about 6, about 3.5 to about 4, about 3.5 to about 4.2, about 3.5 to about
4.5, about 3.5 to about 4.7,
about 3.5 to about 5, about 3.5 to about 5.2, about 3.5 to about 5.5, about
3.5 to about 6, about 3.7 to about
4.0, about 3.7 to about 4.2, about 3.7 to about 4.5, about 3.7 to about 5.2,
about 3.7 to about 5.5 or about
3.7 to about 6Ø
[058] Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, an enzyme. A
papermaking additive
composition disclosed herein may optionally further comprise an enzyme.
Enzymes useful in pulp and
paper production. Include enzymes that boosting bleaching, increase deinking,
modify fiber structure,
increase effluent control, remove pitch and stickies (adhesives) and modify
starch all of which lead to
enhance productivity, reduce environmental damage and lower energy
requirements. For example,
amylases are used to cleave starch molecules to reduce viscosity. Xylanases
(hemicellulases) are used to
cleave hemicellulose, making the bleaching process more effective and increase
brightness. Lipases
cleave bonds of triglycerides to produce fatty acids and are used to control
pitch in pulping phase.
Cellulases and Xylanases hydrolyze microfibrils causing fiber swelling which
make fibers more flexible as
well as facilitate removal of inks and adhesives. Esterases breakdown ester
bonds in ink particles and
polymers used in toner and adhesives. Non-limiting examples of an enzymes
useful in pulp and paper
production include a cellulase, a xylanase, a lipase, an esterase, an amylase,
a pectinase, a catalase, a
laccase, a peroxidase, a pulpase DI, a pulpase RF and a pulpase BL.
[059] Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, a papermaking
additive composition that is
biodegradable. A biodegradable papermaking additive composition disclosed
herein is one that is prone to
degrading, eroding, resorbing, decomposing, or breaking down to a substantial
or significant degree once
applied according to the methods and uses disclosed herein. In aspects of this
embodiment, at least 75%,
at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% of a
papermaking additive composition
disclosed herein biodegrades in, e.g., about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3
days, about 4 days, about 5 days,
about 6 days or about 7 days. In other aspects of this embodiment, at least
75%, at least 80%, at least
85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% of a papermaking additive
composition disclosed herein
biodegrades in, e.g., about 1 to about 2 days, about 1 to about 3 days, about
1 to about 4 days, about 1 to
about 5 days, about 1 to about 6 days, about 1 to about 7 days, about 2 to
about 3 days, about 2 to about
4 days, about 2 to about 5 days, about 2 to about 6 days, about 2 to about 7
days, about 3 to about 4 days,
about 3 to about 5 days, about 3 to about 6 days, about 3 to about 7 days,
about 4 to about 5 days, about
4 to about 6 days, about 4 to about 7 days, about 5 to about 6 days, about 5
to about 7 days or about 6 to
about 7 days.
[060] In aspects of this embodiment, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%,
at least 90%, at least 95%,
at least 99% of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein
biodegrades in, e.g., about 7 day,
about 8 days, about 9 days, about 10 days, about 11 days, about 12 days, about
13 days or about 14 days.
In other aspects of this embodiment, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%,
at least 90%, at least 95%,
at least 99% of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein
biodegrades in, e.g., about 7 to about
8 days, about 7 to about 9 days, about 7 to about 10 days, about 7 to about 11
days, about 7 to about 12
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days, about 7 to about 13 days, about 7 to about 14 days, about 8 to about 9
days, about 8 to about 10
days, about 8 to about 11 days, about 8 to about 12 days, about 8 to about 13
days, about 8 to about 14
days, about 9t0 about 10 days, about 9t0 about 11 days, about 9t0 about 12
days, about 9t0 about 13
days, about 9t0 about 14 days, about 9t0 about 11 days, about 9t0 about 12
days, about 9t0 about 13
days, about 9 to about 14 days, about 10 to about 11 days, about 10 to about
12 days, about 10 to about
13 days, about 10 to about 14 days, about 11 to about 12 days, about 11 to
about 13 days, about 11 to
about 14 days, about 12 to about 13 days, about 12 to about 14 days or about
13 to about 14 days.
[061] In aspects of this embodiment, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%,
at least 90%, at least 95%,
at least 99% of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein
biodegrades in, e.g., about 15 day,
about 16 days, about 17 days, about 18 days, about 19 days, about 20 days or
about 21 days. In other
aspects of this embodiment, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least
90%, at least 95%, at least
99% of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein biodegrades in,
e.g., about 15 to about 16
days, about 15 to about 17 days, about 15 to about 18 days, about 15 to about
19 days, about 15 to about
20 days, about 15 to about 21 days, about 16 to about 17 days, about 16 to
about 18 days, about 16 to
about 19 days, about 16 to about 20 days, about 16 to about 21 days, about 17
to about 18 days, about 17
to about 19 days, about 17 to about 20 days, about 17 to about 21 days, about
18 to about 19 days, about
18 to about 20 days, about 18 to about 21 days, about 19 to about 20 days,
about 19 to about 21 days or
about 20 to about 21 days.
[062] Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, kits comprising
one or more components
useful to practice a method or use disclosed herein. Kits provide a convenient
enclosure of components
useful to practice a method or use disclosed herein to facilitate or enhance a
commercial sale. For example,
a kit may comprises a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein and
one or more other reagents
useful to practice a method or use disclosed herein, such as, e.g., one or
more dilutants and/or one or more
carriers.
[063] Kits typically provide a suitable container, e.g., a box or other
enclosed carrier that contain the one
or more components useful to practice a method or use disclosed herein. In
addition, kits disclosed herein
will typically include separate containers, e.g., a bottle, a vial, a flask or
other enclosed carrier that contains
the one or more components. For example, a container for a papermaking
additive composition disclosed
herein, and a separate container for the one or more other reagents included
in the kit. Kits can be portable,
for example, able to be transported and used in remote areas such as
commercial or industrial installations
or agricultural fields. Other kits may be of use in a residential building.
[064] A kit disclosed herein may include labels or inserts. Labels or inserts
include "printed matter" that
can be provided as separate material, a packing material (e.g., a box), or
attached or affixed to a container
containing a kit component. Labels or inserts can additionally include a
computer readable medium, such
as a disk (e.g., hard disk, flash memory), optical disk such as CD- or DVD-
ROM/RAM, DVD, MP3, magnetic
tape, or an electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM or hybrids of these
such as magnetic/optical
storage media, FLASH media or memory type cards. Labels or inserts may include
identifying information
of one or more components therein, dose amounts, does frequency or timing,
information on the individual
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components. Labels or inserts can include information identifying manufacturer
information, lot numbers,
manufacturer location and date. Labels or inserts can include information on a
condition or situation for
which a kit component may be used. Labels or inserts can include instructions
for using one or more of the
kit components in a method, or use as disclosed herein. Instructions can
include dosage amounts,
frequency or duration, and instructions for practicing any of the methods or
uses, or treatment protocols
described herein as well as warnings on potential hazards or situations where
it would not be appropriate
to use the components of the kit.
[065] Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, a method of
separating fibers from a pulp
slurry. A method of separating fibers from a pulp slurry disclosed herein
comprises applying an effective
amount of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein to the pulp
slurry during a pulping and/or
a paper production phase. The application resulting in increased separation of
fibers from raw materials
present in the pulp slurry.
[066] Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, methods of
removing impurities and/or
contaminates from pulp and/or paper material. A method of removing impurities
and/or contaminates from
pulp and/or paper material during paper production disclosed herein comprises
applying an effective
amount of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein to a pulping
and/or a paper production
phase. The application results in the removal of impurities and/or
contaminates from the pulp and/or paper
material produced by the pulping and/or the paper production phases.
[067] Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, methods of
removing ink from pulp and/or
paper material. A method of removing ink from pulp and/or paper material
disclosed herein comprises
applying an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition disclosed
herein to a pulping and/or a
paper production phase. The application results in the removal of ink from the
pulp and/or paper material
produced by the pulping and/or the paper production phases.
[068] Aspects of the present specification disclose uses of a papermaking
additive composition disclosed
herein for separating fibers from a pulp slurry. Use of a papermaking additive
for separating fibers from a
pulp slurry disclosed herein comprises applying an effective amount of a
papermaking additive composition
to the pulp slurry during a pulping and/or a paper production phase in order
to increase separation of fibers
from raw materials present in the pulp slurry.
[069] Aspects of the present specification disclose uses of a papermaking
additive composition disclosed
herein for removing impurities and/or contaminates from pulp and/or paper
material. The disclosed uses
comprises applying an effective amount of the papermaking additive composition
to the pulp slurry during
a pulping and/or a paper production phase in order to remove impurities and/or
contaminates from pulp
and/or paper material produced by the pulping and/or the paper production
phases.
[070] Aspects of the present specification disclose uses of a papermaking
additive composition disclosed
herein for removing ink from pulp and/or paper material. The disclosed uses
comprises applying an
effective amount of the papermaking additive composition to the pulp slurry
during a pulping and/or a paper
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production phase in order to remove ink from pulp and/or paper material
produced by the pulping and/or
the paper production phases.
[071] An impurity and/or contaminate typically comprise resins, waxes, fats,
fatty acids and their esters,
and unsaponifiable substances, photosterols, salts and other water-soluble
substances and non-volatile
hydrocarbons as well as inks, adhesives, plastics and other additives. Such
impurities and/or contaminates
are generally referred to as extractives. Inks are made up of pigment, pigment
carrier and additives
formulated to reduce smudging, picking and other printing problems associated
with ink.
[072] The combination of the nonionic surfactant and the treated fermented
microbial supernatant in the
papermaking additive compositions disclosed herein results in an accelerated
in situ chemical reactions of
the molecular structures, particularly chemical bonds present in
polysaccharide and lipid-based
components, present in the raw materials used to make pulp and paper material,
particularly chemical
bonds and lipid-based components. The in situ chemical reactions dissolve,
disperse, or otherwise disrupt
one or more components of the raw material.
[073] Without wishing to be limited by any theory, upon application of a
papermaking additive composition
in an aqueous environment, highly reactive, uniquely structured, ultra-fine
microbubbles are spontaneously
formed. These "functionalized" microbubbles comprise an outer "highly
reactive" shell composed of one or
more nonionic surfactants and components from the treated fermented microbial
supernatant and an inner
core containing air. The "highly reactive" shell enables a dramatic increase
in the mass transfer of oxygen
in an aqueous environment and an accelerated bio-catalysis of the molecular
structures of compounds,
which in combination provide a synergistic functionality. With respect to mass
transfer of oxygen, this
functionality increases transfer rates of oxygen and raises the level of
dissolved oxygen in an aqueous
environment which far exceeding the solubility limits anticipated by Henry's
Law, and, are at levels that
simply cannot be achieved through mechanical aeration systems. It appears that
components from the
treated fermented microbial supernatant interfere with the ability of the
nonionic surfactants to create a well-
organized micellar shell. The result is a loose molecular packing of these
fermentation components and
surfactants that "functionalized" the shell to be more gas permeable, thereby
creating more favorable
conditions for mass gas transfer. As such, this oxygen transfer function
increases the availability of oxygen
in an aqueous environment. With respect to accelerated bio-catalysis, this
functionality lowers the transition
of energy required for a catalytic reaction to occur by providing a reaction
platform that increases localized
concentrations of reactants, enables donation of electrons and facilitate
chemical reactions at electron poor
sites. As such, this bio-catalysis function mediates cleavage of chemical
bonds, including glycosidic and
ester bonds, present in a compound. As such, the "functionalized" shell of the
microbubbles have catalytic
activities that like conventional enzyme systems, but without the need of any
enzymes. Thus, application
of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein creates
"functionalized: microbubbles that increase
oxygen dispersion resulting in higher dissolved oxygen levels and accelerate
molecular interactions
resulting in catalytic breakdown of compounds.
[074] When in contact with raw material used to make pulp, the
"functionalized" shell chemically interacts
with lignin and the lipid-based components of the material in a manner that
enables donation of electrons
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or reactions at electron poor sites that mediates cleavage of chemical bonds,
including glycosidic and ester
bonds, present in lignin and other extractives. Similarly, when in contact
with impurities or contaminants
including ink the "functionalized" shell chemically interacts with the
impurities and contaminants in a manner
that enables donation of electrons or reactions at electron poor sites that
mediates cleavage of chemical
bonds, including glycosidic and ester bonds, present in the impurities and
contaminants. These interactions
appears to be a form of hydrolysis using beta-oxidation where, in addition to
relying on components of the
"functionalized" shell, oxygen present in the core of the microbubble is also
utilized. Thus, the properties
present in the "functionalized" shell works synergistically with the oxygen
transfer capabilities of the core to
enhance the in situ breaking of chemical bonds, including glycosidic and ester
bonds, present in lignin,
extractives, impurities and contaminants.
[075] Application of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein can
be by any method that
exposes a raw material, an impurity and/or a contaminant to the disclosed
papermaking additive
compositions in a manner that provides adequate breakage of bonds one or more
components of the raw
material, the impurity and/or the contaminant. For example, exposure can be by
applying a papermaking
additive composition to pulp contained in a holding tank during the pulping
phase, to the furnish being stored
in a holding tank, or to the furnish during the forming phase.
[076] An undiluted form of the papermaking additive composition disclosed
herein can be used in the
methods and uses disclosed herein. Alternatively, it may desirable to dilute
the papermaking additive
composition disclosed herein, and those skilled in the art are aware that
dilutions of such compositions can
be used. Dilution of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein is
typically done using water,
although other appropriate diluents may be used so long as they are compatible
with the formation of
microbubbles as disclosed herein. In aspects of this embodiment, a papermaking
additive composition is
diluted to a ratio of, e.g., 1:10, 1:25, 1:50, 1:75, 1:100, 1:200, 1:300,
1:400, 1:500, 1:600, 1:700, 1:800,
1:900, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:3000, 1:4000, 1:5000, 1:6000, 1:7000, 1:8000, 1:9000,
1:10000, 1:20000,
1:30000, 1:40000, 1:50000, 1:60000, 1:70000, 1:80000, 1:90000 or 1:100000. In
other aspects of this
embodiment, a papermaking additive composition is diluted to a ratio of, e.g.,
at least 1:10, at least 1:25, at
least 1:50, at least 1:75, at least 1:100, at least 1:200, at least 1:300, at
least 1:400, at least 1:500, at least
1:600, at least 1:700, at least 1:800, at least 1:900, at least 1:1000, at
least 1:2000, at least 1:3000, at least
1:4000, at least 1:5000, at least 1:6000, at least 1:7000, at least 1:8000, at
least 1:9000, at least 1:10000,
at least 1:20000, at least 1:30000, at least 1:40000, at least 1:50000, at
least 1:60000, at least 1:70000, at
least 1:80000, at least 1:90000 or at least 1:100000. In yet other aspects of
this embodiment, a
papermaking additive composition is diluted to a ratio of, e.g., at most 1:10,
at most 1:25, at most 1:50, at
most 1:75, at most 1:100, at most 1:200, at most 1:300, at most 1:400, at most
1:500, at most 1:600, at
most 1:700, at most 1:800, at most 1:900, at most 1:1000, at most 1:2000, at
most 1:3000, at most 1:4000,
at most 1:5000, at most 1:6000, at most 1:7000, at most 1:8000, at most
1:9000, at most 1:10000, at most
1:20000, at most 1:30000, at most 1:40000, at most 1:50000, at most 1:60000,
at most 1:70000, at most
1:80000, at most 1:90000 or at most 1:100000.
[077] In still other aspects of this embodiment, a papermaking additive
composition is diluted to a ratio
of, e.g., about 1:1 to about 1:10, about 1:1 to about 1:25, about 1:1 to about
1:50, about 1:1 to about 1:75,
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about 1:1 to about 1:100, about 1:2 to about 1:10, about 1:2 to about 1:25,
about 1:2 to about 1:50, about
1:2t0 about 1:75, about 1:2t0 about 1:100, about 1:10 to about 1:25, about
1:10 to about 1:50, about 1:10
to about 1:75, about 1:10 to about 1:100, about 1:10 to about 1:125, about
1:10 to about 1:150, about 1:10
to about 1:175, about 1:10 to about 1:200, about 1:10 to about 1:225, about
1:10 to about 1:250, about 1:50
to about 1:100, about 1:50 to about 1:200, about 1:50 to about 1:300, about
1:50 to about 1:400, about 1:50
to about 1:500, about 1:50 to about 1:600, about 1:50 to about 1:700, about
1:50 to about 1:800, about 1:50
to about 1:900, about 1:50 to about 1:1000, about 1:100 to about 1:200, about
1:100 to about 1:300, about
1:100 to about 1:400, about 1:100 to about 1:500, about 1:100 to about 1:600,
about 1:100 to about 1:700,
about 1:100 to about 1:800, about 1:100 to about 1:900, about 1:100 to about
1:1000, about 1:500 to about
1:1000, about 1:500 to about 1:2000, about 1:500 to about 1:3000, about 1:500
to about 1:4000, about
1:500 to about 1:5000, about 1:500 to about 1:6000, about 1:500 to about
1:7000, about 1:500 to about
1:8000, about 1:500 to about 1:9000, about 1:500 to about 1:10000, about
1:1000 to about 1:2000, about
1:1000 to about 1:3000, about 1:1000 to about 1:4000, about 1:1000 to about
1:5000, about 1:1000 to about
1:6000, about 1:1000 to about 1:7000, about 1:1000 to about 1:8000, about
1:1000 to about 1:9000, about
1:1000 to about 1:10000, about 1:5000 to about 1:10000, about 1:5000 to about
1:20000, about 1:5000 to
about 1:30000, about 1:5000 to about 1:40000, about 1:5000 to about 1:50000,
about 1:5000 to about
1:60000, about 1:5000 to about 1:70000, about 1:5000 to about 1:80000, about
1:5000 to about 1:90000,
about 1:5000 to about 1:100000, about 1:10000 to about 1:20000, about 1:10000
to about 1:30000, about
1:10000 to about 1:40000, about 1:10000 to about 1:50000, about 1:10000 to
about 1:60000, about 1:10000
to about 1:70000, about 1:10000 to about 1:80000, about 1:10000 to about
1:90000, about 1:10000 to about
1:100000.
[078] Application of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein is in
an effective amount. An
effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition can be an
amount sufficient achieve a
high fiber purity and quality. In aspects of this embodiment, an effective
amount causes an increase in
cellulose fiber separation, an increase in the surface area of fibers, removal
of an ink, an adhesive and/or
other impurity or contaminant, or any combination thereof. Preferentially,
such an effective amount will not
harm fiber integrity and strength. The actual effective amount of a disclosed
papermaking additive
composition is determined by routine screening procedures employed to evaluate
controlling activity and
efficacy of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein. Such
screening procedures are well
known by those skilled in the art. It is expected that a papermaking additive
composition disclosed herein
having a higher level of activity can be used in smaller amounts and
concentrations, while those having a
lower level of activity may require larger amounts or concentrations in order
to achieve the same controlling
effect.
[079] An effective amount of a papermaking additive composition disclosed
herein can be assessed by
the purity and quality of pulp and paper products produced. The Technical
Association of Pulp and Paper
Industry (TAPPI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
have established standard
methods of evaluating processed pulp purity and quality, see, e.g., TAPPI
Standard T 203 cm-99 Alpha-,
Beta- and Gamma-Cellulose in Pulp; TAPPI Standard T235 cm-85 Alkali Solubility
R10 and R18; TAPPI
Standard T 430 cm-09 Copper Number of Pulp, Paper and Paperboard; TAPPI
Standard T 236 cm-99
Kappa Number of Pulp; TAPPI Standard T 230 om-99 Viscosity of Pulp; TAPPI
Standard T 452 om-08
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Brightness of Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard; TAPP! Standard T 235 cm-85 Carboxyl
Content; TAPP!
Standard T 204 cm-97 Solvent Extractives of Wood and Pulp; and TAPPI Standard
T 211 am-93 Ash in
Wood Pulp, Paper and Paperboard: Combustion at 525 C.
[080] One aspect of high fiber purity and quality is pulp yield. Generally,
the higher the yield of cellulosic
material from the raw material the better the fiber purity and quality.
Typical woods are comprised of about
40%-50% cellulose and 25%-35% hemicellulose. Extraction of over 70% cellulosic
material is generally
considered a high pulp yield.
[081] In an embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an
amount sufficient to cause a high pulp yield. In aspects of this embodiment,
an effective amount of a
disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to cause a
pulp yield of, e.g., about
70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about
89%, about 90%, about
91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about
98% or about 99%. In
other aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed
papermaking additive composition is
an amount sufficient to cause a pulp yield of, e.g., at least 70%, at least
75%, at least 80%, at least 85%,
at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least
91%, at least 92%, at least
93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or
at least 99%. In yet other
aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an
amount sufficient to cause a pulp yield of, e.g., at most 70%, at most 75%, at
most 80%, at most 85%, at
most 86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most 89%, at most 90%, at most 91%, at
most 92%, at most 93%,
at most 94%, at most 95%, at most 96%, at most 97%, at most 98% or at most
99%. In yet other aspects
of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a pulp yield
of, e.g., about 70% to about
80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%,
about 70% to about
99%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%,
about 75% to about
99%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 99%,
about 85% to about
93%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 99%,
about 90% to about
93%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 99%,
about 93% to about
95%, about 93% to about 97%, about 93% to about 99%, about 95% to about 97% or
about 95% to about
99%.
[082] In another embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a
high pulp yield. In aspects
of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a pulp yield
of, e.g., about 70%, about 75%,
about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%,
about 91%, about
92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about
99%. In other
aspects of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a pulp
yield of, e.g., at least 70%,
at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least
88%, at least 89%, at least
90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at
least 96%, at least 97%, at
least 98% or at least 99%. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, a method
or use disclosed herein
results in a pulp yield of, e.g., at most 70%, at most 75%, at most 80%, at
most 85%, at most 86%, at most
87%, at most 88%, at most 89%, at most 90%, at most 91%, at most 92%, at most
93%, at most 94%, at
most 95%, at most 96%, at most 97%, at most 98% or at most 99%. In yet other
aspects of this embodiment,
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a method or use disclosed herein results in a pulp yield of, e.g., about 70%
to about 80%, about 70% to
about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about
99%, about 75% to
about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about
99%, about 80% to
about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to about
93%, about 85% to
about 95%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to about
93%, about 90% to
about 95%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 99%, about 93% to about
95%, about 93% to
about 97%, about 93% to about 99%, about 95% to about 97% or about 95% to
about 99%.
[083] Another aspect of high fiber purity and quality is the amount of alpha-,
beta- and gamma-cellulose
content present in the processed pulp or paper product produced. In general,
alpha-cellulose is an indicator
of intact, higher-molecular-weight cellulose content in pulp, beta-cellulose
is an indicator of degraded
cellulose, and the gamma-cellulose is an indicator of hemicellulose. There are
several assays which
measure cellulosic material content in processed pulp.
[084] In a cellulose content assay, alpha-, beta- and gamma-cellulose
fractions are separated using a
mercerizing caustic solution where alpha-cellulose remains insoluble, beta-
cellulose is precipitated out of
solution upon acid addition, and gamma-cellulose remains in solution. For
example, alpha-cellulose is the
pulp fraction resistant to 17.5% and 9.45% sodium hydroxide solution under
conditions of the test. Beta-
cellulose is the soluble fraction which is reprecipitated on acidification of
the solution; gamma-cellulose is
that fraction remaining in the solution. The soluble fractions containing beta-
cellulose and gamma cellulose
are determined volumetrically by oxidation with potassium dichromate and the
alpha-cellulose, as the
insoluble fraction, is derived by difference using the following formulas: AC%
= 100 ¨ [6.85(V2 ¨ Vi) x N x
20] / Ax W, where AC% is the percent alpha-cellulose, Vi is the titration, in
milliliters, of the pulp filtrate, V2
is the titration, in milliliters, of the blank, N is the exact normality of
the ferrous ammonium sulfate solution,
A is the volume, in milliliters, of the pulp filtrate used in the oxidation,
and W is the oven-dry weight, in
grams, of the pulp specimen. GC% = [6.85 (V4 ¨ V3) x N x 20] / (25 x W), where
GC% is the percent
gamma-cellulose, V3 is the titration, in milliliters, of the solution after
precipitation of beta-cellulose, V4 is the
titration, in milliliters, of the blank, N is the exact normality of the
ferrous ammonium sulfate solution and W
is the oven-dry weight, in grams, of the pulp specimen. BC% = 100 ¨ (AC% +
GC%), where BC% is the
percent beta-cellulose, where AC% is the percent alpha-cellulose and where GC%
is the percent gamma-
cellulose. A standardized cellulose content assay is described in, e.g., TAPPI
Standard T203 cm-99 Alpha-
Beta- and Gamma-Cellulose in Pulp.
[085] In an alkali resistance assay, retention of cellulosic material using
at least two different percent
alkali solutions provide information on high molecular weight carbohydrates
(intact cellulose or alpha-
cellulose) in processed pulp. The alkali is typically sodium hydroxide and the
concentrations most
frequently used are 18%, 10%, and 5 % (m/m). For example, a 10% sodium
hydroxide solution dissolves
both degraded cellulose and hemicellulose which provides an indication on the
total amount of insoluble
cellulosic material (retention in 10% alkali or Rio value). As such, the Rio
value includes the amount of
alpha-cellulose (intact cellulose). However, only hemicellulose is soluble in
an 18% sodium hydroxide
solution which provides an estimate on the amount of both alpha- and beta-
cellulose that remains in the
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insoluble fraction (retention in 18% alkali or Ri8 value). To perform the
alkali solubility assay, pulp, a known
mass of oven-dried processed pulp is treated with sodium hydroxide solution
for 60 minutes at 20 C,
washed in acetic acid and the insoluble cellulosic material is dried and
weighed. Alkali resistance, RG, is
expressed as a percentage by mass using the following formula: mi x 100 / ma,
where Re is alkali resistance,
ma is the mass in grams of the test portion calculated on an oven dry basis,
and mi is the oven dry mass in
grams of the alkali-insoluble fraction. When the alkali resistance assay is
performed using 10% alkali
solutions, Re is referred to as Rio, when performed using 18% alkali
solutions, Re is referred to as R18. A
standardized alkali solubility assay is described in, e.g., ISO Standard
699:2015 Pulps ¨ Determination of
Alkali Resistance.
[086] In an alkali solubility assay, solubility of cellulosic material at
two different percent alkali solutions
provide information on low molecular weight carbohydrates (degraded cellulose
or beta-cellulose) and
hemicellulose in processed pulp. The alkali is typically sodium hydroxide and
the concentrations most
frequently used are 18% and 10% (m/m). For example, a 10% sodium hydroxide
solution dissolves both
degraded cellulose and hemicellulose which provides an indication on the total
amounts of soluble cellulosic
material in basic solutions (solubility in 10% alkali or Sio value). As such,
the Sio value includes the sum of
hemicellulose and beta-cellulose (degraded cellulose). However, hemicellulose
is soluble in an 18%
sodium hydroxide solution which provides an estimate on the amount of residual
hemicellulose present in
the pulp (solubility in 18% alkali or S18 value). As such, beta-cellulose
(degraded cellulose) can be
determined by subtracting the Sio value from the S18 value (S18 minus S10). In
addition, alpha-cellulose
content can be calculated based on the alkali solubility assay by determining
the total amount of cellulosic
material and subtracting the Sio value. To perform the alkali solubility
assay, pulp is treated with sodium
hydroxide solution and oxidation of the dissolved organic matter with
potassium dichromate. Ammonium
iron(II) sulphate is used to titrate excess potassium dichromate and the
amount of potassium dichromate
consumed is used to calculate the cellulose equivalent. The soluble fraction
of cellulose is expressed as
a percentage by mass of the oven-dry pulp using the following formula: Se =
6.85 (V2 ¨ Vi) x c x 100 / m x
V, where Se is alkali solubility, V is the volume, in milliliters, of filtrate
used in the oxidation, Vi is the volume,
in milliliters, of ammonium iron(II) sulphate solution consumed in the
titration of the test solution, V2 is the
volume, in milliliters, of ammonium iron(II) sulphate solution consumed in the
blank test, c is the
concentration, in moles per liter, of the ammonium iron(II) sulphate solution,
m is the mass, in grams, of the
test portion calculated on an oven-dry basis; and 6.85 is the empirical
factor, in milligrams, indicating the
amount of cellulose equivalent to 1/6 mol of potassium dichromate. When the
alkali solubility assay is
performed using 10% alkali solutions, SG is referred to as Sio, when performed
using 18% alkali solutions,
SG is referred to as Si8. Standardized alkali solubility assays are described
in, e.g., TAPP! Standard T 235
cm-09 Alkali Solubility of Pulp at 25 C and ISO Standard 692 Pulps ¨
Determination of Alkali Solubility.
[087] In a pulp viscosity assay, the viscosity of processed pulp is
determined. The viscosity of a pulp is
an indicator of the average degree of polymerization of the cellulose. Higher
pulp viscosity is an indicator
of longer cellulose chain length and lesser degradation. As such, the higher
the pulp viscosity the more
intact, higher-molecular-weight cellulose (alpha-cellulose) is present in the
processed pulp and, conversely,
the less degraded cellulose (beta-cellulose) that is present in the pulp. A
standardized pulp viscosity assay
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is described in, e.g., TAPP! Standard T 230 om-99 Viscosity of Pulp.
[088] In an embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a high alpha-cellulose content of the processed
pulp. In aspects of this
embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive
composition is an amount sufficient
to result in an alpha-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g., about
70%, about 75%, about 80%,
about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%,
about 92%, about
93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about 99%. In
aspects of this
embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive
composition is an amount sufficient
to result in an alpha-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g., at
least 70%, at least 75%, at least
80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at
least 90%, at least 91%, at
least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least
97%, at least 98% or at least
99%. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a
disclosed papermaking additive
composition is an amount sufficient to result in an alpha-cellulose content of
the processed pulp of, e.g., at
most 70%, at most 75%, at most 80%, at most 85%, at most 86%, at most 87%, at
most 88%, at most 89%,
at most 90%, at most 91%, at most 92%, at most 93%, at most 94%, at most 95%,
at most 96%, at most
97%, at most 98% or at most 99%. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, an
effective amount of a
disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result
in an alpha-cellulose content
of the processed pulp of, e.g., about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about
85%, about 70% to about 90%,
about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to about 85%, about
75% to about 90%,
about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to about 90%, about
80% to about 95%,
about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to about 93%, about 85% to about 95%, about
85% to about 97%,
about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to about 93%, about 90% to about 95%, about
90% to about 97%,
about 90% to about 99%, about 93% to about 95%, about 93% to about 97%, about
93% to about 99%,
about 95% to about 97% or about 95% to about 99%.
[089] In an embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a low beta-cellulose content of the processed
pulp. In aspects of this
embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive
composition is an amount sufficient
to result in a beta-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g., about
5%, about 10%, about 15%, about
20%, about 25%, about 30% or about 35%. In aspects of this embodiment, an
effective amount of a
disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result
in a beta-cellulose content of
the processed pulp of, e.g., at most 5%, at most 10%, at most 15%, at most
20%, at most 25%, at most
30% or at most 35%. In aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a
disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a beta-cellulose
content of the processed pulp of,
e.g., about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%,
about 5% to about 25%,
about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about
10% to about 20%, about
10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 15% to
about 20%, about
15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to
about 25%, about
20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to
about 35% or about
30% to about 35%.
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[090] In an embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a low gamma-cellulose content of the processed
pulp. In aspects of this
embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive
composition is an amount sufficient
to result in a gamma-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g., about
5%, about 10%, about 15%,
about 20%, about 25%, about 30% or about 35%. In aspects of this embodiment,
an effective amount of a
disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result
in a gamma-cellulose content
of the processed pulp of, e.g., at most 5%, at most 10%, at most 15%, at most
20%, at most 25%, at most
30% or at most 35%. In aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a
disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a gamma-cellulose
content of the processed pulp
of, e.g., about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%,
about 5% to about 25%,
about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about
10% to about 20%, about
10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 15% to
about 20%, about
15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to
about 25%, about
20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to
about 35% or about
30% to about 35%.
[091] In an embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a high viscosity of a processed pulp. In
aspects of this embodiment, an
effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount
sufficient to result in a
viscosity of a processed pulp of, e.g., about 5 mPa=s, about 10 mPa=s, about
15 mPa=s, about 20 mPa=s,
about 25 mPa=s, about 30 mPa=s, about 35 mPa=s, about 40 mPa=s, about 45 mPa=s
or about 50 mPa=s.
In aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a viscosity of a processed pulp of, e.g., at
least 5 mPa=s, at least 10 mPa=s, at
least 15 mPa=s, at least 20 mPa=s, at least 25 mPa=s, at least 30 mPa=s, at
least 35 mPa=s, at least 40
mPa=s, at least 45 mPa=s or at least 50 mPa=s. In yet aspects of this
embodiment, an effective amount of
a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result
in a viscosity of a processed
pulp of, e.g., at most 5 mPa=s, at most 10 mPa=s, at most 15 mPa=s, at most 20
mPa=s, at most 25 mPa=s,
at most 30 mPa=s, at most 35 mPa=s, at most 40 mPa=s, at most 45 mPa=s or at
most 50 mPa=s. In yet
aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a viscosity of a processed pulp of, e.g., about
5 mPa=s to about 10 mPa=s,
about 5 mPa=s to about 15 mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s to about 20 mPa=s, about 5
mPa=s to about 25 mPa=s,
about 5 mPa=s to about 30 mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s to about 35 mPa=s, about 5
mPa=s to about 40 mPa=s,
about 5 mPa=s to about 45 mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s, about 10
mPa=s to about 15 mPa=s,
about 10 mPa=s to about 20 mPa=s, about 10 mPa=s to about 25 mPa=s, about 10
mPa=s to about 30 mPa=s,
about 10 mPa=s to about 35 mPa=s, about 10 mPa=s to about 40 mPa=s, about 10
mPa=s to about 45 mPa=s,
about 10 mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s, about 15 mPa=s to about 20 mPa=s, about 15
mPa=s to about 25 mPa=s,
about 15 mPa=s to about 30 mPa=s, about 15 mPa=s to about 35 mPa=s, about 15
mPa=s to about 40 mPa=s,
about 15 mPa=s to about 45 mPa=s, about 15 mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s, about 20
mPa=s to about 25 mPa=s,
about 20 mPa=s to about 30 mPa=s, about 20 mPa=s to about 35 mPa=s, about 20
mPa=s to about 40 mPa=s,
about 20 mPa=s to about 45 mPa=s, about 20 mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s, about 25
mPa=s to about 30 mPa=s,
about 25 mPa=s to about 35 mPa=s, about 25 mPa=s to about 40 mPa=s, about 25
mPa=s to about 45 mPa=s,
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about 25 mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s, about 30 mPa=s to about 35 mPa=s, about 30
mPa=s to about 40 mPa=s,
about 30 mPa=s to about 45 mPa=s, about 30 mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s, about 35
mPa=s to about 40 mPa=s,
about 35 mPa=s to about 45 mPa=s, about 35 mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s, about 40
mPa=s to about 45 mPa=s,
about 40 mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s or about 45 mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s.
[092] In an embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a
processed pulp having a high
alpha-cellulose content. In aspects of this embodiment, a method or use
disclosed herein results in a
processed pulp having an alpha-cellulose content of, e.g., about 70%, about
75%, about 80%, about 85%,
about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%,
about 93%, about
94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about 99%. In aspects of
this embodiment, a
method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having an alpha-
cellulose content of, e.g., at
least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least
87%, at least 88%, at least 89%,
at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least
95%, at least 96%, at least
97%, at least 98% or at least 99%. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, a
method or use disclosed
herein results in a processed pulp having an alpha-cellulose content of, e.g.,
at most 70%, at most 75%, at
most 80%, at most 85%, at most 86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most 89%, at
most 90%, at most 91%,
at most 92%, at most 93%, at most 94%, at most 95%, at most 96%, at most 97%,
at most 98% or at most
99%. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein
results in a processed
pulp having an alpha-cellulose content of, e.g., about 70% to about 80%, about
70% to about 85%, about
70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to
about 85%, about
75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to
about 90%, about
80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to about 93%, about 85% to
about 95%, about
85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to about 93%, about 90% to
about 95%, about
90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 99%, about 93% to about 95%, about 93% to
about 97%, about
93% to about 99%, about 95% to about 97% or about 95% to about 99%.
[093] In an embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a
processed pulp having a low beta-
cellulose content. In aspects of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed
herein results in a processed
pulp having a beta-cellulose content of, e.g., about 5%, about 10%, about 15%,
about 20%, about 25%,
about 30% or about 35%. In aspects of this embodiment, a method or use
disclosed herein results in a
processed pulp having a beta-cellulose content of, e.g., at most 5%, at most
10%, at most 15%, at most
20%, at most 25%, at most 30% or at most 35%. In aspects of this embodiment, a
method or use disclosed
herein results in a processed pulp having a beta-cellulose content of, e.g.,
about 5% to about 10%, about
5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to
about 30%, about 5% to
about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about
25%, about 10% to
about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to about
25%, about 15% to
about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about
30%, about 20% to
about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35% or about 30% to
about 35%.
[094] In an embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a
processed pulp having a low
gamma-cellulose content. In aspects of this embodiment, a method or use
disclosed herein results in a
processed pulp having a gamma-cellulose content of, e.g., about 5%, about 10%,
about 15%, about 20%,
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about 25%, about 30% or about 35%. In aspects of this embodiment, a method or
use disclosed herein
results in a processed pulp having a gamma-cellulose content of, e.g., at most
5%, at most 10%, at most
15%, at most 20%, at most 25%, at most 30% or at most 35%. In aspects of this
embodiment, a method
or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a gamma-cellulose
content of, e.g., about 5% to
about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about
25%, about 5% to about
30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%,
about 10% to about
25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 15% to about 20%,
about 15% to about
25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to about 25%,
about 20% to about
30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35% or
about 30% to about
35%.
[095] In an embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a
processed pulp having a high
viscosity. In aspects of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein
results in a processed pulp
having a viscosity of, e.g., about 5 mPa.s, about 10 mPa.s, about 15 mPa.s,
about 20 mPa.s, about 25
mPa.s, about 30 mPa.s, about 35 mPa.s, about 40 mPa.s, about 45 mPa.s or about
50 mPa.s. In aspects
of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed
pulp having a viscosity of,
e.g., at least 5 mPa.s, at least 10 mPa.s, at least 15 mPa.s, at least 20
mPa.s, at least 25 mPa.s, at least
30 mPa.s, at least 35 mPa.s, at least 40 mPa.s, at least 45 mPa.s or at least
50 mPa.s. In yet aspects of
this embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp
having a viscosity of, e.g.,
at most 5 mPa.s, at most 10 mPa.s, at most 15 mPa.s, at most 20 mPa.s, at most
25 mPa.s, at most 30
mPa.s, at most 35 mPa.s, at most 40 mPa.s, at most 45 mPa.s or at most 50
mPa.s. In yet aspects of this
embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp
having a viscosity of, e.g., about
mPa.s to about 10 mPa.s, about 5 mPa.s to about 15 mPa.s, about 5 mPa.s to
about 20 mPa.s, about
5 mPa.s to about 25 mPa.s, about 5 mPa.s to about 30 mPa.s, about 5 mPa.s to
about 35 mPa.s, about
5 mPa.s to about 40 mPa.s, about 5 mPa.s to about 45 mPa.s, about 5 mPa.s to
about 50 mPa.s, about
mPa.s to about 15 mPa.s, about 10 mPa.s to about 20 mPa.s, about 10 mPa.s to
about 25 mPa.s,
about 10 mPa.s to about 30 mPa.s, about 10 mPa.s to about 35 mPa.s, about 10
mPa.s to about 40 mPa.s,
about 10 mPa.s to about 45 mPa.s, about 10 mPa.s to about 50 mPa.s, about 15
mPa.s to about 20 mPa.s,
about 15 mPa.s to about 25 mPa.s, about 15 mPa.s to about 30 mPa.s, about 15
mPa.s to about 35 mPa.s,
about 15 mPa.s to about 40 mPa.s, about 15 mPa.s to about 45 mPa.s, about 15
mPa.s to about 50 mPa.s,
about 20 mPa.s to about 25 mPa.s, about 20 mPa.s to about 30 mPa.s, about 20
mPa.s to about 35 mPa.s,
about 20 mPa.s to about 40 mPa.s, about 20 mPa.s to about 45 mPa.s, about 20
mPa.s to about 50 mPa.s,
about 25 mPa.s to about 30 mPa.s, about 25 mPa.s to about 35 mPa.s, about 25
mPa.s to about 40 mPa.s,
about 25 mPa.s to about 45 mPa.s, about 25 mPa.s to about 50 mPa.s, about 30
mPa.s to about 35 mPa.s,
about 30 mPa.s to about 40 mPa.s, about 30 mPa.s to about 45 mPa.s, about 30
mPa.s to about 50 mPa.s,
about 35 mPa.s to about 40 mPa.s, about 35 mPa.s to about 45 mPa.s, about 35
mPa.s to about 50 mPa.s,
about 40 mPa.s to about 45 mPa.s, about 40 mPa.s to about 50 mPa.s or about 45
mPa.s to about 50
mPa.s.
[096] Another aspect of high fiber purity and quality is the amount of lignin,
extractives and other
impurities present in the processed pulp or paper product produced. In
general, the lower the amount of
lignin, extractives and other impurities in pulp, the higher the purity and
integrity of cellulosic material in
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processed pulp. Typical woods are comprised of about 15%-30% lignin and 2%-10%
extractives. There
are several assays which measure lignin content in processed pulp.
[097] In the Kappa number assay, the kappa number is an indicator of the
hardness, bleachability and
delignification of the processed pulp. The kappa number is defined as the
volume in milliliters of 0.1 N
potassium permanganate (KMn04) consumed by one gram of moisture-free pulp in
an acidic medium under
defined time and temperature conditions. The Kappa number has a range of 1 to
100 and is an assessment
of how much lignin is present in pulp, which determines the amount of bleach
that needs to be added to it
if the goal is a white processed paper product. High Kappa numbers require
more bleach, while lower
numbers have less lignin and need less bleach. To perform the Kappa number
assay, a known quantity of
processed pulp is allowed to react with equal amounts of 4 N sulfuric acid and
0.1 N potassium
permanganate solution for a given time. The amount of pulp is chosen so that
about 50% of the total
oxidation capacity of the permanganate is left unconsumed at the end of the
reaction time. Potassium
iodine solution is added to the test solution and sodium thiosulphate is then
used to titrate excess iodine
and the amount of potassium permanganate consumed is used to calculate the
lignin equivalent. Kappa
number, K, is determined using the following formula: K= pxf /w and p = (b ¨
a)N / 0.1, where K is the
Kappa number, f is a factor for correction to a 50% permanganate consumption,
dependent on the value of
p, w is the weight, in grams, of moisture-free pulp in the specimen, p is the
amount, in milliliters, of 0.1 N
permanganate actually consumed by the test specimen, b is the amount, in
milliliters, of the thiosulfate
consumed in the blank determination, a is the amount, in milliliters, of the
thiosulfate consumed by the test
specimen, and N is the normality of the thiosulfate. The Kappa number for
bleachable pulps are in the
range of 25-30, sack paper pulps in the range 45-55 and pulps for corrugated
fiberboard are in the range
60-90. The Kappa number can also monitor the effectiveness of the lignin-
extraction from processed pulp
because the number is approximately proportional to the residual lignin
content of the pulp. The following
formula can be used: K = cl, where K is the Kappa number, c is a constant
having the value of about 6.57,
depending on process and raw material used, and I is the lignin content in
percent. Standardized kappa
number assays are described in, e.g., TAPP! Standard T 236 cm-99 Kappa Number
of Pulp, ISO Standard
302:2015 Determination of Kappa Number and Chai and Zhu, Rapid Pulp Kappa
Number Determination
Using Spectrophotometry, J. Pulp Paper Sci. 25(11): 387-394 (1999).
[098] In the copper number assay, the copper number is an indicator of the
reducing groups of cellulosic
material and impurities possessing reducing properties that are present in the
processed pulp. Hydrolyzed
or oxidized cellulose is capable of reducing certain metallic ions to lower
valence states, and reactions of
this type have served to detect damage to cellulose and to estimate the
quantity of reducing groups. Thus,
the copper number can be regarded as an index of those impurities in cellulose
such as oxycellulose,
hydrocellulose, lignin, and sugars which possess reducing properties. As such,
this assay is valuable for
detecting changes accompanying deterioration and may, therefore, be considered
as a test for indicating
the permanence of paper. Copper number is defined as the number of grams of
metallic copper (as Cu20)
resulting from the reduction of CuSO4 by 100.00 g of pulp fibers. To perform
the copper number assay,
pulp, a known mass of oven-dried processed pulp is treated with a CuSO4
solution and a carbonate-
bicarbonate solution heated at 100 C for three hours with occasional shaking
and then washed in in 5%
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Na2CO3 and then hot water. The treated cellulosic material is then incubated
with phosphomolybdic acid,
macerated, washed with water until the blue color of the fibers is removed,
and the filtrate diluted to an
appropriate volume and then titrated with 0.05 N KMn04 to a faint pink end
point. The copper number, C,
is calculated using the following formula: C = 6.357 x (V - B) x N / W, where
C is the copper number, V is
the volume, in milliliters, of KMnO4 solution to titrate the filtrate from the
specimen, B is the volume, in
milliliters, of KMn04 solution to titrate the blank filtrate, N is the
normality of 0.05 N KMn04, W is the weight,
in grams, of the oven-dried pulp. A standardized alkali solubility assay is
described in, e.g., TAPP! Standard
T 430 cm-09 Copper Number of Pulp, Paper and Paperboard.
[099] In an embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low lignin content.
In aspects of this embodiment,
an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a
processed pulp having a low lignin content with a Kappa number of, e.g., about
5, about 10, about 15, about
20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about or about 50. In aspects of
this embodiment, an effective
amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient
to result in a processed
pulp having a low lignin content with a Kappa number of, e.g., at least 5, at
least 10, at least 15, at least 20,
at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45 or at least
50. In yet aspects of this embodiment,
an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a
processed pulp having a low lignin content with a Kappa number of, e.g., at
most 5, at most 10, at most 15,
at most 20, at most 25, at most 30, at most 35, at most 40, at most 45 or at
most 50. In yet aspects of this
embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive
composition is an amount sufficient
to result in a processed pulp having a low lignin content with a Kappa number
of, e.g., about 5 to about 10,
about 5 to about 15, about 5 to about 20, about 5 to about 25, about 5 to
about 30, about 5 to about 35,
about 5 to about 40, about 5 to about 45, about 5 to about 50, about 10 to
about 15, about 10 to about 20,
about 10 to about 25, about 10 to about 30, about 10 to about 35, about 10 to
about 40, about 10 to about
45, about 10 to about 50, about 15 to about 20, about 15 to about 25, about 15
to about 30, about 15 to
about 35, about 15 to about 40, about 15 to about 45, about 15 to about 50,
about 20 to about 25, about 20
to about 30, about 20 to about 35, about 20 to about 40, about 20 to about 45,
about 20 to about 50, about
25 to about 30, about 25 to about 35, about 25 to about 40, about 25 to about
45, about 25 to about 50,
about 30 to about 35, about 30 to about 40, about 30 to about 45, about 30 to
about 50, about 35 to about
40, about 35 to about 45, about 35 to about 50, about 40 to about 45, about 40
to about 50 or about 45 to
about 50.
[0100] In an embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a
processed pulp having a low lignin
content. In aspects of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein
results in a processed pulp
having a low lignin content with a Kappa number of, e.g., about 5, about 10,
about 15, about 20, about 25,
about 30, about 35, about 40, about or about 50. In aspects of this
embodiment, a method or use disclosed
herein results in a processed pulp having a low lignin content with a Kappa
number of, e.g., at least 5, at
least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at
least 40, at least 45 or at least 50.
In yet aspects of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in
a processed pulp having a
low lignin content with a Kappa number of, e.g., at most 5, at most 10, at
most 15, at most 20, at most 25,
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at most 30, at most 35, at most 40, at most 45 or at most 50. In yet aspects
of this embodiment, a method
or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low lignin
content with a Kappa number of,
e.g., about 5 to about 10, about 5 to about 15, about 5 to about 20, about 5
to about 25, about 5 to about
30, about 5 to about 35, about 5 to about 40, about 5 to about 45, about 5 to
about 50, about 10 to about
15, about 10 to about 20, about 10 to about 25, about 10 to about 30, about 10
to about 35, about 10 to
about 40, about 10 to about 45, about 10 to about 50, about 15 to about 20,
about 15 to about 25, about 15
to about 30, about 15 to about 35, about 15 to about 40, about 15 to about 45,
about 15 to about 50, about
20 to about 25, about 20 to about 30, about 20 to about 35, about 20 to about
40, about 20 to about 45,
about 20 to about 50, about 25 to about 30, about 25 to about 35, about 25 to
about 40, about 25 to about
45, about 25 to about 50, about 30 to about 35, about 30 to about 40, about 30
to about 45, about 30 to
about 50, about 35 to about 40, about 35 to about 45, about 35 to about 50,
about 40 to about 45, about 40
to about 50 or about 45 to about 50.
[0101] In an embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low impurities. In
aspects of this embodiment, an
effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount
sufficient to result in a
processed pulp having a low impurities content with a copper number of, e.g.,
about 0.5, about 0.75, about
1.0, about 1.25, about 1.5, about 1.75, about 2.0, about 2.25, about 2.5,
about 2.75, about 3.0, about 3.25,
about 3.5, about 3.75, about 4.0, about 4.25, about 4.5, about 4.75, about
5.0, about 5.25, about 5.5, about
5.75, about 6.0, about 6.25, about 6.5, about 6.75 or about 7Ø In other
aspects of this embodiment, an
effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount
sufficient to result in a
processed pulp having a low impurities content with a copper number of, e.g.,
at least 0.5, at least 0.75, at
least 1.0, at least 1.25, at least 1.5, at least 1.75, at least 2.0, at least
2.25, at least 2.5, at least 2.75, at
least 3.0, at least 3.25, at least 3.5, at least 3.75, at least 4.0, at least
4.25, at least 4.5, at least 4.75, at
least 5.0, at least 5.25, at least 5.5, at least 5.75, at least 6.0, at least
6.25, at least 6.5, at least 6.75 or at
least 7Ø In yet other aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a
disclosed papermaking additive
composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low
impurities content with a
copper number of, e.g., at most 0.5, at most 0.75, at most 1.0, at most 1.25,
at most 1.5, at most 1.75, at
most 2.0, at most 2.25, at most 2.5, at most 2.75, at most 3.0, at most 3.25,
at most 3.5, at most 3.75, at
most 4.0, at most 4.25, at most 4.5, at most 4.75, at most 5.0, at most 5.25,
at most 5.5, at most 5.75, at
most 6.0, at most 6.25, at most 6.5, at most 6.75 or at most 7Ø In still
other aspects of this embodiment,
an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a
processed pulp having a low impurities content with a copper number of, e.g.,
about 0.5 to about 1.0, about
0.5 to about 2.0, about 0.5 to about 3.0, about 0.5 to about 4.0, about 0.5 to
about 5.0, about 0.5 to about
6.0, about 0.5 to about 7.0, about 0.75 to about 1.0, about 0.75 to about 2.0,
about 0.75 to about 3.0, about
0.75 to about 4.0, about 0.75 to about 5.0, about 0.75 to about 6.0, about
0.75 to about 7.0, about 1.0 to
about 2.0, about 1.0 to about 3.0, about 1.0 to about 4.0, about 1.0 to about
5.0, about 1.0 to about 6.0,
about 1.0 to about 7.0, about 1.25 to about 2.0, about 1.25 to about 3.0,
about 1.25 to about 4.0, about 1.25
to about 5.0, about 1.25 to about 6.0, about 1.25 to about 7.0, about 1.5 to
about 2.0, about 1.5 to about
3.0, about 1.5 to about 4.0, about 1.5 to about 5.0, about 1.5 to about 6.0,
about 1.5 to about 7.0, about
1.75 to about 2.0, about 1.75 to about 3.0, about 1.75 to about 4.0, about
1.75 to about 5.0, about 1.75 to
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about 6.0, about 1.75 to about 7.0, about 2 to about 3.0, about 2 to about
4.0, about 2 to about 5.0, about
2 to about 6.0 or about 2 to about 7Ø
[0102] In an embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a
processed pulp having a low
impurities. In aspects of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein
results in a processed pulp
having a low impurities content with a copper number of, e.g., about 0.5,
about 0.75, about 1.0, about 1.25,
about 1.5, about 1.75, about 2.0, about 2.25, about 2.5, about 2.75, about
3.0, about 3.25, about 3.5, about
3.75, about 4.0, about 4.25, about 4.5, about 4.75, about 5.0, about 5.25,
about 5.5, about 5.75, about 6.0,
about 6.25, about 6.5, about 6.75 or about 7Ø In other aspects of this
embodiment, a method or use
disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low impurities content
with a copper number of, e.g.,
at least 0.5, at least 0.75, at least 1.0, at least 1.25, at least 1.5, at
least 1.75, at least 2.0, at least 2.25, at
least 2.5, at least 2.75, at least 3.0, at least 3.25, at least 3.5, at least
3.75, at least 4.0, at least 4.25, at
least 4.5, at least 4.75, at least 5.0, at least 5.25, at least 5.5, at least
5.75, at least 6.0, at least 6.25, at
least 6.5, at least 6.75 or at least 7Ø In yet other aspects of this
embodiment, a method or use disclosed
herein results in a processed pulp having a low impurities content with a
copper number of, e.g., at most
0.5, at most 0.75, at most 1.0, at most 1.25, at most 1.5, at most 1.75, at
most 2.0, at most 2.25, at most
2.5, at most 2.75, at most 3.0, at most 3.25, at most 3.5, at most 3.75, at
most 4.0, at most 4.25, at most
4.5, at most 4.75, at most 5.0, at most 5.25, at most 5.5, at most 5.75, at
most 6.0, at most 6.25, at most
6.5, at most 6.75 or at most 7Ø In still other aspects of this embodiment, a
method or use disclosed herein
results in a processed pulp having a low impurities content with a copper
number of, e.g., about 0.5 to about
1.0, about 0.5 to about 2.0, about 0.5 to about 3.0, about 0.5 to about 4.0,
about 0.5 to about 5.0, about 0.5
to about 6.0, about 0.5 to about 7.0, about 0.75 to about 1.0, about 0.75 to
about 2.0, about 0.75 to about
3.0, about 0.75 to about 4.0, about 0.75 to about 5.0, about 0.75 to about
6.0, about 0.75 to about 7.0, about
1.0 to about 2.0, about 1.0 to about 3.0, about 1.0 to about 4.0, about 1.0 to
about 5.0, about 1.0 to about
6.0, about 1.0 to about 7.0, about 1.25 to about 2.0, about 1.25 to about 3.0,
about 1.25 to about 4.0, about
1.25 to about 5.0, about 1.25 to about 6.0, about 1.25 to about 7.0, about 1.5
to about 2.0, about 1.5 to
about 3.0, about 1.5 to about 4.0, about 1.5 to about 5.0, about 1.5 to about
6.0, about 1.5 to about 7.0,
about 1.75 to about 2.0, about 1.75 to about 3.0, about 1.75 to about 4.0,
about 1.75 to about 5.0, about
1.75 to about 6.0, about 1.75 to about 7.0, about 2 to about 3.0, about 2 to
about 4.0, about 2 to about 5.0,
about 2 to about 6.0 or about 2 to about 7Ø
[0103] Another aspect of high fiber purity and quality is the content of
carboxyl groups present in the
processed pulp. In general, the higher the number carboxyl groups, the higher
the purity and integrity of
cellulosic material in processed pulp. There are several assays which measure
number of carboxyl groups
in cellulosic material from processed pulp.
[0104] In the carboxyl content assay, the carboxyl content of processed pulp
is determined, which is an
indicator of paper strength, delignification and the number of times the
cellulose fiber could be recycled.
Carboxyl groups are beneficial in the bonding of pulp fibers in paper, which
contributes to paper strength.
The higher the carboxyl group content, the greater the paper strength will be.
To perform the carboxyl
content assay, dried processed pulp is mixed with 0.1 M HCI for 60 minutes and
then filtered and washed
with water. The treated cellulosic material is then added to a 250 mL of 1 mM
NaCI solution which is
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acidified with 1.5 mL 0.1 M HCI, and then titrated conductometrically with
0.05 N NaOH at 0.2 mL
increments. The titration data was plotted as conductivity versus volume to
determine the milli-equivalent
of acid groups per kilogram of pulp. The carboxyl group content, Co, is
calculated using the following
formula: Co = NxVx 100 / M, where Co is carboxyl group content (meq/100 g
pulp), N is the titrant
concentration, V is the volume, in milliliters at the equivalence point, and M
is the mass, in grams, of the
oven ¨dried pulp. Standardized alkali solubility assays are described in,
e.g., TAPP! Standard T 237 cm-
08 Carboxyl Content of Pulp and Chen, et al., Fiber Properties of Eucalyptus
Kraft Pulp with Different
Carboxyl Group Contents, Cellulose 20: 2839-2846 (2013), ASTM D 1926-00
Standard Test Methods for
Carboxyl Content if Cellulose, and Barbosa, et al., A Rapid Method for
Quantification of Carboxyl Croups
in Cellulose Pulp, BioResources 8(1): 1043-1054 (2013).
[0105] In an embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a high carboxyl
content. In aspects of this
embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive
composition is an amount sufficient
to result in a processed pulp having a carboxyl content of, e.g., about 4
meq/100 g pulp, about 4.5 meq/100
g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp, about 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 6 meq/100 g
pulp, about 6.5 meq/100 g
pulp, about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 7.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 8 meq/100 g
pulp, about 8.5 meq/100 g
pulp, about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 9.5 meq/100 g pulp or about 10 meq/100 g
pulp. In other aspects of
this embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive
composition is an amount
sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a carboxyl content of, e.g.,
at least 4 meq/100 g pulp, at least
4.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, at
least 6 meq/100 g pulp, at
least 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 7 meq/100 g pulp, at least 7.5 meq/100 g
pulp, at least 8 meq/100 g pulp,
at least 8.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 9 meq/100 g pulp, at least 9.5 meq/100 g
pulp or at least 10 meq/100
g pulp. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a
disclosed papermaking additive
composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a
carboxyl content of, e.g., at most
4 meq/100 g pulp, at most 4.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 5 meq/100 g pulp, at
most 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, at
most 6 meq/100 g pulp, at most 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 7 meq/100 g pulp,
at most 7.5 meq/100 g pulp,
at most 8 meq/100 g pulp, at most 8.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 9 meq/100 g
pulp, at most 9.5 meq/100 g
pulp or at most 10 meq/100 g pulp. In still other aspects of this embodiment,
a method or use disclosed
herein results in a processed pulp having a carboxyl content of, e.g., about 4
meq/100 g pulp to about 5
meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 6 meq/100 g pulp, about 4
meq/100 g pulp to about 7
meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 4
meq/100 g pulp to about 9
meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g pulp, about 5
meq/100 g pulp to about 6
meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 5
meq/100 g pulp to about 8
meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 5
meq/100 g pulp to about 10
meq/100 g pulp, about 6 meq/100 g pulp to about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 6
meq/100 g pulp to about 8
meq/100 g pulp, about 6 meq/100 g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 6
meq/100 g pulp to about 10
meq/100 g pulp, about 7 meq/100 g pulp to about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 7
meq/100 g pulp to about 9
meq/100 g pulp, about 7 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g pulp, about 8
meq/100 g pulp to about 9
meq/100 g pulp, about 8 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g pulp or about 9
meq/100 g pulp to about
meq/100 g pulp.
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[0106] In an embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a
processed pulp having a high
carboxyl content. In aspects of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed
herein results in a processed
pulp having a carboxyl content of, e.g., about 4 meq/100 g pulp, about 4.5
meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100
g pulp, about 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 6 meq/100 g pulp, about 6.5 meq/100 g
pulp, about 7 meq/100 g
pulp, about 7.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 8.5 meq/100 g
pulp, about 9 meq/100 g
pulp, about 9.5 meq/100 g pulp or about 10 meq/100 g pulp. In other aspects of
this embodiment, a method
or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a carboxyl content
of, e.g., at least 4 meq/100 g
pulp, at least 4.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 5.5
meq/100 g pulp, at least 6 meq/100
g pulp, at least 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 7 meq/100 g pulp, at least 7.5
meq/100 g pulp, at least 8
meq/100 g pulp, at least 8.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 9 meq/100 g pulp, at
least 9.5 meq/100 g pulp or at
least 10 meq/100 g pulp. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, a method or
use disclosed herein results
in a processed pulp having a carboxyl content of, e.g., at most 4 meq/100 g
pulp, at most 4.5 meq/100 g
pulp, at most 5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 6 meq/100
g pulp, at most 6.5 meq/100
g pulp, at most 7 meq/100 g pulp, at most 7.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 8
meq/100 g pulp, at most 8.5
meq/100 g pulp, at most 9 meq/100 g pulp, at most 9.5 meq/100 g pulp or at
most 10 meq/100 g pulp. In
still other aspects of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein
results in a processed pulp having
a carboxyl content of, e.g., about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 5 meq/100 g pulp,
about 4 meq/100 g pulp to
about 6 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 7 meq/100 g pulp,
about 4 meq/100 g pulp to
about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g pulp,
about 4 meq/100 g pulp to
about 10 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 6 meq/100 g pulp,
about 5 meq/100 g pulp to
about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 8 meq/100 g pulp,
about 5 meq/100 g pulp to
about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g pulp,
about 6 meq/100 g pulp to
about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 6 meq/100 g pulp to about 8 meq/100 g pulp,
about 6 meq/100 g pulp to
about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 6 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g pulp,
about 7 meq/100 g pulp to
about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 7 meq/100 g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g pulp,
about 7 meq/100 g pulp to
about 10 meq/100 g pulp, about 8 meq/100 g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g pulp,
about 8 meq/100 g pulp to
about 10 meq/100 g pulp or about 9 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g pulp.
[0107] Another aspect of high fiber purity and quality is the brightness of
the processed pulp or paper
product produced. In general, the higher the brightness, the higher the purity
and integrity of cellulosic
material in processed pulp or paper product produced. There are several assays
which measure number
of carboxyl groups in cellulosic material from processed pulp.
[0108] Brightness is a numerical value of the reflectance factor of a sample
with respect to blue light of
specific spectral and geometric characteristics. Blue-light reflectance
measurements were originally
designed to provide an indication of the amount of bleaching that has taken
place in the manufacture of
pulp. This procedure is applicable to all naturally-colored pulps, and papers
and board made therefrom.
Brightness is based on a scale of zero to 100, with a higher blue-light
reflectance number indicating the
whiter the paper products will appear. To perform a brightness assay, a paper
sample is exposed to a laser
with a wavelength of 457 nm and a width of 44 nm and the amount of blue light
having a wavelength of 457
nm reflected from the surface of a paper is measured. Standardized brightness
assays are described in,
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e.g., TAPPI Standard T 452 om-08 Brightness of Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard
(directional reflectance at
457 nm) and ISO 2470: 2009 Measurement of Diffuse Blue Reflectance Factor (ISO
Brightness).
[0109] In an embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp or paper product derived from
such pulp to have a high
brightness. In aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed
papermaking additive
composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp or paper
product derived from such pulp
to have a brightness of, e.g., about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%,
about 86%, about 87%, about
88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about
95%, about 96%, about
97%, about 98% or about 99%. In aspects of this embodiment, an effective
amount of a disclosed
papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a
processed pulp or paper product
derived from such pulp to have a brightness of, e.g., at least 70%, at least
75%, at least 80%, at least 85%,
at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least
91%, at least 92%, at least
93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or
at least 99%. In yet other
aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp or paper product derived from
such pulp to have a brightness
of, e.g., at most 70%, at most 75%, at most 80%, at most 85%, at most 86%, at
most 87%, at most 88%,
at most 89%, at most 90%, at most 91%, at most 92%, at most 93%, at most 94%,
at most 95%, at most
96%, at most 97%, at most 98% or at most 99%. In yet other aspects of this
embodiment, a method or use
disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having an alpha-cellulose content
of, e.g., about 70% to about
80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%,
about 70% to about
99%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%,
about 75% to about
99%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 99%,
about 85% to about
93%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 99%,
about 90% to about
93%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 99%,
about 93% to about
95%, about 93% to about 97%, about 93% to about 99%, about 95% to about 97% or
about 95% to about
99%.
[0110] In an embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a
processed pulp or paper product
derived from such pulp to have a high brightness. In aspects of this
embodiment, a method or use disclosed
herein results in a processed pulp or paper product derived from such pulp to
have a brightness of, e.g.,
about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%,
about 89%, about
90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about
97%, about 98% or
about 99%. In aspects of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein
results in a processed pulp
or paper product derived from such pulp to have a brightness of, e.g., at
least 70%, at least 75%, at least
80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at
least 90%, at least 91%, at
least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least
97%, at least 98% or at least
99%. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein
results in a processed
pulp or paper product derived from such pulp to have a brightness of, e.g., at
most 70%, at most 75%, at
most 80%, at most 85%, at most 86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most 89%, at
most 90%, at most 91%,
at most 92%, at most 93%, at most 94%, at most 95%, at most 96%, at most 97%,
at most 98% or at most
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99%. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein
results in a processed
pulp having an alpha-cellulose content of, e.g., about 70% to about 80%, about
70% to about 85%, about
70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to
about 85%, about
75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to
about 90%, about
80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to about 93%, about 85% to
about 95%, about
85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to about 93%, about 90% to
about 95%, about
90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 99%, about 93% to about 95%, about 93% to
about 97%, about
93% to about 99%, about 95% to about 97% or about 95% to about 99%.
[0111] Another aspect of high fiber purity and quality is the amount of
impurity and/or contaminate content
of the processed pulp or paper product produced. In general, the lower the
impurity and/or contaminate
content, the higher the purity and integrity of cellulosic material in
processed pulp or paper product
produced. There are several assays which measure number of carboxyl groups in
cellulosic material from
processed pulp.
[0112] Another aspect of high fiber purity and quality is the ink content of
the processed pulp or paper
product produced. In general, the lower the ink content, the higher the purity
and integrity of cellulosic
material in processed pulp or paper product produced. There are several assays
which measure number
of ink content in cellulosic material from processed pulp or paper product
produced.
[0113] Since the pulping phase usually removes most water-soluble and volatile
compounds soluble in
organic solvents, impurities and/or contaminates typically comprise resin and
fatty acids and their esters,
waxes and unsaponifiable substances as well as impurities and/or contaminates
of reclaimed paper
products such as inks, plastics and other additives. Such impurities and/or
contaminates are generally
referred to as extractives.
[0114] In a solvent extractive assay, the extractive content of processed pulp
is determined, which is an
indicator of paper strength, delignification and the number of times the
cellulose fiber could be recycled.
Solvent extractive assays include a dichloromethane-based assay and an ethanol-
benzene assay. The
dichloromethane-extractable content of a processed pulp is a measure of waxes,
fats, resins, photosterols
and non-volatile hydrocarbons. The ethanol-benzene extractable content of a
processed pulp include
dichloromethane-insoluble components including low-molecular weight
carbohydrates, salts and other
water-soluble substances in addition to waxes, fats, resins, photosterols and
non-volatile hydrocarbons. To
perform a solvent extractive assay, dried processed pulp is mixed with the
appropriate solvent and the
sample is heated in an extraction apparatus for not less than 24 extraction
cycles over a period of about 4
to about 5 hours. The sample is removed from the apparatus and any remaining
solvent is evaporated
and the sample is then oven dried. The extractive content, E%, is calculated
using the following formula:
E% = [(We ¨Wb) / WI)] x 100, where E% is extractive content, We is the oven-
dry weight, in grams, of extract,
Wb is the oven-dry weight, in grams, of blank residue, and Wp is the oven-dry
weight, in grams, of the initial
pulp sample. Standardized solvent extractive assays are described in, e.g.,
TAPPI Standard T 204 cm-97
Solvent Extractives of Wood and Pulp.
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[0115] In an embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is an
amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low extractives
content. In aspects of this
embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive
composition is an amount sufficient
to result in a processed pulp having an extractives content of, e.g., about
0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%,
about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%,
about 0.1%, about
0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%,
about 0.9%, about 1%,
about 2%, about 3%, about 4% or about 5%. In other aspects of this embodiment,
an effective amount of
a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result
in a processed pulp having
an extractives content of, e.g., at most 0.01%, at most 0.02%, at most 0.03%,
at most 0.04%, at most
0.05%, at most 0.06%, at most 0.07%, at most 0.08%, at most 0.09%, at most
0.1%, at most 0.2%, at most
0.3%, at most 0.4%, at most 0.5%, at most 0.6%, at most 0.7%, at most 0.8%, at
most 0.9%, at most 1%,
at most 2%, at most 3%, at most 4% or at most 5%. In other aspects of this
embodiment, an effective
amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient
to result in a processed
pulp having an extractives content of, e.g., about 0.001% to about 0.005%,
about 0.001% to about 0.01%,
about 0.001% to about 0.05%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.001% to about
0.5%, about 0.001%
to about 1%, about 0.001% to about 5%, about 0.005% to about 0.01%, about
0.005% to about 0.05%,
about 0.005% to about 0.1%, about 0.005% to about 0.5%, about 0.005% to about
1%, about 0.005% to
about 5%, about 0.01% to about 0.05%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.01%
to about 0.5%, about
0.01% to about 1%, about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about
0.05% to about 0.5%,
about 0.05% to about 1%, about 0.05% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%,
about 0.1% to about 1%,
about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 5% or
about 1% to about 5%.
[0116] In an embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a
processed pulp having a low
extractives content. In aspects of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed
herein results in a processed
pulp having an extractives content of, e.g., about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about
0.03%, about 0.04%, about
0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about
0.2%, about 0.3%, about
0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%,
about 2%, about 3%, about
4% or about 5%. In other aspects of this embodiment, a method or use disclosed
herein results in a
processed pulp having an extractives content of, e.g., at most 0.01%, at most
0.02%, at most 0.03%, at
most 0.04%, at most 0.05%, at most 0.06%, at most 0.07%, at most 0.08%, at
most 0.09%, at most 0.1%,
at most 0.2%, at most 0.3%, at most 0.4%, at most 0.5%, at most 0.6%, at most
0.7%, at most 0.8%, at
most 0.9%, at most 1%, at most 2%, at most 3%, at most 4% or at most 5%. In
other aspects of this
embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp
having an extractives content
of, e.g., about 0.001% to about 0.005%, about 0.001% to about 0.01%, about
0.001% to about 0.05%,
about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%, about 0.001% to about
1%, about 0.001% to
about 5%, about 0.005% to about 0.01%, about 0.005% to about 0.05%, about
0.005% to about 0.1%,
about 0.005% to about 0.5%, about 0.005% to about 1%, about 0.005% to about
5%, about 0.01% to about
0.05%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to
about 1%, about 0.01% to
about 5%, about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to about 0.5%, about 0.05% to
about 1%, about 0.05%
to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to
about 5%, about 0.5% to
about 1%, about 0.5% to about 5% or about 1% to about 5%.
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[0117] An effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition can
be a dilution of a
papermaking additive composition disclosed herein. In aspects of this
embodiment, an effective amount of
a disclosed papermaking additive composition is a papermaking additive
composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g.,
about 1:50, about 1:75, about 1:100, about 1:125, about 1:150, about 1:175,
about 1:200, about 1:225,
about 1:250, about 1:275, about 1:300, about 1:325, about 1:350, about 1:375,
about 1:400, about 1:425,
about 1:450, about 1:475, about 1:500, about 1:525, about 1:550, about 1:575
or about 1:600. In other
aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is a
papermaking additive composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g., at least 1:50, at
least 1:75, at least 1:100, at least
1:125, at least 1:150, at least 1:175, at least 1:200, at least 1:225, at
least 1:250, at least 1:275, at least
1:300, at least 1:325, at least 1:350, at least 1:375, at least 1:400, at
least 1:425, at least 1:450, at least
1:475, at least 1:500, at least 1:525, at least 1:550, at least 1:575 or at
least 1:600. In yet other aspects of
this embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive
composition is a papermaking
additive composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g., at most 1:50, at most 1:75, at
most 1:100, at most 1:125, at most
1:150, at most 1:175, at most 1:200, at most 1:225, at most 1:250, at most
1:275, at most 1:300, at most
1:325, at most 1:350, at most 1:375, at most 1:400, at most 1:425, at most
1:450, at most 1:475, at most
1:500, at most 1:525, at most 1:550, at most 1:575 or at most 1:600. In other
aspects of this embodiment,
an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is a
papermaking additive
composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g., about 1:50 to about 1:100, about 1:50 to
about 1:200, about 1:50 to about
1:300, about 1:50 to about 1:400, about 1:50 to about 1:500, about 1:50 to
about 1:600, about 1:100 to
about 1:200, about 1:100 to about 1:300, about 1:100 to about 1:400, about
1:100 to about 1:500, about
1:100 to about 1:600, about 1:200 to about 1:300, about 1:200 to about 1:400,
about 1:200 to about 1:500,
about 1:200 to about 1:600, about 1:300 to about 1:400, about 1:300 to about
1:500, about 1:300 to about
1:600, about 1:400 to about 1:500, about 1:400 to about 1:600 or about 1:500
to about 1:600.
[0118] In aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed
papermaking additive
composition is a papermaking additive composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g.,
about 1:500, about 1:750, about
1:1000, about 1:1250, about 1:1500, about 1:1750, about 1:2000, about 1:2250,
about 1:2500, about
1:2750, about 1:3000, about 1:3250, about 1:3500, about 1:3750, about 1:4000,
about 1:4250, about
1:4500, about 1:4750, about 1:5000, about 1:5250, about 1:5500, about 1:5750,
about 1:6000 about 1:7000,
about 1:8000, about 1:9000 or about 1:10000. In other aspects of this
embodiment, an effective amount of
a disclosed papermaking additive composition is a papermaking additive
composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g.,
at least 1:500, at least 1:750, at least 1:1000, at least 1:1250, at least
1:1500, at least 1:1750, at least
1:2000, at least 1:2250, at least 1:2500, at least 1:2750, at least 1:3000, at
least 1:3250, at least 1:3500, at
least 1:3750, at least 1:4000, at least 1:4250, at least 1:4500, at least
1:4750, at least 1:5000, at least
1:5250, at least 1:5500, at least 1:5750, at least 1:6000, at least 1:7000, at
least 1:8000, at least 1:9000 or
at least 1:10000. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount
of a disclosed papermaking
additive composition is a papermaking additive composition:dilutant ratio of,
e.g., at most 1:500, at most
1:750, at most 1:1000, at most 1:1250, at most 1:1500, at most 1:1750, at most
1:2000, at most 1:2250, at
most 1:2500, at most 1:2750, at most 1:3000, at most 1:3250, at most 1:3500,
at most 1:3750, at most
1:4000, at most 1:4250, at most 1:4500, at most 1:4750, at most 1:5000, at
most 1:5250, at most 1:5500,
at most 1:5750, at most 1:6000 at most 1:7000, at most 1:8000, at most 1:9000
or at most 1:10000. In
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other aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed
papermaking additive composition is
a papermaking additive composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g., about 1:500 to
about 1:1000, about 1:500 to about
1:2000, about 1:500 to about 1:3000, about 1:500 to about 1:4000, about 1:500
to about 1:5000, about
1:500 to about 1:6000, about 1:500 to about 1:7000, about 1:500 to about
1:8000, about 1:500 to about
1:9000, about 1:500 to about 1:10000, about 1:1000 to about 1:2000, about
1:1000 to about 1:3000, about
1:1000 to about 1:4000, about 1:1000 to about 1:5000, about 1:1000 to about
1:6000, about 1:1000 to about
1:7000, about 1:1000 to about 1:8000, about 1:1000 to about 1:9000, about
1:1000 to about 1:10000, about
1:2000 to about 1:3000, about 1:2000 to about 1:4000, about 1:2000 to about
1:5000, about 1:2000 to about
1:6000, about 1:2000 to about 1:7000, about 1:2000 to about 1:8000, about
1:2000 to about 1:9000, about
1:2000 to about 1:10000, about 1:3000 to about 1:4000, about 1:3000 to about
1:5000, about 1:3000 to
about 1:6000, about 1:3000 to about 1:7000, about 1:3000 to about 1:8000,
about 1:3000 to about 1:9000,
about 1:3000 to about 1:10000, about 1:4000 to about 1:5000, about 1:4000 to
about 1:6000, about 1:4000
to about 1:7000, about 1:4000 to about 1:8000, about 1:4000 to about 1:9000,
about 1:4000 to about
1:10000, about 1:5000 to about 1:6000, about 1:5000 to about 1:7000, about
1:5000 to about 1:8000, about
1:5000 to about 1:9000, about 1:5000 to about 1:10000, about 1:6000 to about
1:7000, about 1:6000 to
about 1:8000, about 1:6000 to about 1:9000, about 1:6000 to about 1:10000,
about 1:7000 to about 1:8000,
about 1:7000 to about 1:9000, about 1:7000 to about 1:10000, about 1:8000 to
about 1:9000, about 1:8000
to about 1:10000 or about 1:9000 to about 1:10000.
[0119] In aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed
papermaking additive
composition has a final concentration of, e.g., about 0.0001%, about 0.0002%,
about 0.0003%, about
0.0004%, about 0.0005%, about 0.0006%, about 0.0007%, about 0.0008%, about
0.0009%, about 0.001%,
about 0.002%, about 0.003%, about 0.004%, about 0.005%, about 0.006%, about
0.007%, about 0.008%,
about 0.009%, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0. 03%, about 0.04%, about
0.05%, about 0.06%, about
0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about
0.4%, about 0.5%, about
0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about
4%, about 5%, about
6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9% or about 10%. In other aspects of this
embodiment, an effective amount
of a disclosed papermaking additive composition has a final concentration of,
e.g., at least 0.0001%, at
least 0.0002%, at least 0.0003%, at least 0.0004%, at least 0.0005%, at least
0.0006%, at least 0.0007%,
at least 0.0008%, at least 0.0009%, at least 0.001%, at least 0.002%, at least
0.003%, at least 0.004%, at
least 0.005%, at least 0.006%, at least 0.007%, at least 0.008%, at least
0.009%, at least 0.01%, at least
0.02%, at least 0. 03%, at least 0.04%, at least 0.05%, at least 0.06%, at
least 0.07%, at least 0.08%, at
least 0.09%, at least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at
least 0.5%, at least 0.6%, at least
0.7%, at least 0.8%, at least 0.9%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at
least 4%, at least 5%, at least
6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9% or at least 10%. In yet other
aspects of this embodiment, an
effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition has a final
concentration of, e.g., at most
0.0001%, at most 0.0002%, at most 0.0003%, at most 0.0004%, at most 0.0005%,
at most 0.0006%, at
most 0.0007%, at most 0.0008%, at most 0.0009%, at most 0.001%, at most
0.002%, at most 0.003%, at
most 0.004%, at most 0.005%, at most 0.006%, at most 0.007%, at most 0.008%,
at most 0.009%, at most
0.01%, at most 0.02%, at most 0. 03%, at most 0.04%, at most 0.05%, at most
0.06%, at most 0.07%, at
most 0.08%, at most 0.09%, at most 0.1%, at most 0.2%, at most 0.3%, at most
0.4%, at most 0.5%, at
most 0.6%, at most 0.7%, at most 0.8%, at most 0.9%, at most 1%, at most 2%,
at most 3%, at most 4%,
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at most 5%, at most 6%, at most 7%, at most 8%, at most 9% or at most 10%. In
still other aspects of this
embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive
composition has a final concentration
of, e.g., about 0.0001% to about 0.0005%, about 0.0001% to about 0.001%, about
0.0001% to about
0.005%, about 0.0001% to about 0.01%, about 0.0001% to about 0.05%, about
0.0001% to about 0.1%,
about 0.0001% to about 0.5%, about 0.0001% to about 1%, about 0.0001% to about
5%, about 0.0001%
to about 10%, about 0.0005% to about 0.001%, about 0.0005% to about 0.005%,
about 0.0005% to about
0.01%, about 0.0005% to about 0.05%, about 0.0005% to about 0.1%, about
0.0005% to about 0.5%, about
0.0005% to about 1%, about 0.0005% to about 5%, about 0.0005% to about 10%,
about 0.001% to about
0.005%, about 0.001% to about 0.01%, 0.001% to about 0.05%, about 0.001% to
about 0.1%, 0.001% to
about 0.5%, 0.001% to about 1%, 0.001% to about 5%, about 0.001% to about 10%,
about 0.005% to about
0.01%, about 0.005% to about 0.05%, about 0.005% to about 0.1%, about 0.005%
to about 0.5%, about
0.005% to about 1%, about 0.005% to about 5%, about 0.005% to about 10%, about
0.01% to about 0.05%,
about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 1%,
about 0.01% to about
5%, about 0.01% to about 10%, about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to about
0.5%, about 0.05% to
about 1%, about 0.05% to about 5%, about 0.05% to about 10%, about 0.1% to
about 0.5%, about 0.1% to
about 1%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about
1%, about 0.5% to
about 5%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 10%
or about 5% to about
10%.
[0120] Application of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein can
be achieved by any
process that effectively creates microbubbles as disclosed herein. The
microbubbles formed with the
papermaking additive composition disclosed herein appear to increase the mass
transfer of oxygen in
liquids. Without being bound by scientific theory, there are several possible
explanations for this difference.
First, the surfactants formulated into a papermaking additive composition
disclosed herein include nonionic
surfactants and/or biosurfactants which significantly alter the properties of
bubble behavior. Second, a
papermaking additive composition disclosed herein requires a much lower
concentration of surfactants for
microbubble formation. It has been suggested that surfactant concentrations
must approach the critical
micelles concentration (CMS) of a surfactant system. In a papermaking additive
composition disclosed
herein, microbubbles are formed below estimated CMCs for the surfactants used.
This suggests that the
microbubbles are the result of aggregates of surfactant molecules with a loose
molecular packing more
favorable to gas mass transfer characteristics. A surface containing fewer
surfactant molecules would be
more gas permeable than a well-organized micelle containing gas. Regardless of
the mechanism, the
tendency of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein to organizes
into clusters, aggregates, or
gas-filled bubbles provides a platform for reactions to occur by increasing
localized concentrations of
reactants, lowering the transition of energy required for a catalytic reaction
to occur, or some other
mechanism which has not yet been described.
[0121] In aspects of this embodiment, a microbubbles disclosed herein have a
mean diameter of, e.g.,
about 5 pm, about 10 pm, about 15 pm, about 20 pm, about 25 pm, about 30 pm,
about 40 pm, about 50
pm, about 75 pm, about 100 pm, about 150 pm, about 200 pm, about 250 pm, about
300 pm, about 350
pm, about 400 pm, about 450 pm, about 500 pm, about 550 pm, about 600 pm,
about 650 pm, about 700
pm, about 750 pm, about 800 pm, about 850 pm, about 900 pm, about 950 pm or
about 1000 pm. In other
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aspects of this embodiment, a microbubbles disclosed herein have a mean
diameter of, e.g., at least 5 pm,
at least 10 pm, at least 15 pm, at least 20 pm, at least 25 pm, at least 30
pm, at least 40 pm, at least 50
pm, at least 100 pm, at least 150 pm, at least 200 pm, at least 250 pm, at
least 300 pm, at least 350 pm,
at least 400 pm, at least 450 pm, at least 500 pm, at least 550 pm, at least
600 pm, at least 650 pm, at
least 700 pm, at least 750 pm, at least 800 pm, at least 850 pm, at least 900
pm, at least 950 pm or at least
1000 pm. In other aspects of this embodiment, a microbubbles disclosed herein
have a mean diameter of,
e.g., at most 5 pm, at most 10 pm, at most 15 pm, at most 20 pm, at most 25
pm, at most 30 pm, at most
40 pm, at most 50 pm, at most 100 pm, at most 150 pm, at most 200 pm, at most
250 pm, at most 300 pm,
at most 350 pm, at most 400 pm, at most 450 pm, at most 500 pm, at most 550
pm, at most 600 pm, at
most 650 pm, at most 700 pm, at most 750 pm, at most 800 pm, at most 850 pm,
at most 900 pm, at most
950 pm or at most 1000 pm.
[0122] In aspects of this embodiment, a microbubbles disclosed herein have a
mean diameter of, e.g.,
about 5 pm to about 10 pm, about 5 pm to about 15 pm, about 5 pm to about 20
pm, about 5 pm to about
25 pm, about 5 pm to about 30 pm, about 5 pm to about 40 pm, about 5 pm to
about 50 pm, about 5 pm to
about 75 pm, about 5 pm to about 100 pm, about 10 pm to about 15 pm, about 10
pm to about 20 pm,
about 10 pm to about 25 pm, about 10 pm to about 30 pm, about 10 pm to about
40 pm, about 10 pm to
about 50 pm, about 10 pm to about 75 pm, about 10 pm to about 100 pm, about 15
pm to about 20 pm,
about 15 pm to about 25 pm, about 15 pm to about 30 pm, about 15 pm to about
40 pm, about 15 pm to
about 50 pm, about 15 pm to about 75 pm, about 15 pm to about 100 pm, about 20
pm to about 25 pm,
about 20 pm to about 30 pm, about 20 pm to about 40 pm, about 20 pm to about
50 pm, about 20 pm to
about 75 pm, about 20 pm to about 100 pm, about 25 pm to about 30 pm, about 25
pm to about 40 pm,
about 25 pm to about 50 pm, about 25 pm to about 75 pm, about 25 pm to about
100 pm, about 30 pm to
about 40 pm, about 30 pm to about 50 pm, about 30 pm to about 75 pm, about 30
pm to about 100 pm,
about 40 pm to about 50 pm, about 40 pm to about 75 pm, about 40 pm to about
100 pm, about 50 pm to
about 75 pm, about 50 pm to about 100 pm, about 50 pm to about 150 pm, about
50 pm to about 200 pm,
about 50 pm to about 250 pm, about 50 pm to about 300 pm, about 50 pm to about
350 pm, about 50 pm
to about 400 pm, about 50 pm to about 450 pm, about 50 pm to about 500 pm,
about 50 pm to about 550
pm, about 50 pm to about 600 pm, about 50 pm to about 650 pm, about 50 pm to
about 700 pm, about 50
pm to about 750 pm, about 50 pm to about 800 pm, about 50 pm to about 850 pm,
about 50 pm to about
900 pm, about 50 pm to about 950 pm, about 50 pm to about 1000 pm, about 100
pm to about 150 pm,
about 100 pm to about 200 pm, about 100 pm to about 250 pm, about 100 pm to
about 300 pm, about 100
pm to about 350 pm, about 100 pm to about 400 pm, about 100 pm to about 450
pm, about 100 pm to
about 500 pm, about 100 pm to about 550 pm, about 100 pm to about 600 pm,
about 100 pm to about 650
pm, about 100 pm to about 700 pm, about 100 pm to about 750 pm, about 100 pm
to about 800 pm, about
100 pm to about 850 pm, about 100 pm to about 900 pm, about 100 pm to about
950 pm, about 100 pm to
about 1000 pm, about 150 pm to about 200 pm, about 150 pm to about 250 pm,
about 150 pm to about
300 pm, about 150 pm to about 350 pm, about 150 pm to about 400 pm, about 150
pm to about 450 pm,
about 150 pm to about 500 pm, about 150 pm to about 550 pm, about 150 pm to
about 600 pm, about 150
pm to about 650 pm, about 150 pm to about 700 pm, about 150 pm to about 750
pm, about 150 pm to
about 800 pm, about 150 pm to about 850 pm, about 150 pm to about 900 pm,
about 150 pm to about 950
pm, about 150 pm to about 1000 pm, about 200 pm to about 250 pm, about 200 pm
to about 300 pm, about
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200 pm to about 350 pm, about 200 pm to about 400 pm, about 200 pm to about
450 pm, about 200 pm to
about 500 pm, about 200 pm to about 550 pm, about 200 pm to about 600 pm,
about 200 pm to about 650
pm, about 200 pm to about 700 pm, about 200 pm to about 750 pm, about 200 pm
to about 800 pm, about
200 pm to about 850 pm, about 200 pm to about 900 pm, about 200 pm to about
950 pm, about 200 pm to
about 1000 pm, about 250 pm to about 300 pm, about 250 pm to about 350 pm,
about 250 pm to about
400 pm, about 250 pm to about 450 pm, about 250 pm to about 500 pm, about 250
pm to about 550 pm,
about 250 pm to about 600 pm, about 250 pm to about 650 pm, about 250 pm to
about 700 pm, about 250
pm to about 750 pm, about 250 pm to about 800 pm, about 250 pm to about 850
pm, about 250 pm to
about 900 pm, about 250 pm to about 950 pm, about 250 pm to about 1000 pm,
about 300 pm to about
350 pm, about 300 pm to about 400 pm, about 300 pm to about 450 pm, about 300
pm to about 500 pm,
about 300 pm to about 550 pm, about 300 pm to about 600 pm, about 300 pm to
about 650 pm, about 300
pm to about 700 pm, about 300 pm to about 750 pm, about 300 pm to about 800
pm, about 300 pm to
about 850 pm, about 300 pm to about 900 pm, about 300 pm to about 950 pm,
about 300 pm to about 1000
pm, about 350 pm to about 400 pm, about 350 pm to about 450 pm, about 350 pm
to about 500 pm, about
350 pm to about 550 pm, about 350 pm to about 600 pm, about 350 pm to about
650 pm, about 350 pm to
about 700 pm, about 350 pm to about 750 pm, about 350 pm to about 800 pm,
about 350 pm to about 850
pm, about 350 pm to about 900 pm, about 350 pm to about 950 pm, about 350 pm
to about 1000 pm, about
400 pm to about 450 pm, about 400 pm to about 500 pm, about 400 pm to about
550 pm, about 400 pm to
about 600 pm, about 400 pm to about 650 pm, about 400 pm to about 700 pm,
about 400 pm to about 750
pm, about 400 pm to about 800 pm, about 400 pm to about 850 pm, about 400 pm
to about 900 pm, about
400 pm to about 950 pm, about 400 pm to about 1000 pm, about 450 pm to about
500 pm, about 450 pm
to about 550 pm, about 450 pm to about 600 pm, about 450 pm to about 650 pm,
about 450 pm to about
700 pm, about 450 pm to about 750 pm, about 450 pm to about 800 pm, about 450
pm to about 850 pm,
about 450 pm to about 900 pm, about 450 pm to about 950 pm, about 450 pm to
about 1000 pm, about
500 pm to about 550 pm, about 500 pm to about 600 pm, about 500 pm to about
650 pm, about 500 pm to
about 700 pm, about 500 pm to about 750 pm, about 500 pm to about 800 pm,
about 500 pm to about 850
pm, about 500 pm to about 900 pm, about 500 pm to about 950 pm, about 500 pm
to about 1000 pm, about
550 pm to about 600 pm, about 550 pm to about 650 pm, about 550 pm to about
700 pm, about 550 pm to
about 750 pm, about 550 pm to about 800 pm, about 550 pm to about 850 pm,
about 550 pm to about 900
pm, about 550 pm to about 950 pm, about 550 pm to about 1000 pm, about 600 pm
to about 650 pm, about
600 pm to about 700 pm, about 600 pm to about 750 pm, about 600 pm to about
800 pm, about 600 pm to
about 850 pm, about 600 pm to about 900 pm, about 600 pm to about 950 pm,
about 600 pm to about 1000
pm, about 650 pm to about 700 pm, about 650 pm to about 750 pm, about 650 pm
to about 800 pm, about
650 pm to about 850 pm, about 650 pm to about 900 pm, about 650 pm to about
950 pm, about 650 pm to
about 1000 pm, about 700 pm to about 750 pm, about 700 pm to about 800 pm,
about 700 pm to about
850 pm, about 700 pm to about 900 pm, about 700 pm to about 950 pm, about 700
pm to about 1000 pm,
about 750 pm to about 800 pm, about 750 pm to about 850 pm, about 750 pm to
about 900 pm, about 750
pm to about 950 pm, about 750 pm to about 1000 pm, about 800 pm to about 850
pm, about 800 pm to
about 900 pm, about 800 pm to about 950 pm, about 800 pm to about 1000 pm,
about 850 pm to about
900 pm, about 850 pm to about 950 pm, about 850 pm to about 1000 pm, about 900
pm to about 950 pm,
about 900 pm to about 1000 pm or about 950 pm to about 1000 pm.
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[0123] The papermaking additive compositions, method and uses described herein
will most likely not
harm mammals or the environment and are non-phytotoxic and can be safely
applied to a paper making
process. Furthermore, the papermaking additive compositions, method and uses
described herein can be
used indoors and outdoors and will not soften, dissolve, or otherwise
adversely affect treated surfaces.
[0124] Aspects of the present specification can also be described as follows:
1. A method of separating fibers from a pulp, the method comprising applying
an effective amount of a
papermaking additive composition to the pulp during a pulping and/or a paper
production phase,
wherein the application results in increased separation of cellulose fibers
from raw materials present in
the pulp, the composition comprising a treated, fermented microbial
supernatant and one or more
nonionic surfactants, wherein the composition lacks any active enzymes or live
bacteria, and wherein
the composition has a pH of at most 5Ø
2. A method of removing one or more impurities and/or one or more contaminates
from a pulp and/or a
paper material, the method comprising applying an effective amount of a
papermaking additive
composition to the pulp during a pulping and/or a paper production phase,
wherein the application
results in removal of the one or more impurities and/or the one or more
contaminates from the pulp
and/or paper material, the composition comprising a treated, fermented
microbial supernatant and one
or more nonionic surfactants, wherein the composition lacks any active enzymes
or live bacteria, and
wherein the composition has a pH of at most 5Ø
3. A method of removing an ink from a pulp and/or a paper material, the method
comprising applying an
effective amount of a papermaking additive composition to the pulp during a
pulping and/or a paper
production phase, wherein the application results in removal of the ink from
the pulp and/or paper
material, the composition comprising a treated, fermented microbial
supernatant and one or more
nonionic surfactants, wherein the composition lacks any active enzymes or live
bacteria, and wherein
the composition has a pH of at most 5Ø
4. Use of an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition for
separating fibers from a pulp
slurry, wherein the composition comprises a treated, fermented microbial
supernatant and one or more
nonionic surfactants, wherein the composition lacks any active enzymes or live
bacteria, and wherein
the composition has a pH of at most 5Ø
5. Use of an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition for
removing one or more impurities
and/or one or more contaminates from a pulp and/or a paper material, wherein
the composition
comprises a treated, fermented microbial supernatant and one or more nonionic
surfactants, wherein
the composition lacks any active enzymes or live bacteria, and wherein the
composition has a pH of at
most 5Ø
6. Use of an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition for
removing ink from a pulp and/or
a paper material, wherein the composition comprises a treated, fermented
microbial supernatant and
one or more nonionic surfactants, wherein the composition lacks any active
enzymes or live bacteria,
and wherein the composition has a pH of at most 5Ø
7. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or use according to embodiments 4-
6, wherein the treated,
fermented microbial supernatant is from a fermented yeast supernatant, a
fermented bacterial
supernatant, a fermented mold supernatant, or any combination thereof.
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8. The method or use according to embodiment 6, wherein the fermented yeast
supernatant is produced
from a species of yeast belonging to the genera Brettanomyces, Candida,
Cyberlindnera,
Cystofilobasidium, Debaryomyces, Dekkera, Fusarium, Geotrichum, lssatchenkia,
Kazachstania,
Kloeckera, Kluyveromyces, Lecanicillium, Mucor, Neurospora, Pediococcus,
Penicillium, Pichia,
Rhizopus, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces,
Thrichosporon,
Torulaspora, Torulopsis, Verlicillium, Yarrowia, Zygosaccharomyces or
Zygotorulaspora.
9. The method or use according to embodiment 6, wherein the fermented yeast
supernatant is produced
from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
10. The method or use according to embodiment 6, wherein the fermented
bacterial supernatant is
produced from a species of bacteria belonging to the genera Acetobacter,
Arthrobacter, Aerococcus,
Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium, Barnobacterium,
Carnobacterium,
Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Gluconacetobacter, Gluconobacter,
Hafnia, Halomonas,
Kocuria, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Macrococcus, Microbacterium,
Micrococcus,
Neisseria, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Propionibacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas,
Psychrobacter,
Salmonella, Sporolactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Streptomyces,
Tetragenococcus,
Vagococcus, Weissells or Zymomonas.
11. The method or use according to embodiment 6, wherein the fermented
bacterial supernatant is
produced from a species of bacteria belonging to the genus Aspergillus.
12. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-11 or use according to
embodiments 4-11, wherein the
papermaking additive composition comprises at least 35% by weight of the
treated fermented microbial
supernatant.
13. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-12 or use according to
embodiments 4-12, wherein the
papermaking additive composition comprises at most 50% by weight of the
treated fermented microbial
supernatant.
14. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-13 or use according to
embodiments 4-13, wherein the
nonionic surfactant comprises a polyether nonionic surfactant, a polyhydroxyl
nonionic surfactant,
and/or a nonionic biosurfactant.
15. The method or use according to embodiment 14, wherein the polyhydroxyl
nonionic surfactant
comprising a sucrose ester, an ethoxylated sucrose ester, a sorbital ester, an
ethoxylated sorbital ester,
an alkyl glucoside, an ethoxylated alkyl glucoside, a polyglycerol ester, or
an ethoxylated polyglycerol
ester.
16. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-15 or use according to
embodiments 4-15, wherein the
nonionic surfactant comprises an amine oxide, an ethoxylated alcohol, an
ethoxylated aliphatic alcohol,
an alkylamine, an ethoxylated alkylamine, an ethoxylated alkyl phenol, an
alkyl polysaccharide, an
ethoxylated alkyl polysaccharide, an ethoxylated fatty acid, an ethoxylated
fatty alcohol, or an
ethoxylated fatty amine, or a nonionic surfactant having the general formula
of H(OCH2CH2)x0C6H4R1,
H(OCH2CH2)x0R2, or H(OCH2CH2)x0C(0)R2, wherein x represents the number of
moles of ethylene
oxide added to an alkyl phenol and/or a fatty alcohol or a fatty acid, R1
represents a long chain alkyl
group and, R2 represents a long chain aliphatic group.
17. The method or use according to embodiment 16, wherein R1 is a C7-Cio
normal- alkyl group and/or
wherein R2 is a C12-C20 aliphatic group.
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18. The method according to embodiments 1-3 01 7-17 or use according to
embodiments 4-17, wherein the
nonionic surfactant is an ethoxylated nonyl phenol, an ethoxylated octyl
phenol, an ethoxylated ceto-
oleyl alcohol, an ethoxylated ceto-stearyl alcohol, an ethoxylated decyl
alcohol, an ethoxylated dodecyl
alcohol, an ethoxylated tridecyl alcohol, or an ethoxylated castor oil.
19. The method according to embodiments 1-3 01 7-18 or use according to
embodiments 4-18, wherein the
papermaking additive composition comprises from about 1% to about 15% by
weight of the one or more
nonionic surfactants.
20. The method according to embodiment 19, wherein the papermaking additive
composition comprises
from about 5% to about 13% by weight of the one or more nonionic surfactants.
21. The method according to embodiment 20, wherein the papermaking additive
composition comprises
from about 7% to about 11% by weight of the one or more nonionic surfactants.
22. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-21 or use according to
embodiments 4-21, wherein the
papermaking additive composition further comprises one or more anionic
surfactants.
23. The method or use according to embodiment 22, wherein the papermaking
additive composition
comprises from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the one or more anionic
surfactants.
24. The method or use according to embodiment 23, wherein the papermaking
additive composition
comprises from about 1% to about 8% by weight of the one or more anionic
surfactants.
25. The method or use according to embodiment 24, wherein the papermaking
additive composition
comprises from about 2% to about 6% by weight of the one or more anionic
surfactants.
26. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-25 or use according to
embodiments 4-25, wherein the
pH is at most 4.5.
27. The method or use according to embodiment 26, wherein the pH about 3.7 to
about 4.2.
28. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-27 or use according to
embodiments 4-27, wherein the
papermaking additive composition is substantially non-toxic to humans,
mammals, plants and the
environment.
29. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-28 or use according to
embodiments 4-28, wherein the
papermaking additive composition is biodegradable.
30. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-29 or use according to
embodiments 4-29, further
comprising applying an enzymatic composition comprising an enzyme that digests
lignin, boosts
bleaching, increases deinking, modifies cellulose fiber structure, increases
effluent control, removes
pitch and stickies (adhesives) and modifies starch.
31. The method or use according to embodiment 30, wherein the enzyme is a
cellulase, a xylanase, a
lipase, an esterase, an amylase, a pectinase, a catalase, a laccase, a
peroxidase, a pulpase DI, a
pulpase RF and a pulpase BL.
32. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-31 or use according to
embodiments 4-31, wherein the
effective amount of the papermaking additive composition results in a high
pulp yield.
33. The method or use according to embodiment 32, wherein the effective amount
of the papermaking
additive composition results in a pulp yield of about 70%, about 75%, about
80%, about 85%, about
86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about
93%, about 94%,
about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about 99%; or at least 70%, at
least 75%, at least
80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at
least 90%, at least 91%,
at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least
97%, at least 98% or at
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least 99%; or at most 70%, at most 75%, at most 80%, at most 85%, at most 86%,
at most 87%, at
most 88%, at most 89%, at most 90%, at most 91%, at most 92%, at most 93%, at
most 94%, at most
95%, at most 96%, at most 97%, at most 98% or at most 99%; or about 70% to
about 80%, about 70%
to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to
about 99%, about 75%
to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to
about 99%, about 80%
to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to
about 93%, about 85%
to about 95%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to
about 93%, about 90%
to about 95%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 99%, about 93% to
about 95%, about 93%
to about 97%, about 93% to about 99%, about 95% to about 97% or about 95% to
about 99%.
34. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-33 or use according to
embodiments 4-33, resulting in
a high pulp yield.
35. The method or use according to embodiment 34, resulting in a pulp yield of
about 70%, about 75%,
about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%,
about 91%, about
92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about
99%; or at least
70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at
least 88%, at least 89%,
at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least
95%, at least 96%, at least
97%, at least 98% or at least 99%; or at most 70%, at most 75%, at most 80%,
at most 85%, at most
86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most 89%, at most 90%, at most 91%, at most
92%, at most 93%,
at most 94%, at most 95%, at most 96%, at most 97%, at most 98% or at most
99%; or about 70% to
about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about
95%, about 70%
to about 99%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to
about 95%, about 75%
to about 99%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to
about 99%, about 85%
to about 93%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to
about 99%, about 90%
to about 93%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to
about 99%, about 93%
to about 95%, about 93% to about 97%, about 93% to about 99%, about 95% to
about 97% or about
95% to about 99%.
36. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-35 or use according to
embodiments 4-35, wherein the
effective amount of the papermaking additive composition results in a high
alpha-cellulose content of
the processed pulp.
37. The method or use according to embodiment 36, wherein the effective amount
of the papermaking
additive composition results in an alpha-cellulose content of the processed
pulp of about 70%, about
75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about
90%, about 91%,
about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or
about 99%; or
at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least
87%, at least 88%, at least
89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at
least 95%, at least 96%,
at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%; or at most 70%, at most 75%, at
most 80%, at most 85%,
at most 86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most 89%, at most 90%, at most 91%,
at most 92%, at
most 93%, at most 94%, at most 95%, at most 96%, at most 97%, at most 98% or
at most 99%; or
about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about
70% to about 95%,
about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about
75% to about 95%,
about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about
80% to about 99%,
about 85% to about 93%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 97%, about
85% to about 99%,
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about 90% to about 93%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 97%, about
90% to about 99%,
about 93% to about 95%, about 93% to about 97%, about 93% to about 99%, about
95% to about 97%
or about 95% to about 99%.
38. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-37 or use according to
embodiments 4-37, wherein the
effective amount of the papermaking additive composition results in a low beta-
cellulose content of the
processed pulp.
39. The method or use according to embodiment 38, wherein the effective amount
of the papermaking
additive composition results in a beta-cellulose content of the processed pulp
of about 5%, about 10%,
about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30% or about 35%; or at most 5%, at
most 10%, at most
15%, at most 20%, at most 25%, at most 30% or at most 35%; or about 5% to
about 10%, about 5% to
about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about
30%, about 5% to
about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about
25%, about 10%
to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to
about 25%, about 15%
to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to
about 30%, about 20%
to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35% or about 30% to
about 35%.
40. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-39 or use according to
embodiments 4-39, wherein the
effective amount of the papermaking additive composition results in a low
gamma-cellulose content of
the processed pulp.
41. The method or use according to embodiment 40, wherein the effective amount
of the papermaking
additive composition results in a gamma-cellulose content of the processed
pulp of about 5%, about
10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30% or about 35%; or at most 5%,
at most 10%, at
most 15%, at most 20%, at most 25%, at most 30% or at most 35%; or about 5% to
about 10%, about
5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to
about 30%, about 5%
to about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to
about 25%, about 10%
to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to
about 25%, about 15%
to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to
about 30%, about 20%
to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35% or about 30% to
about 35%.
42. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-41 or use according to
embodiments 4-41, wherein the
effective amount of the papermaking additive composition results in a high
viscosity of the processed
pulp.
43. The method or use according to embodiment 42, wherein the effective amount
of the papermaking
additive composition results in a viscosity of the processed pulp of about 5
mPa=s, about 10 mPa=s,
about 15 mPa=s, about 20 mPa=s, about 25 mPa=s, about 30 mPa=s, about 35
mPa=s, about 40 mPa=s,
about 45 mPa=s or about 50 mPa=s; or at least 5 mPa=s, at least 10 mPa=s, at
least 15 mPa=s, at least
20 mPa=s, at least 25 mPa=s, at least 30 mPa=s, at least 35 mPa=s, at least 40
mPa=s, at least 45 mPa=s
or at least 50 mPa=s; or at most 5 mPa=s, at most 10 mPa=s, at most 15 mPa=s,
at most 20 mPa=s, at
most 25 mPa=s, at most 30 mPa=s, at most 35 mPa=s, at most 40 mPa=s, at most
45 mPa=s or at most
50 mPa=s; or about 5 mPa=s to about 10 mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s to about 15 mPa=s,
about 5 mPa=s to
about 20 mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s to about 25 mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s to about 30
mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s
to about 35 mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s to about 40 mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s to about 45
mPa=s, about 5
mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s, about 10 mPa=s to about 15 mPa=s, about 10 mPa=s to
about 20 mPa=s,
about 10 mPa=s to about 25 mPa=s, about 10 mPa=s to about 30 mPa=s, about 10
mPa=s to about 35
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mPa.s, about 10 mPa.s to about 40 mPa.s, about 10 mPa.s to about 45 mPa.s,
about 10 mPa.s to
about 50 mPa.s, about 15 mPa.s to about 20 mPa.s, about 15 mPa.s to about 25
mPa.s, about 15
mPa.s to about 30 mPa.s, about 15 mPa.s to about 35 mPa.s, about 15 mPa.s to
about 40 mPa.s,
about 15 mPa.s to about 45 mPa.s, about 15 mPa.s to about 50 mPa.s, about 20
mPa.s to about 25
mPa.s, about 20 mPa.s to about 30 mPa.s, about 20 mPa.s to about 35 mPa.s,
about 20 mPa.s to
about 40 mPa.s, about 20 mPa.s to about 45 mPa.s, about 20 mPa.s to about 50
mPa.s, about 25
mPa.s to about 30 mPa.s, about 25 mPa.s to about 35 mPa.s, about 25 mPa.s to
about 40 mPa.s,
about 25 mPa.s to about 45 mPa.s, about 25 mPa.s to about 50 mPa.s, about 30
mPa.s to about 35
mPa.s, about 30 mPa.s to about 40 mPa.s, about 30 mPa.s to about 45 mPa.s,
about 30 mPa.s to
about 50 mPa.s, about 35 mPa.s to about 40 mPa.s, about 35 mPa.s to about 45
mPa.s, about 35
mPa.s to about 50 mPa.s, about 40 mPa.s to about 45 mPa.s, about 40 mPa.s to
about 50 mPa.s or
about 45 mPa.s to about 50 mPa.s.
44. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-43 or use according to
embodiments 4-43, resulting in
a high alpha-cellulose content of the processed pulp.
45. The method or use according to embodiment 44, resulting in an alpha-
cellulose content of the
processed pulp of about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about
87%, about 88%,
about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%,
about 96%, about
97%, about 98% or about 99%; or at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at
least 85%, at least 86%,
at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least
92%, at least 93%, at least
94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%;
or at most 70%, at most
75%, at most 80%, at most 85%, at most 86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most
89%, at most 90%,
at most 91%, at most 92%, at most 93%, at most 94%, at most 95%, at most 96%,
at most 97%, at
most 98% or at most 99%; or about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%,
about 70% to about
90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to about 85%,
about 75% to about
90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to about 90%,
about 80% to about
95%, about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to about 93%, about 85% to about 95%,
about 85% to about
97%, about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to about 93%, about 90% to about 95%,
about 90% to about
97%, about 90% to about 99%, about 93% to about 95%, about 93% to about 97%,
about 93% to about
99%, about 95% to about 97% or about 95% to about 99%.
46. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-45 or use according to
embodiments 4-45, resulting in
a low beta-cellulose content of the processed pulp.
47. The method or use according to embodiment 46, resulting in a beta-
cellulose content of the processed
pulp of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30% or
about 35%; or at most
5%, at most 10%, at most 15%, at most 20%, at most 25%, at most 30% or at most
35%; or about 5%
to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about
25%, about 5% to
about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about
20%, about 10% to
about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 15% to about
20%, about 15%
to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to
about 25%, about 20%
to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to
about 35% or about
30% to about 35%.
48. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-47 or use according to
embodiments 4-47, resulting in
a low gamma-cellulose content of the processed pulp.
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49. The method or use according to embodiment 48, resulting in a gamma-
cellulose content of the
processed pulp of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about
30% or about 35%;
or at most 5%, at most 10%, at most 15%, at most 20%, at most 25%, at most 30%
or at most 35%; or
about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5%
to about 25%,
about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about
10% to about 20%,
about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about
15% to about 20%,
about 15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about
20% to about 25%,
about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about
25% to about 35%
or about 30% to about 35%.
50. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-49 or use according to
embodiments 4-49, resulting in
a high viscosity of the processed pulp.
51. The method or use according to embodiment 50, resulting in a viscosity of
the processed pulp of about
mPa=s, about 10 mPa=s, about 15 mPa=s, about 20 mPa=s, about 25 mPa=s, about
30 mPa=s, about
35 mPa=s, about 40 mPa=s, about 45 mPa=s or about 50 mPa=s; or at least 5
mPa=s, at least 10 mPa=s,
at least 15 mPa=s, at least 20 mPa=s, at least 25 mPa=s, at least 30 mPa=s, at
least 35 mPa=s, at least
40 mPa=s, at least 45 mPa=s or at least 50 mPa=s; or at most 5 mPa=s, at most
10 mPa=s, at most 15
mPa=s, at most 20 mPa=s, at most 25 mPa=s, at most 30 mPa=s, at most 35 mPa=s,
at most 40 mPa=s,
at most 45 mPa=s or at most 50 mPa=s; or about 5 mPa=s to about 10 mPa=s,
about 5 mPa=s to about
mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s to about 20 mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s to about 25 mPa=s, about
5 mPa=s to
about 30 mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s to about 35 mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s to about 40
mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s
to about 45 mPa=s, about 5 mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s, about 10 mPa=s to about 15
mPa=s, about 10
mPa=s to about 20 mPa=s, about 10 mPa=s to about 25 mPa=s, about 10 mPa=s to
about 30 mPa=s,
about 10 mPa=s to about 35 mPa=s, about 10 mPa=s to about 40 mPa=s, about 10
mPa=s to about 45
mPa=s, about 10 mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s, about 15 mPa=s to about 20 mPa=s,
about 15 mPa=s to
about 25 mPa=s, about 15 mPa=s to about 30 mPa=s, about 15 mPa=s to about 35
mPa=s, about 15
mPa=s to about 40 mPa=s, about 15 mPa=s to about 45 mPa=s, about 15 mPa=s to
about 50 mPa=s,
about 20 mPa=s to about 25 mPa=s, about 20 mPa=s to about 30 mPa=s, about 20
mPa=s to about 35
mPa=s, about 20 mPa=s to about 40 mPa=s, about 20 mPa=s to about 45 mPa=s,
about 20 mPa=s to
about 50 mPa=s, about 25 mPa=s to about 30 mPa=s, about 25 mPa=s to about 35
mPa=s, about 25
mPa=s to about 40 mPa=s, about 25 mPa=s to about 45 mPa=s, about 25 mPa=s to
about 50 mPa=s,
about 30 mPa=s to about 35 mPa=s, about 30 mPa=s to about 40 mPa=s, about 30
mPa=s to about 45
mPa=s, about 30 mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s, about 35 mPa=s to about 40 mPa=s,
about 35 mPa=s to
about 45 mPa=s, about 35 mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s, about 40 mPa=s to about 45
mPa=s, about 40
mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s or about 45 mPa=s to about 50 mPa=s.
52. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-51 or use according to
embodiments 4-51, wherein the
effective amount of the papermaking additive composition results in a low
lignin content of the
processed pulp.
53. The method or use according to embodiment 52, wherein the effective amount
of the papermaking
additive composition results in a lignin content of the processed pulp with a
Kappa number of about 5,
about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about or
about 50; or at least 5,
at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35,
at least 40, at least 45 or at least
50; or at most 5, at most 10, at most 15, at most 20, at most 25, at most 30,
at most 35, at most 40, at
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most 45 or at most 50; or about 5 to about 10, about 5 to about 15, about 5 to
about 20, about 5 to
about 25, about 5 to about 30, about 5 to about 35, about 5 to about 40, about
5 to about 45, about 5
to about 50, about 10 to about 15, about 10 to about 20, about 10 to about 25,
about 10 to about 30,
about 10 to about 35, about 10 to about 40, about 10 to about 45, about 10 to
about 50, about 15 to
about 20, about 15 to about 25, about 15 to about 30, about 15 to about 35,
about 15 to about 40, about
15 to about 45, about 15 to about 50, about 20 to about 25, about 20 to about
30, about 20 to about 35,
about 20 to about 40, about 20 to about 45, about 20 to about 50, about 25 to
about 30, about 25 to
about 35, about 25 to about 40, about 25 to about 45, about 25 to about 50,
about 30 to about 35, about
30 to about 40, about 30 to about 45, about 30 to about 50, about 35 to about
40, about 35 to about 45,
about 35 to about 50, about 40 to about 45, about 40 to about 50 or about 45
to about 50.
54. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-53 or use according to
embodiments 4-53, resulting in
a low lignin content of the processed pulp.
55. The method or use according to embodiment 54, resulting in a lignin
content of the processed pulp with
a Kappa number of about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30,
about 35, about 40,
about or about 50; or at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at
least 25, at least 30, at least 35,
at least 40, at least 45 or at least 50; or at most 5, at most 10, at most 15,
at most 20, at most 25, at
most 30, at most 35, at most 40, at most 45 or at most 50; or about 5 to about
10, about 5 to about 15,
about 5 to about 20, about 5 to about 25, about 5 to about 30, about 5 to
about 35, about 5 to about 40,
about 5 to about 45, about 5 to about 50, about 10 to about 15, about 10 to
about 20, about 10 to about
25, about 10 to about 30, about 10 to about 35, about 10 to about 40, about 10
to about 45, about 10
to about 50, about 15 to about 20, about 15 to about 25, about 15 to about 30,
about 15 to about 35,
about 15 to about 40, about 15 to about 45, about 15 to about 50, about 20 to
about 25, about 20 to
about 30, about 20 to about 35, about 20 to about 40, about 20 to about 45,
about 20 to about 50, about
25 to about 30, about 25 to about 35, about 25 to about 40, about 25 to about
45, about 25 to about 50,
about 30 to about 35, about 30 to about 40, about 30 to about 45, about 30 to
about 50, about 35 to
about 40, about 35 to about 45, about 35 to about 50, about 40 to about 45,
about 40 to about 50 or
about 45 to about 50.
56. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-55 or use according to
embodiments 4-55, wherein the
effective amount of the papermaking additive composition results in low
impurities content of the
processed pulp.
57. The method or use according to embodiment 56, wherein the effective amount
of the papermaking
additive composition results in a low impurities content of the processed pulp
with a copper number of
about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1.0, about 1.25, about 1.5, about 1.75, about
2.0, about 2.25, about 2.5,
about 2.75, about 3.0, about 3.25, about 3.5, about 3.75, about 4.0, about
4.25, about 4.5, about 4.75,
about 5.0, about 5.25, about 5.5, about 5.75, about 6.0, about 6.25, about
6.5, about 6.75 or about 7.0;
or at least 0.5, at least 0.75, at least 1.0, at least 1.25, at least 1.5, at
least 1.75, at least 2.0, at least
2.25, at least 2.5, at least 2.75, at least 3.0, at least 3.25, at least 3.5,
at least 3.75, at least 4.0, at least
4.25, at least 4.5, at least 4.75, at least 5.0, at least 5.25, at least 5.5,
at least 5.75, at least 6.0, at least
6.25, at least 6.5, at least 6.75 or at least 7.0; or at most 0.5, at most
0.75, at most 1.0, at most 1.25, at
most 1.5, at most 1.75, at most 2.0, at most 2.25, at most 2.5, at most 2.75,
at most 3.0, at most 3.25,
at most 3.5, at most 3.75, at most 4.0, at most 4.25, at most 4.5, at most
4.75, at most 5.0, at most
5.25, at most 5.5, at most 5.75, at most 6.0, at most 6.25, at most 6.5, at
most 6.75 or at most 7.0; or
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about 0.5 to about 1.0, about 0.5 to about 2.0, about 0.5 to about 3.0, about
0.5 to about 4.0, about 0.5
to about 5.0, about 0.5 to about 6.0, about 0.5 to about 7.0, about 0.75 to
about 1.0, about 0.75 to about
2.0, about 0.75 to about 3.0, about 0.75 to about 4.0, about 0.75 to about
5.0, about 0.75 to about 6.0,
about 0.75 to about 7.0, about 1.0 to about 2.0, about 1.0 to about 3.0, about
1.0 to about 4.0, about
1.0 to about 5.0, about 1.0 to about 6.0, about 1.0 to about 7.0, about 1.25
to about 2.0, about 1.25 to
about 3.0, about 1.25 to about 4.0, about 1.25 to about 5.0, about 1.25 to
about 6.0, about 1.25 to about
7.0, about 1.5 to about 2.0, about 1.5 to about 3.0, about 1.5 to about 4.0,
about 1.5 to about 5.0, about
1.5 to about 6.0, about 1.5 to about 7.0, about 1.75 to about 2.0, about 1.75
to about 3.0, about 1.75 to
about 4.0, about 1.75 to about 5.0, about 1.75 to about 6.0, about 1.75 to
about 7.0, about 2 to about
3.0, about 2 to about 4.0, about 2 to about 5.0, about 2 to about 6.0 or about
2 to about 7Ø
58. The method according to embodiments 1-3 01 7-57 or use according to
embodiments 4-57, resulting in
low impurities content of the processed pulp.
59. The method or use according to embodiment 58, resulting in a low
impurities content of the processed
pulp with a copper number of about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1.0, about 1.25,
about 1.5, about 1.75, about
2.0, about 2.25, about 2.5, about 2.75, about 3.0, about 3.25, about 3.5,
about 3.75, about 4.0, about
4.25, about 4.5, about 4.75, about 5.0, about 5.25, about 5.5, about 5.75,
about 6.0, about 6.25, about
6.5, about 6.75 or about 7.0; or at least 0.5, at least 0.75, at least 1.0, at
least 1.25, at least 1.5, at least
1.75, at least 2.0, at least 2.25, at least 2.5, at least 2.75, at least 3.0,
at least 3.25, at least 3.5, at least
3.75, at least 4.0, at least 4.25, at least 4.5, at least 4.75, at least 5.0,
at least 5.25, at least 5.5, at least
5.75, at least 6.0, at least 6.25, at least 6.5, at least 6.75 or at least
7.0; or at most 0.5, at most 0.75, at
most 1.0, at most 1.25, at most 1.5, at most 1.75, at most 2.0, at most 2.25,
at most 2.5, at most 2.75,
at most 3.0, at most 3.25, at most 3.5, at most 3.75, at most 4.0, at most
4.25, at most 4.5, at most
4.75, at most 5.0, at most 5.25, at most 5.5, at most 5.75, at most 6.0, at
most 6.25, at most 6.5, at
most 6.75 or at most 7.0; or about 0.5 to about 1.0, about 0.5 to about 2.0,
about 0.5 to about 3.0, about
0.5 to about 4.0, about 0.5 to about 5.0, about 0.5 to about 6.0, about 0.5 to
about 7.0, about 0.75 to
about 1.0, about 0.75 to about 2.0, about 0.75 to about 3.0, about 0.75 to
about 4.0, about 0.75 to about
5.0, about 0.75 to about 6.0, about 0.75 to about 7.0, about 1.0 to about 2.0,
about 1.0 to about 3.0,
about 1.0 to about 4.0, about 1.0 to about 5.0, about 1.0 to about 6.0, about
1.0 to about 7.0, about
1.25 to about 2.0, about 1.25 to about 3.0, about 1.25 to about 4.0, about
1.25 to about 5.0, about 1.25
to about 6.0, about 1.25 to about 7.0, about 1.5 to about 2.0, about 1.5 to
about 3.0, about 1.5 to about
4.0, about 1.5 to about 5.0, about 1.5 to about 6.0, about 1.5 to about 7.0,
about 1.75 to about 2.0,
about 1.75 to about 3.0, about 1.75 to about 4.0, about 1.75 to about 5.0,
about 1.75 to about 6.0, about
1.75 to about 7.0, about 2 to about 3.0, about 2 to about 4.0, about 2 to
about 5.0, about 2 to about 6.0
or about 2 to about 7Ø
60. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-59 or use according to
embodiments 4-59, wherein the
effective amount of the papermaking additive composition results in a high
carboxyl content of the
processed pulp.
61. The method or use according to embodiment 60, wherein the effective amount
of the papermaking
additive composition results in a carboxyl content of the processed pulp about
4 meq/100 g pulp, about
4.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp, about 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 6
meq/100 g pulp, about
6.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 7.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 8
meq/100 g pulp, about
8.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 9.5 meq/100 g pulp or about
10 meq/100 g pulp;
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or at least 4 meq/100 g pulp, at least 4.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 5 meq/100
g pulp, at least 5.5 meq/100
g pulp, at least 6 meq/100 g pulp, at least 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 7
meq/100 g pulp, at least 7.5
meq/100 g pulp, at least 8 meq/100 g pulp, at least 8.5 meq/100 g pulp, at
least 9 meq/100 g pulp, at
least 9.5 meq/100 g pulp or at least 10 meq/100 g pulp; or at most 4 meq/100 g
pulp, at most 4.5
meq/100 g pulp, at most 5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most
6 meq/100 g pulp, at
most 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 7 meq/100 g pulp, at most 7.5 meq/100 g pulp,
at most 8 meq/100 g
pulp, at most 8.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 9 meq/100 g pulp, at most 9.5
meq/100 g pulp or at most 10
meq/100 g pulp; or about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 5 meq/100 g pulp, about 4
meq/100 g pulp to about
6 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 4
meq/100 g pulp to about
8 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 4
meq/100 g pulp to about
meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 6 meq/100 g pulp, about 5
meq/100 g pulp to
about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 8 meq/100 g pulp,
about 5 meq/100 g pulp
to about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g pulp,
about 6 meq/100 g
pulp to about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 6 meq/100 g pulp to about 8 meq/100 g
pulp, about 6 meq/100
g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 6 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g
pulp, about 7 meq/100
g pulp to about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 7 meq/100 g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g
pulp, about 7 meq/100
g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g pulp, about 8 meq/100 g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g
pulp, about 8 meq/100
g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g pulp or about 9 meq/100 g pulp to about 10
meq/100 g pulp.
62. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-61 or use according to
embodiments 4-61, resulting in
a high carboxyl content of the processed pulp.
63. The method or use according to embodiment 62, resulting in a carboxyl
content of the processed pulp
about 4 meq/100 g pulp, about 4.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp,
about 5.5 meq/100 g pulp,
about 6 meq/100 g pulp, about 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 7 meq/100 g pulp,
about 7.5 meq/100 g pulp,
about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 8.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 9 meq/100 g pulp,
about 9.5 meq/100 g pulp
or about 10 meq/100 g pulp; or at least 4 meq/100 g pulp, at least 4.5 meq/100
g pulp, at least 5
meq/100 g pulp, at least 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 6 meq/100 g pulp, at
least 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, at
least 7 meq/100 g pulp, at least 7.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 8 meq/100 g
pulp, at least 8.5 meq/100 g
pulp, at least 9 meq/100 g pulp, at least 9.5 meq/100 g pulp or at least 10
meq/100 g pulp; or at most
4 meq/100 g pulp, at most 4.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 5 meq/100 g pulp, at
most 5.5 meq/100 g pulp,
at most 6 meq/100 g pulp, at most 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 7 meq/100 g
pulp, at most 7.5 meq/100
g pulp, at most 8 meq/100 g pulp, at most 8.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 9
meq/100 g pulp, at most 9.5
meq/100 g pulp or at most 10 meq/100 g pulp; or about 4 meq/100 g pulp to
about 5 meq/100 g pulp,
about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 6 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to
about 7 meq/100 g pulp,
about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to
about 9 meq/100 g pulp,
about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to
about 6 meq/100 g
pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp
to about 8 meq/100
g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g
pulp to about 10 meq/100
g pulp, about 6 meq/100 g pulp to about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 6 meq/100 g
pulp to about 8 meq/100
g pulp, about 6 meq/100 g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 6 meq/100 g
pulp to about 10 meq/100
g pulp, about 7 meq/100 g pulp to about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 7 meq/100 g
pulp to about 9 meq/100
g pulp, about 7 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g pulp, about 8 meq/100 g
pulp to about 9 meq/100
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g pulp, about 8 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g pulp or about 9 meq/100 g
pulp to about 10
meq/100 g pulp.
64. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-63 or use according to
embodiments 4-63, wherein the
effective amount of the papermaking additive composition results in a high
brightness of the processed
pulp or paper material.
65. The method or use according to embodiment 64, wherein the effective amount
of the papermaking
additive composition results in a brightness of the processed pulp or paper
material about 70%, about
75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about
90%, about 91%,
about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or
about 99%; or
at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least
87%, at least 88%, at least
89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at
least 95%, at least 96%,
at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%; or at most 70%, at most 75%, at
most 80%, at most 85%,
at most 86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most 89%, at most 90%, at most 91%,
at most 92%, at
most 93%, at most 94%, at most 95%, at most 96%, at most 97%, at most 98% or
at most 99%; or
about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about
70% to about 95%,
about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about
75% to about 95%,
about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about
80% to about 99%,
about 85% to about 93%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 97%, about
85% to about 99%,
about 90% to about 93%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 97%, about
90% to about 99%,
about 93% to about 95%, about 93% to about 97%, about 93% to about 99%, about
95% to about 97%
or about 95% to about 99%.
66. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-65 or use according to
embodiments 4-65, resulting in
a high brightness of the processed pulp or paper material.
67. The method or use according to embodiment 66, resulting in a brightness of
the processed pulp or
paper material about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about
87%, about 88%,
about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%,
about 96%, about
97%, about 98% or about 99%; or at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at
least 85%, at least 86%,
at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least
92%, at least 93%, at least
94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%;
or at most 70%, at most
75%, at most 80%, at most 85%, at most 86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most
89%, at most 90%,
at most 91%, at most 92%, at most 93%, at most 94%, at most 95%, at most 96%,
at most 97%, at
most 98% or at most 99%; or about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%,
about 70% to about
90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to about 85%,
about 75% to about
90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to about 90%,
about 80% to about
95%, about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to about 93%, about 85% to about 95%,
about 85% to about
97%, about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to about 93%, about 90% to about 95%,
about 90% to about
97%, about 90% to about 99%, about 93% to about 95%, about 93% to about 97%,
about 93% to about
99%, about 95% to about 97% or about 95% to about 99%.
68. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-67 or use according to
embodiments 4-67, wherein the
effective amount of the papermaking additive composition results in a low
extractives content of the
processed pulp or paper material.
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69. The method or use according to embodiment 68, wherein the effective amount
of the papermaking
additive composition results in an extractives content of the processed pulp
or paper material of about
0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about
0.07%, about
0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about
0.5%, about 0.6%, about
0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4% or about
5%; or at most
0.01%, at most 0.02%, at most 0.03%, at most 0.04%, at most 0.05%, at most
0.06%, at most 0.07%,
at most 0.08%, at most 0.09%, at most 0.1%, at most 0.2%, at most 0.3%, at
most 0.4%, at most 0.5%,
at most 0.6%, at most 0.7%, at most 0.8%, at most 0.9%, at most 1%, at most
2%, at most 3%, at most
4% or at most 5%; or about 0.001% to about 0.005%, about 0.001% to about
0.01%, about 0.001% to
about 0.05%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%, about
0.001% to about 1%,
about 0.001% to about 5%, about 0.005% to about 0.01%, about 0.005% to about
0.05%, about 0.005%
to about 0.1%, about 0.005% to about 0.5%, about 0.005% to about 1%, about
0.005% to about 5%,
about 0.01% to about 0.05%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about
0.5%, about 0.01% to
about 1%, about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to
about 0.5%, about
0.05% to about 1%, about 0.05% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about
0.1% to about 1%,
about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 5% or
about 1% to about 5%.
70. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-69 or use according to
embodiments 4-69, resulting in
a low extractives content of the processed pulp or paper material.
71. The method or use according to embodiment 70, resulting in an extractives
content of the processed
pulp or paper material of about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%,
about 0.05%, about
0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about
0.3%, about 0.4%,
about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about
2%, about 3%, about
4% or about 5%; or at most 0.01%, at most 0.02%, at most 0.03%, at most 0.04%,
at most 0.05%, at
most 0.06%, at most 0.07%, at most 0.08%, at most 0.09%, at most 0.1%, at most
0.2%, at most 0.3%,
at most 0.4%, at most 0.5%, at most 0.6%, at most 0.7%, at most 0.8%, at most
0.9%, at most 1%, at
most 2%, at most 3%, at most 4% or at most 5%; or about 0.001% to about
0.005%, about 0.001% to
about 0.01%, about 0.001% to about 0.05%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about
0.001% to about 0.5%,
about 0.001% to about 1%, about 0.001% to about 5%, about 0.005% to about
0.01%, about 0.005%
to about 0.05%, about 0.005% to about 0.1%, about 0.005% to about 0.5%, about
0.005% to about 1%,
about 0.005% to about 5%, about 0.01% to about 0.05%, about 0.01% to about
0.1%, about 0.01% to
about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 1%, about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.05% to
about 0.1%, about
0.05% to about 0.5%, about 0.05% to about 1%, about 0.05% to about 5%, about
0.1% to about 0.5%,
about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about
0.5% to about 5%
or about 1% to about 5%.
72. The method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-71 or use according to
embodiments 4-71, wherein the
effective amount of the papermaking additive composition is a papermaking
additive
composition:dilutant ratio of about 1:50, about 1:75, about 1:100, about
1:125, about 1:150, about
1:175, about 1:200, about 1:225, about 1:250, about 1:275, about 1:300, about
1:325, about 1:350,
about 1:375, about 1:400, about 1:425, about 1:450, about 1:475, about 1:500,
about 1:525, about
1:550, about 1:575 or about 1:600; or at least 1:50, at least 1:75, at least
1:100, at least 1:125, at least
1:150, at least 1:175, at least 1:200, at least 1:225, at least 1:250, at
least 1:275, at least 1:300, at least
1:325, at least 1:350, at least 1:375, at least 1:400, at least 1:425, at
least 1:450, at least 1:475, at least
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1:500, at least 1:525, at least 1:550, at least 1:575 or at least 1:600; or at
most 1:50, at most 1:75, at
most 1:100, at most 1:125, at most 1:150, at most 1:175, at most 1:200, at
most 1:225, at most 1:250,
at most 1:275, at most 1:300, at most 1:325, at most 1:350, at most 1:375, at
most 1:400, at most 1:425,
at most 1:450, at most 1:475, at most 1:500, at most 1:525, at most 1:550, at
most 1:575 or at most
1:600; or about 1:50 to about 1:100, about 1:50 to about 1:200, about 1:50 to
about 1:300, about 1:50
to about 1:400, about 1:50 to about 1:500, about 1:50 to about 1:600, about
1:100 to about 1:200, about
1:100 to about 1:300, about 1:100 to about 1:400, about 1:100 to about 1:500,
about 1:100 to about
1:600, about 1:200 to about 1:300, about 1:200 to about 1:400, about 1:200 to
about 1:500, about 1:200
to about 1:600, about 1:300 to about 1:400, about 1:300 to about 1:500, about
1:300 to about 1:600,
about 1:400 to about 1:500, about 1:400 to about 1:600 or about 1:500 to about
1:600.
73. The method according to embodiments 1-3 01 7-71 or use according to
embodiments 4-71, wherein the
effective amount of the papermaking additive composition is a papermaking
additive
composition:dilutant ratio of about 1:500, about 1:750, about 1:1000, about
1:1250, about 1:1500, about
1:1750, about 1:2000, about 1:2250, about 1:2500, about 1:2750, about 1:3000,
about 1:3250, about
1:3500, about 1:3750, about 1:4000, about 1:4250, about 1:4500, about 1:4750,
about 1:5000, about
1:5250, about 1:5500, about 1:5750, about 1:6000 about 1:7000, about 1:8000,
about 1:9000 or about
1:10000; or at least 1:500, at least 1:750, at least 1:1000, at least 1:1250,
at least 1:1500, at least
1:1750, at least 1:2000, at least 1:2250, at least 1:2500, at least 1:2750, at
least 1:3000, at least 1:3250,
at least 1:3500, at least 1:3750, at least 1:4000, at least 1:4250, at least
1:4500, at least 1:4750, at
least 1:5000, at least 1:5250, at least 1:5500, at least 1:5750, at least
1:6000, at least 1:7000, at least
1:8000, at least 1:9000 or at least 1:10000; or at most 1:500, at most 1:750,
at most 1:1000, at most
1:1250, at most 1:1500, at most 1:1750, at most 1:2000, at most 1:2250, at
most 1:2500, at most
1:2750, at most 1:3000, at most 1:3250, at most 1:3500, at most 1:3750, at
most 1:4000, at most
1:4250, at most 1:4500, at most 1:4750, at most 1:5000, at most 1:5250, at
most 1:5500, at most
1:5750, at most 1:6000 at most 1:7000, at most 1:8000, at most 1:9000 or at
most 1:10000; or about
1:500 to about 1:1000, about 1:500 to about 1:2000, about 1:500 to about
1:3000, about 1:500 to about
1:4000, about 1:500 to about 1:5000, about 1:500 to about 1:6000, about 1:500
to about 1:7000, about
1:500 to about 1:8000, about 1:500 to about 1:9000, about 1:500 to about
1:10000, about 1:1000 to
about 1:2000, about 1:1000 to about 1:3000, about 1:1000 to about 1:4000,
about 1:1000 to about
1:5000, about 1:1000 to about 1:6000, about 1:1000 to about 1:7000, about
1:1000 to about 1:8000,
about 1:1000 to about 1:9000, about 1:1000 to about 1:10000, about 1:2000 to
about 1:3000, about
1:2000 to about 1:4000, about 1:2000 to about 1:5000, about 1:2000 to about
1:6000, about 1:2000 to
about 1:7000, about 1:2000 to about 1:8000, about 1:2000 to about 1:9000,
about 1:2000 to about
1:10000, about 1:3000 to about 1:4000, about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, about
1:3000 to about 1:6000,
about 1:3000 to about 1:7000, about 1:3000 to about 1:8000, about 1:3000 to
about 1:9000, about
1:3000 to about 1:10000, about 1:4000 to about 1:5000, about 1:4000 to about
1:6000, about 1:4000
to about 1:7000, about 1:4000 to about 1:8000, about 1:4000 to about 1:9000,
about 1:4000 to about
1:10000, about 1:5000 to about 1:6000, about 1:5000 to about 1:7000, about
1:5000 to about 1:8000,
about 1:5000 to about 1:9000, about 1:5000 to about 1:10000, about 1:6000 to
about 1:7000, about
1:6000 to about 1:8000, about 1:6000 to about 1:9000, about 1:6000 to about
1:10000, about 1:7000
to about 1:8000, about 1:7000 to about 1:9000, about 1:7000 to about 1:10000,
about 1:8000 to about
1:9000, about 1:8000 to about 1:10000 or about 1:9000 to about 1:10000.
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74. The method according to embodiments 1-3 01 7-73 or use according to
embodiments 4-73, wherein the
effective amount of the papermaking additive composition has a final
concentration of about 0.0001%,
about 0.0002%, about 0.0003%, about 0.0004%, about 0.0005%, about 0.0006%,
about 0.0007%,
about 0.0008%, about 0.0009%, about 0.001%, about 0.002%, about 0.003%, about
0.004%, about
0.005%, about 0.006%, about 0.007%, about 0.008%, about 0.009%, about 0.01%,
about 0.02%, about
0. 03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about
0.09%, about 0.1%,
about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about
0.8%, about 0.9%,
about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about
8%, about 9% or
about 10%; or at least 0.0001%, at least 0.0002%, at least 0.0003%, at least
0.0004%, at least
0.0005%, at least 0.0006%, at least 0.0007%, at least 0.0008%, at least
0.0009%, at least 0.001%, at
least 0.002%, at least 0.003%, at least 0.004%, at least 0.005%, at least
0.006%, at least 0.007%, at
least 0.008%, at least 0.009%, at least 0.01%, at least 0.02%, at least 0.
03%, at least 0.04%, at least
0.05%, at least 0.06%, at least 0.07%, at least 0.08%, at least 0.09%, at
least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at
least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.6%, at least 0.7%, at
least 0.8%, at least 0.9%, at
least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at
least 7%, at least 8%, at
least 9% or at least 10%; or at most 0.0001%, at most 0.0002%, at most
0.0003%, at most 0.0004%,
at most 0.0005%, at most 0.0006%, at most 0.0007%, at most 0.0008%, at most
0.0009%, at most
0.001%, at most 0.002%, at most 0.003%, at most 0.004%, at most 0.005%, at
most 0.006%, at most
0.007%, at most 0.008%, at most 0.009%, at most 0.01%, at most 0.02%, at most
0. 03%, at most
0.04%, at most 0.05%, at most 0.06%, at most 0.07%, at most 0.08%, at most
0.09%, at most 0.1%, at
most 0.2%, at most 0.3%, at most 0.4%, at most 0.5%, at most 0.6%, at most
0.7%, at most 0.8%, at
most 0.9%, at most 1%, at most 2%, at most 3%, at most 4%, at most 5%, at most
6%, at most 7%, at
most 8%, at most 9% or at most 10%; or about 0.0001% to about 0.0005%, about
0.0001% to about
0.001%, about 0.0001% to about 0.005%, about 0.0001% to about 0.01%, about
0.0001% to about
0.05%, about 0.0001% to about 0.1%, about 0.0001% to about 0.5%, about 0.0001%
to about 1%,
about 0.0001% to about 5%, about 0.0001% to about 10%, about 0.0005% to about
0.001%, about
0.0005% to about 0.005%, about 0.0005% to about 0.01%, about 0.0005% to about
0.05%, about
0.0005% to about 0.1%, about 0.0005% to about 0.5%, about 0.0005% to about 1%,
about 0.0005% to
about 5%, about 0.0005% to about 10%, about 0.001% to about 0.005%, about
0.001% to about 0.01%,
0.001% to about 0.05%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, 0.001% to about 0.5%,
0.001% to about 1%,
0.001% to about 5%, about 0.001% to about 10%, about 0.005% to about 0.01%,
about 0.005% to
about 0.05%, about 0.005% to about 0.1%, about 0.005% to about 0.5%, about
0.005% to about 1%,
about 0.005% to about 5%, about 0.005% to about 10%, about 0.01% to about
0.05%, about 0.01% to
about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 1%, about 0.01% to
about 5%, about
0.01% to about 10%, about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to about 0.5%,
about 0.05% to about
1%, about 0.05% to about 5%, about 0.05% to about 10%, about 0.1% to about
0.5%, about 0.1% to
about 1%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about
1%, about 0.5% to
about 5%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 10%
or about 5% to
about 10%.
75. A papermaking additive composition comprising a treated, fermented
microbial supernatant and one or
more nonionic surfactants, wherein the composition lacks any active enzymes or
live bacteria, and
wherein the composition has a pH below 5Ø
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76. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 75, wherein
the treated, fermented
microbial supernatant is from a fermented yeast supernatant, a fermented
bacterial supernatant, a
fermented mold supernatant, or any combination thereof.
77. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 76, wherein
the fermented yeast
supernatant is produced from a species of yeast belonging to the genera
Brettanomyces, Candida,
Cyberlindnera, Cystofilobasidium, Debaryomyces, Dekkera, Fusarium, Geotrichum,
lssatchenkia,
Kazachstania, Kloeckera, Kluyveromyces, Lecanicillium, Mucor, Neurospora,
Pediococcus,
Penicillium, Pichia, Rhizopus, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces,
Schizosaccharomyces,
Thrichosporon, Torulaspora, Torulopsis, Verticillium, Yarrowia,
Zygosaccharomyces or
Zygotorulaspora.
78. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 77, wherein
the fermented yeast
supernatant is produced from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
79. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 78, wherein
the fermented bacterial
supernatant is produced from a species of bacteria belonging to the genera
Acetobacter, Arthrobacter,
Aerococcus, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium,
Barnobacterium,
Carnobacterium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Gluconacetobacter,
Gluconobacter,
Hafnia, Halomonas, Kocuria, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc,
Macrococcus, Microbacterium,
Micrococcus, Neisseria, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Propionibacterium, Proteus,
Pseudomonas,
Psychrobacter, Salmonella, Sporolactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
Streptomyces,
Tetragenococcus, Vagococcus, Weissells or Zymomonas.
80. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 79, wherein
the fermented bacterial
supernatant is produced from a species of bacteria belonging to the genus
Aspergillus.
81. The papermaking additive composition according to any one of embodiments
75-80, wherein the
papermaking additive composition comprises at least 35% by weight of the
treated fermented microbial
supernatant.
82. The papermaking additive composition according to any one of embodiments
75-81, wherein the
papermaking additive composition comprises at most 50% by weight of the
treated fermented microbial
supernatant.
83. The papermaking additive composition according to any one of embodiments
75-82, wherein the
nonionic surfactant comprises a polyether nonionic surfactant, a polyhydroxyl
nonionic surfactant,
and/or a biosurfactant.
84. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 83, wherein
the polyhydroxyl nonionic
surfactant comprising a sucrose ester, an ethoxylated sucrose ester, a
sorbital ester, an ethoxylated
sorbital ester, an alkyl glucoside, an ethoxylated alkyl glucoside, a
polyglycerol ester, or an ethoxylated
polyglycerol ester.
85. The papermaking additive composition according to any one of embodiments
75-84, wherein the
nonionic surfactant comprises an amine oxide, an ethoxylated alcohol, an
ethoxylated aliphatic alcohol,
an alkylamine, an ethoxylated alkylamine, an ethoxylated alkyl phenol, an
alkyl polysaccharide, an
ethoxylated alkyl polysaccharide, an ethoxylated fatty acid, an ethoxylated
fatty alcohol, or an
ethoxylated fatty amine, or a nonionic surfactant having the general formula
of H(OCH2CH2)x0C6H4R1,
H(OCH2CH2)x0R2, or H(OCH2CH2)x0C(0)R2, wherein x represents the number of
moles of ethylene
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oxide added to an alkyl phenol and/or a fatty alcohol or a fatty acid, R1
represents a long chain alkyl
group and, R2 represents a long chain aliphatic group.
86. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 85, wherein
R1 is a C7-Cio normal-
alkyl group and/or wherein R2 is a C12-C20 aliphatic group.
87. The papermaking additive composition according to any one of embodiments
75-86, wherein the
nonionic surfactant is an ethoxylated nonyl phenol, an ethoxylated octyl
phenol, an ethoxylated ceto-
oleyl alcohol, an ethoxylated ceto-stearyl alcohol, an ethoxylated decyl
alcohol, an ethoxylated dodecyl
alcohol, an ethoxylated tridecyl alcohol, or an ethoxylated castor oil.
88. The papermaking additive composition according to any one of embodiments
75-87, wherein the
papermaking additive composition comprises from about 1% to about 15% by
weight of the one or more
nonionic surfactants.
89. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 88, wherein
the papermaking additive
composition comprises from about 5% to about 13% by weight of the one or more
nonionic surfactants.
90. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 89, wherein
the papermaking additive
composition comprises from about 7% to about 11% by weight of the one or more
nonionic surfactants.
91. The papermaking additive composition according to any one of embodiments
75-90, wherein the
papermaking additive composition further comprises one or more anionic
surfactants.
92. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 91, wherein
the papermaking additive
composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the one or
more anionic surfactants.
93. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 92, wherein
the papermaking additive
composition comprises from about 1% to about 8% by weight of the one or more
anionic surfactants.
94. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 93, wherein
the papermaking additive
composition comprises from about 2% to about 6% by weight of the one or more
anionic surfactants.
95. The papermaking additive composition according to any one of embodiments
75-94, wherein the pH is
at most 4.5.
96. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 95, wherein
the pH about 3.7 to about
4.2.
97. The papermaking additive composition according to any one of embodiments
75-96, wherein the
papermaking additive composition further comprises an antimicrobial.
98. The papermaking additive composition according to any one of embodiments
75-97, wherein the
papermaking additive composition is substantially non-toxic to humans,
mammals, plants and the
environment.
99. The papermaking additive composition according to any one of embodiments
75-98, wherein the
papermaking additive composition is biodegradable.
100. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiments 75-99,
wherein the papermaking
additive composition further comprises an enzyme that digests lignin, boosts
bleaching, increases
deinking, modifies cellulose fiber structure, increases effluent control,
removes pitch and stickies
(adhesives), modifies starch or any combination thereof.
101. The papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 100, wherein
the enzyme is a
cellulase, a xylanase, a lipase, an esterase, an amylase, a pectinase, a
catalase, a laccase, a
peroxidase, a pulpase DI, a pulpase RF, a pulpase BL or any combination
thereof.
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102.A method of separating fibers from a pulp, the method comprising applying
an effective amount of a
papermaking additive composition as defined in any one of embodiments 75-101
to the pulp during a
pulping and/or a paper production phase, wherein the application results in
increased separation of
cellulose fibers from raw materials present in the pulp.
103.A method of removing one or more impurities and/or one or more
contaminates from a pulp and/or a
paper material, the method comprising applying an effective amount of a
papermaking additive
composition as defined in any one of embodiments 75-101 to the pulp during a
pulping and/or a paper
production phase, wherein the application results in removal of the one or
more impurities and/or the
one or more contaminates from the pulp and/or paper material.
104.A method of removing an ink from a pulp and/or a paper material, the
method comprising applying an
effective amount of a papermaking additive composition as defined in any one
of embodiments 75-101
to the pulp during a pulping and/or a paper production phase, wherein the
application results in removal
of the ink from the pulp and/or paper material.
105. Use of an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition as
defined in any one of
embodiments 75-101 for separating fibers from a pulp slurry.
106. Use of an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition as
defined in any one of
embodiments 75-101 for removing one or more impurities and/or one or more
contaminates from a
pulp and/or a paper material.
107. Use of an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition as
defined in any one of
embodiments 75-101 for removing ink from a pulp and/or a paper material.
EXAMPLES
[0125] The following non-limiting examples are provided for illustrative
purposes only in order to facilitate
a more complete understanding of representative embodiments now contemplated.
These examples
should not be construed to limit any of the embodiments described in the
present specification, including
those pertaining to the papermaking additive compositions, or methods or uses
of such papermaking
additive compositions disclosed herein.
Example 1
Preparation of Treated Fermented Yeast Supernatant /
[0126] To prepare a treated fermented yeast supernatant, a fermentation
reaction is set up in which about
1,000 L of warm water having a temperature of between about 29 C to about 38
C was placed in a large
jacketed mixing kettle. To the water was added about 84.9 kg black untreated
cane molasses, about 25.2
kg raw cane sugar and about 1.2 kg magnesium sulfate. The mixture was
thoroughly blended, after which
about 11.4 kg diastatic malt and about 1.2 kg baker's yeast were added and
agitated slightly. The mixture
is incubated at about 26 C to about 42 C for about 3 days, after which the
effervescent reaction had
subsided, indicating essentially complete fermentation. At the end of the
fermentation the yeast
fermentation composition is centrifuged to remove the "sludge" formed during
the fermentation. The
resulting fermentation supernatant (about 98.59%, by weight) was collected and
sterilized by autoclaving.
The treated fermented yeast supernatant can then be stored in liquid form for
subsequent use.
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Alternatively, the treated fermented yeast supernatant can be spray dried by
methods known in the art to
produce a dry powder. The dry powder form can also be stored for subsequent
use.
Example 2
Preparation of Treated Fermented Yeast Supernatant 2
[0127] To prepare a treated fermented yeast supernatant, a fermentation
reaction is set up in which about
1,000 L of warm water having a temperature of between about 29 C to about 38
C was placed in a large
jacketed mixing kettle. To the water was added about 42.5 kg black untreated
cane molasses, about 12.6
kg raw cane sugar and about 1.2 kg magnesium sulfate. The mixture was
thoroughly blended, after which
about 10.3 kg diastatic malt and about 1.2 kg baker's yeast were added and
agitated slightly. The mixture
is incubated at about 26 C to about 42 C for about 3 days, after which the
effervescent reaction had
subsided, indicating essentially complete fermentation. At the end of the
fermentation the yeast
fermentation culture is centrifuged to remove the "sludge" formed during the
fermentation. The resulting
fermentation yeast supernatant (about 98.59%, by weight) was collected and
treated by autoclaving. The
treated fermented yeast supernatant can then be stored in liquid form for
subsequent use. Alternatively,
the treated fermented yeast supernatant can be spray dried by methods known in
the art to produce a dry
powder. The dry powder form can also be stored for subsequent use.
Example 3
Preparation of Treated Fermented Yeast Supernatant 3
[0128] To prepare a treated fermented yeast supernatant, a fermentation
reaction is set up in which about
1,000 L of warm water having a temperature of between about 29 C to about 38
C was placed in a large
jacketed mixing kettle. To the water was added about 21.3 kg black untreated
cane molasses, about 6.3 kg
raw cane sugar and about 1.2 kg magnesium sulfate. The mixture was thoroughly
blended, after which
about 9.3 kg diastatic malt and about 1.2 kg baker's yeast were added and
agitated slightly. The mixture is
incubated at about 26 C to about 42 C for about 3 days, after which the
effervescent reaction had
subsided, indicating essentially complete fermentation. At the end of the
fermentation the yeast
fermentation culture is centrifuged to remove the "sludge" formed during the
fermentation. The resulting
fermentation supernatant (about 98.59%, by weight) was collected and treated
by autoclaving. The treated
fermented yeast supernatant can then be stored in liquid form for subsequent
use. Alternatively, the treated
fermented yeast supernatant can be spray dried by methods known in the art to
produce a dry powder. The
dry powder form can also be stored for subsequent use.
Example 4
Preparation of Papermaking Additive Composition
[0129] To prepare a papermaking additive composition, 1,000 L of hot sterile
water (about 60 C to about
65 C) was added to 1,000 L of treated fermented yeast supernatant in a large
jacketed mixing kettle. To
this mixture was added about 168.8 kg of TERGITOLT" 15-3-7, a linear secondary
alcohol ethoxylate,
about 168.8 kg of TERGITOLT" 15-3-5, a linear secondary alcohol ethoxylate,
about 67.5 kg of DOWFAXTM
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2A1, alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate, and about 67.5 kg of TRITON T" H-66,
phosphate polyether ester. This
mixture was thoroughly blended to effect solution. Water was then added to
bring the volume to about
4,500 Land stirred until complete mixing had been obtained. The pH of the
resulting papermaking additive
composition was adjusted to from about 3.7 to about 4.2 with phosphoric acid.
The pH adjusted
papermaking additive composition was then filter sterilized to remove any
microbial contamination.
[0130] The composition was found to be nonirritating to skin tissue, nontoxic
and could be stored in a cool
location over periods of months without any discernible loss in effectiveness
or deterioration.
[0131] DOWFA)(TM 2A1 can be substituted with an anionic biosurfactant such as,
e.g., STEPONOL0 AM
30-KE, an ammonium lauryl sulfate, STEPONOL0 EHS, a sodium 2-ethyl hexyl
sulfate, or a combination
thereof.
[0132] Optionally, the resulting papermaking additive composition may then be
mixed with preservative or
stabilizing agents, such as about 1% by weight sodium benzoate, about 0.01% by
weight imidazolidinyl
urea, about 0.15% by weight diazolidinyl urea, about 0.25% by weight calcium
chloride. With continuous
agitation, sodium benzoate, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea and calcium
chloride are added. The
temperature of the mixture is then slowly raised to about 40 C and the
mixture is agitated continuously.
The temperature is maintained at about 40 C for about one hour to ensure that
all the components of the
mixture are dissolved. The mixture is then cooled to from about 20 C to about
25 C. The pH of the
resulting papermaking additive composition was adjusted to from about 3.7 to
about 4.2 with phosphoric
acid. The pH adjusted papermaking additive composition was then filter
sterilized to remove any microbial
contamination.
Example 5
Preparation of Papermaking Additive Composition
[0133] To prepare a papermaking additive composition, 850 L of hot sterile
water (about 60 C to about
65 C) was placed in a large jacketed mixing kettle. To the water was added
about 7.62 g treated fermented
yeast supernatant dried powder, about 37.5 kg of TERGITOLTm 15-S-7, a linear
secondary alcohol
ethoxylate, about 37.5 kg of TERGITOLTm 15-S-5, a linear secondary alcohol
ethoxylate, about 15.0 kg of
DOWFAXTM 2A1, alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate, and about 25.0 kg of TRITON To H-
66, phosphate
polyether ester. This mixture was thoroughly blended to effect solution. Water
was then added to bring the
volume to about 1,000 L and stirred until complete mixing had been obtained.
The pH of the resulting
papermaking additive composition was adjusted to from about 3.7 to about 4.2
with phosphoric acid. The
pH adjusted papermaking additive composition was then filter sterilized to
remove any microbial
contamination.
[0134] Optionally, the resulting papermaking additive composition may then be
mixed with preservative or
stabilizing agents, such as about 1% by weight sodium benzoate, about 0.01% by
weight imidazolidinyl
urea, about 0.15% by weight diazolidinyl urea, about 0.25% by weight calcium
chloride. With continuous
agitation, sodium benzoate, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea and calcium
chloride are added. The
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temperature of the mixture is then slowly raised to about 40 C and the
mixture is agitated continuously.
The temperature is maintained at about 40 C for about one hour to ensure that
all the components of the
mixture are dissolved. The mixture is then cooled to from about 20 C to about
25 C. The pH of the
resulting papermaking additive composition was adjusted to from about 3.7 to
about 4.2 with phosphoric
acid. The pH adjusted papermaking additive composition was then filter
sterilized to remove any microbial
contamination.
[0135] The composition was found to be nonirritating to skin tissue, nontoxic
and could be stored in a cool
location over periods of months without any discernible loss in effectiveness
or deterioration.
[0136] DOWFA)(TM 2A1 can be substituted with an anionic biosurfactant such as,
e.g., STEPONOL AM
30-KE, an ammonium lauryl sulfate, STEPONOL EHS, a sodium 2-ethyl hexyl
sulfate, or a combination
thereof.
[0137] As an alternative to the treated fermented yeast supernatant dried
powder disclosed in Examples
1-3, commercially available treated fermented yeast supernatant dried powders
can be used, including,
e.g., TASTONE 154, TASTONE 210 or TASTONE 900.
Example 6
Pulping Experiment
[0138] This example shows an increase in the efficiency of a pulping process
by applying a papermaking
additive composition as disclosed herein.
[0139] Initially, a crude pulp preparation was processed without the addition
of a papermaking additive
composition in a laboratory minipulper for 45 minutes. The crude pulp
preparation comprised 17% raw
materials. After pulping, preparation was assessed for freeness using the
Canadian Standard. There was
no disintegration of the raw materials, so it was not possible to sample or
make freeness measurements.
[0140] In a subsequent experiment, a 17% crude pulp preparation was processed
with a paper additive
composition disclosed herein in a laboratory minipulper. The amount of a
papermaking additive
composition added was 300 mL per ton of raw material. Samples of this
preparation were taken at 10
minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes. After pulping, preparation was assessed
for freeness using the
Canadian Standard. A time-dependent improvement in freeness was observed. At
10 minutes pulping
although tiggering was observed, more contact time was required to achieve
better homogenization of fibers
(FIG. 1A). At 20 minutes pulping, continued improvement in tiggering was seen
(FIG 1B), while at 30
minutes pulping, excellent homogenization of fibers was observed (FIG. 1C).
These results show that a
papermaking additive composition disclosed herein significantly improved the
pulping process and resulted
in excellent homogenization of fibers.
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[0141] Subsequent micrographs of fibers treated with a papermaking additive
composition disclosed
herein show improved internal and external fibrillation on the fiber surface
which leads to increase surface
area and improved ability to form interfiber and intrafiber bonds (FIG. 2).
[0142] These experiments were repeated using the following concentrations: 30
mL papermaking additive
composition per ton of raw material, 60 mL papermaking additive composition
per ton of raw material and
400 mL papermaking additive composition per ton of raw material. All
concentrations gave results similar
to the 300 mL papermaking additive composition per ton of raw material
concentration.
Example 7
Deinking Experiment
[0143] This example shows the effectiveness of a papermaking composition
disclosed herein to effectively remove
ink and adhesives from recycled paper.
[0144] Three groups, each containing 0.8 kg of White 3 broke paper was pulped
in 11.5 liters of clean water using a
disintegrator for 60 minutes. Group 1 contained White 3 paper alone and serves
as a control. Group 2 contained White
3 broke paper and 500 mL of a papermaking additive composition disclosed
herein per ton of raw material. Group 3
contained White 3 broke paper and 500 mL of a papermaking additive composition
disclosed herein per ton of raw
material and also containing a cellulosic enzyme. At 15 minute intervals, a
3.0 g sample was taken from the
disintegrator and analyzed for brightness using the ISO Brightness assay. Both
samples treated with a papermaking
additive composition disclosed herein improved the disintegration of the White
3 broke paper and improved brightness
by almost 2 points. The Group 3 treatment which added the cellulosic enzyme to
not result in any appreciable different
in improvement relative to the Group 2 treatment. .
[0145] In closing, it is to be understood that although aspects of the present
specification are highlighted
by referring to specific embodiments, one skilled in the art will readily
appreciate that these disclosed
embodiments are only illustrative of the principles of the subject matter
disclosed herein. Therefore, it
should be understood that the disclosed subject matter is in no way limited to
a particular compound,
composition, article, apparatus, methodology, protocol, and/or reagent, etc.,
described herein, unless
expressly stated as such. In addition, those of ordinary skill in the art will
recognize that certain changes,
modifications, permutations, alterations, additions, subtractions and sub-
combinations thereof can be made
in accordance with the teachings herein without departing from the spirit of
the present specification. It is
therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter
introduced are interpreted to
include all such changes, modifications, permutations, alterations, additions,
subtractions and sub-
combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.
[0146] Certain embodiments of the present invention are described herein,
including the best mode known
to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Of course, variations on
these described embodiments will
become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the
foregoing description. The inventor
expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the
inventors intend for the present
invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein.
Accordingly, this invention includes
all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims
appended hereto as permitted
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by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described
embodiments in all possible
variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated
herein or otherwise clearly
contradicted by context.
[0147] Groupings of alternative embodiments, elements, or steps of the present
invention are not to be
construed as limitations. Each group member may be referred to and claimed
individually or in any
combination with other group members disclosed herein. It is anticipated that
one or more members of a
group may be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience
and/or patentability. When
any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemed to contain
the group as modified thus
fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended
claims.
[0148] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing a characteristic,
item, quantity, parameter,
property, term, and so forth used in the present specification and claims are
to be understood as being
modified in all instances by the term "about." As used herein, the term
"about" means that the characteristic,
item, quantity, parameter, property, or term so qualified encompasses a range
of plus or minus ten percent
above and below the value of the stated characteristic, item, quantity,
parameter, property, or term.
Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set
forth in the specification and
attached claims are approximations that may vary. For instance, as mass
spectrometry instruments can
vary slightly in determining the mass of a given analyte, the term "about" in
the context of the mass of an
ion or the mass/charge ratio of an ion refers to +/-0.50 atomic mass unit. At
the very least, and not as an
attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope
of the claims, each numerical
indication should at least be construed in light of the number of reported
significant digits and by applying
ordinary rounding techniques.
[0149] Use of the terms "may" or "can" in reference to an embodiment or aspect
of an embodiment also
carries with it the alternative meaning of "may not" or "cannot." As such, if
the present specification
discloses that an embodiment or an aspect of an embodiment may be or can be
included as part of the
inventive subject matter, then the negative limitation or exclusionary proviso
is also explicitly meant,
meaning that an embodiment or an aspect of an embodiment may not be or cannot
be included as part of
the inventive subject matter. In a similar manner, use of the term
"optionally" in reference to an embodiment
or aspect of an embodiment means that such embodiment or aspect of the
embodiment may be included
as part of the inventive subject matter or may not be included as part of the
inventive subject matter.
Whether such a negative limitation or exclusionary proviso applies will be
based on whether the negative
limitation or exclusionary proviso is recited in the claimed subject matter.
[0150] Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and values setting forth the
broad scope of the invention
are approximations, the numerical ranges and values set forth in the specific
examples are reported as
precisely as possible. Any numerical range or value, however, inherently
contains certain errors necessarily
resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing
measurements. Recitation of
numerical ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand
method of referring
individually to each separate numerical value falling within the range. Unless
otherwise indicated herein,
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each individual value of a numerical range is incorporated into the present
specification as if it were
individually recited herein.
[0151] The terms "a," "an," "the" and similar references used in the context
of describing the present
invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be
construed to cover both the singular
and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by
context. Further, ordinal
indicators ¨ such as "first," "second," "third," etc. ¨ for identified
elements are used to distinguish between
the elements, and do not indicate or imply a required or limited number of
such elements, and do not indicate
a particular position or order of such elements unless otherwise specifically
stated. All methods described
herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated
herein or otherwise clearly
contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary
language (e.g., "such as") provided
herein is intended merely to better illuminate the present invention and does
not pose a limitation on the
scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the present
specification should be construed as
indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.
[0152] When used in the claims, whether as filed or added per amendment, the
open-ended transitional
term "comprising" (and equivalent open-ended transitional phrases thereof like
including, containing and
having) encompasses all the expressly recited elements, limitations, steps
and/or features alone or in
combination with unrecited subject matter; the named elements, limitations
and/or features are essential,
but other unnamed elements, limitations and/or features may be added and still
form a construct within the
scope of the claim. Specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further
limited in the claims using the
closed-ended transitional phrases "consisting of' or "consisting essentially
or in lieu of or as an amended
for "comprising." When used in the claims, whether as filed or added per
amendment, the closed-ended
transitional phrase "consisting or excludes any element, limitation, step, or
feature not expressly recited in
the claims. The closed-ended transitional phrase "consisting essentially of'
limits the scope of a claim to
the expressly recited elements, limitations, steps and/or features and any
other elements, limitations, steps
and/or features that do not materially affect the basic and novel
characteristic(s) of the claimed subject
matter. Thus, the meaning of the open-ended transitional phrase "comprising"
is being defined as
encompassing all the specifically recited elements, limitations, steps and/or
features as well as any optional,
additional unspecified ones. The meaning of the closed-ended transitional
phrase "consisting of' is being
defined as only including those elements, limitations, steps and/or features
specifically recited in the claim
whereas the meaning of the closed-ended transitional phrase "consisting
essentially of" is being defined as
only including those elements, limitations, steps and/or features specifically
recited in the claim and those
elements, limitations, steps and/or features that do not materially affect the
basic and novel characteristic(s)
of the claimed subject matter. Therefore, the open-ended transitional phrase
"comprising" (and equivalent
open-ended transitional phrases thereof) includes within its meaning, as a
limiting case, claimed subject
matter specified by the closed-ended transitional phrases "consisting of' or
"consisting essentially of." As
such embodiments described herein or so claimed with the phrase "comprising"
are expressly or inherently
unambiguously described, enabled and supported herein for the phrases
"consisting essentially of" and
"consisting of."
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[0153]
These publications are provided
solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present
application. Nothing in this regard should be
construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such
disclosure by virtue of prior
invention or for any other reason. All statements as to the date or
representation as to the contents of these
documents is based on the information available to the applicants and does not
constitute any admission
as to the correctness of the dates or contents of these documents.
[0154] Lastly, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing
particular embodiments only,
and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which is
defined solely by the claims.
Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown
and described.
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Date Recue/Date Received 2021-08-06
