Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
HIDDEN DISPLAY CASE
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to improvements in containers and, more
particularly, to
a container configured as a display case having a display window formed at one
side of the
display case.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A half slotted container (HSC) is a common construction for forming corrugated
cardboard containers. This type of container is typically formed from a blank
that includes
front, back and side wall panels connected in series at vertical edges along
fold lines, and
lower flaps may extend from lower edges of the panels for folding inwardly to
form a
container bottom. The blank can be folded about the vertical edges to position
an end of the
blank defining an edge of a side panel in association with an opposing end of
the blank
defining an edge of one of the front or back panels to form a joint that is
typically adhered
together by a manufacturer to form a rectangular tube. The blank formed with
the
manufacturer's joint can be collapsed and provided to an end user where the
blank can be
reconfigured to a rectangular tube and the flaps folded perpendicular to the
panels to form a
bottom surface for the container.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, a folded blank is provided for
forming a
display case. The folded blank comprises a one-piece blank including a first
side panel, a
front panel, a second side panel and a back panel connected in series at
respective first,
second and third vertical fold lines. The first side panel is folded about the
first vertical fold
1
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-09-01
CA 03048011 2019-06-20
WO 2018/119024 PCMJS2017/067489
line and has a first manufacturer's joint strip engaged on a first portion of
the front panel.
The back panel is folded about the third fold line and has a second
manufacturer's joint strip
engaged on the first side panel. A tear-away section is defined by at least
one separation line
on the front panel and defines the first portion having the first
manufacturer's joint strip. The
first manufacturer's joint strip retains the tear-away section in engagement
with the first side
panel during formation of an erected case in which the side panels are pivoted
to a position
perpendicular to the back panel.
A second portion of the front panel may extend between the first and second
side
panels and define a front lip, and the tear-away section may separate from the
second portion
along the at least one separation line during formation of the erected case.
The at least one separation line may be a horizontally extending separation
line
defining a lower edge of the tear-away section.
The folded blank may include a vertical separation line defining a first
vertical edge
of the tear-away section aligned with the second fold line.
The folded blank may include a second vertical edge of the tear-away section
spaced
from the vertical separation line and pivotally connected to the first side
panel at the first fold
line.
The first manufacturer's joint strip may be located adjacent to the vertical
separation
line.
The first manufacturer's joint strip may extend from an upper edge of the
first side
panel to a vertical location at or above the location of the at least one
separation line.
The first side panel may include an overlap tab connected to a main body
portion of
the first side panel that defines a first fold location between the overlap
tab and the first side
panel main body portion, which first fold location may be generally aligned
with a second
fold location between a pivot tab on the tear-away section and a main body
part of the tear-
away section, and the second manufacturer's joint strip may be located on the
overlap tab.
The first and second manufacturer's joint strips may be generally aligned with
one
another.
The folded blank may include a lower flap attached to a lower edge of each of
the
panels at a respective horizontal fold line.
2
CA 03048011 2019-06-20
WO 2018/119024
PCMJS2017/067489
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a display case is provided
comprising a front panel including a first portion and a second portion, a
back panel parallel
to the second portion of the front panel, and first and second side panels
connecting the front
and back panels. The first portion of the front panel is attached to the first
side panel and a
first manufacturer's joint strip is engaged between the first portion of the
front panel and the
first side panel. The second portion of the front panel defines a front lip
extending between
the first and second side panels.
The first portion of the front panel may define a tear-away section separated
from the
second portion of the front panel along a separation line, and the second
portion of the front
panel may define a front lip extending vertically between the separation line
and a bottom
surface for the display case formed by a flap attached to a lower edge of each
of the panels at
a respective horizontal fold line.
The tear-away section may be separated from the second side panel along a
vertical
separation line.
The first side panel may include an overlap tab, and the first side panel may
be
engaged with the back panel at a second manufacturer's joint strip located on
the overlap tab.
The display case may include a pivot tab on the first portion of the front
panel
adjacent a vertical fold line between the first side panel and the back panel,
the pivot tab may
extend adjacent and parallel to the back panel.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, a method of forming a
display
case is provided. The method forms the display case from a one-piece blank
comprising a
first side panel, a front panel, a second side panel and a back panel
connected in series at
respective first, second and third vertical fold lines, the front panel
including a tear-away
section defining a first portion of the front panel separated from a second
portion of the front
panel by at least one separation line. The method comprises applying a first
manufacturer's
joint strip to the first side panel; folding the first side panel about the
first fold line to engage
the first side panel on the tear-away section of the front panel; applying a
second
manufacturer's joint strip to the back panel; folding the back panel about the
third fold line to
engage the back panel on the first side panel; and pivoting the side panels to
a position
perpendicular to the back panel, wherein the tear-away section moves with the
first side panel
3
CA 03048011 2019-06-20
WO 2018/119024 PCMJS2017/067489
to separate from the second portion of the front panel along the at least one
separation line
and forms an erected case with a display window.
The second portion of the front panel may extend between the first and second
side
panels and define a front lip for the display case.
Movement of the tear-away section with the first side panel may include
separating
the tear-away section from the second side panel along a vertical separation
line defining a
first vertical edge of the tear-away section aligned with the second fold
line.
A second vertical edge of the tear-away section spaced from the vertical
separation
line may be pivotally connected to the first side panel at the first fold
line.
A lower flap may be attached to a lower edge of each of the panels at a
respective
horizontal fold line; and the method may further include folding the flaps
about the horizontal
fold lines to form a bottom surface for the display case.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and
distinctly
claiming the present invention, it is believed that the present invention will
be better
understood from the following description in conjunction with the accompanying
Drawing
Figures, in which like reference numerals identify like elements, and wherein:
Fig. 1 is a plan view of a blank for forming a display case;
Fig. 2 is a plan view illustrating a first fold of the blank of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is a plan view illustrating a second fold of the blank of Fig. 1 to
form a glued,
folded blank for formation of a display case;
Fig. 4 is a plan view of an opposite side of the glued, folded blank of Fig.
3;
Fig. 5 is a perspective view illustrating an initial step of opening the
glued, folded
blank to form an erected display case;
Fig. 6 is a perspective view of the glued, folded blank in a fully open
position;
Fig. 7 is a perspective similar to Fig. 6 with the lower flaps folded to
complete the
display case formed from the blank of Fig. 1;
Fig. 8 is a plan view of an alternative configuration of a blank for forming a
display
case;
Fig. 9 is a plan view illustrating a first fold of the blank of Fig. 8;
4
CA 03048011 2019-06-20
WO 2018/119024
PCMJS2017/067489
Fig. 10 is a plan view illustrating a second fold of the blank of Fig. 8; and
Fig. 11 is a perspective view of a display case formed from the blank of Fig.
8.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, reference
is made
to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown by
way of
illustration, and not by way of limitation, specific preferred embodiments in
which the
invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may
be utilized
and that changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of
the present
invention.
The present description is directed to a container construction comprising a
half
slotted container (HSC) construction that provides a display case having a
display window
formed by a tear-away section. The described display case can be formed from a
blank
processed either with equipment designed for this purpose or by hand. For
example, the
blank may be processed through flexo-folder-gluer machinery to produce a
glued, folded
blank that can be opened using currently available case erector machinery or
can be produced
through manually executed steps, or through a combination of machine
implemented and
manual steps.
Referring to Fig. 1, a die cut blank 10 is shown for illustrating one or more
aspects of
the display case described herein. In a use of the blank to form a one-piece
display case 8,
see Fig. 7, the blank 10 may be formed of a corrugated cardboard material and
may be die cut
to the shape shown herein, although other materials and variations of the
illustrated shape
may be provided within the scope of the display case described and claimed
herein. The
blank 10 illustrated in Fig. 1 is a planar piece of material in which an inner
side 12 is shown
facing out of the page and an outer side 14, see Fig. 2, is facing an opposite
direction from
the inner side 12.
As seen in Fig. 1, the blank 10 extends in a longitudinal direction between
first and
second longitudinal edges, generally designated 16 and 18, respectively, and
further extends
in a lateral direction between first and second lateral edges, generally
designated 20 and 22,
.. respectively. The blank 10 comprises a first side panel 24, a front panel
26, a second side
panel 28 and a back panel 30 connected in series. The first side panel 24 is
connected to the
5
CA 03048011 2019-06-20
WO 2018/119024
PCMJS2017/067489
front panel 26 at a first vertical fold line 32, the front panel 26 is
connected to the second side
panel 28 at a second vertical fold line 34, and the second side panel 28 is
connected to the
back panel 30 at a third vertical fold line 36.
The front panel 26 comprises a separation line 29 extending from the first
vertical
.. edge 38 to the first vertical fold line 32 and defines a first portion 26a
or tear-away section
above the separation line 29, and defining a second portion 26b or front lip
below the
separation line 29. In the illustrated embodiment, the separation line
comprises a horizontal
straight line. However, the separation line 29 could be generally horizontal
yet have other
line shapes, such as an arc or have an oscillating shape, e.g., a sine wave,
triangular wave,
square wave or sawtooth wave. It is also contemplated that the separation line
29 could be
non-horizontal such that it extends at an angle to horizontal. The separation
line 29 could
also include plural lines or line segments connected in series, e.g., in
different angled
orientations or with different or varying arcs, to form a continuous extending
line between
the first vertical edge 38 and the first vertical fold line 32. The first
portion 26a extends in
.. the longitudinal direction between a first vertical edge 38 of the tear-
away section and a
second vertical edge that coincides with the first vertical fold line 32. The
first vertical edge
38 is defined at a vertical separation line 40 aligned with the second
vertical fold line 34.
The vertical separation line 40 extends a distance L from the first lateral
edge 20, i.e., the
upper edge of the blank 10, to the separation line 29. The separation lines
29, 40 may be
.. defined, for example, by a perforated line, or a cut line that extends
completely through the
material, and may comprise a partial cut though at least one layer of the
corrugated material
or a cut line interrupted by short sections of bridging (uncut) material. As
will be further
understood from the description below, the separation lines 29, 40 form
structurally
weakened lines on the front panel 26 that can permit separation of the first
portion 26a from
.. both the second portion 26b and the second side panel 28 during formation
of the display
case 8. In embodiments of the invention, the blank 10 is formed with at least
a limited
attachment of the first portion 26a to the second portion 26b and/or to the
second side panel
28 to maintain the first portion 26a generally planar with both the second
portion 26a and the
second side panel 28 in order to facilitate processing of the blank 10 prior
to formation of the
erected display case 8.
6
CA 03048011 2019-06-20
WO 2018/119024 PCMJS2017/067489
The first portion 26a of the front panel 26 is additionally formed with a
pivot tab
26a-1 defined by a strip of material located between the first vertical edge
38 and a main
body 26a-2 of the first portion 26a. The pivot tab 26a-1 is joined to the main
body 26a-2
along a pivot tab fold line 42 comprising, for example, a score line or
perforated line defining
a location for the pivot tab 26a-1 to pivot relative to the main body 26a-2
during formation of
the erected display case 8.
The first side panel 24 is additionally formed with an overlap tab 24-1
defined by a
strip of material attached to a main body 24-2 of the first side panel 24. The
overlap tab 24-1
defines a glue area for attachment to the back panel 30 and is joined to the
main body 24-2
along an overlap tab fold line 44 comprising, for example, a score line or
perforated line
defining a location for the overlap tab 24-1 to pivot relative to the main
body 24-2 during
formation of the erected display case 8.
The blank 10 further includes a plurality of lower flaps 46, 48, 50, 52
connected to the
first side panel 24, front panel 26, second side panel 28 and back panel 30
along respective
horizontal fold lines 56, 58, 60, 62. The lower flaps 46, 48, 50, 52 can be
folded to form a
display case bottom surface 63, see Fig. 7, as described further below.
Referring to Figs. 2-4, an initial series of folding steps is described for
forming a
glued, folded blank that can subsequently be used in forming the erected
display case 8.
Although the preferred embodiments presented herein describe applying an
"adhesive strip"
forming a joint to connect two panels. it should be understood that such a
joint or connection
between panels can be equivalently formed through other attachment mechanisms
connecting
the panels together, and may be alternatively referred to as a "manufacturer's
joint strip"
encompassing , without limitation, gluing, taping, or stitching.
As illustrated in Fig. 1, a first adhesive strip 64, e.g., glue, is applied to
the inner side
12 of the blank 10 at the overlap tab 24-1. As illustrated in Fig. 2, the
first side panel 24 is
folded about the first vertical fold line 32 to overlap the front panel 26 and
adhesively, i.e.,
fixedly, engage the first side panel 24 on the first portion 26a. More
specifically, the width of
the pivot tab 26a-1 from the first vertical edge 38 to the pivot tab fold line
42 is such that the
overlap tab fold line 44 generally aligns with the pivot tab fold line 42 and
the adhesive strip
64 is adhesively attached to the pivot tab 26a-1 and preferably not to the
main body 26a-2 of
the first portion 26a. It should be noted that the adhesive strip 64 is
applied to the overlap tab
7
CA 03048011 2019-06-20
WO 2018/119024
PCMJS2017/067489
24-1 along a vertical length no greater than and preferably less than the
length L of the
vertical separation line 40, as measured from the first lateral edge 20
defining the upper edge
of the first side panel 24.
As seen in Fig. 2, a second adhesive strip 66, e.g., glue, is applied to the
inner side 12
of the back panel 30 adjacent to the second longitudinal edge 18. A width
dimension of the
second adhesive strip 46, as measured in the longitudinal direction, is equal
to or less than a
width dimension of the overlap tab 24-1. As illustrated in Fig. 3, the back
panel 30 is folded
about the third vertical fold line 36 to overlap the second side panel 28 such
that the back
panel 30 adhesively, i.e., fixedly, engages the first side panel 24. More
specifically, the
longitudinal dimension of the back panel 30 is such that the second
longitudinal edge 18
generally aligns with the overlap tab fold line 44 on the first side panel 24
and the second
adhesive strip 66 is adhesively attached to the overlap tab 24-1 at the outer
side 14 of the first
side panel 24. The vertical length of the second adhesive strip 66 may be
substantially equal
to the vertical length of the overlap tab 24-Ito form a continuous joint from
the upper edge
of the first side panel 24 to the lower edge of the first side panel 24, as
defined at the
horizontal fold line 56. Also, the second adhesive strip 66 may be generally
aligned in the
longitudinal direction, i.e., extending left to right in Fig. 1, with the
first adhesive strip 64 so
that the second adhesive strip 66 is generally aligned with the first adhesive
strip 64 as both
extend vertically.
Figs. 3 and 4 illustrate opposing outer sides of a folded blank 10' having a
generally
flat configuration such as may be shipped to an end user for formation of the
erected display
case 8.
Fig. 5 illustrates an initial step in erecting the folded blank 10' to form
the display
case 8. The folded blank 10' is erected by separating the front panel second
portion 26b and
second side panel 28 from the first side panel 24 and the back panel 30,
pivoting the first and
second side panels 24, 28 about the overlap tab fold line 44 and the third
vertical fold line 36,
respectively, to position the first and second side panels 24, 28
perpendicular to the back
panel 30. As described above, the first portion 26a of the front panel 26 is
adhered to the first
side panel 24. Hence, the described movement to erect the folded blank 10'
results in
separation of the tear-away section of the front panel 26, as defined by the
first portion 26a,
separating from the second portion 26h along the separation line 29, and at
the same time the
8
CA 03048011 2019-06-20
WO 2018/119024
PCMJS2017/067489
first vertical edge 38 of the tear-away section, i.e., first portion 26a,
separates from the
second side panel 28 along the vertical separation line 40.
The described separation of the tear-away section defined by the first portion
26a
along the separation lines 29, 40 creates a display case window at the
remaining second
portion 26b of the front panel 26. In particular, as seen in Figs. 6 and 7,
the second portion
26b defines a vertical front display case lip, extending horizontally from the
first vertical fold
line 32 to the second vertical fold line 34, including an upper edge 68
forming a lower
boundary of the display case window. The upper edge 68 of the front display
case lip may be
formed with different line shapes than the horizontal straight line
illustrated herein.
Specifically, the final shape of the upper edge 68 can be determined by the
shape selected for
the separation line 29 which, as described above with regard to the
configuration of the
separation line 29, can be defined by various line shapes and line
orientations extending
between the first vertical fold line 32 and the second vertical fold line 34.
Vertical side edges of the display case window are defined by the second
vertical
edge of the tear-away section defined at the first vertical fold line 32, and
at a forward edge
70 of the second side panel 28 defined at the location of the vertical
separation line 40. In an
embodiment of the display case 8, the front display case lip formed by the
second portion 26b
may have a height Hi while the back panel 30 may have a height H2 that is
greater than the
height Hi and can be selected independently of the height Hi, such as may be
based on the
requirements of the end user.
As a final step in the formation of the display case 8, the lower flaps 46,
48, 50, 52 are
folded inwardly to form the bottom case surface 63, see Fig. 7. In particular,
as depicted in
the illustrated embodiment, the opposing lower flaps 46, 50 can be initially
folded in, and the
remaining opposing lower flaps 48, 52 can be folded over the lower flaps 46,
50 and affixed
in place to form the bottom case surface 63 via adhesive, tape, staples or the
like.
Alternatively, the opposing lower flaps 48, 52 can be initially folded in, and
the remaining
opposing lower flaps 46, 50 can be folded over the lower flaps 48, 52.
As illustrated in Fig. 7, the erected display case 8 includes the tear-away
section,
formed by the first portion 26a, as a part of the final display case 8. The
main body 26a-2 of
the first portion 26a is located adjacent and extends parallel to the first
side wall 24, and the
pivot tab 26a-1 of the first portion 26a is affixed to and overlaps the
overlap tab 24-1 and
9
CA 03048011 2019-06-20
WO 2018/119024 PCMJS2017/067489
extends adjacent and parallel to a portion of the back panel 30 such that the
first and second
adhesive strips 24 and 26 are generally aligned with one another. It may be
noted that the
width dimension W across the display case window for the present embodiment is
greater
than the depth dimension D along the first side wall 24, from the front lip
26b to the back
-- panel 30, wherein a width Wd of the pivot tab 26a-1 generally represents
the difference
between the width dimension W and depth dimension D.
Figs. 8-11 illustrate an alternative configuration for the display case in
which a width
dimension W of the display case is less than a depth dimension 13, see Fig.
11. In the
following description of Figs. 8-11, elements corresponding to similar
elements of Figs. 1-7
-- are labeled with the same reference numeral increased by 100.
Referring to Fig. 8, a blank 110 is illustrated extending in a longitudinal
direction
between first and second longitudinal edges, generally designated 116 and 118,
respectively,
and further extends in a lateral direction between first and second lateral
edges, generally
designated 120 and 122, respectively. The blank 110 comprises a first side
panel 124, a front
panel 126, a second side panel 128 and a back panel 130 connected in series.
The first side
panel 124 is connected to the front panel 126 at a first vertical fold line
132, the front panel
126 is connected to the second side panel 128 at a second vertical fold line
134, and the
second side panel 128 is connected to the back panel 130 at a third vertical
fold line 136.
The front panel 126 comprises a separation line 129 defining a first portion
126a or
tear-away section above the separation line 129, and defining a second portion
126b or front
lip below the separation line 129. The first portion 126a extends in the
longitudinal direction
between a first vertical edge 138 of the tear-away section and a second
vertical edge that
coincides with the first vertical fold line 132. The first vertical edge 138
is defined at a
vertical separation line 140 aligned with the second vertical fold line 134.
The vertical
separation line 140 extends a distance L from the first lateral edge 120,
i.e., the upper edge of
the blank 110, to the separation line 129. The separation lines 129, 140 may
be defined, for
example, by a perforated line, or a cut line that extends completely through
the material, and
may comprise a partial cut though at least one layer of the corrugated
material or a cut line
interrupted by short sections of bridging (uncut) material. As may be further
understood
from the description below, the separation lines 129, 140 form structurally
weakened lines on
the front panel 126 that can permit separation of the first portion 126a from
both the second
CA 03048011 2019-06-20
WO 2018/119024
PCMJS2017/067489
portion 126b and the second side panel 128 during formation of the display
case 108, see Fig.
11. In embodiments of the invention, the blank 110 is formed with at least a
limited
attachment of the first portion 126a to the second portion 126b and/or to the
second side
panel 128 to maintain the first portion 126a generally planar with both the
second portion
126a and the second side panel 128 in order to facilitate processing of the
blank 110 prior to
formation of the erected display case 108.
The first side panel 124 is additionally formed with an overlap tab 124-1
defined by a
strip of material attached to a main body 124-2 of the first side panel 124.
The overlap tab
124-1 defines an area for attachment to the back panel 130 at a glued joint
and is joined to the
main body 124-2 along an overlap tab fold line 144 comprising, for example, a
score line or
perforated line defining a location for the pivot tab 124-1 to pivot relative
to the main body
124-2 during formation of the erected display case 108.
The blank 110 further includes a plurality of lower flaps 146, 148, 150, 152
connected
to the first side panel 124, front panel 126, second side panel 128 and back
panel 130 along
respective horizontal fold lines 156, 158, 160, 162. The lower flaps 146, 148,
150, 152 can
be folded to form a display case bottom surface 163, see Fig. 11, as described
further below.
Referring to Figs. 9 and 10, an initial series of folding steps is described
for forming a
glued; folded blank that can subsequently be used in forming the erected
display case 108. A
first adhesive strip 164, e.g., glue, is applied to the inner side 112 of the
blank 110 at a
predetermined location on the first side panel 124, see Fig. 8. The
predetermined location on
the first side panel 124 is a location spaced from the first vertical fold
line 132 a distance less
than the width dimension of the front panel 126, as measured in the
longitudinal direction
between the first vertical fold line 132 and the second vertical fold line
134. As illustrated in
Fig. 9, the first side panel 124 is folded about the first vertical fold line
132 to overlap the
front panel 126 and adhesively, i.e., fixedly, engage first adhesive strip 164
on the first side
panel 124 onto the first portion 126a. It should be noted that the adhesive
strip 164 is applied
to the first side panel 124 along a vertical length no greater than the length
L of the vertical
separation line 140, as measured from the first lateral edge 120 defining the
upper edge of the
first side panel 124, such that the first adhesive strip 164 does not engage
the front panel
second portion 126b.
11
CA 03048011 2019-06-20
WO 2018/119024
PCT/US2017/067489
As seen in Fig. 9, a second adhesive strip 166, e.g., glue, is applied to the
inner side
112 of the back panel 130 adjacent to the second longitudinal edge 118. A
width dimension
of the second adhesive strip 166, as measured in the longitudinal direction,
is equal to or less
than a width dimension of the overlap tab 124-1. As illustrated in Fig. 10,
the back panel 130
is folded about the third vertical fold line 136 to overlap the second side
panel 128 and
adhesively, i.e., fixedly, engage the back panel 130 on the first side panel
124. More
specifically, the longitudinal dimension of the back panel 130 is such that
the second
longitudinal edge 118 generally aligns with the overlap tab fold line 144 on
the first side
panel 124 and the second adhesive strip 166 is adhesively attached to the
overlap tab 124-1 at
the outer side 114 of the first side panel 124. The vertical length of the
second adhesive strip
166 may be substantially equal to the vertical length of the overlap tab 124-1
to form a
continuous joint from the upper edge of the first side panel 124 to the lower
edge of the first
side panel 124, as defined at the horizontal fold line 156.
Fig. 10 illustrates a folded blank 110' having a generally flat configuration
such as
may be shipped to an end user for formation of the erected display case 108.
The steps for
erecting the folded blank form the display case 110' are substantially the
same as described
above with reference to Figs. 5-8 to form the display case 8. In particular,
as the folded blank
110' is erected, the tear-away section defined by the first portion 126a
separates from both the
upper edge 168 of the front lip, i.e., the second portion 126b, and from the
forward edge 170
of the second side panel 128 as a result of the first portion 126a being
affixed to the first side
panel 124. The resulting erected display case 108 includes a display case
window having a
lower edge defined by the upper edge 168 of the second portion 126b and
vertical side edges
defined by the first vertical fold line 132 and the forward edge 170 of the
second side panel
128.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated
and
described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other
changes and
modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention. It is
therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and
modifications that
are within the scope of this invention.
12
