Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
TITLE OF INVENTION
COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING FLUOROOLEFINS AND USES
THEREOF
_ .
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to compositions for use in
refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat pump systems wherein the
composition comprises at least one fluoroolefln. The compositions of the .
present invention are useful in processes for producing refrigeration or
heat, as heat transfer fluids and many other uses.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The refrigeration industry has been working for the past few
decades to find replacement refrigerants for the ozone depleting
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) being
phased out as a result of the Montreal Protocol. The solution for most
refrigerant producers has been the commercialization of
hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants. The new HFC refrigerants, HFC-
134a being the most widely used at this time, have zero ozone depletion
potential and thus are not affected by the current regulatory phase out as .
.
a result of the Montreal Protocol.
Further environmental regulations may ultimately cause global
phase out of certain HFC refrigerants. Currently, the automobile industry
is facing regulations relating to global warming potential for refrigerants
used in mobile air-conclitioning. Therefore, there is a great current need
to identify new refrigerants with reduced global warming potential for the
mobile air-conditioning market. Should the regulations be more broadly
applied in the future, an even greater need will be felt for refrigerants that
can be used in all areas of the refrigeration and air-conditioning industry.
Currently proposed replacement refrigerants for HFC-134a
include HFC-152a, pure hydrocarbons such as butane or propane, or
=
. . 1
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
"natural" refrigerants such as CO2. Many of these suggested
replacements are toxic, flammable, and/or have low energy efficiency.
Therefore, new alternative refrigerants are being sought.
The object of the present invention is to provide novel
refrigerant compositions and heat transfer fluid compositions that provide
unique characteristics to meet the demands of low or zero ozone depletion
potential and lower global warming potential as compared to current
refrigerants.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a refrigerant or heat transfer
fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from
the group consisting of:
(i) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein
R1 and R2 are, independently, C1 to 06 perfluoroalkyl
groups, and wherein the total number of carbons in the
compound is at least 5;
(ii) cyclic fluoroolefins of the formula cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW)n-],
wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and
n is an integer from 2 to 5; and
(iii) fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of:
2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CH2); 1,1,2-trifluoro-
' 1-propene (CH3CF=CF2); 1,2,3-trifluoro-1-propene
(CH2FCF=CF2); 1,1,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FCH=CF2);
1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CHF); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-
octafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-
octafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-
heptafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-
heptafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-
heptafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-
2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene ((CF3)2C=CHF); 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-
heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-
heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-
heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CHF2); 2,3,3,4,4,4-
hexafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1,3,3,4,4,4-
hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-
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hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4-
hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4-
hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4-
hexafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4-
hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4-
hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3,4-
hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1,1,2,3,4,4-
hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene (CH2=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4-
pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4-
pentafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCH2F); 3,3,4,4,4-
pentafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2); 1,1,1,4,4-
pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3-
pentafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CFCF3); 2,3,3,4,4-
pentafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,4,4-
pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CHCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3-
pentafluoro-1-butene (CH3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,2,3,4-
pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCHF2); 1,1,3,3,3-
pentafluoro-2-methy1-1-propene (CF2=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-
(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene
(CH2=C(CHF2)(CF3)); 2,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
(CH2=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CFCH2CF3); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CHCHFCF3); 1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CHCF2CHF2); 1,2,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene
(CH2=CHCF2CHF2); 1,1-difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-1-
propene (CF2=C(CHF2)(CH3)); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methy1-1-
propene (CHF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 3,3-difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-
1-propene (CH2=C(CHF2)2); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene
(CF3CF=CHCH3); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene
(CH3CF=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,34,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1-
pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyI)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCF3);
1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF3);
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1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF3);
1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-
pentene (CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-
1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,475,5,5-
nonafluoro-2-pentene (CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3);
1,111,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-
= pentene (CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1,1,2,4,4,4-
hexafluoro-3-(trii9uoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CFCH(CF3) 2);
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethy1)-2-butene
(CF3CH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethy1)-
1-butene (CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-
pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-
pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1,1,4,4,4-
pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCH(CF3)2);
1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CHF=CHCF(CF3)2); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-
tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene ((CF3)2CFCH=CH2);
3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2);
2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2);
1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3);
1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methy1-2-butene
(CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-
1-butene (CH2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4-
tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH2FCH=C(CF3)z);
1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
(CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
((CF3)2C=CHCH3); 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF2CF=CHCH3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methy1-2-
butene (CF3C(CH3)=CHCF3); 3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1-
pentene (CH2=CHCF2CHFCF3); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-
.
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(trifiuoromethy1)-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2CF3);
1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-hexene
(CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2); 1,111,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluor0-3-
hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexaf1uoro-2,3-
bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CF3)2);
1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
((CF3)2CFCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHC2F5),
1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
((CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-
hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3-
bis(trifluoromethy1)-1-butene (CH2=CHC(CF3)3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-
hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-methy1-2-butene
((CF3)2C=C(CH3)(CF3)); 2,3,3,5,515-hexafluoro-4-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2);
1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafiuoro-3-methy1-2-pentene
(CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(0F3)2);
3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene
(CF3CF2CF2CF=CHCH3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro1-hexene
(CH2=CHCF2CF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHCF2CH3); 4,4,5,5,5-
pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene
(CH2=C(CF3)CH2C2F5); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methy1-1-
pentene (CF3CF2CF2C(CH3)=CH2); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-
2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CHCH3); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-
heptafluoro-1-hexene (CH2=CHCH2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4-
heptafluoro-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFC2H5); 4,5,5,5-
tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene
(CH2=CHCH2CF(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-methy1-
2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCH(CF3)(CH3)); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CFC2H5);
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tetradecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene
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(CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene
(CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5);
CF2=CFOCF2CF3(PEVE) and CF2=CFOCF3 (PMVE),
The present invention further relates to a composition
comprising: (i) at least one fluoroolefin compound; and (ii) at least one
flammable refrigerant; wherein said fluoroolefin is selected from the group
consisting of:
(a) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1
and R2 are, independently, Cl to C6 perfluoroalkyl groups;
(b) cyclic fluoroolefins of the formula cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW)nl,
wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and n is an
integer from 2 to 5; and
(c) fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of:
1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CHF); 1,1,3,3,3-
pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CF2); 1 ,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-
,
propene (CHF2CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene
(CF3CF=CFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene
(CF3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene
(CF3CF=CHCF3); 112,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene
(CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene
((CF3)20=CHF); 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CFCF2CHF2); 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CHCF2CF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafiuoro-1-butene
(CHF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
(CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
(CH2FCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
. (CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
(CF3CH=CFCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
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(CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene
(CH2=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1-pentene
(CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trif(uoromethyl)-2-
butene ((CF3)2C=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CH=CFCF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1 ,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
butene (CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-
(tiff uoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4,4,4-
hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CF3CH=C(CF3)2);
1,1,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trffluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene
(CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene
(CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
butene (CH2=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,3,4,4,4-
pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCF(CF3)2);
1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
butene ((CF3)2CFCH=CH2); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
(CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
(CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methyl-2-butene
(CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
butene (CH2=CFCH(0F3)2); 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
butene (CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-
2-butene (CH2FCH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-
2-butene (CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-
hexene (CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-
bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-
nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CFCF3);
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
((CF3)2C=CHC2F5); 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-
pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-
hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3-
bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=CHC(CF3)3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-
hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-methyl-2-butene
((CF3)2C=C(CH3)(CF3)); 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-
methyl-2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-
4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(CF3)2);
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tetradecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene
= (CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-
heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
= 20 tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5); and
1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene
= (CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5).
The present invention further relates to a method of using a
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition in refrigeration, air-
conditioning, or heat pump apparatus, said method comprising introducing
said composition into said apparatus having (a) centrifugal compressor;
(b) multi-stage centrifugal compressor, or (c) single slab/single pass heat
exchanger; wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer composition is
employed in said apparatus to result in heating or cooling; and wherein
said refrigerant or heat transfer composition comprises at least one
fluoroolefin selected from the group consisting of:
= (i) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1 and R2
are, independently, Ci to C6 perfluoroalkyl groups,;
(ii) cyclic fluoroolefins of the formula cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW),-1, wherein X,
Y, Z, and W, independently, are H OF, and n is an integer from 2 to
5; or
8 =
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
(iii) fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of:
1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CHF); 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-
propene (CF3CH=CF2); 1,112,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CF2);
1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CHF); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-
propene (CF3CF=CH2); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CHF);
1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CH2FCF=CF2); 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-
propene (CHF2CH=CF2); 2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CH2); 3,3,3-
trifluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CH2); 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-propene (CH3CF=CF2);
1,1,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FCH=CF2); 1,2,3-trifluoro-1-propene
(CH2FCF=CHF); 1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CHF);
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene(CF3CF=CFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-
octafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene
(CF3CF=CHCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CF3);
1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-
2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene ((CF3)2C=CHF); 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-
butene (CF2=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CHF2);
2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-
1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CHF2);
1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4-
hexafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
(CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCHF2);
1,1,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1,1,2,3,4,4-
hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-
1-propene (CH2=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene
(CH2FCH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCH2F);
3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-
butene (CHF2CH=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro-2-butene
(CH3CF=CFCF3); 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CFCF2CHF2);
1,1,2,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CHCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-
1-butene (CH3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,2,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene
(CH2FCF=CFCHF2); 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methyl-1-propene
(CF2=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene
(CH2=C(CHF2)(CF3)); 2,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CFCHFCF3);
1,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCH2CF3); 1,3,414,4-pentafluoro-1-
.
9
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
butene (CHF=CHCHFCF3);1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CHCF2CHF2); 1,2,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCHF2);
3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CHCF2CHF2); 1,1-difluoro-2-
(difluoromethyl)-1-propene (CF2=C(CHF2)(CH3)); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-
methyl-1-propene (CHF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-difluoromethy1-3,3-difluoro-1-
propene (CH2=C(CHF2)2); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCH3);
1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-
decafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-
1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-
2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3C(-I=CFCF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 12,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
(CF3CH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene
(CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene
(CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CH2=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CHF=CHCF(CF3)2); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
((CF3)2CFCH=CH2); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
(CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
(CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methyl-2-butene
(CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CH2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
(CH2FCH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
(CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
((CF3)2C=CHCH3); 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF2CF=CHCH3);
. 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methy1-2-butene (CF3C(CH3)=CHCF3);
3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CHCF2CHFCF3); 3-
(trifluoromethyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2CF3);
1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-hexene (CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2);
1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3);
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trffluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CF3)2);
1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
((CF3)2CFCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyt)-2-
pentene ((CF3)2C=CHC2F5); 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trffluoromethyl)-
2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene
(CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
= (CH2=CHC(CF3)3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-methy1-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-
butene ((CF3)2C=C(CH3)(CF3)); 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-
1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2); 111 ,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-methy1-
2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-
= (trffluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(CF3)2); 3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-
octafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF=CHCH3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro-1-
hexene (CH2=CHCF2CF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-
(trif(uoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHCF2CH3); 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2C2F5); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-
heptafluoro-2-methy1-1'-pentene (CF3CF2CF2C(CH3)=CH2); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-
heptafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CHCH3); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-
1-hexene (CH2=CHCH2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3-hexene
(CF3CF2CF=CFC2H5); 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-trifluoromethy1-1-pentene
(CH2=CHCH2CF(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-methy1-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CHCH(0F3)(CH3)); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-trffluoromethyl-2-pentene
((CF3)2C=CFC2H5); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-3-
heptene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-
2-heptene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CH;7CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5);
= 11
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
CF2=CFOCF2CF3(PEVE); CF2=CFOCF3 (PMVE) and combinations
thereof.
= DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to compositions comprising at
least one fluoroolefin. By fluoroolefin is meant any compound containing
carbon, fluorine and optionally, hydrogen or oxygen that also contains at
least one double bond. These fluoroolefins may be linear, branched or
cyclic.
These compositions have a variety of utilities in working fluids,
which include use as foaming agents, blowing agents, fire extinguishing
agents, heat transfer mediums (such as heat transfer fluids and
refrigerants for use in refrigeration systems, refrigerators, air-conditioning
systems, heat pumps, chillers, and the like), to name a few. =
, 15 A heat transfer fluid (also referred to herein as a heat
transfer
composition or heat transfer fluid composition) is a working fluid used to
carry heat from a heat source to a heat sink.
= A refrigerant is a compound or mixture of compounds that
function as a heat transfer fluid in a cycle wherein the fluid undergoes a
= 20 phase change from a liquid to a gas and back.
The present invention provides fluoroolefins having the formula
E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2 (Formula l), wherein R1 and R2 are, independently,
Ci to Ce perfluoroalkyl groups. Examples of R1 and R2 groups include, but
are not limited to, CF3, C2F5, CF2CF2CF3, CF(CF3)2, CF2CF2CF2CF3,
25 CF(CF3)CF2CF3, CF2CF(CF3)2, C(CF3)3, CF2CF2CF2CF2CF3,
CF2CF2CF(CF3)2, C(CF3)2C2F5, CF2CF2CF2CF2CF2CF3, CF(CF3)
CF2CF2C2F5, and C(CF3)2CF2C2F5.
In
another embodiment, the fluoroolefins of Formula I have at least 4
30 carbon atoms in the molecule. In yet another embodiment, the
fluoroolefins of Formula I have at least 5 carbon atoms in the
molecule. Exemplary, non-limiting Formula I compounds are presented in
Table 1.
35 TABLE 1
=
12
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
Code ¨ Structure Chemical Name
F11 E CF3CH=CHCF3 1,1,1,4,4 ,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
F12E CF3CH=CHC2F5 1,1,1,4,4,5,515-octafluoro-2-pentene
F 1 3E CF3CH=CHCF2C2F5 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene
Fl 31E CF3CH=CHCF(CF3)2 1,1,1,4,55,5-heptafluoro-4-(trifluorometh
yI)-2-penten e
F22E C2F5CH=CHC2F5 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene
F 1 4E CF3CR=CH(CF2)3CF3 1,1 ,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-dodecaffuoro-2-
heptene
1,1,1,4,4,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-
F14iE CF3CH=CHCF2CF(CF3)2 hexene
Fl 4sE CF3CH=CHCF(CF3)C2F5 1,1,1,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonfluoro-4-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-hexene
1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-
F14tE CF3CH=CHC(CF3)3 pentene
F23E C2F5CH=CHCF2C2F5 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-dodecafluoro-3-
heptene
1,1,1,2,2,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-
F23iE C2F5CH=CHCF(CF3)2 hexene
Fl 5E CF3CH=CH(CF2)40F3 1,1,1 ,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-
tetradecafluoro-2-octene
51E CF3CH=CH-CF2CF2CF(CF3)2 h1,1,t1,4,4,5,5,6,7,7,7-undecafluoro-6-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-
ene
1,1,1,5,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-
F15tE CF3CH=CH-C(CF3)2C2F6 hexene
F24E C2F5CH=CH(0F2)3CF3 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-
tetradecafluoro-3-octene
1,1,1,22,5567,7,7-u ndecafluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-
F24IE C2F5CH=CHCF2CF(CF3)2 heptene
= 1,1,1,2,2,5,6,6,7,7,7-undecafluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-
F24sE C2F5CH=CHCF(CF3)C2F5 heptene
1,1 ,1,2,2,6,6,6-octafluoro-5,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-
. F24tE C2F5CH=CHC(CF3)3 hexene
F33E I C2F5CF2CH=CHCF2C2F5 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-
tetradecafluoro-4-octene
1,1,1,2,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-
F313iE (CF3)2CFCH=CHCF(CF3)2 hexene
1,1,1,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-undecafluoro-2-(trifluoromethy1)-3-
C2F5CF2CH=CHCF(CF3)2 heptene
1,1,1,4,4,5,516,6,7,7,8,8õ9,9,9-hexadecafluoro-2-
F16E CF3CH=CH(CF2)5CF3 nonene
1,1,1,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-4-
F16sE CF3CH=CHCF(CF3)(CF2)2C2F5
(trifluoromethyl)-2-heptene
F16tE CF3CH=CHC(CF3)2CF2C2F5 1,1,1,6,6,6-octafluoro-4,4-
bis(trifluoromethy1)-2-heptene
1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-hexadecafluoro-3-
F25E C2F5CH=CH(CF2)4C F3 nonene
F25iE C2F5CH=CH-CF2CF2CF(6F3)2 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,8,8,8-
tridecafluoro-7-
(tnfluorometh yI)-3-octene
= 13
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
F25tE C2F5CH=CH-C(CF3)202F5 1,1,1,2,2,6,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-5,5-
bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-
heptene
F34E C2F5CF2CHCH-(CF2)3CF3 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-
hexadecafluoro-4-
=
nonene
F34IE C2F3CF2CH=CH- CF2CF(CF3)2 (trifluoromethyI)-4-octene.
1 1,1,2,2,3,3,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-6-
F34sE C2F5CF2CH=CHC, F(CF3)C2F3
(iritluoromethy()-4-octene
1,1,1,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-
F34tE C2F5CF2CH=CHC(CF3)3 heptene
1,1,1,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-2(hifluoromethyl)-
'F3I4E (CF3)2CFCH=CH(CF2)3CF3 3-octene
F3i4IE (CF3)2CFCH=CHCF2CF(CF3)2
1,1,1,2,5,5,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-
heptene
F314sE (CF3)2CFCH=CHCF(CF3)C2F5
1,1,1,2,5,6,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-
heptene
F3i4tE (CF3)2CFCHCHC(CF3)3 1 1 1 2 6 6 6-heptafluoro-2,5,5-
tris(trifluoromethyl)-3-
=
hexene
1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-octadecafluoro-3-
F26E C2F5CH=CH(CF2)5CF3 decene
1,1,1,2,2,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-pentadecafluoro-5-
F26sE C2F5CH=CHCF(CF3)(CF2)2C2F3 (Mk oromethyl)-3-nonene
F26tE C2F3CH=CHC(6F3)2- CF2C2F5
1,1,1,2,2,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-5,5-
bis(trifluoromethy1)-3-octene
1,1,1,2,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-octadecafluoro-4-
F35E C2F3CF2CH=CH-(CF2)4CF3 decene
F35iE
C2F3CF2CH=CHCF2CF2- 1,1,1,2,23,3,6,6,7,7,8,9,9,9-pentadecafluoro-
8-
ur-(,-,r- 3)2 (trifluoromethy1)-4-nonene
1,1,1,2,2,3,3,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-6,6-
F35tE C2F3CF2CH=CH-C(CF3)2C2F5 bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-octene
F315E (CF3)2CFCH=CH-(CF2)4CF3
1,1,1,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-pentadecafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-3-nonene
(CF3)2CFCH=CHCF2CF2- 1,1,1,2,5,5,6,6,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-2,7-
F3i5iE CF(CF3)2 bis(trifluoromethyl -3-octene
1,1,1,2,6,6,7,7,7-nonafluoro-2,5,5-tris(trifluoromethy1)-
F3i5tE (CF3)2CFCHr-CHC(CF3)2C2F3 3-heptene
1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-octadecafluoro-5-
F44E CF3(CF2)3CH=CH(CF2)3CF3 decene
F44iE CF3(CF2)3CH=CH-CF2CF(CF3)2
1,1,1,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-pentadecafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-4-nonene
F44sE CF3(CF2)3CH=CHCF(CF3)C2F5
1,1,1,2,2,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-pentadecafluoro-3-
(trifluoromethyt)-4-nonene
1,1,1,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-2,2,-
F44tE CF3(CF2)3CH=CHC(CF3)3 his(trifluoromethyl)-3-octene
14
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
F4i4iE (CF3)2CFCF2CH=CHCF2CF- 1 ,1,1,2,3,3,6,6,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-
2,7-
(CF3)2 bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-octene
(CF3)2CFCF2CH=CHCF(CF3)- 1,1,1,2,3,3,6,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-2,6-
F4i4sE r.
bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-octene
1,1,1,5,5,6,7,7,7-nonafluoro-2,2,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)-
F4i4tE (CF3)2CFCF2CH=CHC(CF3)3 3-heptene
C2F5CF(CF3)CH=CH- 1,1,1,2,2,3,6,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-3,6-
F4s4sE CF(CF3)02F5 bis(trifluoromethyI)-4-octene
F4s4tE C2F5CF(CF3)CHCH- C(CF3)3 1,1,1,5,6,6,7,7,7-nonafluora-2,2,5-
tris(trifluoromethy1)-
F4t4tE (CF3)3CCH =CH- C(CF 3-heptene
1,1,1,6,6,6-nexaffuora-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trifluorometh y1)-
=3)3
3-hexene
Compounds of Formula I may be prepared by contacting a
perfluoroalkyl iodide of the formula R11 with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin
of
the formula R2CH=CH2 to form a trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane of the
formula R1CH2CHIR2. This trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane can then be
dehydroiodinated to form R1CH=CHR2. Alternatively, the olefin
R1CH=CHR2 may be prepared by dehydroiodination of a
trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane of the formula R1CHICH2R2 formed in turn by
reacting a perfluoroalkyl iodide of the formula R21 with a
perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin of the formula R1CH=CH2.
Said contacting of a perfluoroalkyl iodide with a
perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may take place in batch mode by combining
the reactants in a suitable reaction vessel capable of operating under the
autogenous pressure of the reactants and products at reaction
temperature. Suitable reaction vessels include fabricated from stainless
steels, in particular of the austenitic type, and the well-known high nickel
alloys such as Monet nickel-copper alloys, Hastelloy nickel based
alloys and Inconel0 nickel-chromium alloys.
Alternatively, the reaction may take be conducted in semi-batch
mode in which the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin reactant is added to the
perfluoroalkyl iodide reactant by means of a suitable addition apparatus
such as a pump at the reaction temperature.
The ratio of perfluoroalkyl iodide to perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin
should be between about 1:1 to about 4:1, preferably from about 1.5:1 to
2.5:1. Ratios less than 1.5:1 tend to result in large amounts of the 2:1
adduct as reported by Jeanneaux, et. at. in Journal of Fluorine Chemistry,
Vol. 4, pages 261-270(1974).
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
Preferred temperatures for contacting of said perfluoroalkyl
iodide with said perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin are preferably within the range
of about 150 C to 300 C, preferably from about 170 C to about 250 C,
and most preferably from about 180 C to about 230 C.
Suitable contact times for the reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the
perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin are from about 0.5 hour to 18 hours, preferably
from about 4 to about 12 hours.
The trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane prepared by reaction of the
perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may be used
directly in the dehydroiodination step or may preferably be recovered and
purified by distillation prior to the dehydroiodination step.
The dehydroiodination step is carried out by contacting the
trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane with a basic substance. Suitable basic
substances include alkali metal hydroxides (e.g., sodium hydroxide or
potassium hydroxide), alkali metal oxide (for example, sodium oxide),
alkaline earth metal hydroxides (e.g., calcium hydroxide), alkaline earth
metal oxides (e.g., calcium oxide), alkali metal alkoxides (e.g., sodium
methoxide or sodium ethoxide), aqueous ammonia, sodium amide, or
mixtures of basic substances such as soda lime. Preferred basic
substances are sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
Said contacting of the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane with a basic substance
may take place in the liquid phase preferably in the presence of a solvent
capable of dissolving at least a portion of both reactants. Solvents
suitable for the dehydroiodination step include one or more polar organic
solvents such as alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, n-propanol,
isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, and tertiary butanol), nitriles (e.g.,
acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, benzonitrile, or adiponitrile),
dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, or
sulfolane. The choice of solvent may depend on the boiling point product
and the ease of separation of traces of the solvent from the product during
purification. Typically, ethanol or isopropanol are good solvents for the
reaction.
Typically, the dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out by
addition of one of the reactants (either the basic substance or the
trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane) to the other reactant in a suitable reaction
16
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
vessel. Said reaction may be fabricated from glass, ceramic, or metal and
is preferably agitated with an impeller or stirring mechanism.
Temperatures suitable for the dehydroiodination reaction are
from about 10 C to about 100 C, preferably from about 20 C to about
70 C. The dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out at ambient
pressure or at reduced or elevated pressure. Of note are
dehydroiodination reactions in which the compound of Formula I is distilled
out of the reaction vessel as it is formed.
Alternatively, the dehydroiodination reaction may be conducted
by contacting an aqueous solution of said basic substance with a solution
of the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane in one or more organic solvents of lower
polarity such as an alkane (e.g., hexane, heptane, or octane), aromatic
hydrocarbon (e.g., toluene), halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g., methylene
chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or perchloroethylene), or ether
(e.g., diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl
tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethoxyethane, diglyme, or tetraglyme) in the
presence of a phase transfer catalyst. Suitable phase transfer catalysts
include quaternary ammonium halides (e.g., tetrabutylammonium bromide,
tetrabutylammonium hydrosulfate, triethylbenzylammonium chloride,
dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and tricaprylylmethylammonium
chloride), quaternary phosphonium halides (e.g.,
triphenylmethylphosphonium bromide and tetraphenylphosphonium
chloride), or cyclic polyether compounds known in the art as crown ethers
(e.g., 18-crown-6 and 15-crown-5).
Alternatively, the dehydroiodination reaction may be conducted
in the absence of solvent by adding the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane to a
solid or liquid basic substance.
Suitable reaction times for the dehydroiodination reactions are
from about 15 minutes to about six hours or more depending on the
solubility of the reactants. Typically the dehydroiodination reaction is rapid
and requires about 30 minutes to about three hours for completion.
The compound of formula I may be recovered from the dehydroiodination
reaction mixture by phase separation after addition of water, by distillation,
or by a combination thereof.
In another embodiment of the present invention, fluoroolefins
comprise cyclic fluoroolefins (cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW)-] (Formula II), wherein
17
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
=
X, Y, Z, and W are independently selected from H and F, and n is an
integer from 2 to 5). Representative cyclic fluoroolefins of Formula ll are
listed in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Cyclic Structure Chemical name
fluoroolefins
FC-CI316cc cyclo-CF2CF2CF=CF- 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutene
HFC-C1334cc cydo-CF2CF2CH=CH- 3,3,4,4-tetrafluorocyclobutene
HFC-C1436 cyClo-CF2CF2CF2CH=CH- 3,3,4,4,5,5,-
hexafluorocyclopentene
FC-C1418y cyclo-CF2CF=CFCF2CF2- 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-
octaff uorocyclopentene
FC-C151-10y cyclo-CF2CF=CFCF2CF2CF2- 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-
decafluorocyclohexene
In another embodiment, fluoroolefins may comprise those
compounds listed in Table 3.
TABLE 3
Name Structure Chemical name
HFC-1225ye CF3CF=CHF 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene
HFC-1225= CF3CH=CF2 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene
HFC-12251c CHF2CF=CF2 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene
HFC-1234ye CHF2CF=CHF 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene
HFC-1234yf CF3CF=CH2 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene
HFC-1234ze CF3CH=CHF 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene
HFC-1234yc CH2FCF=CF2 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene
HFC-1234zc CHF2CH=CF2 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene
HFC-1243yf CHF2CF=CH2 2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene
HFC-1243zf CF3CH=CH2 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene
HFC-1243yc CH3CF=CF2 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-propene
HFC-1243zc CH2FCH=CF2 1,1,3-trifluoro-1-propene
HFC-1243ye CH2FCF=CHF 12,3-trifluoro-1-propene
HFC-1243e CHF2CH=CHF 1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene
FC-1318my_ CF3CF=CFCF3 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene
FC-1318cy CF3CF2CF=CF2 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1327my CF3CF=CHCF3 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene
HFC-1327ye CHF=CFCF2CF3 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1327py CHF2CF=CFCF3 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene
HFC-1327et (CF3)2C=CHF 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethy1)-1-propene
HFC-1327cz CF2=CHCF2CF3 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1327cye CF2=CFCHFCF3 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1327cyc CF2=CFCF2CHF2 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1336yf CF3CF2CF=CH2 _2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1336ze CHF=CHCF2CF3 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1336eye CHF=CFCHFCF3 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1336eyc CHF=CFCF2CHF2 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1336pyy CHF2CF=CFCHF2 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
18
= =
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
HC-1336qy CH2FCF=CFCF3 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexaftuoro-2-butene
HFC-1336pz CHF2CH=CFC F3 1,1 ,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
HFC-1336mzy CF3CH=CFCHF2 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
HFC-1336qc = CF2=CFCF2CH2F 1,1,2,3, 3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1336pe CF2=CFCHFCHF2 1,1 ,2,3,4,4-hexattuoro-1-butene
HFC-1336ft CH2=C(CF3)2 3,3,3-trifluo ro-2-(tr(fluoromethyl)-1-
propene
HFC-1345qz CH2FCH=CFCF3 1,1, 1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene
HFC-1345mzy CF3CH=CFCH2F 1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene
HFC-13451z CF3CF2CH=CH2 3,3,4,4 4-pentafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1345mzz CHF2CH=CHCF3 1,1, 1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene
HFC-1345sy CH3CF=CFCF3 1, 1, 1,2, 3-pentafluoro-2-butene
HFC-1345fryc CH2=CFCF2CHF2 2,3,3,4,4-pentaftuoro-1-butene
HFC-1345pyz CHF2CF=CHCHF2 1,1,2,4,4-pentaftuoro-2-butene
HFC-1345cyc CH3CF2CF=CF2 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1345pyy CH2FCF=CFCHF2 1,1,2,3,4-pentaflUoro-2-butene
HFC-1345eyc CH2FCF2CFCF i ,2,3,3,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1345ctm CF2=C(CF3)(C1-13) 1,1,3,3,3-pentattuoro-2-methyl-1-
propene
HFC-1345ftp CH2=C(CHF2)(CF3) 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-
propene
HFC1345fye CH2=CFCHFCF3 _ 2,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1 -butene _
H FC-1345eyf CHF=CFCH2CF3 1,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1345eze CHF=CHCHFCF3 1,3,4 ,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1345ezc CHF=CHCF2CH F2 1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1345eye CHF=CFCHFCHF2 1,2,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1354fzc CH2=CHCF2CHF2 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene
HFC-1354ctp CF2=C(CHF2)(CH3) 1,1,3,3-tetrafluo ro-2-methyt-1-
propene
HFC-1354etm CHF=C(CF3)(CH3) 1,3,3,3-tetraftuoro-2-methyl-1
propene
HFC-1354ffp CI-12=C(CHF2)2 2-(difluorometh yl)-3,3-d ifluo ro-1-
_propene
HFC-1354my CF3CF=CHCH3 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene =
HFC-1354miy C= 1-13CF=CHCF3 1,1 ,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene
FC-141 -10myy . C= F3CF=CFCF2CF3 1,1,1,2,3 ,4 ,4 ,5,5 ,5-decaftuoro-2-
pentene
FC-141-10cy CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3 1 ,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-l-
pentene
HFC-1429mzt (CF3)2C=CHCF3 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-
(trffluoromethyl)-2-butene
HFC-1429myz CF3CF=CHCF2C F3 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-
pentene
HFC-1429mzy CF3CH=CFCF2CF3 1 ,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-
pentene
HFC-1429eyc C= HF=CFCF2CF2CF3 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-
pentene
HFC-1429czc CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3 1,1, 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-
pentene
HFC-1429cycc CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2 1,1,2,3,3,4,4 ,5,5-nonafluoro-1-
_pentene
HFC-1429pyy CH F2CF=CFCF2CF3 1, 1,2,3,4 ,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-
pentene
HFC-1429myyc CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2 1,1,1,2,3,4,4, 5,5-nonaffuoro-2-
_ pentene
HFC-1429myye CF3CF=CFCHFC Fs , 1, 1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-non afl uoro-2-
=
19
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
pentene
HFC-1429eyym CHF=CFCF(CF3)2 1,2,3,4,4,4-h exaflu oro-3-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
HFC-1429cyzm C F2=CFCH(C F3)2 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
HFC-1429mzt CF3CH= C(CF3)2 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
HFC-1429czym CF2=CHCF(CF3)2 1j,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
HFC-1438fy CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-
pentene
HFC-1438eycc CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-
pentene
H FC-1438ftmc CH2=C(C F3)CF2C F3 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
HFC-1438czzm CF2=CHCH(CF3)2 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
HFC-1438ezym CHF=CHCF(CF3)2 1,314,4,4-pentafluoro-3-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
=
HFC-1438ctmf CF2=C(CF3)CH2C F3 1,1,4 4,4-pentafluoro-2-
= (trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
HFC-1447fzy (CF3)2CFCH=C112 3,4,4,4-tetraftuoro-3-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
HFC-1447fz CF3CF2CF2CH=C H2 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
HFC-14471ycc CH2=CFCF2CF2CH F2 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
HFC-1447czcf CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3 I,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
HFC-1447mytm CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3) eptafl uoro-3-methyl-
2-butene
HFC-1447fyz CH2=CFCH(CF3)2 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
HFC-1447ezz CHF=CHCH(CF3)2 1,4,414-tetrafluoro-3-
(trifluoromethy1)-1-butene
HFC-1447qzt CH2FCH=C(CF3)2 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
HFC-1447syt , CH3CF=C(CF3)2 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-2-
(trif1uoromethyl)-2-butene
HFC-1456szt (CF3)2C=CHCH3 3-(trifluoromethy()-4,414-trifluoro-
2-
butene
HFC-1456szy CF3CF2CF=CHCHs 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene
HFC-1456mstz CF3C(CH3)=CHCF3 1, 1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-m ethy1-2-
butene
HFC-1456fzce CH2=CHCF2CHFCF3 3, 3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1-pentene
HFC-1456ftmf CH2=C(CF3)CH2CF3 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-
1-
butene
FC-151-12c CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-
dodecafl uoro-1-hexe n e (or
perfluoro-1-hexene)
FC-151-12mcy CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-
dodecafluoro-3-hexene (or
perfluoro-3-hexene)
FC-151-12mmtt (CF3)2C=C(CF3)2 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-
bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
FC-151-12m mzz (CF3)2CFCF=CFC F3 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
HFC-152-11mmtz (CF3)2C=CHC2F3 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
HFC-152-11mmyyz (CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3 1,1,1 ,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-
(trifluorometh y1)-2-pentene
PFBE CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1 -
(or HFC-1549fz) hexene (or perfluorobutylethy)ene)
HFC-1549fztmm CH2=CHC(CF3)3 4,4,4-trittoro-3,3-
bls(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
HFC-1549mmtts (CF3)2C=C(CH3)(CF3) 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-methy1-
2-
(trifluoromethy1)-2-butene
HFC-1549fycz CH2=CFCF2CH(CN2 2,3,3,5,5,5-heXafluoro-4-
(trifluorometh y1)-1-pentene
HFC-1549myts CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-
methy1-2-pentene
HFC-1549mzzz CF3CH=CHCH(CF3)2 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexatluoro-4-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
HFC-1558szy CF3CF2CF2CF=CHCH3 3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-octaflucio-2-
hexene
HFC-1558fzccc CH2=CHCF2CF2CF2CHF2 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro-2-
hexene
HFC-1558mmtzc (CF3)2C=CHCF2C H3 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-
.
(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
HFC-1558ftmf CH2=C(CF3)CH2C2F5 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-2-
(trifluorometh y1)-1-pentene
HFC-1567fts CF3CF2CF2C(CH3)=C H2 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-
methy1-
1-pentene
HFC-1567szz CF3CF2CF2CH=CHCH3 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-hexene
HFC-1567fzfc CH2,-;CHCH2CF2C2F5 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-1-
hexene
HFC-1567sfyy CF3CF2CF=CFC2H5 1 ,1,1,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3-hexene
HFC-1567fzfy CH2=CHCH2CF(CF3)2 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene
HFC-1567myzzm CF3CF=CHCH(CF3)(CH3) 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-methy1-
2-pentene =
HFC-1567mmtyf (CF3)2C=CFC2H5 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
FC-161-14myy CF3CF=CFC F2CF2C2 F5 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tetradecafluoro-2-heptene
FC-161-14mcyy CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tetradecafluoro-2-heptene
HFC-162-13mzy CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tridecafluoro-2-heptene
HFC162-13myz CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5
tridecafluoro-2-heptene
HFC-162-13mczy CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5 1,1,1 ,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,77-
tridecafluoro-3-heptene
HFC-162-13mcyz CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5 1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tridecafluoro-3-heptene
PEVE CF2=CF0CF2CF3 pentafluoroethyl trifluorovinyl
ether
PMVE CF2=CFOCF3 trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl
ether
The compounds listed in Table 2 and Table 3 are available
commercially or may be prepared by processes known in the art or as
described herein.
= 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared from
1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane (CHF2CH2CHFCF3) by dehydrofluorination
over solid KOH in the vapor phase at room temperature. The synthesis of
=
21
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane is described in US 6,066,768.
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared from
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-iodobutane (CF3CHICH2CF3) by reaction with
KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60 C. The synthesis of
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-iodobutane may be carried out by reaction of
perfluoromethyl iodide (CF3I) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (CF3CH=CH2) at
about 200 C under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene may be prepared by
= 10 dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropentane
(CF3CF2CF2CH2CH3) using solid KOH or over a carbon catalyst at 200-
300 C. 1,1 ,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropentane may be prepared by
hydrogenation of 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene =
(CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2).
1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by
dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,3,3,4-heptafluorobutane (CH2FCF2CHFCF3)
using solid KOH.
1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by
dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CHF2CH2CF2CF3)
using solid KOH.
1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro2-butene may be prepared by
dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,3,3,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CF3CH2CF2CHF2)
using solid KOH.
1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by
dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluorobutane (CH2FCH2CF2CN
using solid KOH.
= 1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by
dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,3,3,4-hexafluorobutane (CF3CH2CF2C1-I2F)
using solid KOH.
1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by reacting
1,1,1 ,3,3-pentafluorobutane ( CF3CH2CF2CH3) with aqueous KOH at 120
C. ,
= 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene may be prepared from
(CF3CHICH2CF2CF3) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst
at about 60 C. The synthesis of 4-iodo-1,1,1,2,2,5,5,5-octafluoropentane
may be carried out by reaction of perfluoroethyliodide (CF3CF2I) and 3,3,3-
-, .
=
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
trifluoropropene at about 200 C under autogenous pressure for about 8
hours.
1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene may be prepared from
1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-iodohexane (CF3CF2CHICH2CF2CF3) by
reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60 C. The
synthesis of 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-iodohexane may be carried
out by reaction of perfluoroethyliodide (CF3CF2I) and 3,3,4,4,4-
pentafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2) at about 200 C under autogenous
pressure for about 8 hours.
1,1,1,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene may be
prepared by the dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-iodo-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-pentane (CF3CHICH2CF(CF3)2) with KOH in isopropanol.
CF3CHICH2CF(CF3)2 is made from reaction of (CF3)2CFI with CF3CH=CH2
at high temperature, such as about 200 C.
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene may be prepared by
the reaction of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CHCF3) with
tetrafluoroethylene (CF2=CF2) and antimony pentafluoride (SbF5).
2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene may be prepared by
dehydrofluorination of 1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluorobutane over fluorided alumina
at elevated temperature.
2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-ocatafluoro-1-pentene may be prepared by
dehydrofluorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane over solid
KOH.
1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene may be prepared by
dehydrofluorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane over fluorided
alumina at elevated temperature.
The compositions of the present invention may comprise a
single compound of Formula I, Formula II, or Table 3 or may comprise a
combination of said compounds. Additionally, many of the compounds of
Formula I, Formula II, and Table 3 may exist as different configurational
isomers or stereoisomers. The present invention is intended to include all
single configurational isomers, single stereoisomers or any combination
thereof. For instance, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234ze) is meant
to represent the E-isomer, Z-isomer, or any combination or mixture of both
isomers in any ratio. Another example is Fl2E, by which is represented
23
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the E-isomer, Z-isomer, or any combination or mixture of both isomers in
any ratio.
Compositions of the present invention have zero or low ozone
depletion potential and low global warming potential (GWP). The
6 fluoroolefins of the present invention or mixtures of fluoroolefins of
this
invention with other refrigerants will have global warming potentials that
are less than many hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants currently in use. One
aspect of the present invention is to provide a refrigerant with a global
warming potential of less than 1000, less than 500, less than 150, less
than 100, or less than 50. Another aspect of the present invention is to
reduce the net GWP of refrigerant mixtures by adding fluoroolefins to said
mixtures.
The compositions of the present invention that are
combinations or mixtures may be prepared by any convenient method to
combine the desired amounts of the individual components. A preferred
method is to weigh the desired component amounts and thereafter
combine the components in an appropriate vessel. Agitation may be
used, if desired.
An alternative means for making compositions of the present
invention comprises (i) reclaiming a volume of one or more components of
a refrigerant composition from at least one refrigerant container, (ii)
removing impurities sufficiently to enable reuse of said one or more of the
reclaimed components, (iii) and optionally, combining all or part of said
reclaimed volume of components with at least one additional refrigerant
composition or component.
A refrigerant container may be any container in which is stored
a refrigerant blend composition that has been used in a refrigeration
apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus or heat pump apparatus. Said
refrigerant container may be the refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning
apparatus or heat pump apparatus in which the refrigerant blend was
used. Additionally, the refrigerant container may be a storage container
for collecting reclaimed refrigerant blend components, including but not
limited to pressurized gas cylinders.
Residual refrigerant means any amount of refrigerant blend or
. 35 refrigerant blend component that may be moved out of the refrigerant
24
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
container by any method known for transferring refrigerant blends or
refrigerant blend components.
Impurities may be any component that is in the refrigerant
blend or refrigerant blend component due to its use in a refrigeration
apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus or heat pump apparatus. Such
impurities include but are not limited to refrigeration lubricants, being
those
.described earlier herein, particulates such as metal or elastomer that may
have come out of the refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus or
heat pump apparatus, and any other contaminants that may adversely
effect the performance of the refrigerant blend composition.
Such impurities may be removed sufficiently to allow reuse of
the refrigerant blend or refrigerant blend component without adversely
effecting the performance or equipment within which the refrigerant blend
or refrigerant blend component will be used.
It may be necessary to provide additional refrigerant blend or
refrigerant blend component to the residual refrigerant blend or refrigerant
blend component in order to produce a composition that meets the
specifications required for a given product. For instance, if a refrigerant
blend has 3 components in a particular weight percentage range, it may
be necessary to add one or more of the components in a given amount in
order to restore the composition to within the specification limits.
The compositions of the present invention that are useful as
refrigerants or heat transfer fluids comprise at least one fluoroolefin
selected from the group consisting of:
(i) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2,
wherein Wand R2 are, independently, C1 to C6
perfluoroalkyl groups, and wherein the total number of
carbons in the compound is at least 5;
(ii) cyclic fluoroolefins of the formula cyclo-ECX=CY(CZW),;],
wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and
n is an integer from 2 to 5; and
(iii) fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of:
1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CHF);1,1,3,3,3-
pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH1=CF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-
propene (CHF2CF=CF2); 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene
(CHF2CF=CHF); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CH2);
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CH2FCF=CF2); 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-
propene (CHF2CH=CF2); 2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CF12);
3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CH2); 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-propene
(CH3CF=CF2); 1,2,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FCF=CF2); 1,1,3-
trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FCH=CF2); 1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene
(CHF2CH=CHF); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene
(CF3CF=CFCF3); 1,1,2,373,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene
(CF3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene
(CF3CF=CHCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene
(CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene
((CF3)2C=CHF); 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CFCF2CHF2); 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CHCF2CF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
(CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
(CH2FCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexaffuoro-2-butene
(CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
(CF3CH=CFCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trif(uoromethyl)-1-propene
(CH2=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCH=CFCF3);
1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCH2F); 3,3,4,4,4-
pentafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-
butene (CHF2CH=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro-2-butene
(CH3CF=CFCF3); 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
(PH2=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene
(CHF2CF=CHCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-butene
(CH3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,2,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene
(CH2FCF=CFCHF2); 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methy1-1-propene
(CF2=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene
(CF12=C(CHF2)(CF3)); 2,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
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(CH2=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CFCH2CF3); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CHCHFCF3); 1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CHCF2CHF2); 1,2,3,4,4-pentaffuoro-1-butene
(CHF=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene
(CH2=CHCF2CHF2); 1,1-difluoro-2-(dif(uoromethyl)-1-propene
(CF2=C(CHF2)(CH3)); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methy1-1-propene
(CHF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 3,3-difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-1-propene
(CH2=C(CHF2)2); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCH3);
1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-
decafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-
decafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-
2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-
nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-
nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-
nonafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-
nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-
nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-
nonafluoro-2-pentene (CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5-
nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-
nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-
3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1,1,2,4,4,4-
hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CFCH(CF3) 2);
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
(CF3CH=C(CF3)2); 1, 1,3,4,4,4-hexa uoro-3-(triffuoromethyl)-1-
butene (CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene
(CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene
(CHF=CFC F2C F2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
butene (CH2=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,3,4,4,4-
pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCF(CF3)z);
1,1 ,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
butene ((CF3)2CFCH=CH2); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
(CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
(CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-butene
=
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
(CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methy1-2-butene
(CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
butene (CH2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
butene (CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-
2-butene (CH2FCH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-
2-butene (CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-
butene ((CF3)2C=CHCH3); 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF2CF=CHCH3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methy1-2-butene
(CF3C(CH3)=CHCF3); 3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1-pentene
(CH2=CHCF2CHFCF3); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CH2:=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-
hexene (CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-
hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-
bis(trifluoromethy1)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-
nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CFCF3);
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
((CF3)2C=CHC2F5); 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-
pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-
hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3-
bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=CHC(CF3)3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-
hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-methy1-2-butene
((CF3)2C=C(CH3)(CF3)); 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-
methy1-2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-
4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(CF3)2);
3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF=CHCH3);
3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluorol-hexene (CH2=CHCF2CF2CF2CHF2);
1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
((CF3)2C=CHCF2CH3); 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
pentene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2C2F5); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methyl-
1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2C(C1-13)=CH2); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-
hexene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CHCH3); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-1-
hexene (CH2=CHCH2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3-hexene
(CF3CF2CF=CFC2H5); 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
pentene (CH2=CHCH2CF(0F3)2); 1.1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-
methy1-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCH(CF3)(CH3)); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-
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(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CFC2H5);
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tetradecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene
(CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-
heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene
(CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5); CF2=CFOCF2CF3(PEVE) and
CF2=CFOCF3 (PMVE).
The present invention further relates to compositions
comprising at least one fluoroolefin and at least one flammable refrigerant
or heat transfer fluid, wherein the fluoroolefin is selected from the group
consisting of:
(i) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1 and
R2 are, independently, Ci to C6 perfluoroalkyl groups, and
wherein the total number of carbons in the compound is at least
5;
(ii) cyclic fluoroolefins of the formula cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW)n-],
wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and n is an
integer from 2 to 5; and
(iii) fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of:
1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CHF);1,1,3,3,3-
pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene
(CHF2CF=CF2); 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CHF); 2,3,3,3-
tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CH2); 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene
(CH2FCF=CF2); 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CF2); 2,3,3-
trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CH2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene
(CF3CH=CH2); 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-propene (CH3CF=CF2); 1,2,3-trifluoro-1-
prOpene (CH2FCF=CF2); 1,1,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FCH=CF2); 1,3,3-
. trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CHF); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene
(CF3CF CFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CF2);
1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-
heptafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-
butene (CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene
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((CF3)2C=CHF); 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CF3);
1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-
heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CHF2); 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CF3);
1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4-
hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
(CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCF3);
1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-
2-butene (CF3CH=CFCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCHF2);
3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene (CH2=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4-
pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene
(CF3CH=CFCH2F); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2);
1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2C1-I=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro-
2-butene (CH3CF=CFCF3); 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
(CH2=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CHCHF2);
1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,2,3,4-pentafluoro-2-
butene (CH2FCF=CFCHF2); 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methy1-1-propene
(CF2=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene
(CH2=C(CHF2)(CF3)); 2,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CFCHFCF3);
1,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCH2CF3); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-
butene (CHF=CF1CHFCF3); 1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CHCF2CHF2); 1,2,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCHF2);
3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CHCF2CHF2); 1,1-difluoro-2-
(difluoromethyl)-1-propene (CF2=C(CHF2)(CH3)); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-
methy1-1-propene (CHF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 3,3-difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-1-
propene (CH2=C(CHF2)2); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCH3);
1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CHCF3);
decafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-
1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-
, 2-butane ((CF3)2C=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CH=CFCF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
(CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=CFCH(CF3) 2); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethy))-2-butene
(CF3CH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene
(CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene
(CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethy1)-1-butene
(CH2=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CHF=CHCF(CF3)2); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
((CF3)2CFCH=CH2); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
(CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
(CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methy1-2-butene
(CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CH2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trif(uoromethyl)-1-butene
(CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
(CH2FCH=C(CF3)2); 1,111,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
(CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethy1)-2-butene
((CF3)2C=CHCH3); 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF2CF=CHCH3);
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methy1-2-butene (CF3C(CH3)=CHCF3);
3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CHCF2CHFCF3); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-
(trifluoromethy))-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-
dodecafluoro-1-hexene (CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-
dodecafluoro-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-
2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)20=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-
nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethy1)-2-pentene ((0F3)2CFCF=CFCF3);
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHC2F5);
1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octalluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
((CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene
(CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3-bis(trifluoromethy1)-1-butene
(CH2=CHC(CF3)3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-methy1-2-
butene ((CF3)2C=C(CH3)(C F3)); 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-
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1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-methyl-
2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(C F3)2) 3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-
octafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF=CHCH3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro1-
hexene (CH2=CHCF2CF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHCF2CH3); 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2C2F5); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-
heptafluoro-2-methyl-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2C(CH3)=CH2); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-
heptafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CHCH3); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-
1-hexene (CH2=CHCH2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3-hexene
(CF3CF2CF=CFC2H5); 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene
(CH2=CHCH2CF(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-methyl-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CHCH(CF3)(CH3)); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-
pentene ((CF3)2C=CFC2H5); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-
heptene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tetradecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3C1-l=CFCF2CF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5);
CF2=CFOCF2CF3(PEVE) and CF2=CFOCF3 (PMVE).
Of particular utility in compositions comprising at least one
flammable refrigerant and at least one fluoroolefin are those fluoroolefins
that themselves are non-flammable. Flammability of a fluoroolefin
appears to be related to the numbers of fluorine atoms and the numbers of
hydrogen atoms in the molecule. The equation below provides a
flammability factor that may be calculated as an indication of predicted
flammability:
flammability factor = F
(F H)
wherein:
F = the number of fluorine atoms; and
H = the number of hydrogen atoms in a molecule.
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
As certain compounds have been experimentally determined to
be flammable, the cut-off for non-flammable fluoroolefin flammability
factors has been determined. Fluoroolefins may be determined to be
flammable or non-flammable by testing under conditions specified by
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, inc.) Standard 34-2001, under ASTM (American Society of
Testing and Materials) E681-01, with an electronic ignition source. Such
tests of flammability are conducted with the compound of interest at 101
kPa (14.7 psia) and a specified temperature (often 100 C (212 F)) at
various concentrations in air in order to determine the lower flammability
limit (LFL) and/or upper flammability limit (UFL) of the test compound in
air.
The flammability factors for several fluoroolefins are listed in
Table 4 along with the experimental determination of flammable or non-
16 flammable. Therefore, it can be predicted for the other fluoroolefins of
the
present disclosure, which will be most useful in combination with the
flammable refrigerants of the present disclosure as being in fact non-
flammable fluoroolefins.
TABLE 4
Experimental
Prediction from
Flammability
Compound Formula #F #H F/(F+H) flammability
(LFL, vol% in
factor
air)
HFC- C3H F5 5 1 0.83 non-flammable non-
flammable
1225ye
HFC- C3H2F4 4 2 0.67 6.0 flammable
1234yf
E-HFC- C31-12F4 4 2 0,67 5.0 flammable
1234ze
HFC- C5HF9 9 1 0.90 non-flammable non-flammable
1429myz/
mzy
(mixture of
isomers)
F12E C6H2F8 8 2 0.75 non-flammable _ non-flammable
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Other
fluoroolefins
HFC-1243 C3H3F3 3 3 0.15 na Flammable
FC-1318 C4F8 8 0 1.0 na non-flammable
HFC-1327 C4F1F7 7 1 0.88 na non-flammable
HFC-1336 C4H2F6 6 2 0.75 na non-flammable
HFC-1345 C4H3F5 5 3 0.63 na flammable
HFC-1354 C4H4F4 4 4 0.50 na flammable
FC-141-10 05F10 10 0 1.0 na non-flammable
HFC-1429 C5HF9 9 1 0.90 na non-flammable
HFC-1438 C5H2F8 8 2 0.80 na non-flammable
HFC-1447 C5H3F7 7 3 010 na non-flammable
HFC-1456 C51-14F6 6 4 0.6 na flammable
FC-151-12 C6F12 12 0 1.0 na non-flammable =
HFC-152- C6FIF11 11 = 1 0.92 na non-flammable
11
HFC-153- C81-12F10 10 2 0.83 na non-flammable
HFC-1549 C81-13F8 9 3 0.75 na non-flammable
HFC-1558 05I-14F8 8 4 0.67 na flammable
HFC-1567 C8115F7 7 5 0.58 na flammable
FC-161-14 C7E14 14 0 1.0 na non-flammable
HFC-162- C7FIF13 13 1 0.93 na non-flammable
13
HFC-163- C7H2F12 12 2 0.86 na non-flammable
12
HFC-164- C7H3F11 11 3 0.79 na non-flammable
11
HFC-165- C7H4F10 10 4 0.71 na non-flammable
HFC-1669 C7H5F9 9 5 0.64 na flammable
HFC- C4F6 6 0 1.0 na non-flammable
C1316
HFC- C5F8 8 0 1.0 na non-flammable
C1418
HFC- C6F10 10 0 1.0 na non-flammable
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C151-10
HFC- C4H2F4 4 2 0.67 na flammable
C1334
HFC- C5H2F6 6 2 0.75 na non-flammable
C1436
The fluoroolefins as listed in Table 4 may be determined to be
flammable or non-flammable based upon the value of the flammability
factor. If the flammability factor is found to be equal to or greater than
0.70, then the fluoroolefin may be expected to be non-flammable. If the
flammability factor is less than 0.70, then the fluoroolefin may be expected
to be flammable.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the
fluoroolefins for use in compositions with flammable refrigerants are those
fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of:
(a) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1
and R2 are, independently, C1 to C6 perfluoroalkyl groups;
(b) cyclic fluoroolefins of the formula cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW)r],
wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and n is an
integer from 2 to 5, and wherein the flammability factor is
greater than or equal to 0.70; and
(c) fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of:
1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CHF); 1,1,3,3,3-
pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-
propene (CHF2CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene
(CF3CF=CFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene
(CF3CF2CFr-CF2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene
(CF3CF=CHCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene
(CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene
((CF3)2C=CHF); 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CFCF2CHF2); 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CHCF2CF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
(CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
(CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
(CH2FCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
(CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
(CF3CH=CFCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene
(CH2=C(CF3)2); 1 ,1 ,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1-pentene
(CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-
butene ((CF3)2C=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CH=CFCF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
butene (CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-
(trifluoromethy1)-1-butene (CF2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4,4,4-
hexafluoro-2-(trifiuoromethyl)-2-butene (CF3CH=C(CF3)2);
1,1,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene
(CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene
(CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethy1)-1-
butene (CF12=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (0F2=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,3,4,4,4-
pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCF(CF3)2);
1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trffluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
butene ((CF3)2CFCH=CH2); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
(CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
(CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methyl-2-butene
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(CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
butene (CH2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
butene (CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-
2-butene (CH2FCH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-
. 5 2-butene (CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-
hexene (CF3(CF2)30F=CF2); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-
hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-
bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-
nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CFCF3);
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
((CF3)2C=CHC2F5); 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-
.
pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-
hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3-
bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=CHC(CF3)3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-
hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-methyl-2-butene
((CF3)2C=C(CH3)(CF3)); 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-
pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-
methyl-2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-
4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(CF3)2);
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tetradecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=0FCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene
(CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-
heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5); and
1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene
(CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5).
In yet another embodiment, the fluoroolefins of the present disclosure
that may be particularly useful in combination with flammable refrigerants,
may
be at least one fluoroolefln selected from the group consisting of:
(a) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1
and R2 are, independently, C1 to C6 perfluoroalkyl groups, and
wherein the flammability factor is greater than or equal to 0.70;
and
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
(b) cyclic fluorooleflns of the formula cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW),-],
wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and n is an
integer from 2 to 5, and wherein the flammability factor is
greater than or equal to 0.70.
While the flammability factor provides a basis for predicting
flammability of certain fluoroolefin compounds, there may be certain
variables, such as position of the hydrogen atoms on the molecule that
would account for certain isomers with a given molecular formula being
flammable while other isomers are non-flammable. Therefore, the
flammability factor may only be used as a tool for predicting flammability
characteristics.
Flammable refrigerants of the present invention comprise any
compound, which may be demonstrated to propagate a flame under
specified conditions of temperature, pressure and composition when
mixed with air. Flammable refrigerants may be identified by testing under
conditions specified by ASHRAE (American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.) Standard 34-2001,
under ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) E681-01, with
an electronic ignition source. Such tests of flammability are conducted
with the refrigerant at 101 kPa (14.7 psia) and a specified temperature
(typically 100 C (212 F), or room temperature, that being about 23 C (73
F) at various concentrations in air in order to determine the lower
flammability limit (LFL) and upper flammability limit (UFL) of the test
compound in air.
In practical terms, a refrigerant may be classified as flammable
if upon leaking from a refrigeration apparatus or air-conditioning
apparatus, and contacting an ignition source a fire may result. The
compositions of the present invention, during such a leak, have a low
probability of causing a fire.
Flammable refrigerants of the present invention include
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), fluoroolefins, fluoroethers, hydrocarbon
ethers, hydrocarbons, ammonia (NH3), and combinations thereof.
Flammable HFC refrigerants include but are not limited to:
difluoromethane (HFC-32), fluoromethane (HFC-41), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane
(HFC-143a), 1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HFC-143), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-
38
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
152a), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HFC-263fb),
1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-365mfc), and combinations thereof.
These flammable HFC refrigerants are commercial products available
from a number of sources such as chemical synthesis companies or may
be prepared by synthetic processes disclosed in the art.
Flammable refrigerants of the present invention further
comprise fluorooleflns including but not limited to: 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-
propene (HFC-1234ye); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (HFC-1234ze);
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (HFC-1234yf); 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene
(HFC-1234yc); 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (HFC-1234zc); 2,3,3-trifluoro-
1-propene (HFC-1243yf); 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (HFC-1243zf); 1,1,2-
trifluoro-1-propene (HFC-1243yc); 1,1,3-trifluoro-1-propene (HFC-1243zc);
1,2,3-trifluoro-1-propene (HFC-1243ye); and 1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene
(HFC-1243ze).
Flammable refrigerants of the present invention further
comprise fluoroethers, compounds similar to hydrofluorocarbons, which
also contain at least one ether group oxygen atom. Representative
fluoroether refrigerants include but are not limited to C4F90C2H5, available
commercially.
Flammable refrigerants of the present invention further
comprise hydrocarbon refrigerants. Representative hydrocarbon
refrigerants include but are not limited to propane, propylene,
cyclopropane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, 2-methylbutane
(isopentane), cyclobutane, cyclopentane, 2,2-dimethylpropane, 2,2-
dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylpentane, 2-
methylhexane, 3-methylhexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-ethylpentane, 3-
methylpentane, cyclohexane, n-heptane, methylcyclopentane, and n-
hexane. Flammable hydrocarbon refrigerants are readily available from
multiple commercial sources.
Flammable refrigerants of the present invention further
comprise hydrocarbon ethers, such as dimethyl ether (DME, CH3OCH3)
and methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE, (CH3)3COCH3), both available from
multiple commercial sources.
Flammable refrigerants of the present invention further
comprise ammonia (NH3), a commercially available compound.
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Flammable refrigerants of the present invention may further
comprise mixtures of more than one refrigerant such as a mixture of two or
more flammable refrigerants (eg. two HFCs or an HFC and a hydrocarbon)
or a mixture comprising a flammable refrigerant and a non-flammable
refrigerant, such that the overall mixture is still considered to be a
flammable refrigerant, identified under the ASTM conditions described
herein, or in practical terms.
Examples of non-flammable refrigerants that may be combined with
other refrigerants of the present invention include R-134a, R-134, R-23,
R125, R-236fa, R-245fa, and mixtures of HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124
(known by the ASHRAE designations, R401 or R-401A, R-401B, and R-
401C), HFC-125/HFC-143a/HFC-134a (known by the ASHRAE
designation, R-404 or R-404A), HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a (known by
ASHRAE designations, R407 or R-407A, R-407B, and R-407C), HCFC-
22/HFC-143a/HFC-125 (known by the ASHRAE designation, R408 or R-
408A), HCFC-22/HCFC-124/HCFC-142b (known by the ASHRAE
. designation: R-409 or R-409A), HFC-32/HFC-125 (known by the ASHRAE
designation R-410A), and HFC-125/HFC-143a (known by the ASHRAE
= designation: R-507 or R507A) and carbon dioxide.
Examples of mixtures of more than one flammable refrigerant
include propane/isobutane; HFC-152a/isobutane, R32/propane;
R32/isobutane; and HFC/carbon dioxide mixtures such as HFC-152a/CO2.
One aspect of the present invention is to provide a non-
flammable refrigerant with a global warming potential of less than 150,
preferably less than 50. Another aspect of the present invention is to
reduce the flammability of flammable refrigeration mixtures by adding non-
flammable fluoroolefins to said mixtures.
It may be demonstrated that while certain refrigerants are
flammable, it is possible to produce a non-flammable refrigerant
composition by adding to the flammable refrigerant another compound that
is not flammable. Examples of such nonflammable refrigerant blends
include R-410A (HFC-32 is a flammable refrigerant, while HFC-125 is
non-flammable), and R-407C (HFC-32 is a flammable refrigerant, while
HFC-125 and HFC-134a are not flammable).
The compositions of the present invention that are useful as
refrigerants or heat transfer fluids comprising at least one fluoroolefin and
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
at least one flammable refrigerant may contain an effective amount of
fluoroolefin to produce a composition that is non-flammable based upon
results of ASTM E681-01.
The present inventive compositions comprising at least one
flammable refrigerant and at least one fluoroolefin may contain about 1
weight percent to about 99 weight percent fluoroolefin and about 99 weight
percent to about 1 weight percent flammable refrigerant.
In another embodiment, the compositions of the present
invention may contain about 10 weight percent to about 80 weight percent
fluoroolefin and about 90 weight percent to about 20 weight percent
flammable refrigerant. In yet another embodiment, the compositions of the
present invention may contain about 20 weight percent to about 70 weight
percent fluoroolefin and about 80 weight percent to about 30 weight
percent flammable refrigerant.
Of particular interest is an embodiment of the present
disclosure wherein the fluoroolefin comprises HFC-1225ye and the
flammable refrigerant comprises HFC-32 (difluoromethane). It has been
determined that compositions comprising up to 37 weight percent HFC-32
are non-flammable, while compositions comprising 38 weight percent
HFC-32 or greater are flammable as determined by ASTM 681-01. The
present disclosure provides non-flammable compositions comprising
about 1.0 weight percent to about 37.0 weight percent HFC-32 and about
99.0 weight percent to about 63 weight percent HFC-1225ye.
Also, of particular interest is an embodiment of the present
disclosure wherein the composition comprises HFC-1225ye, HFC-32 and
HFC-125. This composition of the present invention comprises about 20
weight percent to about 95 weight percent HFC-1225ye, about 1.0 weight
percent to about 65 weight percent HFC-32, and about 1.0 weight percent
to about 40 weight percent HFC-125. In another embodiment, the
composition comprises about 30 weight percent to about 90 weight
percent HFC-1225ye, about 5.0 weight percent to about 55 weight percent
HFC-32, and about 1.0 weight percent to about 35 weight percent HFC-
125. In yet another embodiment, the composition comprises about 40
weight percent to about 85 weight percent HFC-1225ye, about 10 weight
percent to about 45 weight percent HFC-32 and about 1.0 weight percent
to about 28 weight percent HFC-125. Those compositions containing less
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
than about 40 weight percent HFC-32 are expected to be non-flammable
compositions. This flammability limit will vary from less than about 45
weight percent HFC-32 to less than about 37 weight percent HFC-32
depending on the relative ratios of HFC-1225ye and HFC-125 present in
the composition.
In another embodiment of particular interest, the flammable
refrigerant comprises HFC-1243zf and a non-flammable fluoroolefin
intended to reduce the flammability of the overall composition. The
composition may comprise about 1.0 weight percent to about 99 weight
percent HFC-1243zf and about 99 weight percent to about 1.0 weight
percent HFC-1225ye. Alternatively, the composition may comprise
about 40 weight percent to about 70 weight percent HFC-1243zf and
about 60 weight percent to about 30 weight percent HFC-1225ye.
In another embodiment of particular interest, the composition
comprises about 1.0 weight percent to about 98 weight percent HFC-
1243zf; about 1.0 weight percent to about 98 weight percent HFC-1225ye;
and about 1.0 weight percent to about 50 weight percent HFC-125.
Alternatively, the composition comprises about 40 weight percent to about
70 weight percent HFC-1243zf; about 20 weight percent to about 60
weight percent HFC-1225ye; and about 1,0 weight percent to about 10
weight percent HFC-125.
In another embodiment of particular interest the composition
comprises about 1.0 weight percent to about 98 weight percent HFC-
1243zf; about "1.0 weight percent to about 98 weight percent HFC-1225ye;
and about 1.0 weight percent to about 50 weight percent HFC-32.
Alternatively, the composition comprises about 40 weight percent to about
70 weight percent HFC-1243zf; about 20 weight percent to about 60
weight percent HFC-1225ye; and about to weight percent to about 10
weight percent HFC-32.
In yet another embodiment of particular interest, the
composition comprises about 1.0 weight percent to about 97 weight
percent HFC-1243zf; about 1.0 weight percent to about 97 weight percent
HFC-1225ye; about 1.0 weight percent to about 50 weight percent HFC-
125; and about 1.0 weight percent to about 50 weight percent HFC-32.
Alternatively, the composition comprises about 40 weight percent to about
70 weight percent HFC-1243zf; about 20 weight percent to about 60
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=
weight percent HFC-1225ye; and about 1.0 weight percent to about 10
weight percent HFC-125; and about 1.0 weight percent to about 10 weight
percent HFC-32.
_ The present invention further relates to a method for
reducing
the flammability of a flammable refrigerant said method comprising
= combining the flammable refrigerant with at least one Nuoroolefin. The
amount of fluoroolefin added must be an effective amount to produce a
non-flammable compositions as determined by ASTM 681-01.
Compositions of the present invention may be used in
= 10 combination with a desiccant in a refrigeration, air-conditioning, or
heat
pump system to aid in removal of moisture. Desiccants may be composed
of acitivated alumina, silica gel, or zeolite based molecular sieves.
== Representative molecular sieves include MOLSINAH-7, XH-6, XH-9 and
XH-11 (UOP LLC, Des Plaines, IL). For refrigerants with small molecular
size such as HFC-32, XH-11 desiccant is preferred.
The compositions of the present invention may further comprise
at least one lubricant. Lubricants of the present invention comprise those
== suitable for use with refrigeration or air-conditioning apparatus. Among
these lubricants are those conventionally used in compression
refrigeration apparatus utilizing chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. Such
lubricants and their properties are discussed in the 1990 ASHRAE
Handbook, Refrigeration Systems and Applications, chapter 8, titled
"Lubricants in Refrigeration Systems", pages 8.1 through 8.21.
Lubricants of the present invention may
comprise those commonly known as "mineral oils" in the field of
compression refrigeration lubrication. Mineral oils comprise paraffins (i.e.
straight-chain and branched-carbon-chain, saturated hydrocarbons),
naphthenes (i.e. cyclic paraffins) and aromatics (i.e. unsaturated, cyclic
= hydrocarbons containing one or more rings characterized by alternating
double bonds). Lubricants of the present invention further comprise those
commonly known as "synthetic oils" in the field of compression
refrigeration lubrication. Synthetic oils comprise alkylaryls (i.e. linear and
branched alkyl alkylbenzenes), synthetic paraffins and naphthenes, and
poly(alphaoleflns). Representative conventional lubricants of the present
invention are the commercially available BVM 100 N (paraffinic mineral oil
sold by BVA Oils), Suniso 3GS and Suniso 5G8 (naphthenic mineral
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
oil sold by Crompton Co.), Sontex 372LT (naphthenic mineral oil sold by
Pennzoil), Calumet RO-30 (naphthenic mineral oil sold by Calumet
Lubricants), Zerol 75, Zerol 150 and Zerol 500 (linear alkylbenzenes
sold by Shrieve Chemicals) and HAB 22 (branched alkylbenzene sold by
Nippon Oil).
Lubricants of the present invention further comprise those,
which have been designed for use with hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants and
are miscible with refrigerants of the present invention under compression
refrigeration and air-conditioning apparatus' operating conditions. Such
lubricants and their properties are discussed in "Synthetic Lubricants and
High-Performance Fluids", R. L. Shubkin, editor, Marcel Dekker, 1993.
Such lubricants include, but are not limited to, polyol esters (POEs) such
as Castrole 100 (Castro!, United Kingdom), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs)
such as RL-488A from Dow (Dow Chemical, Midland, Michigan), and
polyvinyl ethers (PVEs).
Lubricants of the present invention are selected by considering
a given compressor's requirements and the environment to which the
lubricant will be exposed.
Commonly used refrigeration system additives may optionally
be added, as desired, to compositions of the present invention in order to
enhance lubricity and system stability. These additives are generally
known within the field of refrigeration compressor lubrication, and include
anti wear agents, extreme pressure lubricants, corrosion and oxidation
inhibitors, metal surface deactivators, foaming and antifoam control
agents, leak detectants and the like. In general, these additives are
present only in small amounts relative to the overall lubricant composition.
They are typically used at concentrations of from less than about 0.1 % to
as much as about 3 % of each additive. These additives are selected on
the basis of the individual system requirements. Some typical examples
of such additives may include, but are not limited to, lubrication enhancing
additives, such as alkyl or aryl esters of phosphoric acid and of
thiophosphates. Additionally, the metal dialkyl dithiophosphates (e.g. zinc
dialkyl dithiophosphate or ZDDP, Lubrizol 1375) and other members of
this family of chemicals may be used in compositions of the present
invention. Other antiwear additives include natural product oils and
assymetrical polyhydroxyl lubrication additives such as Synergol TMS
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
(International Lubricants). Similarly, stabilizers such as antioxidants, free
radical scavengers, and water scavengers (drying compounds) may be
employed. Such additives include but are not limited to, nitromethane,
hindered phenols (such as butylated hydroxy toluene, or BHT),
hydroxylamines, thiols, phosphites, epoxides or lactones. Water
scavengers include but are not limited to ortho esters such as trimethyl-,
triethyl-, or tripropylortho formate. Single additives or combinations may
be used.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides
compositions comprising at least one fluoroolefin and at least one
stabilizer selected from the group consisting of thiophosphates, butylated
triphenylphosphorothionates, organo phosphates, dialkylthiophosphate
esters, terpenes, terpenoids, fullerenes, functionalized
perfluoropolyethers, polyoxyalkylated aromatics, epoxides, fluorinated
epoxides, oxetanes, ascorbic acid, thiols, lactones, thioethers,
nitromethanes, alkylsilanes, benzophenone derivatives, arylsulfide, divinyl
terephthalate, diphenyl terephthalate, alkylamines, hindered amine
antioxidants, and phenols, The alkylamines can include triethylamine,
tributylamine, diisopropylamine, triisopropylamine, triisobutylamine, and
other members of this family of alkylamine compounds.
In another embodiment, the stabilizers of the present invention
may comprise specific combinations of stabilizers. One combination of
stabilizers of particular interest comprises at least one terpene or
terpenoid. These terpenes or terpenoids may be combined with at least
one compound selected from epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, and
oxetanes.
Terpenes are hydrocarbon compounds characterized by
structures containing more than one repeating isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-
butadiene) unit. Terpenes may be acyclic or cyclic. Representative
terpenes include but are not limited to myrcene (2-methyl-6-methyl-
eneocta-1,7-diene), allo-cimene, beta-ocimene, terebene, limonene (or d-
limonene), retinal, pinene (or alpha-pinene), menthol, geraniol, farnesol,
phytol, Vitamin A, terpinene, delta-3-carene, terpinolene, phellandrene,
fenchene and mixtures thereof. Terpene stabilizers are commercially
available or may be prepared by methods known in the art or isolated from
natural sources.
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
Terpenoids are natural products and related compounds
characterized by structures containing more than one repeating isoprene
unit and optionally contain oxygen. Representative terpenoids include
carotenoids, such as lycopene (CAS reg. no. [502-65-8]), betacarotene
(CAS reg. no. [7235-40-7]), and xanthophylls, i.e. zeaxanthin (CAS reg.
no. [144-68-31); retinoids, such as hepaxanthin (CAS reg. no. [512-39-0]),
and isotretinoin (CAS reg. no. [4759-48-2]); abietane (CAS reg. no. [640-
43-71); ambrosane (CAS reg. no. [24749-18-6]); aristolane (CAS reg. no.
[29788-49-6]); atisane (CAS reg, no, [24379-83-7]); beyerane (CAS reg.
no. [2359-83-3]), bisabolane (CAS reg. no. [29799-19-71); bornane (CAS
reg. no. [464-15-3]); caryophyllane (CAS reg. no. [20479-00-9]); cedrane
= (CAS reg. no. [13567-54-9]); dammarane (CAS reg. no. [545-22-2]);
drimane (CAS reg. no. [5951-58-6]); eremophilane (CAS reg. no. [3242-
05-5]); eudesmane (CAS reg. no. [473-11-0]); fenchane (CAS reg. no.
[6248-88-0]); gammacerane (CAS reg. no. [559-65-9]); germacrane (CAS
reg. no. [645-10-31); gibbane (CAS reg. no. [6902-95-0]); grayanotoxane
(CAS reg. no. [39907-73-8]); guaiane (CAS reg. no. [489-80-5]);
himachalane (CAS reg. no. [20479-45-2]); hopane (CAS reg. no. [471-62-
5]); humulane (CAS reg. no. 1430-19-3]); kaurane (CAS reg. no. [1573-40-
6]); labdane (CAS reg. no. [561-90-0]); lanostane (CAS reg. no. [474-20-
4]); lupane (CAS reg. no. [464-99-31); p-menthane (CAS reg. no. [99-82-
1]); oleanane (CAS reg. no. [471-67-0]); ophiobolane (CAS reg. no.
[20098-65-1]); picrasane (CAS reg. no. [35732-97-9]); pimarane (CAS reg.
no. [30257-03-5]); pinane (CAS reg. no. [473-55-21); podocarpane (CAS,
reg. no. [471-78-3]); protostane (CAS reg. no. [70050-78-1]); rosane (CAS
reg. no. [6812-82-4]); taxane (CAS reg. no. (1605-68-11); thujane (CAS
reg. no. [471-12-5]); trichothecane (CAS reg. no. [24706-08-9]); and
ursane (CAS reg. no. [464-93-7]). The terpenoids of the present invention
are commercially available or may be prepared by methods known in the
=
art or may be isolated from the naturally occurring source.
In one embodiment, the terpene or terpenoid stabilizers may be
combined with at least one epoxide. Representative epoxides include 1,2-
propylene oxide (CAS reg. no. [75-56-9]); 1,2-butylene oxide (CAS reg.
no. [106-88-71); or mixtures thereof.
In another embodiment, the terpene or terpenoid stabilizers
of the present invention may be combined with at least one fluorinated
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
epoxide. The fluorinated epoxides of the present invention may be
depicted by Formula 3, wherein each of R2 through R5 is H, alkyl of 1 - 6
carbon atoms or fluoroalkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms with the proviso that at
least one of R2 through R5 is a fluoroalkyl group.
0
R2.,1 VR4
R3 R5
Formula 3
Representative fluorinated epoxide stabilizers include but are not limited to
trifluoromethyloxirane and 1,1-bis(trifluoromethyl)oxirane. Such
compounds may be prepared by methods known in the art, for instance by
methods described in, Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, volume 24, pages
93-104 (1984), Journal of Organic Chemistry, volume 56, pages 3187 to
3189 (1991), and Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, volume 125, pages 99-
= 105 (2004).
= In another embodiment, the terpene or terpenoid stabilizers of
the present invention may be combined with at least one oxetane. The
oxetane stabilizers of the present invention may be compounds with one
or more oxetane groups and is represented by Formula 4, wherein R1-R6
are the same or different and can be selected from hydrogen, alkyl or
substituted alkyl, aryl or substituted aryl.
R3 R4
R2 R5
Ri 0 R6
Formula 4
Representative oxetane stabilizers include but are not limited to 3-ethyl-3-
hydroxymethyl-oxetane, such as OXT-101 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); 3-ethyl-3-
((phenoxy)methyl)-oxetane, such as OXT-211 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); and 3-
ethyl-34(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)methyl)-oxetane, such as OXT-212 (Toagosei
Co., Ltd).
47=
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
Another embodiment of particular interest is a combination of
stabilizers comprising fullerenes. The fullerene stabilizers may be
combined with at least one compound selected from the group consisting
of epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, and oxetanes. The epoxides,
fluorinated epoxides, and oxetanes for combination with fullerenes have
been previously described herein as for combination with terpenes or
terpenoids.
Another embodiment of particular interest is a combination of
stabilizers comprising phenols. The fullerene stabilizers may be combined
with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of
epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, and oxetanes. The epoxides, fluorinated
epoxides, and oxetanes for combination with phenols have been
previously described herein as for combination with terpenes or '
terpenoids.
Phenol stabilizers comprise any substituted or unsubstituted
phenol compound including phenols comprising one or more substituted or
unsubstituted cyclic, straight chain, or branched aliphatic substituent
group, such as, alkylated monophenols including 2,6-di-tert-buty1-4-
methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-buty1-4-ethylphenol; 2,4-dimethy1-6-
tertbutylphenol; tocopherol; and the like, hydroquinone and alkylated
hydroquinones including t-butyl hydroquinone, other derivatives of
hydroquinone; and the like, hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, including
4,4'-thio-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(3-methy1-6-
tertbutylphenol); 2,2'-thiobis(4methy1-6-tert-butylphenol); and the like,
alkylidene-bisphenols including,: 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-
butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of 2,2'- or 4,4-
biphenoldiols; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tertbutylphenol); 2,2'-
methylenebis(4-methy1-6-tertbutylphenol); 4,4-butylidenebis(3-methy1-6-
tert-butylphenol); 4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-
methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2'-isobutylidenebis(4,6-
dimethylphenol; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol, 2,2- or
4,4- biphenyldiols including 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethy1-6-tert-butylphenol);
butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), bisphenols comprising heteroatoms
including 2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol, 4,4-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-
m-cresol); and the like; acylaminophenols; 2,6-di-tert-buty1-4(N,N'-
dimethylaminomethylphenol); sulfides including; bis(3-methy1-4-hydroxy-5-
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tert-butylbenzyl)sulfide; bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide; and
the. like.
In one embodiment of the present invention, these
combinations of stabilizers comprising terpenes or terpenoids, or
fullerenes or phenols with at least one compound selected from the group
consisting of epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, and oxetanes, may further
comprise an additional stabilizer compound selected from the group
consisting of:
areoxalylbis(benzylidene)hydrazide (CAS reg. no. 6629-10-3);
N,N1-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoylhydrazine) (CAS
reg. no. 32687-78-8);
2,2'-oxamidobis-ethyl-(3,5-d-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydorcinnamate) (CAS
reg. no. 70331-94-1);
N,NI-(disalicyclidene)-1,2-propanediamine (CAS reg. no. 94-91-1); and
ethyenediaminetetraacetic acid (CAS reg. no. 60-00-4) and salts
thereof.
In another embodiment of the present invention, these
combinations of stabilizers comprising terpenes or terpenoids, or
fullerenes or phenols with at least one compound.selected from the group
consisting of epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, and oxetanes, may further
comprise at least one alkylamine selected from the.group consisting of
triethylamine; tributylamine; triisopropylamine; diisobutylamine;
triisopropylamine; triisobutylamine; and hindered amine antioxidants.
The compositions of the present invention may further comprise
a compound or composition that is a tracer and is selected from the group
consisting of hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs), deuterated hydrocarbon,
deuterated hydrofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbons, fluoroether, brominated
compound, iodated compound, alcohol, aldehyde, ketones, nitrous oxide
(N20) and combinations thereof. The tracer used in the present invention
are different compositions from those used as refrigerant or heat transfer
fluids, are added to the refrigerant and heat transfer compositions in
previously determined quantities to allow detection of any dilution,
contamination or other alteration of the composition, as described in U. S.
Publication No. 2005-0230657.
Typical tracer compounds for use in the present compositions
are listed in Table 5.
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TABLE 5
Compound I Structure
Deuterated hydrocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons
Ethane-d6 CD3CD3
Propane-d8 CD3CD2CD3
HFC-32-d2 CD2F2
HFC-134a-d2 CD2FCF3
= HFC-143a-d3 CD3CF3
HFC-125-d CDF2CF3
HFC-227ea-d CF3CDFCF3
HFC-227ca-d CF3CF2CDF2
HFC-134-d2 CDF2CDF2
HFC-236fa-d2 CF3CD2CF3
= HFC-245cb-d3 = CF3CF2CD3
HFC-263fb-d2* CF3CD2CH3
HFC-2631b-d3 CF2CH2CD3
Fluoroethers
HFOC-125E CHF20CF3
HFOC-134aE CH2FOCF3
HFOC-143aE CH3OCF3
HFOC-227eaE CF3OCHF-F3
HFOC-236faE CF3OCH2CF3
HFOC-245faE13y or HFOC- CHF2OCH2CF3
245faEc43 (or CHF2CH2OCF3)
HFOC-245cbEi37 or HFOC-245cbcti3 CH3OCF2CF3
(or CH3CF20CF3)
HFE-42-l1mcc (or Freon El) CF3CF2CF2OCHFCF3
Freon E2 OF3CF2CF20CF(CF3)CF2OCHFCF3
Hydrofluorocarbons
HFC-23 CHF3
HFC-161 CH3CH2F
HFC-152a CH3CHF2
HFC-134 CHF2CHF2
HFC-227ea CF3CHFCF3
HFC-227ca = CHF2CF2CF3
HFC-236cb CH2FCF2CF3
=
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
HFC-236ea CF3CHFCHF2
HFC-236fa CF3CH2CF3
HFC-245cb CF3CF2CH3
HFC-245fa CHF2CH2CF3
HFC-254cb CHF2CF2CH3
HFC-254eb CF3CHFCH3
HFC-263fb CF3CH2CH3
HFC-272ca CH3CF2CH3
HFC-281ea CH3CHFCH3
HFC-281fa CH2FCH2CH3
HFC-329p CH F2CF2CF2CF3
HFC-329mmz (CH3) 2CHCF3
HFC-338mf CF3CH2CF2CF3
HFC-338pcc CHF2CF2CF2CHF2
HFC-347s CH3CF2CF2CF3
HFC-43-10mee CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3
Perfluorocarbons
PFC-116 CF3CF3
PFC-C216 Cyclo(-CF2CF2CF2-)
PFC-218 CF3CF2CF3
PFC-C318 Cyclo(-CF2CF2CF2CF2-)
PFC-31-10mc CF3CF2CF2CF3
PFC-31-10my (CF3)2CFCF3
PFC-051-12mycm Cyclo(-CF(CF3)CF2CF(CF3)CF2-)
PFC-051-12mym, trans Cyclo(-CF2CF(CF3)CF(CF3CF2-)
PFC-051-12mym, cis Cyclo(-CF2CF(CF3)CF(CF3)C Fa-)
Perfluoronnethylcyclo-pentane Cyclo(-CF2CF2(CF3)CF2CF2CF2-)
Perfluoromethylcyclo-hexane Cyclo(-CF2CF2(CF3)CF2CF2CF2CF2-)
Perfluorodimethylcyclo-hexane (ortho, Cyclo(-CF2CF2(CF3)CF2CF2(CF3)CF2-)
meta, or para)
Perfluoroethylcyclohexane Cyclo(-CF2CF2(CF2CF3)CF2CF2CF2C F2-
Pertluoroindan C3F10 (see structure below)
F F
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Perfluorotrimethylcyclo-hexane (all Cyclo(-
possible isomers) C F2 (C F3) C F2 (C F3)C F2 C FAC F3) CF2-
)
Perfluoroisopropylcyclo-hexane Cyclo(-
CF2CF2(CF2(CF3)2)CF2CF2CF2CF2-)
Perfluorodecalin (cis or trans, trans CioFis (see structure below)
shown)
F F
Perfluoromethyldecalin (cis or trans C11F20 (see structure below)
and all additional possible isomers)
CF3
F F
F F
Brominated compounds
Bromomethane CH3Br
Bromofluoromethane CH2FBr
Bromodifluoromethane CHF2Br
Dibromofluoromethane CHFBr2
Tribromomethane CHBr3
Bromoethane CH3CH2Br
Bromoethene CH2=CHBr
1,2-dibromoethane CH2BrCH2Br
1-bromo-1,2-difluoroethene CFBr=CHF
iodated compounds
lodotritTuoromethane CF3I
Difluoroiodomethane CHF2I
Fluoroiodomethane CH2F1
1,1,2-trifluoro-1-iodoethane CF2ICH2F
1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-iodoethane CF2ICHF2
1,1 ,2,2-tetrafluoro-1 ,2-dilodoethane CF2ICF21
lodopentafluorobenzene 06F51
Alcohols
Ethanol CH3CH2OH
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n-propanol CH3CH2CH2OH
lsopropanol CH3CH(OH)CH3
Aldehydes and Ketones
Acetone (2-propanone) CH3C(0)CH3
n-propanal CH3CH2CHO
n-butanal CH3CH2CH2CHO
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone) CH3C(0)CH2CH3
Other
Nitrous oxide N20
The compounds listed in Table 5 are available commercially
(from chemical supply houses) or may be prepared by processes known in
the art
Single tracer compounds may be used in combination with a
refrigeration/heating fluid in the compositions of the present invention or
multiple tracer compounds may be combined in any proportion to serve as
a tracer blend. The tracer blend may contain multiple tracer compounds
from the same class of compounds or multiple tracer compounds from
different classes of compounds. For example, a tracer blend may contain
2 or more deuterated hydrofluorocarbons, or one deuterated
hydrofluorocarbon in combination with one or more perfluorocarbons.
Additionally, some of the compounds in Table 4 exist as
multiple isomers, structural or optical. Single isomers or multiple isomers
of the same compound may be used in any proportion to prepare the
tracer compound. Further, single or multiple isomers of a given compound
may be combined in any proportion with any number of other compounds
to serve as a tracer blend.
The tracer compound or tracer blend may be present in the
compositions at a total concentration of about 50 parts per million by
weight (ppm) to about 1000 ppm. Preferably, the tracer compound or
tracer blend is present at a total concentration of about 50 ppm to about
500 ppm and most preferably, the tracer compound or tracer blend is
present at a total concentration of about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm.
The compositions of the present invention may further comprise
an ultra-violet (UV) dye and optionally a solubilizing agent. The UV dye is
a useful component for detecting leaks of the refrigerant composition or
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heat transfer fluids by permitting one to observe the fluorescence of the
dye in the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition at or in the
vicinity
of a leak point in said apparatus in the refrigeration, air-conditioning, heat
= pump apparatus. One may observe the fluorescence of the dye under an
ultra-violet light. Solubilizing agents may be needed due to poor solubility
of such UV dyes in some refrigerants and heat transfer fluids.
By "ultra-violet" dye is meant a UV fluorescent composition that
absorbs light in the ultra-violet or "near" ultra-violet region of the
= electromagnetic spectrum. The fluorescence produced by the UV
fluorescent dye under illumination by a UV light that emits radiation with
wavelength anywhere from 10 nanometer to 750 nanometer may be
detected. Therefore, if refrigerant or heat transfer fluid containing such a
UV fluorescent dye is leaking from a given point in a refrigeration, air-
conditioning, or heat pump apparatus, the fluorescence can be detected at
. 15 the leak point, or in the vicinity of the leak point. Such UV fluorescent
dyes include but are not limited to naphthalimides, perylenes, coumarins,
anthracenes, phenanthracenes, xanthenes, thioxanthenes,
naphthoxanthenes, fluoresceins, and derivatives of said dye or
combinations thereof. Solubilizing agents of the present invention
comprise at least one compound selected from the group consisting of
hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers, amides,
nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons, esters, lactones, aryl ethers, fluoroethers
and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes.
Hydrocarbon solubilizing agents of the present invention
comprise hydrocarbons including straight chained, branched chain or
cyclic alkanes or alkenes containing 16 or fewer carbon atoms and only
hydrogen with no other functional groups. Representative hydrocarbon
solubilizing agents comprise propane, propylene; cyclopropane, n-butane,
isobutane, n-pentane, octane, decane, and hexadecane. It should be
noted that if the refrigerant is a hydrocarbon, then the solubilizing agent
may not be the same hydrocarbon.
Hydrocarbon ether solubilizing agents of the present invention
comprise ethers containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, such as
dimethyl ether (DME).
Polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizing agents of the present
invention are represented by the formula R1R0R2)x0R3b,, wherein: x is an
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
integer from 1-3; y is an integer from 1-4; R1 is selected from hydrogen
and aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and y
bonding sites; R2 is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having
from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; R3 is selected from hydrogen and aliphatic and
alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; at least
one of R1 and R3 is said hydrocarbon radical; and wherein said
polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100
to about 300 atomic mass units. As used herein, bonding sites mean
radical sites available to form covalent bonds with other, radicals.
Hydrocarbylene radicals mean divalent hydrocarbon radicals. In the
present invention, preferred polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizing
agents are represented by R1R0R2)x0R3jy: x is preferably 1-2; y is
preferably 1; R1 and R3 are preferably independently selected from
hydrogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
R2 is preferably selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having
from 2 or 3 carbon atoms, most preferably 3 carbon atoms; the
polyoxyalkylene glycol ether molecular weight is preferably from about 100
to about 250 atomic mass units, most preferably from about 125 to about
250 atomic mass units. The R1 and R3 hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6
carbon atoms may be linear, branched or cyclic. Representative R1 and
R3 hydrocarbon radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl,
isobutyl, sec-butyl, fert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, terf-pentyl,
cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. Where free hydroxyl radicals on the present
polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizing agents may be incompatible with
certain compression refrigeration apparatus materials of construction (e.g.
My!are), R1 and R3 are preferably aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1
to 4 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 carbon atom. The R2 aliphatic
hydrocarbylene radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms form repeating
oxyalkylene radicals - (OR2)x - that include oxyethylene radicals,
oxypropylene radicals, and oxybutylene radicals. The oxyalkylene radical
comprising R2 in one polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizing agent
molecule may be the same, or one molecule may contain different R2
oxyalkylene groups. The present polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizing
agents preferably comprise at least one oxypropylene radical. Where R1
is an aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
and y bonding sites, the radical may be linear, branched or cyclic.
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
Representative R1 aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having two bonding sites
include, for example, an ethylene radical, a propylene radical, a butylene
radical, a pentylene radical, a hexylene radical, a cyclopentylene radical
and a cyclohexylene radical Representative R1 aliphatic hydrocarbon
radicals having three or four bonding sites include residues derived from
polyalcohols, such as trimethylolpropane, glycerin, pentaerythritol, 1,2,3-
trihydroxycyclohexane and 1,3,5-trihydroxycyclohexane, by removing their
hydroxyl radicals.
. Representative polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizing
agents
include but are not limited to: CH3OCH2CH(CH3)0(H or CH3) (propylene
glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), CH30[CH2CH(CH3)0]2(H or CH3)
(dipropylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), CH30[CH2CH(CH3)0]3(H
or CH3) (tripropylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether),
C2H5OCH2CH(CH3)0(H or C2H5) (Propylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) ether),
C2F150[CH2CH(CH3)0]2(H or C2H5) (dipropylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl)
= ether), C2H50[CH2CH(CH3)0]3(H or C2H5) (tripropylene glycol ethyl (or
diethyl) ether), C3H7OCH2CH(CH3)0(H or C3H7) (propylene glycol n-propyl
(or di-n-propyl) ether), C3H70[CH2CH(CH3)0]2(H or C3I-17) (dipropylene
glycol n-propyl (or di-n-propyl) ether) , C3H70[CH2CH(CH3)0]3(H or C3F17)
(tripropylene glycol n-propyl (or di-n-propyl) ether), C4H9OCH2CH(CH3)0H
(propylene glycol n-butyl ether), C41-190[CH2CH(CH3)0]2(H or C4H9)
(dipropylene glycol n-butyl (or di-n-butyl) ether), C4H90[CH2CH(CH3)0]3(H
or C4H3) (tripropylene glycol n-butyl (or di-n-butyl) ether),
(CH3)3COCH2CH(CH3)0H (propylene glycol t-butyl ether),
(CH3)3C0[CH2CH(CH3)0]2(H or (CH3)3) (dipropylene glycol t-butyl (or di-t-
butyl) ether), (CH3)3CO[CH2CH(CH3)013(H or (CH3)3) (tripropylene glycol t-
butyl (or di-t-butyl) ether), C5H11OCH2CH(CH3)0H (propylene glycol n-
pentyl ether), C4H9OCH2CH(C2H5)0H (butylene glycol n-butyl ether),
C4H90[CH2CH(C2H5)0]2H (dibutylene glycol n-butyl ether),
trimethylolpropane tri-n-butyl ether (C2H5C(CH20(CH2)3CH3)3) and
trimethylolpropane di-n-butyl ether (C2H5C(CH20C(CH2)3CH3)2CH2OH).
Amide solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise
those represented by the formulae R1C(0)NR2R3 and cyclo-
[R4C(0)N(R5)1, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R5 are independently selected from
aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from Ito 12 carbon
atoms; R4 is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3
= 56
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of
from about 100 to about 300 atomic mass units. The molecular weight of
said amides is preferably from about 160 to about 250 atomic mass units.
R1, R2, R3 and R6 may optionally include substituted hydrocarbon radicals,
that is, radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from
halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy). R1, R2, R3
= and R5 may optionally include heteroatom-substituted hydrocarbon
radicals, that is, radicals, which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen
(oxa-) or sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon
atoms. In general, no more than three non-hydrocarbon substituents and
heteroatoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10
carbon atoms in R1-3, and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon
substituents and heteroatoms must be considered in applying the
aforementioned molecular weight limitations. Preferred amide solubilizing
agents consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. Representative
R1,
K R3 and R6 aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals include
methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl,
pentyl,
isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl,
nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers. A
preferred embodiment of amide solubilizing agents are those wherein R4 in
the aforementioned formula cyclo-[R4C(0)N(R6)-] may be represented by
the hydrocarbylene radical (CR6R7)n, in other words, the formula: cyclo-
[(CR6R7)nC(0)N(R6)-jwherein: the previously-stated values for molecular
weight apply; n is an integer from 3 to 5; R6 is a saturated hydrocarbon
radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms; R6 and R7 are independently
selected (for each n) by the rules previously offered defining R1-3. In the
lactams represented by the formula: cyclo-[(CR6R7),C(0)N(R6)-1, all R6
and R7 are preferably hydrogen, or contain a single saturated hydrocarbon
radical among the n methylene units, and R6 is a saturated hydrocarbon
radical containing 3 to 12 carbon atoms. For example, 1-(saturated
hydrocarbon radical)-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-ones.
Representative amide solubilizing agents include but are not
limited to: 1-octylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-decylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-octy1-5-
methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-butylcaprolactam, 1-cyclohexylpyrrolidin-2-one,
1-butyl-5-methylpiperid-2-one, 1-penty1-5-methylpiperid-2-one, 1-
hexylcaprolactam, 1-hexy1-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 5-methyl-1-
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pentylpiperid-2-one, 1,3-dimethylpiperid-2-one, 1-methylcaprolactam, 1-
butyl-pyrrolidin-2-one, 1,5-dimethylpiperid-2-one, 1-decy1-5-
methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-dodecylpyrrolid-2-one, N,N-clibutylformamide
and N,N-diisopropylacetamide.
Ketone solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise
ketones represented by the formula R1C(0)R2, wherein R1 and R2 are
independently selected from aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon
radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said ketones have
a molecular weight of from about 70 to about 300 atomic mass units. R1
and R2 in said ketones are preferably independently selected from
aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 9 carbon atoms.
The molecular weight of said ketones is preferably from about 100 to 200
atomic mass units. R1 and R2 may together form a hydrocarbylene radical
connected and forming a five, six, or seven-membered ring cyclic ketone,
for example, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and cycloheptanone. R1
and R2 may optionally include substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is,
radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogens
(e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy). R.1 and R2 may
optionally include heteroatom-substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is,
radicals, which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (keto-, oxa-) or
sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. In
general, no more than three non-hydrocarbon substituents and
heteroatoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10
carbon atoms in R1 and R2, and the presence of any such non-
hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be considered in applying
the aforementioned molecular weight limitations. Representative R1 and
R2 aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula
R1C(0)R2 include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl,
tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl,
cyclohexyl,
heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational
isomers, as well as phenyl, benzyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xyly1 and
phenethyl.
Representative ketone solubilizing agents include but are not
limited to: 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, acetophenone, butyrophenone,
= 35 hexanophenone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, 2-heptanone, 3-
heptanone, 5-methyl-2-hexanone, 2-octanone, 3-octanone, diisobutyl
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ketone, 4-ethylcyclohexanone, 2-nonanone, 5-nonanone, 2-decanone, 4-
decanone, 2-decalone, 2-tridecanone, dihexyl ketone and dicyclohexyl
ketone.
Nitrile solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise
nitriles represented by the formula R1CN, wherein R1 is selected from
aliphatic, alicyclic or aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 5 to 12 carbon
atoms, and wherein said nitriles have a molecular weight of from about 90
to about 200 atomic mass units. R1 in said nitrile solubilizing agents is
preferably selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals
having 8 to 10 carbon atoms. The molecular weight of said nitrile
solubilizing agents is preferably from about 120 to about 140 atomic mass
units. R1 may optionally include substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is,
radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogens
(e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy). R1 may optionally
include heteroatom-substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals,
which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (keto-, oxa-) or sulfur
(thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. In general,
no more than three non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms, and
preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10 carbon atoms in
R1, and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and
heteroatoms must be considered in applying the aforementioned
molecular weight limitations. Representative R1 aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl
hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula R1CN include pentyl,
isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl,
nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers, as well as
phenyl, benzyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl and phenethyl.
Representative nitrite solubilizing agents include but are not limited to: 1-
cyanopentane, 2,2-dimethy1-4-cyanopentane, 1-cyanohexane, 1-
cyanoheptane, 1-cyanooctane, 2-cyanooctane, 1-cyanononane, 1-
cyanodecane, 2-cyanodecane, 1-cyanoundecane and 1-cyanododecane.
Chlorocarbon solubilizing agents of the present invention
comprise chlorocarbons represented by the formula RCIX, wherein; x is
selected from the integers 1 or 2; R is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic
hydrocarbon radicals having Ito 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said
chlorocarbons have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 200
atomic mass units. The molecular weight of said chlorocarbon solubilizing
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agents is preferably from about 120 to 150 atomic mass units.
Representative R aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals in the
general formula RCIx include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl,
isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl,
cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and
their configurational isomers.
Representative chlorocarbon solubilizing agents include but are
not limited to: 3-(chloromethyl)pentane, 3-chloro-3-methylpentane, 1-
chlorohexane, 1,6-dichlorohexane, 1-chloroheptane, 1-chlorooctane, 1-
chlorononane, 1-chlorodecane, and 1,1,1-trichlorodecane.
Ester solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise
esters represented by the general formula RICO2R2, wherein R1 and R2
are independently selected from linear and cyclic, saturated and
unsaturated, alkyl and aryl radicals. Preferred esters consist essentially of
= 15 the elements C, H and 0, have a molecular weight of from about 80 to
about 550 atomic mass units.
= Representative esters include but are not limited to:
(CH3)2CHC1-1200C(CH2)24000CH2CH(CH3)2 (diisobutyl dibasic ester),
ethyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, n-butyl propionate, n-propyl propionate,
ethyl benzoate, di-n-propyl phthalate, benzoic acid ethoxyethyl ester,
dipropyl carbonate, "Exxate 700" (a commercial C7 alkyl acetate), "Exxate
800" (a commercial Ca alkyl acetate), dibutyl phthalate, and tert-butyl
acetate.
Lactone solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise
lactanes represented by structures [A], [B], and [C]:
0 0 0
R3
= R5K6 3 0 R24,
0 0
'"1R8
R7 R R R2
R4 R6 rx4 = s6
[A] [B] [c]
These lactones contain the functional group -0O2- in a ring of six (A), or
preferably five atoms (B), wherein for structures [A] and [B], Ri through R8
are independently selected from hydrogen or linear, branched, cyclic,
bicyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbyl radicals. Each R1 through
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R8 may be connected forming a ring with another R1 through R8. The
lactone may have an exocyclic alkylidene group as in structure [C],
wherein R1 through R6 are independently selected from hydrogen or linear,
branched, cyclic, bicyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbyl radicals.
Each R1 though R6 may be connected forming a ring with another R1
through R6. The lactone solubilizing agents have a molecular weight
range of from about 80 to about 300 atomic mass units, preferred from
about 80 to about 200 atomic mass units.
Representative lactone solubilizing agents include but are not
, 10 limited to the compounds listed in Table 6.
TABLE 6
Additive Molecular Structure Molecular Molecular
Formula Weight (amu)
(E,Z)-3-ethylidene-5-
methyl-dihydro-furan-2- C7F11002 126
one
(E,Z)-3-propylidene-5-
methyl-dihydr0-fura1-2- C8E-11202 140
one
(E,Z)-3-butylidene-5- 0
methyl-dihydro-furan-2- C91-41.402 154
one
(E,Z)-3-pentylidene-5- 0
methyl-dihydro-furan-2- Ci0H-1602 168
one
(E,Z)-3-Hexylidene-5- 0
methyl-dihydro-furan-2- C1iHia02 182
one
(E,Z)-3-Heptylidene-5- 0
methyl-dihydro-furan-2- \ C12H2002 196
one
(E,Z)-3-octylidene-5- 0 0
methyl-dihydro-furan-2- C13H2202 210
one
(E,Z)-3-nonylidene-5- 0 0
methyl-dihydro-furan-2- C14H2402 224
one
(E,Z)-3-decylidene-5- 0 0
methyl-dihydro-furan-2- C15H2602 238
one
(E,Z)-3-(3,5,5- 0 0
trimethylhexylidene)-5- Ci4H2402 224
= 61
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
________________________________________________________________ ,
methyl-dihydrofuran-2-
one
(E,Z)-3- ._zoo
cyclohexylmethylidene- C12H1802 194
5-methyl-dihydrofuran-
2-one
gamma-octalactone
C8H1402 142
gamma-nonalactone
C9F-11602 156
gamma-decalactone 0 0
C10E11802 170
' gamma-undecalactone 0 0
Ci1H2002 184
gamma-dodecalactone
C12H2202 198
0
3-hexyldihydro-furan-2-
one 0 C101-11802 170
0
, 3-heptyldihydro-furan-
2-one -=...,-,...¨...----6,
%-, CiiH202
t-1 184
cis-3-ethyl-5-methyl-
dihydro-furan-2-one 0 C7I-11202 128
cis-(3-propy1-5-methyl)- 0
dihydro-furan-2-one ''''''''o C81-11402 142
cis-(3-buty1-5-methyl)- 0
dihydro-furan-2-one 0 C91-11602 156
=
cis-(3-penty1-5-methyl)- 0
dihydro-furan-2-one 0 C10F11802 ' 170
cis-3-hexy1-5-methyl-
dihydro-furan-2-one -"--'40 C11H2002 184
0
cis-3-hepty1-5-methyl-
dihydro-furan-2-one 0 012112202 198
cis-3-octy1-5-methyl-
dihydro-furan-2-one 0 C13H2402 212
62
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
=
cis-3-(3,5,5-
trimethylhexyl)-5- >U--".4) C14H2602 226
methyl-dihydro-furan-2-
one
cis-3-cyclohexylmethy1-
5-methyl-dihydro-furan- o C12H2002 196
2-one
5-methy1-5-hexyl-
= dihydro-furan-2-one C H20 0 2 184
5-methy1-5-octyl-
dihydro-furan-2-one o C13H2402 212
Hexahydro- H
isobenzofuran-1-one C8H1202 140
delta-decalactone
0 0 C10H1802 170
deka-undecalactone
o 0 u 120.'1-N
2 184
delta-dodecalactone
=0 o C12H2202 198
= mixture of 4-hexyl-
dihydrofuran-2-one and --N--N-"Nb Ci0H1802 170= =
= 3-hexyl-dihydro-furan-
2-one
0
=
Lactone solubilizing agents generally have a kinematic viscosity
of less than about 7 centistokes at 40 C. For instance, gamma-
undecalactone has kinematic viscosity of 5.4 centistoKes and cis-(3-hexyI-
5-methyl)dihydrofuran-2-one has viscosity of 4.6 centistokes both at 40 C.
Lactone solubilizing agents may be available commercially or prepared by
methods as described in U. S. Publication No. 2006-0030719.
Aryl ether solubilizing agents of the present invention further
comprise aryl ethers represented by the formula R10R2, wherein: R1 is
selected from aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms;
R2 is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 4
carbon atoms; and wherein said aryl ethers have a molecular weight of
=
63 =
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
from about 100 to about 150 atomic mass units. Representative R1 aryl
radicals in the general formula R10R2 include phenyl, biphenyl, cumenyl,
mesityl, tolyl, xylyl, naphthyl and pyridyl. Representative R2 aliphatic
= hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula R10R2 include methyl, ethyl,
propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl. Representative
aromatic ether solubilizing agents include but are not limited to: methyl
phenyl ether (anisole), 1,3-dimethyoxybenzene, ethyl phenyl ether and
= butyl phenyl ether.
Fluoroether solubilizing agents of the present invention
comprise those represented by the general formula R1OCF2CF21-1, wherein
R1 is selected from aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbon radicals
having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms, preferably primary, linear,
saturated, alkyl radicals. Representative fluoroether solubilizing agents
include but are not limited to: C8H170CF2CF2H and C6F1130CF2CF2H. It
should be noted that if the refrigerant is a fluoroether, then the
solubilizing
agent may not be the same fluoroether.
Fluoroether solubilizing agents may further comprise ethers
derived from fluoroolefins and polyols. The fluoroolefins may be of the
= type CF2=CXY, wherein X is hydrogen, chlorine or fluorine, and Y is
chlorine, fluorine, CF3 or ORf, wherein Rf is CF3, C2F5, or C3F7.
Representative fluorooleflns are tetrafluoroethylene,
chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and perfluoromethylvinyl
= ether. The polyols may be linear or branched. Linear polyols may be of
the type HOCH2(CHOH),(CRR)yCH2OH, wherein R and R' are hydrogen,
or CH3, or C2H5 and wherein x is an integer from 0-4, and y is an integer
from 0-4. Branched polyols may be of the type
C(OH)t(R),(CH2OH)v[(CH2)mCH2OH]w, wherein R may be hydrogen, CH3
or 02H5, m may be an integer from 0 to 3, t and u may be 0 or 1, v and w
are integers from 0 to 4, and also wherein t+u+v+w= 4.
Representative polyols are trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, butanediol,
and ethylene glycol.
1,1,1-Trifluoroalkane solubilizing agents of the present
invention comprise 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes represented by the general
= formula CF3R1, wherein R1 is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic
hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms,
preferably primary, linear, saturated, alkyl radicals. Representative 1,1,1-
= 64
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
trifluoroalkane solubilizing agents include but are not limited to: 1,1,1-
trifluorohexane and 1,1,1-trifluorododecane.
Solubilizing agents of the present invention may be present as
a single compound, or may be present as a mixture of more than one
solubilizing agent. Mixtures of solubilizing agents may contain two
solubilizing agents from the same class of compounds, say two lactones,
or two solubilizing agents from two different classes, such as a lactone
and a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether.
In the present compositions comprising refrigerant and UV
fluorescent dye, or comprising heat transfer fluid and UV fluorescent dye,
from about 0,001 weight percent to about 1.0 weight percent of the
composition is UV dye, preferably from about 0.005 weight percent to
about 0.5 weight percent, and most preferably from 0.01 weight percent to
about 0.25 weight percent.
Solubility of these UV fluorescent dyes in refrigerant and heat
transfer compositions may be poor. Therefore, methods for introducing
these dyes into the refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus
have been awkward, costly and time consuming. US patent no. USRE36,951,
describes a method, which
utilizes a dye powder, solid pellet or slurry of dye that may be inserted into
a component of the refrigeration or air-conditioning apparatus. As
refrigerant and lubricant are circulated through the apparatus, the dye is
dissolved or dispersed and carried throughout the apparatus. Numerous
other methods for introducing dye into a refrigeration or air-conditioning
apparatus are described in the literature.
Ideally, the UV fluorescent dye could be dissolved in the
refrigerant thereby not requiring any specialized method for introduction to
the refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus. The present
invention relates to compositions including UV fluorescent dye, which may
be introduced into the system dissolved in the refrigerant in combination
with a solubilizing agent The inventive compositions will allow the storage
and transport of dye-containing refrigerant and heat transfer fluid even at
low temperatures while maintaining the dye in solution.
In the present compositions comprising refrigerant, UV
fluorescent dye and solubilizing agent, or comprising heat transfer fluid
and UV fluorescent dye and solubilizing agent, from about 1 to about 50
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
weight percent, preferably from about 2 to about 25 weight percent, and
most preferably from about 5 to about 15 weight percent of the combined
composition is solubilizing agent in the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid.
In
the compositions of the present invention the UV fluorescent dye is
present in a concentration from about 0.001 weight percent to about 1.0
weight percent in the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid, preferably from
0.005 weight percent to about 0.5 weight percent, and most preferably
from 0.01 weight percent to about 0.25 weight percent.
Solubilizing agents such as ketones may have an objectionable
odor, which can be masked by addition of an odor masking agent or
fragrance. Typical examples of odor masking agents or fragrances may
include Evergreen, Fresh Lemon, Cherry, Cinnamon, Peppermint, Floral
or Orange Peel, all of which are commercially available, as well as d-
limonene and pinene. Such odor masking agents may be used at
concentrations of from about 0.001% to as much as about 15% by weight
based on the combined weight of odor masking agent and solubilizing
agent.
The present invention further relates to a method of using the
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid compositions comprising ultraviolet
fluorescent dye to detect leaks in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning
apparatus, or heat pump apparatus. The presence of the dye in the -
compositions allows for detection of leaking refrigerant in the refrigeration,
air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus. Leak detection helps to one to
address, resolve and/or prevent inefficient operation of the apparatus or
system or equipment failure. Leak detection also helps one contain
chemicals used in the operation of the apparatus.
The method comprises providing the composition comprising
refrigerant, ultra-violet fluorescent dye or comprising heat transfer fluid
and
UV fluorescent dye, as described herein, and optionally, a solubilizing
agent as described herein, to refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump
apparatus and employing a suitable means for detecting the UV
fluorescent dye-containing refrigerant. Suitable means for detecting the
dye include, but are not limited to, ultra-violet lamps, often referred to as
a
"black light" or "blue light". Such ultra-violet lamps are commercially
available from numerous sources specifically designed for detecting UV
fluorescent dye. Once the ultra-violet fluorescent dye containing
66
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
composition has been introduced to the refrigeration, air-conditioning, or
heat pump apparatus and has been allowed to circulate throughout the
system, a leak point or the vicinity of the leak point can be located by
shining said ultra-violet lamp on the apparatus and observing the
fluorescence of the dye in the vicinity of any leak point.
Mechanical refrigeration is primarily an application of
thermodynamics wherein a cooling medium, such as a refrigerant, goes
through a cycle so that it can be recovered for reuse. Commonly used
cycles include vapor-compression, absorption, steam-jet or steam-ejector,
and air.
Vapor-compression refrigeration systems include an
evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion device. A
vapor-compression cycle re-uses refrigerant in multiple steps producing a
cooling effect in one step and a heating effect in a different step. The
cycle can be described simply as follows. Liquid refrigerant enters an
evaporator through an expansion device, and the liquid refrigerant boils in
the evaporator at a low temperature to form a gas and produce cooling.
The low-pressure gas enters a compressor where the gas is compressed
to raise its pressure and temperature. The higher-pressure (compressed)
gaseous refrigerant then enters the condenser in which the refrigerant
condenses and discharges its heat to the environment. The refrigerant
returns to the expansion device through which the liquid expands from the
higher-pressure level in the condenser to the low-pressure level in the
evaporator, thus repeating the cycle.
There are various types of compressors that may be used in
refrigeration applications. Compressors can be generally classified as
reciprocating, rotary, jet, centrifugal, scroll, screw or axial-flow,
depending
on the mechanical means to compress the fluid, or as positive-
displacement (e.g., reciprocating, scroll or screw) or dynamic (e.g.,
centrifugal or jet), depending on how the mechanical elements act on the
fluid to be compressed.
The compositions of the present invention comprising
fluoroolefins may be useful in any of the compressor types mentioned
above, The choice of refrigerant for any given compressor will depend on
many factors including for instance, boiling point and vapor pressure
requirements.
67
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
Either positive displacement or dynamic compressors may be
used in the present inventive processes. A centrifugal type compressor is
one preferred type of equipment for certain of the refrigerant compositions
comprising at least one fluoroolefin.
A centrifugal compressor uses rotating elements to accelerate
the refrigerant radially, and typically includes an impeller and diffuser
housed in a casing. Centrifugal compressors usually take fluid in at an
impeller eye, or central inlet of a circulating impeller, and accelerate it
radially outward. Some static pressure rise occurs in the impeller, but
most of the pressure rise occurs in the diffuser section of the casing,
where velocity is converted to static pressure. Each impeller-diffuser set is
a stage of the compressor. Centrifugal compressors are built with from 1
to 12 or more stages, depending on the final pressure desired and the
volume of refrigerant to be handled.
The pressure ratio, or compression ratio, of a compressor is the
ratio of absolute discharge pressure to the absolute inlet pressure.
Pressure delivered by a centrifugal compressor is practically constant over
a relatively wide range of capacities.
Positive displacement compressors draw vapor into a chamber,
and the chamber decreases in volume to compress the vapor. After being
compressed, the vapor is forced from the chamber by further decreasing
the volume of the chamber to zero or nearly zero. A positive displacement
compressor can build up a pressure, which is limited only by the
volumetric efficiency and the strength of the parts to withstand the
pressure.
Unlike a positive displacement compressor, a centrifugal
compressor depends entirely on the centrifugal force of the high-speed
impeller to compress the vapor passing through the impeller. There is no
positive displacement, but rather what is called dynamic-compression.
The pressure a centrifugal compressor can develop depends
on the tip speed of the impeller. Tip speed is the speed of the impeller
measured at its tip and is related to the diameter of the impeller and its
revolutions per minute. The capacity of the centrifugal compressor is
determined by the size of the passages through the impeller. This makes
the size of the compressor more dependent on the pressure required than
the capacity.
68
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
Because of its high-speed operation, a centrifugal compressor
is fundamentally a high volume, low-pressure machine. A centrifugal
compressor works best with a low-pressure refrigerant, such as
trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) or 1,2,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC- =
. 5 113). Some of the low pressure refrigerant fluids of the present
invention
may be suitable as drop-in replacements for CFC-113 in existing
centrifugal equipment
Large centrifugal compressors typically operate at 3000 to 7000
revolutions per minute (rpm). Small turbine centrifugal compressors (mini-
centrifugal compressors) are designed for high speeds, from about 40,000
to about 70,000 (rpm), and have small impeller sizes, typically less than
0.15 meters (about 6 inches).
A multi-stage impeller may be used in a centrifugal compressor
to improve compressor efficiency thus requiring less power in use. For a
15. two-stage system, in operation, the discharge of the first stage
impeller
goes to the suction intake of a second impeller. Both impellers may
operate by use of a single shaft (or axle). Each stage can build up a
compression ratio of about 4 to 1; that is, the absolute discharge pressure
can be four times the absolute suction pressure. Several examples of
= 20 two-stage centrifugal compressor systems, particularly for automotive
applications, are described in US 5,065,990 and US 5,363,674.
The present disclosure further relates to a method for producing
heating or cooling in a refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump
25 apparatus, said method comprising introducing a refrigerant or heat
transfer fluid composition into said apparatus having (a) a centrifugal
compressor; (b) a multi-stage centrifugal compressor, or (c) a single
slab/single pass heat exchanger; wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer
fluid composition comprises at least one fluoroolefin selected from the
30 group consisting of:
(I) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1 and R2
are, independently, Ci to Cej perfluoroalkyl groups,:
(ii) cyclic fluorooleflns of the formula cycloACX=CY(CZVV)n-1, wherein X,
= Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and n is an integer from 2 to
35 5; or
(iii) fluorooleflns selected from the group consisting of:
69
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CHF); 1,1;3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-
propene (CF3CH=CF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CF2);
1,2,3,34etrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CHF); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-
propene (CF3CF=CH2); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CHF);
1,1,2,3-tetraflubro-1-propene (CH2FCF=CF2); 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-
propene (CHF2CH=CF2); 2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CH2); 3,3,3-
trifluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CH2); 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-propene (CH3CF=CF2);
1,1,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FoH=CF2); 1,2,3-trifluoro-1-propene
(CH2FCF=CHF); 1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CHF);
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene(CF3CF=CFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-
octafluoro-1 -butene (CF3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene
(CF3CF=CHCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CF3);
= 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-
2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene ((CF3)2C=CHF); 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-
butene (CF2=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene
= (CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CHF2);
2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-
1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
(CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CHF2);
= 20 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4-
hexafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene
(CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCHF2);
1,1,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1,1,2,3,4,4-
hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-
_ 25 1-propene (CH2=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene
(CH2FCH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCH2F);
3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-
butene (CHF2CH=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro-2-butene
(CH3CF=CFCF3); 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (C1-12=CFCF2CHF3);
30 1,1,2,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CHCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-
1-butene (CH3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,2,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene
= (CH2FCF=CFCHF2); 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methy1-1-propene
(CF2=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene
(CH2=C(CHF2)(CF3)); 2,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CFCHFCF3);
35 1,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCH2CF3); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-
butene (CHF=CHCHFCF3); 1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
(CHF=CHCF2CHF2); 1,2,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCHF2);
3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CHCF2CHF2); 1,1-difluoro-2-
(difluoromethyl)-1-propene (CF2=C(CHF2)(CI-13)); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-
methyl-1-propene (CHF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-difluoromethy1-3,3-difluoro-1-
propene (CH2=C(CHF2)2); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCH3);
1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-
decafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-
1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-
2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CH=CFCF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene
(CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1 ,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=CFCH(CF3) 2); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
(CF3CH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene
(CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene
(CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CH2=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CHF=CHCF(CF3)2); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
((CF3)2CFCH=CH2); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
(CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene
(CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-butene
(CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methy1-2-butene
(CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CH2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
' 35 (CH2FCH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
(CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
((CF3)2C=CHCH3); 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF2CF=CHCH3);
1,1 ,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methy1-2-butene (CF3C(CH3)=CHCF3);
3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CHCF2CHFCF3); 3-
(trifluoromethyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2CF3);
1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-hexene (CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2);
1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3);
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromOhy1)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CF3)2);
1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
((CF3)2CFCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-
pentene ((CF3)2C=CFIC2F5); 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-
. 2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene
(CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene
(0H2=CHC(CF3)3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-methy1-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-
butene ((CF3)2C=C(CH3)(CF3)); 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trif(uoromethyl)-
1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-methyl-
.
2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(CF3)2); 3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-
octafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF=CHCH3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro-1-
hexene (CH2=CHCF2CF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHCF2CH3); 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-2-
(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2C2F5); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-
heptafluoro-2-methy1-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2C(CH3)=CH2); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-
heptafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CHCH3); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-
1-hexene (CH2=CHCH2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3-hexene
(0F3CF2CF=CFC2H5); 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-trifluoromethy1-1-pentene
(CH2=CHCH2CF(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-methy1-2-pentene
(CF3CF=CHCH(CF3)(CH3)); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-trifluoromethy1-2-pentene
((CF3)2C=CFC2H5); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene
(CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-3-
heptene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-
2-heptene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-
tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5);
CF2=CFOCF2CF3(PEVE); CF2=CFOCF3 (PMVE) and combinations
thereof.
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The method for producing heating or cooling may be used in
stationary air-conditioning, heat pumps or mobile air-conditioning and
refrigeration systems. Stationary air-conditioning and heat pump
applications include window, ductless, ducted, packaged terminal, chillers
and commercial, including packaged rooftop. Refrigeration applications
include domestic or home refrigerators and freezers, ice machines, self-
contained coolers and freezers, walk-in coolers and freezers and transport
refrigeration systems.
The compositions of the present invention may additionally be
used in air-conditioning, heating and refrigeration systems that employ fin
and tube heat exchangers, microchannel heat exchangers and vertical or
horizontal single pass tube or plate type heat exchangers.
Conventional microchannel heat exchangers may not be ideal
for the low pressure refrigerant compositions of the present invention. The
low operating pressure and density result in high flow velocities and high
frictional losses in all components. In these cases, the evaporator design
may be modified. Rather than several microchannel slabs connected in
series (with respect to the refrigerant path) a single slab/single pass heat
exchanger arrangement may be used. Therefore, a preferred heat
exchanger for the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid compositions of the
present invention is a single slab/single pass heat exchanger.
The present invention further relates to a process for producing
cooling comprising evaporating the fluoroolefin compositions of the
present invention in the vicinity of a body to be cooled, and thereafter
condensing said compositions.
The present invention further relates to a process for producing
heat comprising condensing the fluoroolefin compositions of the present
invention in the vicinity of a body to be heated, and thereafter evaporating
said compositions.
The present invention further relates to a process to produce
cooling comprising compressing a composition comprising at least one
fluoroolefin in a centrifugal compressor, condensing said composition, and
thereafter evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to be
cooled. Additionally, the centrifugal compressor of the inventive method
may be a multi-stage centrifugal compressor and preferably a 2-stage
centrifugal compressor.
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The present invention further relates to a process to produce
cooling in a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat
pump apparatus, wherein said apparatus/comprises at least one single
' slab/single pass heat exchanger, said process comprising condensing a
composition of the present invention, and thereafter evaporating said
composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.
The compositions of the present invention are particularly
useful in small turbine centrifugal compressors (mini-centrifugal
compressors), which can be used in auto and window air-conditioning,
= 10 heat pumps, or transport refrigeration, as well as other applications.
These high efficiency mini-centrifugal compressors may be driven by an
= electric motor and can therefore be operated independently of the engine
speed. A constant compressor speed allows the system to provide a
relatively constant cooling capacity at all engine speeds. This provides an
opportunity for efficiency improvements especially at higher engine speeds
as compared to a conventional R-134a automobile air-conditioning
system. When the cycling operation of conventional systems at high
driving speeds is taken into account, the advantage of these low pressure
systems becomes even greater.
Alternatively, rather than use electrical power, the mini-
centrifugal compressor may be powered by an engine exhaust gas driven
= turbine or a ratioed gear drive assembly with ratioed belt drive. The
electrical power available in current automobile design is about 14 volts,
but the new mini-centrifugal compressor requires electrical power of about
50 volts. Therefore, use of an alternative power source would be
advantageous. A refrigeration apparatus or air-conditioning apparatus
powered by an engine exhaust gas driven turbine is described in detail in
U.S. Publication No. 2006-0242985. A
refrigeration apparatus or air-conditioning apparatus powered by a ratioed
gear drive assembly is described in detail in U.S Publication No.
2006-0245944.
The present invention further relates to a process to produce
cooling comprising compressing a composition of the present invention, in
a mini-centrifugal compressor powered by an engine exhaust gas driven
turbine; condensing said composition; and thereafter evaporating said
composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.
= 74
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
The present invention further relates to a process to produce
cooling comprising compressing a composition of the present invention, in
a mini-centrifugal compressor powered by a ratioed gear drive assembly
with a ratioed belt drive; condensing said composition; and thereafter
evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.
The present invention relates to a process to produce cooling in
a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump
apparatus, wherein said apparatus comprises at least one single
slab/single pass heat exchanger, said process comprising compressing a
composition of the present invention, in a centrifugal compressor,
condensing said composition, and thereafter evaporating said composition
in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.
The 'present invention further relates to a method for replacing
or substituting for a refrigerant composition having a GWP of about 150 or
more, or a high GWP refrigerant, with a composition having a lower GWP.
One method comprises providing a composition comprising at least one
fluoroolefin of the present invention as the replacement. In another
embodiment of the present invention the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid
composition of the present invention, having a lower GWP than the
composition being replaced or substituted is introduced into the
refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pump apparatus. In some cases, the
high GWP refrigerant present in the apparatus will need to be removed
from the apparatus before introduction of the lower GWP compositions. In
other cases, the fluoroolefin compositions of the present invention may be
= 25 introduced into the apparatus while the high GWP refrigerant is
present.
Global warming potentials (GWPs) are an index for estimating
relative global warming contribution due to atmospheric emission of a
kilogram of a particular greenhouse gas compared to emission of a
kilogram of carbon dioxide. GWP can be calculated for different time
horizons showing the effect of atmospheric lifetime for a given gas. The
GWP for the 100 year time horizon is commonly the value referenced.
A high GWP refrigerant would be any compound capable of
functioning as a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid having a GWP at the 100
year time horizon of about 1000 or greater, alternatively 500 or greater,
150 or greater, 100 or greater, or 50 or greater. Refrigerants and heat
transfer fluids that are in need of replacement, based upon GWP
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
calculations published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), include but are not limited to HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane).
The present invention will provide compositions that have zero
or low ozone depletion potential and low global warming potential (GWP).
The fluoroolefins of the present invention or mixtures of fluoroolefins of
this
invention with other refrigerants will have global warming potentials that
are less than many hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants currently in use.
Typically, the fluoroolefins of the present invention are expected to have
GWP of less than about 25. One aspect of the present invention is to
provide a refrigerant with a global warming potential of less than 1000,
less than 500, less than 160, less than 100, or less than 50. Another
aspect of the present invention is to reduce the net GWP of refrigerant
mixtures by adding fluoroolefins to said mixtures.
The present invention further relates to a method for lowering
the GWP of a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid, said method comprising
combining said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid with at least one
fluoroolefin of the present invention. In another embodiment, the method
for lowering the global warming potential comprises combining said first
composition with a composition comprising at least one fluorolefin, to
produce a second composition suitable for use as a refrigerant or heat
transfer fluid, and wherein said second composition has a lower global
warming potential than said first composition. It may be determined that
the GWP of a mixture or combination of compounds may be calculated as
a weighted average of the GWP for each of the pure compounds.
= The present invention further relates to a method of using the
composition of the present invention comprising at least one fluoroolefin to
lower global warming potential of an original refrigerant or heat transfer
fluid composition, said method comprising combining said original
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition with the composition of the
present invention comprising at least one fluoroolefin, to produce a
second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition wherein said second
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition has a lower global warming
potential than said original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition.
The present invention further relates to a method for reducing
the GWP of an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition in a
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat pump apparatus, wherein said
original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid has a GWP of about 150 or higher;
said method comprising introducing a second, lower GWP refrigerant or
heat transfer fluid composition of the present invention into said
refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat pump apparatus..
The present method for reducing the GWP of an original
refrigerant may further comprise removing the original refrigerant or heat
transfer fluid composition from said refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat
pump apparatus before the second, lower GWP refrigerant or heat transfer
fluid is introduced.
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition with a second
= refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising providing a
composition of the present invention as the second refrigerant or heat
transfer fluid composition. An original refrigerant may be any refrigerant
being used in a refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat pump apparatus in
need of replacement
The original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid needing
replacement may be any of hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants,
chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, refrigerants,
fluoroether refrigerants, or blends of refrigerant compounds.
The hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants of the present invention
which may need replacing include but are not limited to: CHF3 (HFC-23),
CH2F2 (HFC-32), CH3F (HFC-41), CHF2CF3 (HFC-125), CHF2CHF2 (HFC-
134), CH2FCF3 (HFC-134a), CHF2CH2F (HFC143), CF3CH3 (HFC-143a), =
CHF2CH3 (HFC-152a), CH2FCH3 (HFC-161), CHF2CF2CF3 (HFC-227ca),
CF3CFHCF3 (HFC-227ea), CHF2CF2CHF2 (HFC-236ca), CH2FCF2CF3
(HFC-236cb), CHF2CHFCF3 (HFC-236ea), CF3CH2CF3 (HFC-236fa),
CH2FCF2CHF2 (HFC-245ca), CH3CF2CF3 (HFC-245cb), CHF2CHFCHF2
(HFC-245ea), CH2FCHFCF3 (HFC-245eb), CHF2CH2CF3 (HFC-245fa),
CH2FCF2CH2F (HFC-254ca), CH3CF2CHF2 (HFC-254cb), CH2FCHFCHF2
(HFC-254ea), CH3CHFCF3 (HFC-254eb), CHF2CH2CHF2 (HFC-254fa),
CH2FCH2CF3 (HFC-254fb), CF3CH2CH3 (HFC-263fb), CH3CF2CH2F (HFC-
263ca), CH3CF2CH3 (HFC-272ca), CH3CHFCH2F (HFC-272ea),
CH2FCH2CH2F (HFC-272fa), CH3CH2CF2H (HFC-272fb), CH3CHFCH3
(HFC-281 ea), CH3CH2CH2F (HFC-281fa), CHF2CF2CF2CF2H (HFC-
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
338pcc), CF3CH2CF2CH3 (HFC-365mfc), CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 (HFC-43-
10mee). These hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants are available commercially
or may be prepared by methods known in the art.
Hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants of the present invention may
further comprise the azeotropic, azeotrope-like and non-azeotropic
compositions, including HFC-125/HFC-143a/HFC-134a (known by the
ASHRAE designation, R404 or R404A), HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a
(known by ASHRAE designations, R407 or R407A, R407B, or R407C),
HFC-32/HFC-125 (R410 or R410A), and HFC-125/HFC-143a (known by
the ASHRAE designation: R507 or R507A), R413A (a blend of
R134a/R218/isobutane), R423A (a blend of R134a/R227ea) , R507A (a
blend of R125/R143a), and others.
Chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants of the present invention which
= may need replacing include R22 (CHF2CI), R123 (CHCl2CF3), R124
(CHCIFCF3), R502 (being a blend of CFC-115 (CCIF2CF3) and R22), R503
(being a blend of R23/R13 (CCIF3)), and others.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons of the present invention which may
need replacing include R12 (CF2Cl2), R11 (CCI3F), R113 (CCI2FCCIF2),
= R114 (CF2CICF2C1), R401A or R401B (being blends of R22/R152a/R124),
R408A (a blend of R22/R125/R143a), and others,
The fluoroether refrigerants of the present invention which may
need replacing may comprise compounds similar to hydrofluorocarbons,
which also contain at least one ether group oxygen atom. The fluoroether
refrigerants include but are not limited to C4F9OCH3, and C4F90C2H5
(both available commercially).
The original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid compositions of the
present invention which may need replacement may optionally further
comprise combinations of refrigerants that contain up to 10 weight percent
of dimethyl ether, or at least one C3 to Cs hydrocarbon, e.g., propane,
propylene, cyclopropane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, cyclopentane
and neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane). Examples of refrigerants
containing such C3 to C5 hydrocarbons are azeotrope-like compositions of.
HCFC-22/HFC-125/propane (known by the ASHRAE designation, R402 or
R402A and R402B), HCFC-22/octafluoropropane/propane (known by the
ASHRAE designation, R403 or R403A and R403B),
octafluoropropane/HFC-134afisobutane (known by the ASHRAE
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
designation, R413 or R413A), HCFC-22/HCFC-124/HCFC-142b/isobutane
(known by the ASHRAE designation, R414 or R414A and R414B), HFC-
134a/HCFC-124/n-butane (known by the ASHRAE designation, R416 or
R416A), HFC-125/HFC-134a/n-butane (known by the ASHRAE
designation, R417 or R417A), HFC-125/HFC-134a/dimethyl ether (known
by the ASHRAE designation, R419 or R419A), and HFC-125/HFC-
134a/isobutane (known by ASHRAE designation, R422, R422A, R422B,
R422C, R422D).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
= composition being R134a (HFC-134a, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane,
CF3CH2F) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat
= pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting RI 34a with
a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least
one compound selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethyl
trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R152a (HFC-152a, 1,1-difluoroethane, CHF2CH3) in
refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump
apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting R152a with a
second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least
one compound selected from the group consisting of E-1,3,3,3-
tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-1, 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFC-
1225ye), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234yf), 3,3,3-trifluoropropene
(HFC-1243zf), and trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
R227ea (lFC-227ea, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, CF3CHFCF3) in
refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump
apparatus, wherein said method comprises providing as a substitute a
composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group
consisting of E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-1234ze), 1,2,3,3,3-
pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-
1234yf), 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (lFC-1243z0, and trifluoromethyl
trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).
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The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R113 (CFC-113, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane,
CFCI2CF2C1) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat
pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one
compound selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-
4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-152-11mmyyz); 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-
octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (HFC-152-11mmtz);
1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (HFC-151-12mcy); 1,1,1,3-
.
tetrafluoro-2-butene (HFC-1354mzy); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-
bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-151-12mmtt); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-
decafluorocyclohexene (FC-C151-10y); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-
methy1-1-pentene (HFC-1567fts); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene
16 (PFBE); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-hexene (HFC-1567szz);
1,1,1,4,4,5,6,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene (F13E); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-
nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (HFC-151-12mmzz); and
1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene (F22E).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R43-10mee (lFC-43-10mee), 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-
decafluoropentane, CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3) in refrigeration apparatus, air-
conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method
comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid
composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group
consisting of 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-
152-11mmyyz); ,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene
(HFC-152-11mmtz); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (HFC-
151-12mcy); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (HFC-1354mzy); 1,1,1,4,4,4-
hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-151-12mmft);
1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluorocyclohexene (FC-C151 -10y); 3,3,4,4,5,6,5-
' heptafluoro-2-methy1-1-pentene (FIFC-1567fts); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-
nonafluoro-1-hexene (PFBE); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-hexene (HFC-
1567szz); 1,1,1,4,4,5,6,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene (Fl 3E);
1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (HFC-151-
12mmzz); and 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene (F22E).
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being C4F9OCH3 (perfluorobutyl methyl ether) in refrigeration
apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein
said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer
fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the
group consisting of 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
(HFC-152-11mmyyz); 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-
pentene (HFC-152-11mmtz); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-
hexene (HFC-151-12mcy); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (HFC-1354mzy);
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-151-
12mmtt); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluorocyclohexene (FC-C151-10y);
3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methy1-1-pentene (HFC-1567fts);
3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene (PFBE); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-
hexene (HFC-1567szz); 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene (Fl 3E);
1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (lFC-l51-12mmzz);
and 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene (F22E).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R365mfc (HFC-365mfc, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane,
CF3CH2CF2CH3) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or
heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a
second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least
one compound selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-
octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-152-11mmyyz);
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (1-IFC-152-
11mmtz); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (HFC-151-
12mcy); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (HFC-1354mzy); 1,1,1,4,4,4-
hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-151-12mmtt);
1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluorocyclohexene (FC-C151-10y); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-
heptafluoro-2-methy1-1-pentene (HFC-1567fts); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-
nonafluoro-1-hexene (PFBE); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-hexene (HFC-
1567szz); 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene (Fl 3E);
1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (HFC-151-
12mmzz); and 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,616,6-decafluoro-3-hexene (F22E).
=
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The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R11 (CFC-11, trichlorofluoromethane, CFCI3) in
refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump
apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one
compound selected from the group consisting of 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-
octafluorocyclopentene (FC-C1418y); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-
pentene (FC-141-10myy); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (HFC-
1429myz); .1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (HFC-1429mzy);
3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (HFC-1447fz),;1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-
2-butene (F11E); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-
1429mzt); and 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene (F12E).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R123 (HCFC-123, 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane,
CF3CHCl2) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat
pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one
compound selected from the group consisting of 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-
octafluorocyclopentene (FC-C1418y); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-
pentene (FC-141-10myy); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (HFC-
1429myz); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (HFC-1429mzy);
3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (HFC-1447fz),;1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-
2-butene (F11E); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-
1429mzt); and 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene (Fl 2E).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R245fa (HFC-245fa, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane,
CF3C1-12CHF2) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or
heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a
second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least
one compound selected from the group consisting of 2,3,3-
trifluoropropene (HFC-1243yf); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (F11E);
1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234ze); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
butene (HFC-1327my); 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234ye); and
pentafluoroethyl trifluorovinyl ether (PEVE).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R114 (CFC-114, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane,
CFCI2CF2C1) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat
pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one
compound selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-
2-butene (FC-1318my); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutene (FC-C1316cc);
2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (IFC-1336yf); and 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-
1-butene (HFC-1345fz).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R236fa (HFC-236fa, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane,
CF3CH2CF3) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat
pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one
compound selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-
2-butene (FC-1318my); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutene (FC-CI316cc);
2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (HFC-1336yf); and 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-
1-butene (HFC-1345fz).
= The present invention relates to a method for replacing an
original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R401A in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning
. apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises
substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition
comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of
E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-I234ze); 1,2,3,3,3-
pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-
1234yf); 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf); and trifluoromethyl
trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).. R401A is the ASHRAE designation for a
refrigerant blend containing about 53 weight percent HCFC-22
(chlorodifluoromethane, CHF2CI), about 13 weight percent HFC-152a
(1,1-difluoroethane, CHF2CH3), and about 34 weight percent HCFC-124
(2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CHCIF).
=
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R401B in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning
apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises
substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition
comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of
E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-1234ze); 1,2,3,3,3-
pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-
1234y1); 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf); and trifluoromethyl
trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).. R401B is the ASHRAE designation for a
refrigerant blend containing about 61 weight percent HCFC-22
(chlorodifluoromethane, CHF2CI), about 11 weight percent HFC-152a
(1,1-difluoroethane, CHF2CH3), and about 28 weight percent HCFC-124
(2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CHCIF).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R409A in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning
, apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises
substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition
comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of
E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-1234ze); 1,2,3,3,3-
pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-
1234yf); 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243,zf); and trifluoromethyl
trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).. R409A is the ASHRAE designation for a
= refrigerant blend containing about 60 weight percent HCFC-22
(chlorodifluoromethane, CHF2CI), about 25 weight percent HCFC-124 (2-
chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CHCIF), and about 15 weight percent
HCFC-142b (1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, CF2CICH3).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R409B in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning
apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises
substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition
comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of
E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-1234ze); 1,2,3,3,3-
pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-
.
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
1234yf); 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf); and trifluoromethyl
trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).. R409B is the ASHRAE designation for a
refrigerant blend containing about 65 weight percent HCFC-22
(chlorodifluoromethane, CHF2CI), about 25 weight percent HCFC-124 (2-
chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CHCIF), and about 10 weight percent
HCFC-142b (1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, CF2CICH3).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R414B in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning
apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises
substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition
comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of
E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-1234ze), 1,2,3,3,3-
pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-
1234yf), 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf), and trifluoromethyl
trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).. R414B is the ASHRAE designation for a
refrigerant blend containing about 50 weight percent HCFC-22
(chlorodifluoromethane, CHF2CI), about 39 weight percent HCFC-124 (2-
chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CHCIF), about 1.5 weight percent
isobutane (R600a, CH3CH(CH3)CH3) and about 9.5 weight percent HCFC-
142b (1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, CF2CICH3).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R416A in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning
apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises
substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition
comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of
E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-1234ze); 1,2,3,3,3-
pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-
1234yf); 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf); and trifluoromethyl
trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).. R416A is the ASHRAE designation for a
refrigerant blend containing about 59 weight percent HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane, CF3CH2F)), about 39.5 weight percent HCFC-124 (2-
chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CHCIF), and about 1.5 weight percent
n-butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3).
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R12 (CFC-12, dichlorodifluoromethane, CF2Cl2) in
refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump
apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second
= refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one
compound selected from the group consisting of 1,2,3,3,3-
pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-
, 1234y0; 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf); and trifluorornethyl
trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE)..
= The present invention further relates to a method for replacing
an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original
composition being R500 in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning
= apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises
substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition
comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of
1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene
= (HFC-1234yf); 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf); and trifluoromethyl
trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).. R500 is the ASHRAE designation for an
azeotropic refrigerant blend containing about 73.8 weight percent R12
((CFC-12, dichlorodifluoromethane, CF2Cl2) and about 26.2 weight percent
RI 52a (HFC-152a, 1,1-difluoroethane, CHF2CH3).
The present invention relates to a method for replacing an
original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition wherein the original
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition is R134a or R12 and wherein
said R134a or R12 is substituted by a second refrigerant or heat transfer
fluid composition comprising about 1.0 weight percent to about 37 weight
percent HFC-32 and about 99 weight percent to about 63 weight percent
HFC-1225ye. In another embodiment, the second refrigerant or heat
transfer fluid composition may comprise about 1.0 weight percent to about
10 weight percent HFC-32 and about 99 weight percent to about 90 weight
percent HFC-1225ye.
The present invention relates to a method for replacing an
original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition wherein the original
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition R22, R404A, or R410A and
wherein said R22, R404A or R410A is substituted by a second refrigerant
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
or heat transfer fluid composition comprising about 1.0 weight percent to
about 37 weight percent HFC-32 and about 99 weight percent to about 63
weight percent HFC-1225ye. In another embodiment, the second
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition may comprise about 20
weight percent to about 37 weight percent HFC-32 and about 80 weight
percent to about 63 weight percent HFC-1225ye.
The present inventioni further relates to a method for replacing
= an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition wherein the
original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition is R22, R404A, or
R410A and wherein said R22, R404A or R410A is substituted by a second
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising about 20 weight
percent to about 95 weight percent HFC-1225ye, about 1.0 weight percent
to about 65 weight percent HFC-32, and about 1.0 weight percent to about
40 weight percent HFC-125. In another embodiment, the second
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprises about 30 weight
percent to about 90 weight percent HFC-1225ye, about 5.0 weight percent
to about 55 weight percent HFC-32, and about 1.0 weight percent to about
35 weight percent HFC-125. In yet another embodiment, the second
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprises about 40 weight
percent to about 85 weight percent HFC-1225ye, about 10 weight percent
to about 45 weight percent HFC-32 and about 1.0 weight percent to about
28 weight percent HFC-125.
The present invention relates to a method for replacing an
original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition wherein the original
refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition is R134a or R12 and wherein
said R134a or R12 is substituted by a second refrigerant or heat transfer
fluid composition comprising:
HFC-1243zf and HFC-1225ye;
HFC-1243zf, HFC-1225ye, and HFC-125;
HFC-1243zf, HFC-1225ye, and HFC-32; or
HFC-1243zf, HFC-1225ye, HFC-125, and HFC-32.
In all the previously described methods for replacing
refrigerants, the fluoroolefins may be used to replace refrigerant in existing
equipment. Additionally, the fluoroolefins may be used to replace
refrigerant in existing equipment designed for use of said refrigerant.
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
Additionally, the fluoroolefins may be used to replace refrigerant in existing
equipment without the need to change or replace the lubricant.
The present invention relates to a method for reducing the fire
. hazard in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or
heat pump
apparatus, said method comprising introducing a composition of the=
present invention into said refrigerant apparatus or air-conditioning
apparatus.
Refrigerant that may leak from a refrigeration apparatus, air-
conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, is a major concern when
considering flammability. Should a leak occur in a refrigeration apparatus
or air-conditioning apparatus, refrigerant and potentially a small amount of
lubricant may be released from the system. If this leaking material comes
in contact with an ignition source, a fire may result. By fire hazard is
meant the probability that a fire may occur either within or in the vicinity
of
a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump
apparatus. Reducing the fire hazard in a refrigeration apparatus, air-
conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus may be accomplished by
using a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid that is not considered flammable
as determined and defined by the methods and standards described
previously herein. Additionally, the non-flammable fluoroolefins of the
present invention may be added to a flammable refrigerant or heat transfer
fluid, either in the apparatus already or prior to adding to the apparatus.
The non-flammable fluoroolefins of the present invention reduce the
probability of a fire in the event of a leak and/or reduce the degree of fire
hazard by reducing the temperature or size of any flame produced.
The present invention further relates to a method for reducing
fire hazard in or in the vicinity of a refrigeration apparatus, air-
conditioning
apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, said method comprising combining at
least one non-flammable fluoroolefin with a flammable refrigerant and
introducing the combination into a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning
apparatus, or heat pump apparatus.
The present invention further relates to a method for reducing
fire hazard in or in the vicinity of a refrigeration apparatus, air-
conditioning
apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, said method comprising combining at
least one non-flammable fluoroolefin with a lubricant and introducing the ,
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
combination into the refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or
heat pump apparatus comprising flammable refrigerant
The present invention further relates to a method for reducing
fire hazard in or in the vicinity of a refrigeration apparatus, air-
conditioning
apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, said method comprising introducing at
least one fluoroolefin into said apparatus.
The present invention further relates to a method of using a
flammable refrigerant in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning
apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, said method comprising combining
said flammable refrigerant with at least one fluoroolefin.
The present invention further relates to a method for reducing
flammability of a flammable refrigerant or heat transfer fluid, said method
comprising combining the flammable refrigerant with at least one
fluoroolefin.
The present invention further relates to a process for transfer of
heat from a heat source to a heat sink wherein the compositions of the
present invention serve as heat transfer fluids. Said process for heat
transfer comprises transporting the compositions of the present invention
from a heat source to a heat sink.
Heat transfer fluids are utilized to transfer, move or remove
heat from one space, location, object or body to a different space, location,
object or body by radiation, conduction, or convection. A heat transfer
fluid may function as a secondary coolant by providing means of transfer
for cooling (or heating) from a remote refrigeration (or heating) system. In
some systems, the heat transfer fluid may remain in a constant state
throughout the transfer process (i.e., not evaporate or condense).
Alternatively, evaporative cooling processes may utilize heat transfer fluids
as well.
A heat source may be defined as any space, location, object or
body from which it is desirable to transfer, move or remove heat
Examples of heat sources may be spaces (open or enclosed) requiring
refrigeration or cooling, such as refrigerator or freezer cases in a
supermarket, building spaces requiring air-conditioning, or the passenger
compartment of an automobile requiring air-conditioning. A heat sink may
be defined as any space, location, object or body capable of absorbing
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
heat. A vapor compression refrigeration system is one example of such a
heat sink.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE
Performance Data
Table 7 shows refrigeration performance, as pressure in the
, evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), discharge temperature (Disch
T), energy efficiency (COP), and capacity (Cap), for compounds of the
present invention as compared to CFC-113, HFC-43-10mee, C4F9OCH3,
and HFC-365mfc. The data are based on the following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 40.0 F (4.4 C)
Condenser temperature 110.0 F (43.3 C)
Subcool temperature 10.0 F (5.5 C)
Return gas temperature 75.0 F (23.8 C)
Compressor efficiency is 70%
TABLE 7
Evap Evap Cond Cond Comp Comp Cap Cap
Compound Pres Pros
Pros Pres Disch Disch COP (Btu/min) IliUN
(Psia), (kPa) (Psia) kPa) T T
in 01
CFC-113 2.7 18.6
12.8 88.3 156.3 69.1 4.18 14.8 0.26
HFC-43-10mee 2.0 13.4
10.4 71.9 132.8 56.0 3.94 12.2 0.21
C4F90C H3 1.5 10.1 8.3 57.0 131.3 55.2 3.93
9.5 0.17
HFC-365mfc 3.6 25.1 16.3 112.1 146.3 63.5 4.11 21.4 0.38
=
1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4- 2.1 14.4 10.7 71,9 127.1 52.8 3.83 12.3 0.24
(tritluoromethyI)-2-butene
((-IFC-152-11mmyyz)
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2- 2.0 13.4 10.4 71.9 127.3 52.9 3.83 11.8 0.23
(triflu orometh yI)-2-pentene
(HFC-152-11mmq)
1 .1,1 ,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6- 2.5 17.3 12.3 85.1 121.8 49.9
3.69 13.8 0.24
dodecafluoro-3-hexene
(FC-151-12moy)
1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene 2.5 17.4
11.6 80.1 162.0 72.2 4.25 15.9 0.28
(HFC-1364mzy)
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3- 2.0 13.5
10.0 69.2 122.7 50.4 3.73 11.2 0.20
bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene
(FC-151-12mmtt)
2.1 14.4 10.6 72.9 126.7 52.6 3.84 12.3 0.22
dec,afluorocyclohexene
(FC-C151-10y)
3,3,4,4,6,5,5-heptafluoro-2- 2.0 14.1 9,9
68.5 130.0 54.4 3.92 12.0 0.21
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
methyl-1-pentene
(HFC-1567fts)
= 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1- 1,6 11.0 8,6 59.4 130.7 54.8 3.92 10.0
0.18
hexene (PFBE)
4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2- 1.3 9.2 7.4 51,3 137.8
58.8 4.04 8.9 0.16
hexene (HFC-1567szz)
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,8-decatiuoro- 2.0 13.7 10.7 73.8 131.1 55.1 3.90 12.4 0.22
2-hexene (Fl 3E)
1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro- 2.5 17.3 12.3 85.1 121.8 49.9 3.69 13.8 0.24
4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-
pentene (FC-151-12mmzz)
1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6- 2.4 16.6 12.6
86.7 128.0 53.3 3.83 14.4 0.25
decafluoro-3-hexene (F22E)
EXAMPLE 2
Performance Data
Table 8 shows refrigeration performance., as pressure in the
evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), discharge temperature (Disch
T), energy efficiency (COP), and capacity (Cap), for compounds of the
present invention as compared to CFC-11 and HCFC-123. The data are
based on the following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 40.0 F (4.4 C)
Condenser temperature 110.0 F (43.3 C)
Subcool temperature 10.0 F (5.5 C)
Return gas temperature 75.0 F (23.8 C)
Compressor efficiency is 70%
TABLE 8
Evap Evap Cond Cond Comp Comp Cap Cap
Compound . Pres Pres Pres Pres Disch Disch COP (Btu/min) (kW)
fPsia) (kPa) (Psia) (kPa) T T
LEI L91
CFC-11 7.1 49.0 28.0 192.8 190.5
88.1 4.29 41.1 0.72
HCFC-123 5.8 40.3 25.0 172.4 174.2 79.0 4.25 35.2 0.62
1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5- 6.0 41.6 25.3 174.6 131.7
55.4 3.87 31.6 0.65
octafluorocyclopentene
(FC-C1418y)
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5- 7.5 51.8 30.0 206.6 124.9
51.6 3.66 35.3 0.62
decafluoro-2-pentene
(FC-141-10myy)
1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5- 5.5 37.9 23.7 163.1-132.0 55.6 3.85 29.0 0.51
nonafluoro-2-pentene
(HFC-1429myz)
1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5- 5.5 37.9 23.7 163.1 132.0 55.6 3.85 29.0 0.61
nonafluoro-2-pentene
(HFC-1429mzy)
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3,3,4,4,5,5,5- 5.4 37.0 23.1 159.3 135.3 57.4 3.92 29.0 0.51
heptafluoro-1 -pentene
(HFC-1447fz)
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- 4.7 32.3 20.8 143.4 150.1 65.6 4.11 27.5 0.48
butene (F11E)
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- 4.8 33.0 21.0 144.9 132.6 - 55.9 3,88 25.9
0.45-
(trifluoromethyl)-2-
butene (HFC-1429mzt)
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5- 5.5 37.9 24.4 168.0 137.0 58.3 3.93 30.6
0.54-
octafluoro-2-pentene
(F12E)
EXAMPLE 3
Performance Data
Table 9 shows refrigeration performance, as pressure in the
evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), discharge temperature (Disch
T), energy efficiency (COP), and capacity (Cap), for compounds of the
present invention as compared to HFC-245fa. The data are based on the
following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 40.0 F (4.4 C)
= Condenser temperature 110.0 F
(43.3 C)
Subcool temperature 10.0 F (5.5 C)
Return gas temperature 75.0 F (23.8 C) =
Compressor efficiency is 70%
TABLE 9
Evap Evap Cond Cond Comp Comp Cap Cap
Compound Pres Pres
Pres Pres Disch Disch COP (Btu/min) !kW)
(Psia) (kPa) (Psia) (kPal T T
LE /2
HFC- 245fa 10.0 88.8 38.9 -268.5 156.7 69.3 4.10 53.3 0.93
2,3,3-trifluoropropene 12.6 87.1 45.4 313.0 172.8 78.2 4.19 65.6
1.15
(HFC-1243yf)
1,1, 1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- 12.5 85.9 47.5 327.4 148.8 64.9 3.99 62.8
1.10
butene (F11E)
1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene 12.1 83.4 45.8 315.6 178.8 81.6 4.19 65.6
1.15
(HFC-1234ze)
1,1, 1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro- 10.6 72,5 39.9 275.0 142.3 61.3 3.94 52.0
0.91
2-butene (HFC-1327my)
1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene 9.5 66.3 36.9 254.6 176.9 80.5 4.21 53.0
0.93
(HFC-1234ye)
pentafluoroethyl 13.1 90.4 49.3 339.8 130.7 54.8 3.69 59.3
1.04
trifluorovinyl ether (PEVE)
= 92
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
EXAMPLE 4
Performance Data
Table 10 shows refrigeration performance, as pressure in the
evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), discharge temperature (Disch
T), energy efficiency (COP), and capacity (Cap), for compounds of the
present invention as compared to CFC-114 and HFC-236fa. The data are
based on the following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 40.0 F (4.4 C)
Condenser temperature 110.0 F (43.3 C)
Subcool temperature 10.0 F (5.5 C)
Return gas temperature 75.0 F (23.8 C)
Compressor efficiency is 70%
TABLE 10
Evap Evap Cond Cond Comp Comp Cap Cap
Compound Pres Pres
Pres Pres Mph Disch COP (Btu/mini LIM
(Pala) (WO 112 jal (kPal T T
CFC-114 15.4 106.5 54.3 374.2 147.2 64.0 3.97 72.9 1.28
= HFC-236fa 18.2 125.8
64.2 -442.6 142.8 61.6 3.86 82.9 1.45
= 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafiuoro-2- 17.2 118.8 59.1 407.4 131.8 55.4 3.68
72.1 1.26
butene (FC-1318my)
1,2,3,3,4,4- 16.5 113.5 58.8 405.4 141.1 60.6 3.90 76.6
1.34
hexafiuorocydobutene (FC-
C1316cc)
2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1- 14.2 98.2 50.2 346.3 139.4 59.7 3.88 65.3
1.14
butene (IFC-1336yf)
3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1- 14.8 101.8 53.5 368.5 145.5 63.1 3.95 70.7
1.24
butene (HFC-13451z)
EXAMPLE 6
Performance Data
Table 11 shows refrigeration performance, as pressure in the
evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), discharge temperature (Disch
T), energy efficiency (COP), and capacity (Cap), for compounds of the
present invention as compared to HFC-134a, HFC-152a, and HFC-227ea.
The data are based on the following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 40.0 F (4.4 C)
Condenser temperature 110.0 F (43.3 C)
Subcool temperature 10.0 F (5.5 C)
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=
Return gas temperature 75.0 F (23.8 C)
Compressor efficiency is 70%
TABLE 11
Evap Evap Cond Cond Comp Comp Cap Cap
Compound Pres Pres Pres Pres Disch Disch COP fEttulmin)
10.21). (Psia) ikPa) T T
LE
n
HFC-134a 49.6 341.6 -161.2 1111.4 168.9 76.1 3.861 213,3 3,73
HFC-152a 46.2 318.8 146.5 1009.9 200.1 93.4 4.02 209.4 3.67
HFC-227ea 32.3 222.7 1U5.5727.4 142.9 61.6 3.67 129.3 2.26
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene 47.4 326.7 139.6 962.2 154.8 68.2 3.79 180.5
3.16
(HFC-1234yf) -
3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC- 39.0 268.8 122,0 841.0 166.2 74.6 3.95- 166.3
2.91
1243e)
. 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene 36.1 248.9 112.9 778.4 157.8 69.9 3.86
148.9 2.61
(HFC-1225ye)
E-1,3,3,3-tetraftuoropropene 35.5 245.0 115.1 793.9 162.4 72.4 -3.90 153.8
2.69
(E-HFC-1234ze)
trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyt 39.3 271.1 124.0 855.2 140.9 -60.5 3.57
147.6 2.58
ether (PMVE)
EXAMPLE 6
Flammability
Flammable compounds may be identified by testing under ASTM
(American Society of Testing and Materials) E681-01, with an electronic
ignition source. Such tests of flammability were conducted on
compositions of the present disclosure at 101 kPa (14.7 psia), 50 percent
relative humidity, and the temperature indicated, at various concentrations
in air in order to determine if flammable and if so, find the lower
flammability limit (LFL). The results are given in Table 12.
TABLE 12
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
Temperature
Composition LFL (vol % in air)
( C)
HFC-1225ye 100 Non-flammable
HFC-1234yf 100 5.0
E-HFC-1234ze 100 6.0
HFC-1429myz/mzy 23 Non-flammable
Fl2E 23 Non-flammable
HFC-1225ye/HFC-
32 (65/35 %)
60 Non-flammable
wt
HFC-1225ye/HFC-
= %) 32 (63/37 60 Non-flammable
wt
HFC-1225ye/HFC-
60 13.0
32 (62/38wt%)
HFC-1225ye/HFC-
60 13.0
32 (60/40 wt%)
The results indicate that HFC-1234yf and E-HFC-1234ze are
flammable, while HFC-1225ye, HFC-1429myz/mzy, and F12E are non-
'flammable. For mixtures of HFC-1225ye and HFC-32 (which is known to
be flammable in the pure state) it has been determined that 37 weight
percent HFC-32 is the highest amount that can be present to maintain the
non-flammable characteristic. Those compositions comprising fluoroolefins
that are non-flammable are more acceptable candidates as refrigerant or
= heat transfer fluid compositions.
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
EXAMPLE 7
Tip Speed to Develop Pressure
Tip speed can be estimated by making some fundamental
relationships for refrigeration equipment that use centrifugal compressors.
The torque an impeller ideally imparts to a gas is defined as
T = m*(v2*r2-vi*ri) Equation 1
where
T = torque, Newton-meters
m = mass rate of flow, kg/sec
v2 = tangential velocity of refrigerant leaving impeller (tip speed),
meters/sec
r2 r= radius of exit impeller, meters
= tangential velocity of refrigerant entering impeller, meters/sec
r1= radius of inlet of impeller, meters
Assuming the refrigerant enters the impeller in an essentially
axial direction, the tangential component of the velocity vi = 0, therefore
T = m*v2*r2 Equation 2
The power required at the shaft is the product of the torque and
= the rotative speed
P = T* w Equation 3
where
=
P = power, W
w = angular velocity, radiansis
= therefore,
P = = m*v2*r2* w Equation 4
At low refrigerant flow rates, the tip speed of the impeller and
the tangential velocity of the refrigerant are nearly identical; therefore
r2*w 2% V2 Equation 5
and
P m*v2*v2 Equation 6
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
Another expression for ideal power is the product of the
mass rate of flow and the isentropic work of compression,
P = m*Hi*(1000J/kJ) Equation 7
where
= 5 Hi = Difference in enthalpy of the refrigerant from a
saturated
vapor at the evaporating conditions to saturated condensing conditions,
= kJ/kg.
Combining the two expressions Equation 6 and 7
produces,
v2*v2 = 1000*Hi Equation 8 =
Although Equation 8 is based on some fundamental
assumptions, it provides a good estimate of the tip speed of the impeller
and provides an important way to compare tip speeds of refrigerants.
Table 13 below shows theoretical tip speeds that are calculated
.for 1,2,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113) and compositions of the
present invention. The conditions assumed for this comparison are:
Evaporator temperature 40.0 F (4.4 C)
Condenser temperature 110.0 F (43.3 C)
Liquid subcool temperature 10.0 F (5.5 C)
Return gas temperature 75.0 F (23.8 C)
Compressor efficiency is 70%
These are typical conditions under which small turbine centrifugal
compressors perform.
TABLE 13
Hi Hi*0.7
HI*0.7 Tip speed Tip speed
Compound Btu/lb Btu/lb KJ/Kg (V2) relative
m/s to CFC-113
CFC-113 10.92 7.6 17.8 133.3
n/a
HFC-152-11mmyyz 11.56 8.1 18.8 137,2 103%
FC-151-12mcy 11.86 8.3 19.3 139.0 104%
HFC-1354mzy 13.96 9.8 22.7 150.8
113%
FC-151-12mmtt 11.93 8.4 19.4 139.4 105%
FC-C151-10y 12.48 8.7 20.3 142.5
107%
HFC-1567fm 14.21 9.9 23.1 152.1
114%
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PFBE 12.8 _ 9.0 20.8 - 144.4 108%
HFC-1567szz 13.42 9.4 21.9 - 147.8 111%
HFC-1438mzz 11.73 8.2 19.1 138.2 104%
FC-151-12mmzz 11.86 8.3 19.3 139.0 104%
HFC-153-10mczz 12.23 8.6 19.9 141.1 106%
The example shows that compounds of the present invention
have tip speeds within about 15 percent of CFC-113 and would be
effective replacements for CFC-113 with minimal compressor design
changes. Most preferred compositions have tip speeds within about 10
percent of CFC-113.
EXAMPLE 8
Refrigeration Performance Data
Table 14 shows the performance of various refrigerant
compositions of the present invention as compared to HFC-134a. In
Table 14, Evap Pres is evaporator pressure, Cond Pres is condenser
pressure, Comp Disch T is compressor discharge temperature, COP is
energy efficiency, and CAP is capacity. The data are based on the
following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 40.0 F (4.4 C)
Condenser temperature 130.0 F (54.4 C)
Subcool amount 10.0 F (5.5 C)
Return gas temperature 60.0 F (15.6 C)
Compressor efficiency is 100%
Note that the superheat is included in cooling capacity.
TABLE 14
Evap Evap Cond Cond Comp Comp
Composition Pres Pres Pres Pres Disch Disch Cap Cap MP
(wt%) (Psia) (kPal (Psia) (kPa) T .. T (Btul (kW)
fE) ig) min)
HFC-134a 50.3 346 214 1476 156 68.9 213 3.73 4.41
HFC-1225ye 37.6 259 165 1138 146 63.3 162 2.84 4.41
HFC-1225ye/HFC-152a (85/15) 39.8 " 274 173 1193 - 151 66.1 173 3.03 4.45
98
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HFC-1226ye/HFC-32 43.1 -
297 184 1269 149 65.0 - 186 3.26 4.60
(97/3)
HFC-1225ye/HFC-32 (96/4) 44.2 306
189 1303 150 65.6 191 3.35 4.51
HFC-1225ye/HFC-32 46.5 321
197 1358 161 66.1 200 3.50 4.53
(95/5)
HFC-1225ye/HFC-32 (94/6) 47.3 326
200 1379 153 - 67.2 203 3.56 4.62
HFC-1225ye/HFC-32 (93/7) 48.8 -336
205 1413 154 67.8 210 3.68 4.53
HFC-1225ye/HFC-32 (90/10) 53.0 -
365 222 1531 157 69.4 227 3.98 4.52
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye
40.8 281 172 1186 148 64.4 170 2.97 4.39
(40/60)
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye
41.8 288 174 1200 149 65.0 172 3.02 4.37
(50/50)
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye
42.9 296 177 1220 149 65.0 175 3.07 4.36
(60/40)
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye
44.1 304 180 1241 150 65.6 178 3.12 4.35
(70/30)
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC- .
-42./ 294 179 1234 148 64.4 176 3.09 4.38
125 (40/56/4)
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-
43.7 301 181 1248 149 65.0 179 3.13 4,37
125 (50146/4)
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-
44.8 309 184 1269 149 65.0 182 3.18 4.36
125 (60/36/4)
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-
49.9 344 201 1386 153 67.2 202 3.54 4.40
125 (70/26/4)
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-
48.4 334 199 1372 153 67.2 202 3.54 4.47
32 (40/55/5)
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-
46.6 314 189 1303 151 66.1 190 3.33 4.44
32 (42/55/3)
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-
50.3 347 203 1400 154 67.8 206 3.60 4.43
32 (60135/5)
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-
47.7 329 194 1338 152 66.7 195 3.41 4.41
32 (62/35/3)
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-
44.2 305 184 1269 149 65,0 183 3.21 4.41
125/HFC-32 (40/5514/1)
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-
45.3 312 188 1296 150 65.6 188 3.29 4.42
125/1-IFC-32 (40/55(3/2)
99
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HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-
125/HFC-32 (60/35/4/1) 46.3 319
189 1303 150 65.6 188 3.29 4.37
HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-
125/HFC-32 (60/35/3/2) 47.3 326
193 1331 151 66.1 192. 3.37 4.39
Several compositions have even higher energy efficiency (COP)
than HFC-134a while maintaining lower or equivalent discharge pressures
and temperatures. Capacity for the compositions listed in Table 14 is also
similar to R134a indicating these compositions could be replacement
refrigerants for RI 34a in refrigeration and air-conditioning, and in mobile
air-conditioning applications in particular. Results also show cooling
capacity of HFC-1225ye can be improved with addition of other
compounds such as HFC-32.
EXAMPLE 9
Refrigeration Performance Data
Table 15 shows the performance of various refrigerant
compositions of the present invention as compared to R404A and R422A.
In Table 15, Evap Pres is evaporator pressure, Cond Pres is condenser
pressure, Comp Disch T is compressor discharge temperature, EER is
energy efficiency, and CAP is capacity. The data are based on the
following conditions.
= Evaporator temperature -17.8 C
Condenser temperature 46.1 C
Subcool amount 5.5 C
Return gas temperature 15.6 C
Compressor efficiency is 70%
Note that the superheat is included in cooling capacity.
= 100
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
TABLE 15
Evap Cond P Compr
Existing Refrigerant Press Press Disch T CAP
EER
Product (kPa)) (kPa) (kJ/m3)
R22 267 1774 144
1697 4.99
R404A 330 2103 101.1
1769 4.64
R507A 342 2151 100.3
1801 4.61
R422A 324 2124 95.0
1699 4.54
Candidate Replacement wt%
HFC-32/HFC-1225ye 20/80 200 1620 117 1331 4.91
HFC-32/HFC-1225ye 30/70 246 1879 126 1587 4.85
HFC-32/HFC-1225ye 40/60 284 2101 134 1788 4.74
HFC-32/HFC-1225ye 35/65 256 1948 130.5 1652 4.85
HFC-32/HFC-1225ye 37/63 264 1991 132.2 1694 4.81
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
10/10/180 173 1435 107.0 1159 4.97
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
15/5.5/79.5 184 1509 111.9 1235 4.97
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
24/13.7/62.3 242 1851 119.7 1544 4.85
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
25/25/50 276 2041 120.0 1689 4.73
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
25/40/35 314 2217 119.0 1840 4.66
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
27.5/17.5/55 264 1980 122.8 1653 4.78
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
30/10/60 265 1990 125.0 1664 4.78
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
30/15/55 276 2046 125.0 1710 4.76
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
30/19/51 278 2056 124.8 1724 4.75
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
30/20/50 287 2102 124.0 1757 4.73
1225ye
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
30/30/40 311 2218 124.0 1855 4.68 '
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
= 30/35/35 324 2271 123.0 1906 4.66
1225ye
= HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
.
31/20/49 285 2090 125.5 1756 4.74
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-1251HFC-
,
= 33/22/45. 298 2157 127.0 1820 4.72
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
35/15/50 296 2157 129.0 1820 4.72
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
35/20145 308 2212 129.0 1868 4.70
=
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
35/30/35 332 2321 127.0 =1968 4.66
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
35/40/25 357 2424 126.0 2068 4.64
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
50/30/20 390 2584 138.0 2277 4.54
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
40/30/30 353 2418 131.0 2077 4.66
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
40/35/25 364 2465 131.0 2124 4.64
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
45/30/25 372 2505 135.0 2180 4.66
1225ye
Several compositions have energy efficiency (EER) comparable top
R404A and R422A. Discharge temperatures are also lower than R404A
and R507A. Capacity for the compositions listed in Table 15 is also
similar to R404A, R507A, and R422A indicating these compositions could
be replacement refrigerants for R404A, R507A, or R422A in refrigeration
and air-conditioning. .
EXAMPLE 10
Refrioeration Performance Data
Table 16 shows the performance of various refrigerant
compositions of the present invention as compared to HCFC-22 and
102
CA 3044769 2019-05-30
R41 OA. In Table 16, Evap Pres is evaporator pressure, Cond Pres is
condenser pressure, Comp Disch T is compressor discharge temperature,
EER is energy efficiency, and CAP is capacity. The data are based on the
following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 4 C
Condenser temperature 43 C
Subcool amount 6 C
Return gas temperature 18 C
= Compressor efficiency is 70%
Note that the superheat is included in cooling capacity.
TABLE 16
Evap Gond Compr
Existing refrigerant product Press Press Disch CAP EER
(kPa) (kPa) Temp (kJ/m3)
(C)
R22 565 1648 90.9
3808 9.97
R410A 900 2571 88.1 ¨ 5488 9.27
Candidate replacement product
(Composition wt%)
HFC-32/HFC-1225ye (40/60) 630 1948 86.7 4242 9.56
HFC-32/HFC-1225ye (45/55) 666 2041 88.9 4445 9.49
HFC-32/HFC-1225ye (50/50) 701 2127 91.0 4640 9.45
HFC-32/HFC-1225ye (30/70) 536 1700 82.1 3729 9.73
HFC-32/HFC-1225ye (35/65) 575 1805 84.5 3956 9.66
= HFC-32/HFC-1225ye (37/63) 590 1845 85.5 4043 9.64
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
(60/5/35) 784 2323 94.6
5087 9.42
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
(60/10/30) 803 2365 94.2
5173 9.42
= HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
(60/15/25) 822 2407 93.9
5256 9.39
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
(50/10/40) 742 2220 90.3
4820 9.42
103
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= HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
(50/5/45) 721 2173 90.7 4730 9.45
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
(50/15/35) 762 2266 90.0 4911 9.42
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
(40/15/45) 692 2097 85.9 4518 9.45
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye -
(40/10/50) 671 2047 86.2 . 4425 9.49
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
(35/15/50) 654 2001 83.8 4304 9.49
= HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
(37.5/11.5/51) 643 1976 85.2 4287 9.54
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
= (34/6/60) 593 1848 83.8 4028 9.62
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
(30/3/67) 548 1732 82.0 3788 9.70
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
(30/12.7/57.3) 590 1837 81.7 3980 9.60
= HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
(24/13.7/62.3) 544 1715 78.7 3713 9.66
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
(20/5175) 471 1522 76.9 3329 9.82
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye
(15/5.5/79.5) 427 1398 74.1 3061 9.89
Compositions have energy efficiency (EER) comparable to R22 and
R410A while maintaining reasonable discharge temperatures. Capacity
for certain compositions listed in Table 16 is also similar to R22 indicating
these compositions could be replacement refrigerants for R22 in
refrigeration and air-conditioning. Additionally, there are compositions
listed in Table 16 with capacity approaching or equivalent to that for
R410A indicating that those compositions could be replacement
refrigerants for R410A in refrigeration and air-conditioning.
EXAMPLE Ii
Refrigeration Performance Data
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CA 3044769 2019-05-30
Table 17 shows the performance of various refrigerant
compositions of the present invention as compared to HCFC-22, R410A,
R407C, and R417A. In Table 17, Evap Pres is evaporator pressure, Cond
Pres is condenser pressure, Comp Disch T is compressor discharge
temperature, EER is energy efficiency, and CAP is capacity. The data are
based on the following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 4.4 C
Condenser temperature 54.4 C
Subcool amount 5.5 C
Return gas temperature 15.6 C
Compressor efficiency is 100%
Note that the superheat is included in cooling capacity.
TABLE 17
Evap Cond Compr
=
Existing Refrigerant
Press Press Disch T CAP EER
Product
(kPa) (kPa j cue)
R22 573 2149 88.6
3494 14.73
R410A 911 3343 89.1
4787 13.07
R407C 567 2309 80.0
3397 14.06
R417A 494 1979 67.8
2768 13.78
Candidate Replacement wt%
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC- 30/40/30- 732 2823 81.1 3937 13.20
1225ye
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC- 23/25/52 598 2429 78.0 3409 13.54
,1225ye
Compositions have energy efficiency (EER) comparable to R22,
R407C, R417A, and R410A while maintaining low discharge
temperatures. Capacity for the compositions listed in Table 17 is also
similar to R22, R407C and R417A indicating these compositions could be
replacement refrigerants for R22, R407C or R417A in refrigeration and air-
conditioning.
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