Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
MAIZE INBRED PH42V3
BACKGROUND
There are numerous steps in the development of any novel, desirable maize
variety. Plant breeding begins with the analysis and definition of problems
and
weaknesses of the current germplasm, the establishment of program goals, and
the
definition of specific breeding objectives. The next step is selection of
germplasm that
possess the traits to meet the program goals. The breeder's goal is to combine
in a
single variety or hybrid, various desirable traits. For field crops, these
traits may include
resistance to diseases and insects, resistance to heat and drought, reducing
the time to
crop maturity, greater yield, altered fatty acid profile, abiotic stress
tolerance,
improvements in compositional traits, and better agronomic characteristics and
quality.
These product development processes, which lead to the final step of marketing
and distribution, can take from six to twelve years from the time the first
cross is made
until the finished seed is delivered to the farmer for planting. Therefore,
development of
new varieties and hybrids is a time-consuming process. A continuing goal of
maize
breeders is to develop stable, high yielding maize varieties and hybrids that
are
agronomically sound with maximal yield over one or more different conditions
and
environments.
=
SUMMARY
Provided is a novel maize, Zea mays L., variety, designated PH42V3 and
processes for making PH42V3. Seed of maize variety PH42V3, plants of maize
variety
PH42V3, plant parts and cells of maize variety PH42V3, and to processes for
making a
maize plant that comprise crossing maize variety PH42V3 with another maize
plant are
provided. Also provided are maize plants having all the physiological and
morphological
characteristics of the inbred maize variety PH42V3.
Processes are provided for making a maize plant containing in its genetic
material one or more traits introgressed into PH42V3 through one or more of
backcross
conversion, genetic manipulation and transformation, and to the maize seed,
plant and
plant parts produced thereby. Hybrid maize seed, plants or plant parts
produced by
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crossing the variety PH42V3 or a locus conversion of PH42V3 with another maize
variety are also provided.
The inbred maize plant may further comprise a cytoplasmic or nuclear factor
capable of conferring male sterility or otherwise preventing self-p011ination,
such as by
self-incompatibility. Parts of the maize plant described herein are also
provided, for
example, pollen obtained from an inbred plant and an ovule of the inbred
plant.
Seed of the inbred maize variety PH42V3 is provided. The inbred maize seed
may be an essentially homogeneous population of inbred maize seed of the
variety
designated PH42V3. Essentially homogeneous populations of inbred seed are
generally free from substantial numbers of other seed. Therefore, inbred seed
generally
forms at least about 97% of the total seed. The population of inbred maize
seed may be
particularly defined as being essentially free from hybrid seed. The inbred
seed
population may be separately grown to provide an essentially homogeneous
population
of inbred maize plants designated PH42V3.
Compositions are provided comprising a seed of maize variety PH42V3
comprised in plant seed growth media. In certain embodiments, the plant seed
growth
media is a soil or synthetic cultivation medium. In specific embodiments, the
growth
medium may be comprised in a container or may, for example, be soil in a
field.
Maize variety PH42V3 comprising an added heritable trait is provided. The
heritable trait may comprise a genetic locus that is a dominant or recessive
allele. In
certain embodiments, a plant of maize variety PH42V3 comprising a single locus
conversion is provided. The locus conversion may be one which confers one or
more
traits such as, for example, male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect
resistance, disease
resistance (including, for example) bacterial, fungal, nematode or viral
disease, waxy
starch, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified phytic acid metabolism,
modified
carbohydrate metabolism and modified protein metabolism is provided. The trait
may
be, for example, conferred by a naturally occurring maize gene introduced into
the
genome of the variety by backcrossing, a natural or induced mutation, or a
transgene
introduced through genetic transformation techniques. When introduced through
transformation, a genetic locus may comprise one or more transgenes integrated
at a
single chromosomal location.
An inbred maize plant of the variety designated PH42V3 is provided, wherein a
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cytoplasmically-inherited trait has been introduced into the inbred plant.
Such
cytoplasmically-inherited traits are passed to progeny through the female
parent in a
particular cross. An exemplary cytoplasmically-inherited trait is the male
sterility trait.
Cytoplasmic-male sterility (CMS) is a pollen abortion phenomenon determined by
the
interaction between the genes in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Alteration in
the
mitochondrial genome and the lack of restorer genes in the nucleus will lead
to pollen
abortion. With either a normal cytoplasm or the presence of restorer gene(s)
in the
nucleus, the plant will produce pollen normally. A CMS plant can be pollinated
by a
maintainer version of the same variety, which has a normaF cytoplasm but lacks
the
restorer gene(s) in the nucleus, and continues to be male sterile in the next
generation.
The male fertility of a CMS plant can be restored by a restorer version of the
same
variety, which must have the restorer gene(s) in the nucleus. With the
restorer gene(s)
in the nucleus, the offspring of the male-sterile plant can produce normal
pollen grains
and propagate. A cytoplasmically inherited trait may be a naturally occurring
maize trait
or a trait introduced through genetic transformation techniques.
A tissue culture of regenerable cells of a plant of variety PH42V3 is
provided. The
tissue culture can be capable of regenerating plants capable of expressing all
of the
physiological and morphological or phenotypic characteristics of the variety,
and of
regenerating plants having substantially the same genotype as other plants of
the
variety. Examples of some of the physiological and morphological
characteristics that
may be assessed include characteristics related to yield, maturity, and kernel
quality.
The regenerable cells in such tissue cultures can be derived, for example,
from
embryos, meristematic cells, immature tassels, microspores, pollen, leaves,
anthers,
roots, root tips, silk, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, husks, or stalks, or
from callus or
protoplasts derived from those tissues. Maize plants regenerated from the
tissue
cultures, and plants having all the physiological and morphological
characteristics of
variety PH42V3 are also provided.
Processes are provided for producing maize seeds or plants, which processes
generally comprise crossing a first parent maize plant as a male or female
parent with a
second parent maize plant, wherein at least one of the first or second parent
maize
plants is a plant of the variety designated PH42V3. These processes may be
further
exemplified as processes for preparing hybrid maize seed or plants, wherein a
first
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inbred maize plant is crossed with a second maize plant of a different,
distinct variety to
provide a hybrid that has, as one of its parents, the inbred maize plant
variety PH42V3.
In these processes, crossing will result in the production of seed. The seed
production
occurs regardless of whether the seed is collected or not.
In some embodiments, the first step in "crossing" comprises planting,
preferably
in pollinating proximity, seeds of a first and second parent maize plant, and
preferably,
seeds of a first inbred maize plant and a second, distinct inbred maize plant.
Where the
plants are not in pollinating proximity, pollination can nevertheless be
accomplished by
transferring a pollen or tassel bag from one plant to the other as described
below.
A second step comprises cultivating or growing the seeds of said first and
second parent maize plants into plants that bear flowers (maize bears both
male flowers
(tassels) and female flowers (silks) in separate anatomical structures on the
same
plant).
A third step comprises preventing self-pollination of the plants, i.e.,
preventing
the silks of a plant from being fertilized by any plant of the same variety,
including the
same plant. This can be done by emasculating the male flowers of the first or
second
parent maize plant, (i.e., treating or manipulating the flowers so as to
prevent pollen
production, in order to produce an emasculated parent maize plant). Self-
incompatibility
systems may also be used in some hybrid crops for the same purpose. Self-
incompatible plants still shed viable pollen and can pollinate plants of other
varieties but
are incapable of pollinating themselves or other plants of the same variety.
A fourth step may comprise allowing cross-pollination to occur between the
first
and second parent maize plants. When the plants are not in pollinating
proximity, this is
done by placing a bag, usually paper or glassine, over the tassels of the
first plant and
another bag over the silks of the incipient ear on the second plant. The bags
are left in
place for at least 24 hours. Since pollen is viable for less than 24 hours,
this assures
that the silks are not pollinated from other pollen sources, that any stray
pollen on the
tassels of the first plant is dead, and that the only pollen transferred comes
from the first
plant. The pollen bag over the tassel of the first plant is then shaken
vigorously to
enhance release of pollen from the tassels, and the shoot bag is removed from
the silks
of the incipient ear on the second plant. Finally, the pollen bag is removed
from the
tassel of the first plant and is placed over the silks of the incipient ear of
the second
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plant, shaken again and left in place. Yet another step comprises harvesting
the seeds
from at least one of the parent maize plants. The harvested seed can be grown
to
produce a maize plant or hybrid maize plant.
Also provided are maize seed and plants produced by a process that comprises
crossing a first parent maize plant with a second parent maize plant, wherein
at least
one of the first or second parent maize plants is a plant of the variety
designated
PH42V3. In one embodiment, maize seed and plants produced by the process are
first
generation (F1) hybrid maize seed and plants produced by crossing an inbred
with
another, distinct plant such as another inbred. Seed of an Fl hybrid maize
plant is
contemplated and an Fl hybrid maize plant and seed thereof are provided.
The genetic complement of the maize plant variety designated PH42V3 is
provided. The phrase "genetic complement" is used to refer to the aggregate of
nucleotide sequences, the expression of which sequences defines the phenotype
of, in
the present case, a maize plant, or a cell or tissue of that plant. A genetic
complement
thus represents the genetic make-up of an inbred cell, tissue or plant, and a
hybrid
genetic complement represents the genetic make-up of a hybrid cell, tissue or
plant.
Maize plant cells that have a genetic complement in accordance with the inbred
maize
plant cells disclosed herein, and plants, seeds and diploid plants containing
such cells
are provided.
Plant genetic complements may be assessed by genetic marker profiles, and by
the expression of phenotypic traits that are characteristic of the expression
of the
genetic complement, e.g., isozyme typing profiles. It is understood that
variety PH42V3
could be identified by any of the many well-known techniques used for genetic
profiling
disclosed herein.
In still yet another aspect, hybrid genetic complements are provided, as
represented by maize plant cells, tissues, plants, and seeds, formed by the
combination
of a haploid genetic complement of an inbred maize plant disclosed herein with
a
haploid genetic complement of a second maize plant, such as, another, distinct
inbred
maize plant. In another aspect, a maize plant regenerated from a tissue
culture that
comprises a hybrid genetic complement of the inbred maize plant disclosed
herein.
Methods of producing an inbred maize plant derived from the maize variety
PH42V3 are provided, the method comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a
progeny
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plant derived from maize variety PH42V3, wherein said preparing comprises
crossing a
plant of the maize variety PH42V3 with a second maize plant; (b) crossing the
progeny
plant with itself or a second plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a
subsequent
generation; (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) with sufficient inbreeding until a
seed of an
inbred maize plant derived from the variety PH42V3 is produced. In the method,
it may
be desirable to select particular plants resulting from step (c) for continued
crossing
according to steps (b) and (c). By selecting plants having one or more
desirable traits,
an inbred maize plant derived from the maize variety PH42V3 is obtained which
possesses some of the desirable traits of maize variety PH42V3 as well as
potentially
other selected traits.
This invention relates to:
<1> A cell of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said
variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764.
<2> The cell of <1>, wherein the cell is a seed cell.
<3> The cell of <1>, wherein the cell is a pericarp cell.
<4> A cell of a maize plant, said maize plant produced by a process of
introducing
a heritable desired trait into maize plant PH42V3 comprising: (a) crossing
PH42V3
plants grown from PH42V3 seed, representative seed of PH42V3 having been
deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-124764, with another maize plant
that comprises a desired trait to produce hybrid progeny plants; (b) selecting
hybrid
progeny plants that have the desired trait to produce selected hybrid progeny
plants;
(c) crossing the selected progeny plants with the PH42V3 plants to produce
backcross progeny plants; (d) selecting for backcross progeny plants that have
the
desired trait to produce selected backcross progeny plants; and (e) repeating
steps
(c) and (d) at least three or more times to produce backcross progeny plants
that are
the same as PH42V3 except for the desired trait and otherwise express the
physiological and morphological characteristics of variety PH42V3 listed in
Table 1
as determined at the 5% significance level grown under substantially similar
environmental conditions.
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<5> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said
variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764 for producing a
second maize plant.
<6> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said
variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764 as a recipient
of a conversion locus.
<7> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said
variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764 for breeding a
maize plant.
<8> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764 to cross with a
second maize plant.
<9> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said
variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764 as a recipient
of a transgene.
<10> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764 to produce a
doubled haploid plant.
<11> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764, for breeding a
second maize plant, wherein said second maize plant is an inbred maize plant.
<12> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764, for producing
a second maize plant, wherein said second maize plant is an Fl hybrid maize
plant.
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<13> The use of <7> wherein the breeding comprises recurrent selection,
backcrossing, pedigree breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism
enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, or transformation.
<14> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety
.. having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764 to develop a
molecular marker profile.
<15> A plant cell from a plant of variety PH42V3, said variety having been
deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764, wherein the plant cell
further comprises a locus conversion and is the same as a plant cell from
variety
PH42V3 except for the locus conversion and the plant otherwise expresses the
physiological and morphological characteristics of variety PH42V3 listed in
Table 1
as determined at the 5% significance level grown under substantially similar
environmental conditions.
<16> A plant cell from variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety
having
been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764, further comprising a
transgene inserted by transformation.
<17> The plant cell of <15>, wherein the locus conversion confers a trait,
wherein
said trait is male sterility, site-specific recombination, abiotic stress
tolerance, altered
phosphorus, altered antioxidants, altered fatty acids, altered essential amino
acids,
altered carbohydrates, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance or disease
resistance.
<18> A plant cell from a plant produced by self-pollinating or sib-pollinating
inbred
maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety having been
deposited
under ATCC accession number PTA-124764, wherein the self-pollinating or sib-
pollinating occurs with adequate isolation.
<19> The plant cell of <18> wherein the plant cell is a seed cell.
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<20> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said plant
having
been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-124764, for outcrossing,
backcrossing or self-pollination.
<21> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764, for producing
a hybrid.
<22> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764, for producing
seed.
<23> The use of <22> wherein the seed is self-pollinated.
<24> The use of <22> wherein the seed is sib-pollinated.
<25> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764, for hybrid seed
production.
<26> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764, for growing in
a field.
<27> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764, as a crop.
<28> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764, as a source of
seed.
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<29> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764, as a source of
propagating material.
<30> Use of inbred maize variety PH42V3, representative seed of said variety
having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-124764, for
consumption.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A new and distinctive maize inbred variety designated PH42V3, which has been
the result of years of careful breeding and selection in a comprehensive maize
breeding
program is provided.
Definitions
Maize (Zea mays) can be referred to as maize or corn. Certain definitions used
in
the specification are provided below. Also in the examples that follow, a
number of
terms are used herein. In order to provide a clear and consistent
understanding of the
specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the
following
definitions are provided. NOTE: ABS is in absolute terms and %MN is percent of
the
mean for the experiments in which the inbred or hybrid was grown. PCT
designates that
the trait is calculated as a percentage. %NOT designates the percentage of
plants that
did not exhibit a trait. For example, STKLDG %NOT is the percentage of plants
in a plot
that were not stalk lodged. These designators will follow the descriptors to
denote how
the values are to be interpreted. Below are the descriptors used in the data
tables
included herein.
ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE: resistance to non-biological sources of stress
conferred by traits such as nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen
responsiveness, drought resistance, cold, and salt resistance
ABTSTK = ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK: A count of the number of "snapped"
plants per plot following machine snapping. A snapped plant has its stalk
completely
snapped at a node between the base of the plant and the node above the ear.
Expressed as percent of plants that did not snap.
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ALLELE: Any of one or more alternative forms of a genetic sequence. In a
diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given sequence typically occupy
corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
ALTER: The utilization of up-regulation, down-regulation, or gene silencing.
ANTHESIS: The time of a flower's opening.
ANTIOXIDANT: A chemical compound or substance that inhibits oxidation,
including but not limited to tocopherol or tocotrienols.
ANT ROT = ANTHRACNOSE STALK ROT (Colletotrichum graminicola): A 1 to
9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Anthracnose Stalk Rot. A higher
score
indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient
selection pressure
exists in the experiment measured.
BACKCROSSING: Process in which a breeder crosses a hybrid progeny variety
back to one of the parental genotypes one or more times.
BACKCROSS PROGENY: Progeny plants produced by crossing one maize line
(recurrent parent) with plants of another maize line (donor) that comprise a
desired trait
or locus, selecting progeny plants that comprise the desired trait or locus,
and crossing
them with the recurrent parent one or more times to produce backcross progeny
plants
that comprise said trait or locus.
BARPLT = BARREN PLANTS: The percent of plants per plot that were not
barren (lack ears).
BLUP = BEST LINEAR UNBIASED PREDICTION. The BLUP values are
determined from a mixed model analysis of hybrid performance observations at
various
locations and replications. BLUP values for inbred maize plants, breeding
values, are
estimated from the same analysis using pedigree information.
BORBMN = ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK MEAN: The mean percent of plants
not "snapped" in a plot following artificial selection pressure. A snapped
plant has its
stalk completely snapped at a node between the base of the plant and the node
above
the ear. Expressed as percent of plants that did not snap. A higher number
indicates
better tolerance to brittle snapping.
BRENGMN = BRITTLE STALK ENERGY MEAN: The mean amount of energy
per unit area needed to artificially brittle snap a corn stalk. A high number
indicates
better tolerance to brittle snapping.
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BREEDING: The genetic manipulation of living organisms.
BREEDING CROSS: A cross to introduce new genetic material into a plant for
the development of a new variety. For example, one could cross plant A with
plant B,
wherein plant B would be genetically different from plant A. After the
breeding cross,
the resulting Fl plants could then be selfed or sibbed for one, two, three or
more times
(F1, F2, F3, etc.) until a new inbred variety is developed.
BREEDING VALUE: A relative value determined by evaluating the progeny of
the parent. For corn the progeny is often the Fl generation and the parent is
often an
inbred variety.
BRLPNE = ARTIFICIAL ROOT LODGING EARLY SEASON: The percent of
plants not root lodged in a plot following artificial selection pressure
applied prior to
flowering. A plant is considered root lodged if it leans from the vertical
axis at an
approximately 30 degree angle or greater. Expressed as percent of plants that
did not
root lodge. A high number indicates higher tolerance to root lodging.
BRLPNL= ARTIFICIAL ROOT LODGING LATE SEASON: The percent of plants
not root lodged in a plot following artificial selection pressure during grain
fill. A plant is
considered root lodged if it leans from the vertical axis at an approximately
30 degree
angle or greater. Expressed as percent of plants that did not root lodge. A
high number
indicates higher tolerance to root lodging.
BRTSTK = BRITTLE STALKS: This is a measure of the stalk breakage near the
time of pollination, and is an indication of whether a hybrid or inbred would
snap or
break near the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are presented as
percentage
of plants that did not snap. Data are collected only when sufficient selection
pressure
exists in the experiment measured.
BRTPCN = BRITTLE STALKS: This is an estimate of the stalk breakage near the
time of pollination, and is an indication of whether a hybrid or inbred would
snap or
break near the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are presented as
percentage
of plants that did not snap. Data are collected only when sufficient selection
pressure
exists in the experiment measured.
CARBOHYDRATE: Organic compounds comprising carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen, including sugars, starches and cellulose.
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' CELL: Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether isolated, in tissue
culture or incorporated in a plant or plant part.
CLDTST = COLD TEST: The percent of plants that germinate under cold test
conditions.
CLN = CORN LETHAL NECROSIS: Synergistic interaction of maize chlorotic
mottle virus (MCMV) in combination with either maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-
A or
MDMV-B) or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating
the
resistance to Corn Lethal Necrosis. A higher score indicates a higher
resistance. Data
are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
measured.
CMSMT = COMMON SMUT: This is the percentage of plants not infected with
Common Smut. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists
in the
experiment measured.
COMRST = COMMON RUST (Puccinia sorghi): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating
the resistance to Common Rust. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
Data are
collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
measured.
CROSS POLLINATION: Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different
plants.
CROSSING: The combination of genetic material by traditional methods such as
a breeding cross or backcross, but also including protoplast fusion and other
molecular
biology methods of combining genetic material from two sources.
D and D1-Dn: represents the generation of doubled haploid.
D/D = DRYDOWN: This represents the relative rate at which a hybrid will reach
acceptable harvest moisture compared to other hybrids on a 1 to 9 rating
scale. A high
score indicates a hybrid that dries relatively fast while a low score
indicates a hybrid that
dries slowly.
DIGENG = DIGESTIBLE ENERGY: Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy,
NIT, prediction of digestible energy.
DIPERS = DIPLODIA EAR MOLD SCORES (Diplodia maydis and Diplodia
macrospora): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Diplodia Ear
Mold. A
higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when
sufficient
selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
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DIPLOID PLANT PART: Refers to a plant part or cell that has a same diploid
genotype.
DIPROT = DIPLODIA STALK ROT SCORE: Score of stalk rot severity due to
Diplodia (Diplodia maydis). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly
resistant.
.. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
experiment
measured.
DRPEAR = DROPPED EARS: A measure of the number of dropped ears per
plot and represents the percentage of plants that did not drop ears prior to
harvest.
Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
experiment
measured.
D/T = DROUGHT TOLERANCE: This represents a 1 to 9 rating for drought
tolerance, and is based on data obtained under stress conditions. A high score
indicates good drought tolerance and a low score indicates poor drought
tolerance.
Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
experiment
measured.
EARMLD = GENERAL EAR MOLD: Visual rating (1 to 9 score) where a 1 is very
susceptible and a 9 is very resistant. This is based on overall rating for ear
mold of
mature ears without determining the specific mold organism, and may not be
predictive
for a specific ear mold. Data are collected only when sufficient selection
pressure exists
in the experiment measured.
EARHT = EDEARHT = EAR HEIGHT: The ear height is a measure from the
ground to the highest placed developed ear node attachment and is measured in
inches
(EARHT) or centimeters (EDEARHT).
EARSZ = EAR SIZE: A 1 to 9 visual rating of ear size. The higher the rating
the
larger the ear size.
EBTSTK = EARLY BRITTLE STALK: A count of the number of "snapped" plants
per plot following severe winds when the corn plant is experiencing very rapid
vegetative growth in the V5-V8 stage. Expressed as percent of plants that did
not snap.
Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
experiment
measured.
ECB1LF = EUROPEAN CORN BORER FIRST GENERATION LEAF FEEDING
(Ostrinia nubilalis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to
preflowering leaf
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feeding by first generation European Corn Borer. A higher score indicates a
higher
resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists
in the
experiment measured.
ECB2IT = EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GENERATION INCHES OF
TUNNELING (Ostrinia nubilalis): Average inches of tunneling per plant in the
stalk.
Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
experiment
measured.
ECB2SC =EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GENERATION (Ostrinia
nubilalis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating post flowering degree of stalk
breakage and
other evidence of feeding by second generation European Corn Borer. A higher
score
indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient
selection pressure
exists in the experiment measured.
ECBDPE = EUROPEAN CORN BORER DROPPED EARS (Ostrinia nubilalis):
Dropped ears due to European Corn Borer. Percentage of plants that did not
drop ears
under second generation European Corn Borer infestation. Data are collected
only
when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
ECBLSI = EUROPEAN CORN BORER LATE SEASON INTACT (Ostrinia
nubilalis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating late season intactness of the
corn plant given
damage (stalk breakage above and below the top ear) caused primarily by 2nd
and/or 3rd
generation ECB larval feeding before harvest. A higher score indicates more
intact
plants. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in
the
experiment measured.
EDANTCOLs = ANTHER COLOR: Rated on a 1 to 7 scale where 1 is green, 2 is
yellow, 3 is pink, 5 is red, and 7 is purple.
EDantants = ANTHER ANTHOCYANIN COLOR INTENSITY: A measure of
anther anthocyanin color intensity rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent
or very
weak, 3 is weak, 5 is medium, 7 is strong, and 9 is very strong. Observed in
the middle
third of the main branch on fresh anthers.
EDbarants = GLUME ANTHOCYANIN COLORATION AT BASE (WHOLE
.. PLANT, EAR INSERTION LEVEL): A measure of the color intensity at the base
of the
glume, rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent or very weak, 3 is weak, 5 is
medium,
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7 is strong, and 9 is very strong. Observed in the middle third of the main
branch of the
tassel.
EDBARCOLs = BAR GLUME COLOR INTENSITY: A measure of the bar glume
color intensity. Bar glume is a dark purple band that may occur on the bottom
of a
glume. Bar glume color intensity is measured on a scale of 1 to 7 where 1 is
absent, 2
is weak, 3 is medium, 5 is strong, and 7 is very strong.
EDBRROANTs = BRACE ROOTS ANTHOCYANIN COLORATION: A measure
of the color intensity of the brace roots rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is
absent or very
weak, 3 is weak, 5 is medium, 7 is strong, and 9 is very strong. Observed when
well
developed and fresh brace roots are present on 50% of plants.
EDCOBAINTs = COB GLUME ANTHOCYANIN COLOR INTENSITY: Rated on
a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent or very weak, 3 is weak, 5 is medium, 7 is
strong, and 9
is very strong. Anthocyanin coloration should be observed on the middle third
of the
uppermost cob, after the removal of some of the grains.
EDCOBCOLs = COB COLOR: A measure of the intensity of pink or salmon
coloration of the cob, rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent or white, 2
is light pink, 3
is pink, 4 is medium red, 5 is red, 6 is medium red, 7 is dark red, 8 is dark
to very dark
red, and 9 is present.
EDCOBDIA = COB DIAMETER: Measured in mm.
EDCOBICAs = COB ANTHOCYANIN COLOR INTENSITY: A measure of the
intensity of pink or salmon coloration of the cob, rated on a 1 to 9 scale
where 1 is very
weak, 3 is weak, 5 is medium, 7 is strong, and 9 is very strong.
EDEARDIA = EAR DIAMETER: Measured in mm.
EDEARHULs = EAR HUSK LENGTH: A measure of ear husk length rated on a
1 to 9 scale where 1 is very short, 3 is short, 5 is medium, 7 is long, and 9
is very long.
EDEARLNG = EAR LENGTH: Measured in mm.
EDEARROW = NUMBER OF ROWS OF GRAIN ON EAR.
EDEARSHAs = EAR SHAPE (TAPER): Rated on a 1 to 3 scale where 1 is
conical, 2 is conico-cylindrical, and 3 is cylindrical.
EDEARSHLs = EAR SHANK LENGTH SCALE: A measure of the length of the
ear shank or peduncle, rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is very short, 3 is
short, 5 is
medium, 7 is long, 9 is very long.
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EDFILEANs = SHEATH ANTHOCYANIN COLOR INTENSITY AT FIRST LEAF
STAGE: A measure of the anthocyanin color intensity of the sheath of the first
leaf,
rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent or very weak, 3 is weak, 5 is
medium, 7 is
strong, and 9 is very strong.
EDFILECOs = FOLIAGE INTENSITY OF GREEN COLOR: A measure of the
green coloration intensity in the leaves, rated on a 1 to 3 scale where 1 is
light, 2 is
medium, and 3 is dark.
EDFILESHs = LEAF TIP SHAPE: An indication of the shape of the apex of the
first leaf, rated on a 1 to 5 scale where 1 is pointed, 2 is pointed to
rounded, 3 is
rounded, 4 is rounded to spatulate, and 5 is spatulate.
EDGLUANTs = GLUME ANTHOCYANIN COLOR EXCLUDING BASE: A
measure of the color intensity of the glume excluding the base, rated on a 1
to 9 scale
where 1 is absent or very weak, 3 is weak, 5 is medium, 7 is strong, and 9 is
very
strong. Observed in the middle third of the main branch of the tassel.
EDGLUCOLs = GLUME COLOR: Rated on a 1 to 7 scale where 1 is green, 2 is
yellow, 3 is pink, 5 is red, and 7 is purple.
EDKERDOCs = DORSAL SIDE OF GRAIN COLOR: Rated on a 1 to 10 scale
where 1 is white, 2 is yellowish white, 3 is yellow, 4 is yellow orange, 5 is
orange, 6 is
red orange, 7 is red, 8 is purple, 9 is brownish, and 10 is blue black.
Observed in the
middle third of the uppermost ear when well developed.
EDKERSHAs = KERNEL SHAPE: Rated on a 1 to 3 scale where 1 is round, 2 is
kidney-shaped, and 3 is cuneiform.
EDKERTCOs = TOP OF GRAIN COLOR: Rated on a 1 to 10 scale where 1 is
white, 2 is yellowish white, 3 is yellow, 4 is yellow orange, 5 is orange, 6
is red orange, 7
is red, 8 is purple, 9 is brownish, and 10 is blue black. Observed in the
middle third of
the uppermost ear when well developed.
EDLEAANGs = LEAF ANGLE BETWEEN BLADE AND STEM: A measure of the
angle formed between stem and leaf, rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is very
small (<5
degrees), 3 is small (6 to 37 degrees), 5 is medium (38 to 62 degrees), 7 is
large (63 to
90 degrees), and 9 is very large (>90 degrees). Observed on the leaf just
above the
upper ear.
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EDLEAATTs = LEAF ATTITUDE OF ENTIRE PLANT: A measure of leaf
curvature or attitude, rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent or very
slightly recurved,
3 is slightly recurved, 5 is moderately recurved, 7 is strongly recurved, and
9 is very
strongly recurved. Observed on the leaf just above the upper ear.
EDLEALNGs = LEAF LENGTH SCORE: A measure of leaf length rated on a 1
to 9 scale where 1 indicates < 0.70 m, 3 indicates 0.70 m to 0.80 m, 5
indicates 0.80 m
to 0.90 m, 7 indicates 0.90 m to 1 m, and 9 indicates > 1.00 m.
EDLEAWID = LEAF WIDTH OF BLADE: A measure of the average leaf width in
centimeters.
EDLELIANTs = LEAF LIMB ANTHOCYANIN COLOR INTENSITY OF ENTIRE
PLANT: A measure of the leaf limb anthocyanin coloration, rated on a 1 to 9
scale with
1 being absent or very weak, 3 being weak, 5 being medium, 7 being strong, and
9
being very strong.
EDNODANTS = NODES ANTHOCYANIN COLOR INTENSITY: A measure of
.. the anthocyanin coloration of nodes, rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is
absent or very
weak, 3 is weak, 5 is medium, 7 is strong, and 9 is very strong.
EDRATIOEP = RATIO HEIGHT OF INSERTION OF PEDUNCLE OF UPPER
EAR TO PLANT LENGTH.
EDSHEAHAs = LEAF SHEATH HAIRNESS SCALE: Rated on a 1 to 6 scale
where 1 indicates none and 6 indicates fuzzy.
EDSHEAANTs = SHEATH ANTHOCYANIN COLOR INTENSITY: Rated on a 1
to 9 scale where 1 is absent or very weak, 3 is weak, 5 is medium, 7 is
strong, and 9 is
very strong.
EDSLKAINTs = SILK ANTHOCYANIN COLOR INTENSITY: A measure of the
color intensity of the silks, rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent or
very weak, 3 is
weak, 5 is medium, 7 is strong, and 9 is very strong.
EDSTLANTs = INTERNODE ANTHOCYANIN COLOR INTENSITY: A measure
of anthocyanin coloration of nodes, rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent
or very
weak, 3 is weak, 5 is medium, 7 is strong, and 9 is very strong. Observed just
above
the insertion point of the peduncle of the upper ear.
EDTA1RYATs = TASSEL LATERAL BRANCH CURVATURE: Rated on a 1 to 9
scale where 1 indicates absent or very slightly recurved (<5 degrees), 3
indicates
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slightly recurved (6 to 37 degrees), 5 indicates moderately recurved (38 to 62
degrees),
7 indicates strongly recurved (63 to 90 degrees), and 9 indicates very
strongly recurved
(>90 degrees). Observed on the second branch from the bottom of the tassel.
EDTA1RYBRs = NUMBER OF PRIMARY LATERAL TASSEL BRANCHES:
Rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 indicates absent or very few (<4 branches), 3
indicates
few (4 to 10), 5 indicates medium (11 to 15), 7 indicates many (16 to 20), and
9
indicates very many (> 20).
EDTASAHB = LENGTH OF MAIN AXIS ABOVE HIGHEST LATERAL BRANCH:
The length of the tassel's main axis above the highest lateral branch in
centimeters.
EDTASANGs = TASSEL ANGLE BETWEEN MAIN AXIS AND LATERAL
BRANCHES: Rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is very small (<5 degrees), 3 is
small (6
to 37 degrees), 5 is medium (38 to 62 degrees), 7 is large (63 to 90 degrees),
and 9 is
very large (> 90 degrees). Observed on the second branch from the bottom of
the
tassel.
EDTASEBRs = SECONDARY TASSEL BRANCHES (NUMBER): The number of
secondary tassel branches, rated on a 1 to 7 scale where 1 indicates 0 to 3
branches, 2
indicates 4 to 10,3 indicates 11 to15, 5 indicates 16 to 20, and 7 indicates
>20.
EDTASLPBRs = PRIMARY TASSEL BRANCH LENGTH: A measure of the
length of the primary or lateral tassel branch, rated on a 1 to 9 scale where
1 is very
short, 3 is short, 5 is medium, 7 is long, 9 is very long. Observed on the
second branch
from the bottom of the tassel.
EDTASULB = LENGTH OF MAIN AXIS ABOVE LOWEST LATERAL BRANCH:
The length of the tassel's main axis above the lowest lateral branch in
centimeters.
EDZIGZAGs = DEGREE OF STEM ZIG-ZAG: Rated on a scale of 1 to 3 where
1 is absent or very slight, 2 is slight, and 3 is strong.
EGRWTH = EARLY GROWTH: This is a measure of the relative height and size
of a corn seedling at the 2-4 leaf stage of growth. This is a visual rating (1
to 9), with 1
being weak or slow growth, 5 being average growth and 9 being strong growth.
Taller
plants, wider leaves, more green mass and darker color constitute higher
score. Data
are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
measured.
ERTLDG = EARLY ROOT LODGING: The percentage of plants that do not root
lodge prior to or around anthesis; plants that lean from the vertical axis at
an
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approximately 30 degree angle or greater would be counted as root lodged. Data
are
collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
measured.
ERTLPN = EARLY ROOT LODGING: An estimate of the percentage of plants
that do not root lodge prior to or around anthesis; plants that lean from the
vertical axis
at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater would be considered as root
lodged.
Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
experiment
measured.
ERTLSC = EARLY ROOT LODGING SCORE: Score for severity of plants that
lean from a vertical axis at an approximate 30 degree angle or greater which
typically
results from strong winds prior to or around flowering recorded within 2 weeks
of a wind
event. Expressed as a Ito 9 score with 9 being, no lodging. Data are collected
only
when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS: Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by an
organism and therefore must be supplied in the diet.
ESTCNT = EARLY STAND COUNT: This is a measure of the stand
establishment in the spring and represents the number of plants that emerge on
per plot
basis for the inbred or hybrid.
EXPRESSING: Having the genetic potential such that under the right conditions,
the phenotypic trait is present.
EXTSTR = EXTRACTABLE STARCH: Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy,
NIT, prediction of extractable starch.
EYESPT = EYE SPOT (Kabatiella zeae or Aureobasidium zeae): A 1 to 9 visual
rating indicating the resistance to Eye Spot. A higher score indicates a
higher
resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists
in the
experiment measured.
FATTY ACID: A carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often with a long aliphatic
tail
(long chains), either saturated or unsaturated.
Fl PROGENY: A progeny plant produced by crossing a plant of one maize line
with a plant of another maize line.
FUSERS = FUSARIUM EAR ROT SCORE (Fusarium moniliforme or Fusarium
subglutinans): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Fusarium
Ear Rot. A
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higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when
sufficient
selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
GDU = GROWING DEGREE UNITS: Using the Barger Heat Unit Theory, which
assumes that maize growth occurs in the temperature range 50 degrees F ¨ 86
degrees
F and that temperatures outside this range slow down growth; the maximum daily
heat
unit accumulation is 36 and the minimum daily heat unit accumulation is 0. The
seasonal accumulation of GDU is a major factor in determining maturity zones.
GDUSHD = EDDAYSH = GDU TO SHED: The number of growing degree units
(GDUs) or heat units required for an inbred variety or hybrid to have
approximately 50
percent of the plants shedding pollen and is measured from the time of
planting.
Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method, where the heat units
for a
24-hour period are:
GDU = (Max. temp. + Min. temp.) - 50
2
The units determined by the Barger Method are then divided by 10. The highest
maximum temperature used is 86 degrees F and the lowest minimum temperature
used
is 50 degrees F. For each inbred or hybrid it takes a certain number of GDUs
to reach
various stages of plant development.
GDUSLK = EDDAYSLK = GDU TO SILK: The number of growing degree units
required for an inbred variety or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of
the plants
with silk emergence from time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated
by the
Barger Method as given in GDUSHD definition and then divided by 10.
GENE SILENCING: The interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene
at the level of transcription or translation.
GENOTYPE: Refers to the genetic mark-up or profile of a cell or organism.
GIBERS = GIBBERELLA EAR ROT (PINK MOLD) (Gibberella zeae): A 1 to 9
visual rating indicating the resistance to Gibberella Ear Rot. A higher score
indicates a
higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
exists in
the experiment measured.
GIBROT = GIBBERELLA STALK ROT SCORE: Score of stalk rot severity due to
Gibberella (Gibberella zeae). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly
resistant.
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Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
experiment
measured.
GLFSPT = GRAY LEAF SPOT (Cercospora zeae-maydis): A 1 to 9 visual rating
indicating the resistance to Gray Leaf Spot. A higher score indicates a higher
resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists
in the
experiment measured.
GOSWLT = GOSS' WILT (Cotynebacterium nebraskense): A 1 to 9 visual rating
indicating the resistance to Goss' Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher
resistance.
Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
experiment
measured.
GRAIN TEXTURE: A visual rating used to indicate the appearance of mature
grain observed in the middle third of the uppermost ear when well developed.
Grain or
seed with a hard grain texture is indicated as flint; grain or seed with a
soft grain texture
is indicted as dent. Medium grain or seed texture may be indicated as flint-
dent or
intermediate. Other grain textures include flint-like, dent-like, sweet, pop,
waxy and
flour.
GRNAPP = GRAIN APPEARANCE: This is a 1 to 9 rating for the general
appearance of the shelled grain as it is harvested based on such factors as
the color of
harvested grain, any mold on the grain, and any cracked grain. Higher scores
indicate
better grain visual quality.
H and H1: Refers to the haploid generation.
HAPLOID PLANT PART: Refers to a plant part or cell that has a haploid
genotype.
HCBLT = HELMINTHOSPORIUM CARBONUM LEAF BLIGHT
(Helminthosporium carbonum): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance
to
Helminthosporium infection. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data
are
collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
measured.
HD SMT = HEAD SMUT (Sphacelotheca reiliana): This indicates the percentage
of plants not infected. Data are collected only when sufficient selection
pressure exists
in the experiment measured.
HSKCVR = HUSK COVER: A 1 to 9 score based on performance relative to key
checks, with a score of 1 indicating very short husks, tip of ear and kernels
showing; 5 is
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intermediate coverage of the ear under most conditions, sometimes with thin
husk; and
a 9 has husks extending and closed beyond the tip of the ear. Scoring can best
be
done near physiological maturity stage or any time during dry down until
harvested.
HTFRM = Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy, NIT: prediction of
fermentables.
HYBRID VARIETY: A substantially heterozygous hybrid line and minor genetic
modifications thereof that retain the overall genetics of the hybrid line
including but not
limited to a locus conversion, a mutation, or a somoclonal variant.
INBRED: A variety developed through inbreeding or doubled haploidy that
preferably comprises homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of its loci. An
inbred
can be reproduced by selfing or growing in isolation so that the plants can
only pollinate
with the same inbred variety.
INC D/A = GROSS INCOME (DOLLARS PER ACRE): Relative income per acre
assuming drying costs of two cents per point above 15.5 percent harvest
moisture and
current market price per bushel.
INCOME/ACRE: Income advantage of hybrid to be patented over other hybrid
on per acre basis.
INC ADV = GROSS INCOME ADVANTAGE: Gross income advantage of variety
#1 over variety #2.
INTROGRESSION: The process of transferring genetic material from one
genotype to another.
KERNEL PERICARP COLOR is scored when kernels have dried down and is
taken at or about 65 days after 50% silk. Score codes are: Colorless = 1; Red
with white
crown = 2; Tan = 3; Bronze = 4; Brown = 5; Light red = 6; Cherry red = 7.
KERUNT = KERNELS PER UNIT AREA (Acres or Hectares).
KERPOP = KERNEL POP SCORE: The visual 1-9 rating of the amount of
rupturing of the kernel pericarp at an early stage in grain fill. A higher
score indicates
fewer popped (ruptured) kernels.
KER_WT = KERNEL NUMBER PER UNIT WEIGHT (Pounds or Kilograms): The
number of kernels in a specific measured weight; determined after removal of
extremely
small and large kernels.
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KSZDCD = KERNEL SIZE DISCARD: The percent of discard seed; calculated
as the sum of discarded tip kernels and extra-large kernels.
LINKAGE: Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome
tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their
transmission
was independent.
LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM: Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles tend to
remain together in linkage groups when segregating from parents to offspring,
with a
greater frequency than expected from their individual frequencies.
LOCUS: A specific location on a chromosome.
LOCUS CONVERSION (Also called TRAIT CONVERSION): A locus conversion
refers to plants within a variety that have been modified in a manner that
retains the
overall genetics of the variety and further comprises one or more loci with a
specific
=
desired trait, such as male sterility, insect resistance, disease resistance
or herbicide
tolerance or resistance. Examples of single locus conversions include mutant
genes,
transgenes and native traits finely mapped to a single locus. One or more
locus
conversion traits may be introduced into a single corn variety.
L/POP = YIELD AT LOW DENSITY: Yield ability at relatively low plant densities
on a 1 to 9 relative system with a higher number indicating the hybrid
responds well to
low plant densities for yield relative to other hybrids. A 1, 5, and 9 would
represent very
poor, average, and very good yield response, respectively, to low plant
density.
LRTLDG = LATE ROOT LODGING: The percentage of plants that do not root
lodge after anthesis through harvest; plants that lean from the vertical axis
at an
approximately 30 degree angle or greater would be counted as root lodged. Data
are
collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
measured.
LRTLPN = LATE ROOT LODGING: An estimate of the percentage of plants that
do not root lodge after anthesis through harvest; plants that lean from the
vertical axis at
an approximately 30 degree angle or greater would be considered as root
lodged. Data
are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
measured.
LRTLSC = LATE ROOT LODGING SCORE: Score for severity of plants that
lean from a vertical axis at an approximate 30 degree angle or greater which
typically
results from strong winds after flowering. Recorded prior to harvest when a
root-lodging
event has occurred. This lodging results in plants that are leaned or "lodged"
over at
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the base of the plant and do not straighten or "goose-neck" back to a vertical
position.
Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being no lodging. Data are collected only
when
sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
MALE STERILITY: A male sterile plant is one which produces no viable pollen
no (pollen that is able to fertilize the egg to produce a viable seed). Male
sterility
prevents self pollination. These male sterile plants are therefore useful in
hybrid plant
production.
MDMCPX = MAIZE DWARF MOSAIC COMPLEX (MDMV = Maize Dwarf Mosaic
Virus and MCDV = Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus): A 1 to 9 visual rating
indicating the
resistance to Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex. A higher score indicates a higher
resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists
in the
experiment measured.
MILKLN = percent milk in mature grain.
MST = HARVEST MOISTURE: The moisture is the actual percentage moisture
of the grain at harvest.
MSTADV = MOISTURE ADVANTAGE: The moisture advantage of variety #1
over variety #2 as calculated by: MOISTURE of variety #2 - MOISTURE of variety
#1 =
MOISTURE ADVANTAGE of variety #1.
NEI DISTANCE: A quantitative measure of percent similarity between two
varieties. Nei's distance between varieties A and B can be defined as 1 -
(2*number
alleles in common / (number alleles in A + number alleles in B). For example,
if
varieties A and B are the same for 95 out of 100 alleles, the Nei distance
would be 0.05.
If varieties A and B are the same for 98 out of 100 alleles, the Nei distance
would be
0.02. Free software for calculating Nei distance is available on the internet
at multiple
locations. See Nei, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 76:5269-5273 (1979.
NLFBLT = NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium turcicum or
Exserohilum turcicum): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to
Northern Leaf
Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only
when
sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
NUCLEIC ACID: An acidic, chainlike biological macromolecule consisting of
multiple repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar, and purine and pyrimidine
bases.
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OILT = GRAIN OIL: Absolute value of oil content of the kernel as predicted by
Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter.
PERCENT IDENTITY: Percent identity as used herein refers to the comparison
of the alleles present in two varieties. For example, when comparing two
inbred plants
to each other, each inbred plant will have the same allele (and therefore be
homozygous) at almost all of their loci. Percent identity is determined by
comparing a
statistically significant number of the homozygous alleles of two varieties.
For example,
a percent identity of 90% between PH42V3 and other variety means that the two
varieties have the same homozygous alleles at 90% of their loci.
PLANT: As used herein, the term "plant" includes reference to an immature or
mature whole plant, including a plant that has been detasseled or from which
seed or
grain has been removed. Seed or embryo that will produce the plant is also
considered
to be the plant.
PLANT PART: As used herein, the term "plant part" includes leaves, stems,
roots, seed, grain, embryo, pollen, ovules, flowers, ears, cobs, husks,
stalks, root tips,
anthers, pericarp, silk, tissue, cells and the like. In some embodiments, the
plant part
contains at least one cell of inbred maize variety PH42V3 (or a locus
conversion
thereof) or a hybrid produced from inbred variety PH42V3 (or a locus
conversion
thereof).
PLATFORM indicates the variety with the base genetics and the variety with the
base genetics comprising locus conversion(s). There can be a platform for the
inbred
maize variety and the hybrid maize variety.
PLTHT = EDPLTHWT = PLANT HEIGHT: This is a measure of the height of the
plant from the ground to the tip of the tassel in inches (PLTHT) or
centimeters
(EDPLTHWT).
POLPRD = POLLEN PRODUCTION SCORE: The estimated total amount of
pollen produced by tassels based on the number of tassel branches and the
density of
the spikelets.
POLSC = POLLEN SCORE: A 0 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of
pollen shed. The higher the score the more pollen shed.
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POLWT = POLLEN WEIGHT: This is calculated by dry weight of tassels
collected as shedding commences minus dry weight from similar tassels
harvested after
shedding is complete.
POP K/A = PLANT POPULATIONS: Measured as 1000's per acre.
POP ADV = PLANT POPULATION ADVANTAGE: The plant population
advantage of variety #1 over variety #2 as calculated by PLANT POPULATION of
variety #2- PLANT POPULATION of variety #1 = PLANT POPULATION ADVANTAGE
of variety #1.
RM = RELATIVE MATURITY: This is a predicted relative maturity, based on the
harvest moisture of the grain. The relative maturity rating is based on a
known set of
checks and utilizes standard linear regression analyses and is also referred
to as the
Comparative Relative Maturity Rating System that is similar to the Minnesota
Relative
Maturity Rating System.
PRMSHD: A relative measure of the growing degree units (GDU) required to
reach 50% pollen shed. Relative values are predicted values from the linear
regression
of observed GDU's on relative maturity of commercial checks.
PROT = GRAIN PROTEIN: Absolute value of protein content of the kernel as
predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry
matter.
RESISTANCE: Synonymous with tolerance. The ability of a plant to withstand
exposure to an insect, disease, herbicide or other condition. A resistant
plant variety
will have a level of resistance higher than a comparable wild-type variety.
RTLDG = ROOT LODGING: Root lodging is the percentage of plants that do not
root lodge; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30
degree angle or
greater would be counted as root lodged. Data are collected only when
sufficient
selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
RTLADV = ROOT LODGING ADVANTAGE: The root lodging advantage of
variety #1 over variety #2. Data are collected only when sufficient selection
pressure
exists in the experiment measured.
SCTGRN = SCATTER GRAIN: A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of
scatter grain (lack of pollination or kernel abortion) on the ear. The higher
the score the
less scatter grain.
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SDGVGR = SEEDLING VIGOR: This is the visual rating (1 to 9) of the amount of
vegetative growth after emergence at the seedling stage (approximately five
leaves). A
higher score indicates better vigor.
SEED: Fertilized and ripened ovule, consisting of the plant embryo, varying
amounts of stored food material, and a protective outer seed coat. Synonymous
with
grain.
SEFIELD: Percent stress emergence in field.
SELAB: Average % stress emergence in lab tests.
SEL IND = SELECTION INDEX: The selection index gives a single measure of
the hybrid's worth based on information for multiple traits. A maize breeder
may utilize
his or her own set of traits for the selection index. One of the traits that
is almost always
included is yield. The selection index data presented in the tables represent
the mean
value averaged across testing stations.
SELF POLLINATION: A plant is self-pollinated if pollen from one flower is
transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant.
SIB POLLINATION: A plant is sib-pollinated when individuals within the same
family or variety are used for pollination.
SITE SPECIFIC INTEGRATION: Genes that create a site for site specific DNA
integration. This includes the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in
the
FLP/FRT system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/Loxp system. For
example, see Lyznik, et al., Site-Specific Recombination for Genetic
Engineering in
Plants, Plant Cell Rep (2003) 21:925-932 and WO 99/25821.
SLFBLT = SOUTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium maydis or Bipolaris
maydis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Southern Leaf
Blight. A
higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when
sufficient
selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
SNP=SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM: is a DNA sequence variation
occurring when a single nucleotide in the genome differs between individual
plant or
plant varieties. The differences can be equated with different alleles, and
indicate
polymorphisms. A number of SNP markers can be used to determine a molecular
profile of an individual plant or plant variety and can be used to compare
similarities and
differences among plants and plant varieties.
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SOURST = SOUTHERN RUST (Puccinia polysora): A 1 to 9 visual rating
indicating the resistance to Southern Rust. A higher, score indicates a higher
resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists
in the
experiment measured.
SPKDSC = EDTASAFDs = TASSEL SPIKELET DENSITY SCORE: The visual
rating of how dense spikelets are on the middle to middle third of tassel
branches. A
higher score on a 1-9 scale indicates higher spikelet density (SPKDSC). On a 3
to 7
scale, 3 is moderately lax, 5 is medium, and 7 is moderately dense
(EDTASAFDs).
STAG RN = STAY GREEN: Stay green is the measure of plant health near the
time of black layer formation (physiological maturity). A high score indicates
better late-
season plant health.
STDADV = STALK STANDING ADVANTAGE: The advantage of variety #1 over
variety #2 for the trait STKCNT.
STKCNT = NUMBER OF PLANTS: This is the final stand or number of plants
per plot.
STKCTE: This is the early stand count of plants per plot.
STKLDG = STALK LODGING REGULAR: This is the percentage of plants that
did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at regular harvest (when grain moisture
is between
about 20% and 30%) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks
and
determining the percentage of plants that break below the ear. Data are
collected only
when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
STKLDS = STALK LODGING SCORE: A plant is considered as stalk lodged if
the stalk is broken or crimped between the ear and the ground. This can be
caused by
any or a combination of the following: strong winds late in the season,
disease pressure
within the stalks, ECB damage or genetically weak stalks. This trait should be
taken
just prior to or at harvest. Expressed on a 1 to 9 scale with 9 being no
lodging. Data
are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
measured.
STLLPN = LATE STALK LODGING: This is the percent of plants that did not
stalk lodge (stalk breakage or crimping) at or around late season harvest
(when grain
moisture is below 20%) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the
stalks and
determining the percentage of plants that break or crimp below the ear. Data
are
collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
measured.
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STLPCN = STALK LODGING REGULAR: This is an estimate of the percentage
of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at regular harvest (when
grain
moisture is between about 20% and 30%) as measured by either natural lodging
or
pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break below
the ear.
Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
experiment
measured.
STLTIP = STERILE TIPS SCORE: The visual 1 to 9 rating of the relative lack of
glumes on the tassel central spike and branches. A higher score indicates less
incidence of sterile tips or lack of glumes on the tassel.
STRT = GRAIN STARCH: Absolute value of starch content of the kernel as
predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry
matter.
STWWLT = Stewart's Wilt (Erwinia stewartii): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating
the
resistance to Stewart's Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
Data are
collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
measured.
SSRs: Genetic markers based on polymorphisms in repeated nucleotide
sequences, such as microsatellites. A marker system based on SSRs can be
highly
informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that
multiple alleles
may be present.
TASBLS = TASSEL BLAST: A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to measure the
.. degree of blasting (necrosis due to heat stress) of the tassel at the time
of flowering. A
1 would indicate a very high level of blasting at time of flowering, while a 9
would have
no tassel blasting. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
exists in
the experiment measured.
TASBRN = TASSEL BRANCH NUMBER: The number of tassel branches, with
anthers originating from the central spike.
TASSZ = TASSEL SIZE: A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate the relative
size of the tassel. A higher rating means a larger tassel.
TAS WT = TASSEL WEIGHT: This is the average weight of a tassel (grams) just
prior to pollen shed.
TILLER = TILLERS: A count of the number of tillers per plot that could
possibly
shed pollen was taken. Data are given as a percentage of tillers: number of
tillers per
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plot divided by number of plants per plot. A tiller is defined as a secondary
shoot that
has developed as a tassel capable of shedding pollen.
TSTWT = TEST WEIGHT (ADJUSTED): The measure of the weight of the grain
in pounds for a given volume (bushel), adjusted for MST less than or equal to
22%.
TSTWTN = TEST WEIGHT (UNADJUSTED): The measure of the weight of the
grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel).
TSWADV = TEST WEIGHT ADVANTAGE: The test weight advantage of variety
#1 over variety #2.
VARIETY: A maize line and minor genetic modifications thereof that retain the
overall genetics of the line including but not limited to a locus conversion,
a mutation, or
a somoclonal variant.
WIN M% = PERCENT MOISTURE WINS.
WIN Y% = PERCENT YIELD WINS.
YIELD BU/A = YIELD (BUSHELS/ACRE): Yield of the grain at harvest by weight
or volume (bushels) per unit area (acre) adjusted to 15% moisture.
YLDADV = YIELD ADVANTAGE: The yield advantage of variety #1 over variety
#2 as calculated by: YIELD of variety #1 - YIELD variety #2 = YIELD ADVANTAGE
of
variety #1.
YIELDMST = YIELD/MOISTURE RATIO.
YLDSC = YIELD SCORE: A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to give a relative rating
for yield based on plot ear piles. The higher the rating the greater visual
yield
appearance.
YIELDS = Silage Dry Matter Yield (tons/ acre @ 100%DM)
MLKYLD = Estimated pounds of milk produced per ton of dry matter fed and is
based on utilizing nutrient content and fiber digestibility
ADJMLK = Estimated pounds of milk produced per acre of silage dry matter
based on an equation and is MLKYLD divided by YIELDS.
SLGPRM = Silage Predicted Relative Maturity
SY3ODM = Silage Yield (Tonnage) Adjusted to 30% Dry Matter
PCTMST = Silage Harvest Moisture %
NDFDR = Silage Fiber Digestibility Based on rumen fluid NIRS calibration
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NDFDC = Silage Fiber Digestibility Based on rumen fluid NIRS calibration
All tables discussed in the Detailed Description section can found at the end
of
the section.
Phenotypic Characteristics of PH42V3
Inbred maize variety PH42V3 may be used as a male or female in the production
of the first generation Fl hybrid. The variety has shown uniformity and
stability within
the limits of environmental influence for all the traits as described in the
Variety
Description Information (Table 1, found at the end of the section). The
variety has been
self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful
attention
paid to uniformity of plant type to ensure sufficient homozygosity and
phenotypic
stability for use in commercial hybrid seed production. The variety has been
increased
both by hand and in isolated fields with continued observation for uniformity.
No variant
traits have been observed or are expected in PH42V3.
Genotypic Characteristics of PH42V3
In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be identified by its
genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through a genetic
marker
profile.
As a result of inbreeding, PH42V3 is substantially homozygous. This
homozygosity can be characterized at the loci shown in a marker profile. An Fl
hybrid
made with PH42V3 would substantially comprise the marker profile of PH42V3.
This is
because an Fl hybrid is the sum of its inbred parents, e.g., if one inbred
parent is
homozygous for allele x at a particular locus, and the other inbred parent is
homozygous for allele y at that locus, the Fl hybrid will be xy (heterozygous)
at that
locus. A genetic marker profile can therefore be used to identify hybrids
comprising
PH42V3 as a parent, since such hybrids will comprise two sets of alleles, one
set of
which will be from PH42V3. The determination of the male set of alleles and
the female
set of alleles may be made by profiling the hybrid and the pericarp of the
hybrid seed,
which is composed of maternal parent cells. One way to obtain the paternal
parent
profile is to subtract the pericarp profile from the hybrid profile.
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Subsequent generations of progeny produced by selection and breeding are
expected to be of genotype xx (homozygous), yy (homozygous), or xy
(heterozygous)
for these locus positions. When the Fl plant is used to produce an inbred, the
resulting
inbred should be either x or y for that allele.
Therefore, in accordance with the above, an embodiment is a PH42V3 progeny
maize plant or plant part that is a first generation (F1) hybrid maize plant
comprising two
sets of alleles, wherein one set of the alleles is the same as PH42V3 at
substantially all
loci. A maize cell wherein one set of the alleles is the same as PH42V3 at
substantially
all loci is also provided. This maize cell may be a part of a hybrid seed,
plant or plant
part produced by crossing PH42V3 with another maize plant.
Genetic marker profiles can be obtained by techniques such as Restriction
Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs
(RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA
Amplification
Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs),
Amplified
Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which
are also referred to as Microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
(SNPs).
For example, see Berry et al. (2002), "Assessing Probability of Ancestry Using
Simple
Sequence Repeat Profiles: Applications to Maize Hybrids and lnbreds",
Genetics,
2002, 161:813-824, and Berry et al. (2003), "Assessing Probability of Ancestry
Using
Simple Sequence Repeat Profiles: Applications to Maize Inbred Lines and
Soybean
Varieties", Genetics, 2003, 165: 331-342.
Particular markers used for these purposes may include any type of marker and
marker profile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. A genetic
marker
profile can be used, for example, to identify plants of the same variety or
related
varieties or to determine or validate a pedigree. In addition to being used
for
identification of maize variety PH42V3, a hybrid produced through the use of
PH42V3,
and the identification or verification of pedigree for progeny plants produced
through the
use of PH42V3, a genetic marker profile is also useful in developing a locus
conversion
of PH42V3.
Methods of isolating nucleic acids from maize plants and methods for
performing
genetic marker profiles using SNP and SSR polymorphisms are well known in the
art.
SNPs are genetic markers based on a polymorphism in a single nucleotide. A
marker
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system based on SNPs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to
other
marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present.
A method comprising isolating nucleic acids, such as DNA, from a plant, a
plant part,
plant cell or a seed of the maize plants disclosed herein is provided. The
method can
include mechanical, electrical and/or chemical disruption of the plant, plant
part, plant
cell or seed, contacting the disrupted plant, plant part, plant cell or seed
with a buffer or
solvent, to produce a solution or suspension comprising nucleic acids,
optionally
contacting the nucleic acids with a precipitating agent to precipitate the
nucleic acids,
optionally extracting the nucleic acids, and optionally separating the nucleic
acids such
as by centrifugation or by binding to beads or a column, with subsequent
elution, or a
combination thereof. If DNA is being isolated, an RNase can be included in one
or
more of the method steps. The nucleic acids isolated can comprise all or
substantially
all of the genomic DNA sequence, all or substantially all of the chromosomal
DNA
sequence or all or substantially all of the coding sequences (cDNA) of the
plant, plant
part, or plant cell from which they were isolated. The amount and type of
nucleic acids
isolated may be sufficient to permit whole genome sequencing of the plant from
which
they were isolated or chromosomal marker analysis of the plant from which they
were
isolated.
The methods can be used to produce nucleic acids from the plant, plant part,
seed or cell, which nucleic acids can be, for example, analyzed to produce
data. The
data can be recorded. The nucleic acids from the disrupted cell, the disrupted
plant,
plant part, plant cell or seed or the nucleic acids following isolation or
separation can be
contacted with primers and nucleotide bases, and/or a polymerase to facilitate
PCR
sequencing or marker analysis of the nucleic acids. In some examples, the
nucleic acids
produced can be sequenced or contacted with markers to produce a genetic
profile, a
molecular profile, a marker profile, a haplotype, or any combination thereof.
In some
examples, the genetic profile or nucleotide sequence is recorded on a computer
readable medium. In other examples, the methods may further comprise using the
nucleic acids produced from plants, plant parts, plant cells or seeds in a
plant breeding
program, for example in making crosses, selection and/or advancement decisions
in a
breeding program. Crossing includes any type of plant breeding crossing
method,
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including but not limited to crosses to produce hybrids, outcrossing, selfing,
backcrossing, locus conversion, introgression and the like.
Favorable genotypes and or marker profiles, optionally associated with a trait
of
interest, may be identified by one or more methodologies. In some examples one
or
more markers are used, including but not limited to AFLPs, RFLPs, ASH, SSRs,
SNPs,
indels, padlock probes, molecular inversion probes, microarrays, sequencing,
and the
like. In some methods, a target nucleic acid is amplified prior to
hybridization with a
probe. In other cases, the target nucleic acid is not amplified prior to
hybridization, such
as methods using molecular inversion probes (see, for example Hardenbol et al.
(2003)
.. Nat Biotech 21:673-678). In some examples, the genotype related to a
specific trait is
monitored, while in other examples, a genome-wide evaluation including but not
limited
to one or more of marker panels, library screens, association studies,
microarrays, gene
chips, expression studies, or sequencing such as whole-genome resequencing and
genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) may be used. In some examples, no target-
specific
probe is needed, for example by using sequencing technologies, including but
not
limited to next-generation sequencing methods (see, for example, Metzker
(2010) Nat
Rev Genet 11:31-46; and, Egan et al. (2012) Am J Bot 99:175-185) such as
sequencing
by synthesis (e.g., Roche 454 pyrosequencing, IIlumina Genome Analyzer, and
Ion
Torrent PGM or Proton systems), sequencing by ligation (e.g., SOLiD from
Applied
Biosystems, and Polnator system from Azco Biotech), and single molecule
sequencing
(SMS or third-generation sequencing) which eliminate template amplification
(e.g.,
Helicos system, and PacBio RS system from Pacific BioSciences). Further
technologies include optical sequencing systems (e.g., Starlight from Life
Technologies), and nanopore sequencing (e.g., GridION from Oxford Nanopore
Technologies). Each of these may be coupled with one or more enrichment
strategies
for organellar or nuclear genomes in order to reduce the complexity of the
genome
under investigation via PCR, hybridization, restriction enzyme (see, e.g.,
Elshire et al.
(2011) PLoS ONE 6:e19379), and expression methods. In some examples, no
reference genome sequence is needed in order to complete the analysis. PH42V3
and
its plant parts can be identified through a molecular marker profile. Such
plant parts
may be either diploid or haploid. The plant part includes at least one cell of
the plant
from which it was obtained, such as a diploid cell, a haploid cell or a
somatic cell. Also
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provided are plants and plant parts substantially benefiting from the use of
variety
PH42V3 in their development, such as variety PH42V3 comprising a locus
conversion.
Comparing PH42V3 to Other lnbreds
A breeder uses various methods to help determine which plants should be
selected from segregating populations and ultimately which inbred varieties
will be used
to develop hybrids for commercialization. In addition to knowledge of the
germplasm
and plant genetics, a part of the selection process is dependent on
experimental design
coupled with the use of statistical analysis. Experimental design and
statistical analysis
are used to help determine which plants, which family of plants, and finally
which inbred
varieties and hybrid combinations are significantly better or different for
one or more
traits of interest. Experimental design methods are used to assess error so
that
differences between two inbred varieties or two hybrid varieties can be more
accurately
evaluated. Statistical analysis includes the calculation of mean values,
determination of
the statistical significance of the sources of variation, and the calculation
of the
appropriate variance components. Either a five or a one percent significance
level is
customarily used to determine whether a difference that occurs for a given
trait is real or
due to the environment or experimental error. One of ordinary skill in the art
of plant
breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to
determine if
there is a significant difference between the two traits expressed by those
varieties. For
example, see Fehr, Walt, Principles of Cultivar Development, p. 261-286
(1987). Mean
trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are
significant. Trait
values should preferably be measured on plants grown under the same
environmental
conditions, and environmental conditions should be appropriate for the traits
or traits
being evaluated. Sufficient selection pressure should be present for optimum
measurement of traits of interest such as herbicide tolerance, insect or
disease
resistance. A locus conversion of PH42V3 for herbicide tolerance should be
compared
with an isogenic counterpart in the absence of the converted trait. In
addition, a locus
conversion for insect or disease resistance should be compared to the isogenic
counterpart, in the absence of disease pressure or insect pressure.
Development of Maize Hybrids using PH42V3
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A single cross maize hybrid results from the cross of two inbred varieties,
each of
which has a genotype that complements the genotype of the other. A hybrid
progeny of
the first generation is designated Fl. In the development of commercial
hybrids in a
maize plant breeding program, only the Fl hybrid plants are sought. Fl hybrids
are
.. more vigorous than their inbred parents. This hybrid vigor, or heterosis,
can be
manifested in many polygenic traits, including increased vegetative growth and
increased yield.
PH42V3 may be used to produce hybrid maize. One such embodiment is the
method of crossing maize variety PH42V3 with another maize plant, such as a
different
maize variety, to form a first generation Fl hybrid seed. The first generation
Fl hybrid
seed, plant and plant part produced by this method are provided. The first
generation
Fl seed, plant and plant part will comprise an essentially complete set of the
alleles of
variety PH42V3. One of ordinary skill in the art can utilize molecular methods
to identify
a particular Fl hybrid plant produced using variety PH42V3. Further, one of
ordinary
skill in the art may also produce Fl hybrids with transgenic, male sterile
and/or locus
conversions of variety PH42V3.
The development of a maize hybrid in a maize plant breeding program involves
three steps: (1) the selection of plants from various germplasm pools for
initial breeding
crosses; (2) the selfing of the selected plants from the breeding crosses for
several
.. generations to produce a series of varieties, such as PH42V3, which,
although different
from each other, breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the
selected
varieties with different varieties to produce the hybrids. During the
inbreeding process
in maize, the vigor of the varieties decreases, and so one would not be likely
to use
PH42V3 directly to produce grain. However, vigor is restored when PH42V3 is
crossed
to a different inbred variety to produce a commercial Fl hybrid. A consequence
of the
homozygosity and homogeneity of the inbred variety is that the hybrid between
a
defined pair of inbreds may be reproduced indefinitely as long as the
homogeneity of
the inbred parents is maintained.
PH42V3 may be used to produce a single cross hybrid, a double cross hybrid, or
a three-way hybrid. A single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred
varieties are
crossed to produce the Fl progeny. A double cross hybrid is produced from four
inbred
varieties crossed in pairs (A x B and C x D) and then the two Fl hybrids are
crossed
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again (A x B) x (C x D). A three-way cross hybrid is produced from three
inbred
varieties where two of the inbred varieties are crossed (A x B) and then the
resulting Fl
hybrid is crossed with the third inbred (A x B) x C. In each case, pericarp
tissue from
the female parent will be a part of and protect the hybrid seed.
Molecular data from PH42V3 may be used in a plant breeding process. Nucleic
acids may be isolated from a seed of PH42V3 or from a plant, plant part, or
cell
produced by growing a seed of PH42V3 ,or from a seed of PH42V3 with a locus
conversion, or from a plant, plant part, or cell of PH42V3 with a locus
conversion. One
or more polymorphisms may be isolated from the nucleic acids. A plant having
one or
more of the identified polymorphisms may be selected and used in a plant
breeding
method to produce another plant.
Combining Ability of PH42V3
Combining ability of a variety, as well as the performance of the variety per
se, is
a factor in the selection of improved maize inbreds. Combining ability refers
to a
variety's contribution as a parent when crossed with other varieties to form
hybrids. The
hybrids formed for the purpose of selecting superior varieties may be referred
to as test
crosses, and include comparisons to other hybrid varieties grown in the same
environment (same cross, location and time of planting). One way of measuring
combining ability is by using values based in part on the overall mean of a
number of
test crosses weighted by number of experiment and location combinations in
which the
hybrid combinations occurs. The mean may be adjusted to remove environmental
effects and known genetic relationships among the varieties.
General combining ability provides an overall score for the inbred over a
large
number of test crosses. Specific combining ability provides information on
hybrid
combinations formed by PH42V3 and a specific inbred parent. A variety such as
PH42V3 which exhibits good general combining ability may be used in a large
number
of hybrid combinations.
Hybrid comparisons represent specific hybrid crosses with PH42V3 and a
comparison of these specific hybrids with other hybrids with favorable
characteristics.
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These comparisons illustrate the good specific combining ability of PH42V3. A
specific
hybrid for which PH42V3 is a parent is compared with other hybrids. Numerous
species
of the genus of Fl hybrids created with PH42V3 have been reduced to practice.
These
comparisons illustrate the good specific combining ability of PH42V3 or PH42V3
comprising locus conversions.
Introduction of a new trait or locus into PH42V3
Inbred PH42V3 represents a new base genetic variety into which a new locus or
trait may be introduced or introgressed. Transformation and backcrossing
represent
two methods that can be used to accomplish such an introgression. The term
locus
conversion is used to designate the product of such an introgression.
A backcross or locus conversion of PH42V3 occurs when DNA sequences are
introduced through backcrossing (Hallauer et al. in Corn and Corn Improvement,
Sprague and Dudley, Third Ed. 1998), with PH42V3 utilized as the recurrent
parent.
Both naturally occurring, modified and transgenic DNA sequences may be
introduced
through backcrossing techniques. A backcross or locus conversion may produce a
plant with a trait or locus conversion in at least one or more backcrosses,
including at
least 2 backcrosses, at least 3 backcrosses, at least 4 backcrosses, at least
5
backcrosses and the like. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may
be
.. utilized to reduce the number of backcrosses necessary to achieve the
backcross
conversion. For example, see Openshaw et al., "Marker-assisted Selection in
Backcross Breeding," in: Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular
Data,
August 1994, Crop Science Society of America, Corvallis, OR, which
demonstrated that
a backcross locus conversion can be made in as few as two backcrosses.
The complexity of the backcross conversion method depends on the type of trait
being transferred (a single gene or closely linked genes compared to unlinked
genes),
the level of expression of the trait, the type of inheritance (cytoplasmic or
nuclear),
dominant or recessive trait expression, and the types of parents included in
the cross. It
is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that for single locus or
gene traits that
are relatively easy to classify, the backcross method is effective and
relatively easy to
manage. (See Hallauer et al. in Corn and Corn Improvement, Sprague and Dudley,
Third Ed. 1998). Desired traits that may be transferred through backcross
conversion
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include, but are not limited to, waxy starch, sterility (nuclear and
cytoplasmic), fertility
restoration, grain color (white), nutritional enhancements, drought tolerance,
nitrogen
utilization, altered fatty acid profile, increased digestibility, low phytate,
industrial
enhancements, disease resistance (bacterial, fungal, or viral), insect
resistance, and
.. herbicide tolerance or resistance. A locus conversion, also called a trait
conversion,
can be a native trait or a transgenic trait. In addition, an recombination
site itself, such
as an FRT site, Lox site, or other site specific integration site may be
inserted by
backcrossing and utilized for direct insertion of one or more genes of
interest into a
specific plant variety. A single locus may contain several transgenes, such as
a
transgene for disease resistance that, in the same expression vector, also
contains a
transgene for herbicide tolerance or resistance. The gene for herbicide
tolerance or
resistance may be used as a selectable marker and/or as a phenotypic trait. A
single
locus conversion of a site specific integration system allows for the
integration of
multiple genes at a known recombination site in the genome. At least one, at
least two
or at least three and less than ten, less than nine, less than eight, less
than seven, less
than six, less than five or less than four locus conversions may be introduced
into the
plant by backcrossing, introgression or transformation to express the desired
trait, while
the plant, or a plant grown from the seed, plant part or plant cell, otherwise
retains the
phenotypic characteristics of the deposited seed when grown under the same
environmental conditions.
The backcross or locus conversion may result from either the transfer of a
dominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containing the
trait of interest
can be accomplished by direct selection for a trait associated with a dominant
allele.
Transgenes transferred via backcrossing typically function as a dominant
single gene
trait and are relatively easy to classify. Selection of progeny for a trait
that is transferred
via a recessive allele, such as the waxy starch characteristic, requires
growing and
selfing the first backcross generation to determine which plants carry the
recessive
alleles. Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successive
backcross
generations to determine the presence of the locus of interest. The last
backcross
generation is usually selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s)
being
transferred, although a backcross conversion with a stably introgressed trait
may also
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be maintained by further backcrossing to the recurrent parent with selection
for the
converted trait.
Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected for the
phenotype and/or genotype of the recurrent parent. While occasionally
additional
polynucleotide sequences or genes may be transferred along with the backcross
conversion, the backcross conversion variety "fits into the same hybrid
combination as
the recurrent parent inbred variety and contributes the effect of the
additional locus
added through the backcross." Poehlman et al (1995) Breeding Field Crop, 4th
Ed.,
Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA., pp. 132-155 and 321-344. When one or
more
traits are introgressed into the variety a difference in quantitative
agronomic traits, such
as yield or dry down, between the variety and an introgressed version of the
variety in
some environments may occur. For example, the introgressed version may provide
a
net yield increase in environments where the trait provides a benefit, such as
when a
variety with an introgressed trait for insect resistance is grown in an
environment where
insect pressure exists, or when a variety with herbicide tolerance is grown in
an
environment where herbicide is used.
One process for adding or modifying a trait or locus in maize variety PH42V3
comprises crossing PH42V3 plants grown from PH42V3 seed with plants of another
maize variety that comprise the desired trait or locus, selecting Fl progeny
plants that
comprise the desired trait or locus to produce selected Fl progeny plants,
crossing the
selected progeny plants with the PH42V3 plants to produce backcross progeny
plants,
selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait or locus
and the
phenotypic characteristics of maize variety PH42V3 to produce selected
backcross
progeny plants; and backcrossing to PH42V3 one or more times in succession to
produce backcross progeny plants that comprise said trait or locus.
The modified PH42V3 or a plant otherwise derived from PH42V3 may be further
characterized as having all or essentially all of the phenotypic
characteristics, or
essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of
maize variety
PH42V3, such as those listed in Table 1 and/or may be characterized by percent
identity to PH42V3 as determined by molecular markers, such as SSR markers or
SNP
markers. By essentially all of the phenotypic or morphological and
physiological
characteristics, it is meant that all of the characteristics of a plant are
recovered that are
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otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than an
occasional
variant trait that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a
transgene.
Such traits may be determined, for example, relative to the traits listed in
Table 1 as
determined at the 5% significance level when grown under the same
environmental
conditions.
In addition, the above process and other similar processes described herein
may
be used to produce Fl hybrid maize seed by adding a step at the end of the
process
that comprises crossing PH42V3 with the locus conversion with a different
maize plant
and harvesting the resultant Fl hybrid maize seed.
Traits are also used by those of ordinary skill in the art to characterize
progeny.
Traits are commonly evaluated at a significance level, such as a 1%, 5% or 10%
significance level, when measured in plants grown in the same environmental
conditions.
Male Sterility and Hybrid Seed Production
Hybrid seed production requires elimination or inactivation of pollen produced
by
the female inbred parent. Incomplete removal or inactivation of the pollen
provides the
potential for self-pollination. A reliable method of controlling male
fertility in plants offers
the opportunity for improved seed production.
PH42V3 can be produced in a male-sterile form. There are several ways in
which a maize plant can be manipulated so that it is male sterile. These
include use of
manual or mechanical emasculation (or detasseling), use of one or more genetic
factors
that confer male sterility, including cytoplasmic genetic and/or nuclear
genetic male
sterility, use of gametocides and the like. A male sterile designated PH42V3
may
include one or more genetic factors, which result in cytoplasmic genetic
and/or nuclear
genetic male sterility. All of such embodiments are within the scope of the
present
claims. The male sterility may be either partial or complete male sterility.
Hybrid maize seed is often produced by a male sterility system incorporating
manual or mechanical detasseling. Alternate strips of two maize inbreds are
planted in
a field, and the pollen-bearing tassels are removed from one of the inbreds
(female).
Provided that there is sufficient isolation from sources of foreign maize
pollen, the ears
42
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of the detasseled inbred will be fertilized only from the other inbred (male),
and the
resulting seed is therefore hybrid and will form hybrid plants.
The laborious detasseling process can be avoided by using cytoplasmic male-
sterile (CMS) inbreds. Plants of a CMS inbred are male sterile as a result of
genetic
factors in the cytoplasm, as opposed to the nucleus, and so nuclear linked
genes are
not transferred during backcrossing. Thus, this characteristic is inherited
exclusively
through the female parent in maize plants, since only the female provides
cytoplasm to
the fertilized seed. CMS plants are fertilized with pollen from another inbred
that is not
male-sterile. Pollen from the second inbred may or may not contribute genes
that make
the hybrid plants male-fertile, and either option may be preferred depending
on the
intended use of the hybrid. The same hybrid seed, a portion produced from
detasseled
fertile maize and a portion produced using the CMS system, can be blended to
insure
that adequate pollen loads are available for fertilization when the hybrid
plants are
grown. CMS systems have been successfully used since the 1950's, and the male
sterility trait is routinely backcrossed into inbred varieties. See Wych,
Robert D. (1988)
"Production of Hybrid Seed", Corn and Corn Improvement, Ch. 9, pp. 565-607.
There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such
as
multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male
sterility,
as disclosed in U.S. Patents 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al. and
chromosomal
translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Patents No. 3,861,709 and
3,710,511.
In addition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,432,068,
describes a
system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifying a gene which is
needed for
male fertility; silencing this native gene which is needed for male fertility;
removing the
native promoter from the essential male fertility gene and replacing it with
an inducible
promoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into the plant; and
thus
creating a plant that is male sterile because the inducible promoter is not
"on" resulting
in the male fertility gene not being transcribed. Fertility is restored by
inducing, or
turning "on", the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male
fertility to be
transcribed.
These, and the other methods of conferring genetic male sterility in the art,
each
possess their own benefits and drawbacks. Some other methods use a variety of
approaches such as delivering into the plant a gene encoding a cytotoxic
substance
43
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associated with a male tissue specific promoter or an antisense system in
which a gene
needed for fertility is identified and an antisense to that gene is inserted
in the plant (see
Fabinjanski, et al. EPO 89/3010153.8 publication no. 329,308 and PCT
application
PCT/CA90/00037 published as WO 90/08828).
Another system for controlling male sterility makes use of gametocides.
Gametocides are not a genetic system, but rather a topical application of
chemicals.
These chemicals affect cells that are needed for male fertility. The
application of these
chemicals affects fertility in the plants only for the growing season in which
the
gametocide is applied (see Carlson, Glenn R., and U.S. Patent No.: 4,936,904).
Application of the gametocide, timing of the application and genotype
specificity often
limit the usefulness of the approach and it is not appropriate in all
situations.
Incomplete control over male fertility may result in self-pollinated seed
being
unintentionally harvested and packaged with hybrid seed. This would typically
be only
female parent seed, because the male plant is grown in rows that are typically
destroyed prior to seed development. Once the seed from the hybrid bag is
planted, it
is possible to identify and select these self-pollinated plants. These self-
pollinated
plants will be one of the inbred varieties used to produce the hybrid. Though
the
possibility of PH42V3 being included in a hybrid seed bag exists, the
occurrence is very
low because much care is taken by seed companies to avoid such inclusions. It
is
worth noting that hybrid seed is sold to growers for the production of grain
or forage and
not for breeding or seed production. These self-pollinated plants can be
identified and
selected by one skilled in the art due to their less vigorous appearance for
vegetative
and/or reproductive characteristics, including shorter plant height, small ear
size, ear
and kernel shape, or other characteristics.
Identification of these self-pollinated varieties can also be accomplished
through
molecular marker analyses. See, "The Identification of Female SeIfs in Hybrid
Maize: A
Comparison Using Electrophoresis and Morphology", Smith, J.S.C. and Wych,
R.D.,
Seed Science and Technology 14, 1-8 (1995). Through these technologies, the
homozygosity of the self-pollinated variety can be verified by analyzing
allelic
composition at various loci along the genome. Those methods allow for rapid
identification of the plants disclosed herein. See also, "Identification of
Atypical Plants
44
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in Hybrid Maize Seed by Postcontrol and Electrophoresis" Sarca, V. et al.,
Probleme de
Genetica Teoritica si Aplicata Vol. 20 (1) p. 29-42.
Transformation
Transgenes and transformation methods facilitate engineering of the genome of
plants to contain and express heterologous genetic elements, such as foreign
genetic
elements, or additional copies of endogenous elements, or modified versions of
native
or endogenous genetic elements in order to alter at least one trait of a plant
in a specific
manner. Any sequences, such as DNA, whether from a different species or from
the
same species, which have been stably inserted into a genome using
transformation are
referred to herein collectively as "transgenes" and/or "transgenic events".
Transgenes
can be moved from one genome to another using breeding techniques which may
include crossing, backcrossing or double haploid production. In some
embodiments, a
transformed variant of PH42V3 may comprise at least one transgene but could
contain
at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and/or no more than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11,
10, 9, 8, 7, 6,
5, 4, 3, or 2. Transformed versions of the claimed maize variety PH42V3 as
well as
hybrid combinations containing and inheriting the transgene thereof are
provided. Fl
hybrid seed are provided which are produced by crossing a different maize
plant with
maize variety PH42V3 comprising a transgene introduced into maize variety
PH42V3 by
, 20 backcrossing or genetic transformation and is inherited by the Fl
hybrid seed.
Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including
biological and physical plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki
et al.,
"Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants" in Methods in Plant
Molecular
Biology and Biotechnology, Glick, B.R. and Thompson, J.E. Eds. (CRC Press,
Inc.,
Boca Raton, 1993) pages 67-88 and Armstrong, "The First Decade of Maize
Transformation: A Review and Future Perspective" (Maydica 44:101-109, 1999) .
In
addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or
tissue
transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example,
Gruber et
al., "Vectors for Plant Transformation" in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology
and
Biotechnology, Glick, B.R. and Thompson, J.E. Eds. (CRC Press, Inc., Boca
Raton,
1993) pages 89-119.
In general, methods to transform, modify, edit or alter plant endogenous
genomic
CA 3058321 2019-10-10
DNA include altering the plant native DNA sequence or a pre-existing
transgenic
sequence including regulatory elements, coding and non-coding sequences. These
methods can be used, for example, to target nucleic acids to pre-engineered
target
recognition sequences in the genome. Such pre-engineered target sequences may
be
introduced by genome editing or modification. As an example, a genetically
modified
plant variety is generated using "custom" or engineered endonucleases such as
meganucleases produced to modify plant genomes (see e.g., WO 2009/114321; Gao
et
al. (2010) Plant Journal 1:176-187). Another site-directed engineering method
is
through the use of zinc finger domain recognition coupled with the restriction
properties
of restriction enzyme. See e.g., Urnov, et al., (2010) Nat Rev Genet.
11(9):636-46;
Shukla, et al., (2009) Nature 459 (7245):437-41. A transcription activator-
like (TAL)
effector-DNA modifying enzyme (TALE or TALEN) is also used to engineer changes
in
plant genome. See e.g., US20110145940, Cermak et al., (2011) Nucleic Acids
Res.
39(12) and Boch et al., (2009), Science 326(5959): 1509-12. Site-specific
modification
.. of plant genomes can also be performed using the bacterial type II CRISPR
(clustered
regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated)
system. See
e.g., Belhaj et al., (2013), Plant Methods 9: 39; The Cas9/guide RNA-based
system
allows targeted cleavage of genomic DNA guided by a customizable small
noncoding
RNA in plants (see e.g., WO 2015026883A1).
Plant transformation methods may involve the construction of an expression
vector. Such a vector comprises a DNA sequence that contains a gene under the
control of or operatively linked to a regulatory element, for example a
promoter. The
vector may contain one or more genes and one or more regulatory elements.
A transgenic event which has been stably engineered into the germ cell line of
a
particular maize plant using transformation techniques, could be moved into
the germ
cell line of another variety using traditional breeding techniques that are
well known in
the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach is commonly used
to
move a transgenic event from a transformed maize plant to another variety, and
the
resulting progeny would then comprise the transgenic event(s). Also, if an
inbred
variety was used for the transformation then the transgenic plants could be
crossed to a
different inbred in order to produce a transgenic hybrid maize plant. '
Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome using
46
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transformation. These elements include, but are not limited to genes; coding
sequences; inducible, constitutive, and tissue specific promoters; enhancing
sequences;
and signal and targeting sequences. For example, see the traits, genes and
transformation methods listed in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,118,055 and 6,284,953. In
addition, transformability of a variety can be increased by introgressing the
trait of high
transformability from another variety known to have high transformability,
such as
See U.S. Patent Application Publication US2004/0016030 (2004).
With transgenic or genetically modified plants, a foreign protein can be
produced
in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques for the selection and propagation
of
transformed plants, which are well understood in the art, yield a plurality of
transgenic or
genetically modified plants that are harvested in a conventional manner, and a
foreign
protein then can be extracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass.
Protein
extraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods which are
discussed, for example, by Heney and Orr, Anal. Biochem. 114: 92-6 (1981).
Transgenic events can be mapped by one of ordinary skill in the art and such
techniques are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For exemplary
methodologies in this regard, see for example, Glick and Thompson, Methods in
Plant
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 269-284 (CRC Press, Boca Raton,1993).
Plants can be genetically engineered or modified to express various phenotypes
of agronomic interest. Through the transformation or modification of maize the
expression of genes can be altered to enhance disease resistance, insect
resistance,
herbicide tolerance, agronomic traits, grain quality and other traits.
Transformation can
also be used to insert DNA sequences which control or help control male-
sterility. DNA
sequences native to maize as well as non-native DNA sequences can be
transformed
into maize and used to alter levels of native or non-native proteins. Various
promoters,
targeting sequences, enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be
inserted
into the maize genome for the purpose of altering the expression of proteins.
Reduction
of the activity of specific genes (also known as gene silencing, or gene
suppression) is
desirable for several aspects of genetic engineering in plants.
Many techniques for gene silencing are well known to one of skill in the art,
including but not limited to knock-outs (such as by insertion of a
transposable element
such as mu (Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook Ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994)
or
47
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other genetic elements such as a FRT, Lox or other site specific integration
site,
antisense technology (see, e.g., Sheehy et al. (1988) PNAS USA 85:8805-8809;
and
U.S. Patent Nos. 5,107,065; 5,453, 566; and 5,759,829); co-suppression (e.g.,
Taylor
(1997) Plant Cell 9:1245; Jorgensen (1990) Trends Biotech. 8(12):340-344;
Flavell
(1994) PNAS USA 91:3490-3496; Finnegan et at. (1994) Bio/Technology 12: 883-
888;
and Neuhuber et al. (1994) Mol. Gen. Genet. 244:230-241); RNA interference
(Napoli et
al. (1990) Plant Ce// 2:279-289; U.S. Patent No. 5,034,323; Sharp (1999) Genes
Dev.
13:139-141; Zamore et at. (2000) Cell 101:25-33; and Montgomery et at. (1998)
PNAS
USA 95:15502-15507), virus-induced gene silencing (Burton, et al. (2000) Plant
Cell
12:691-705; and Baulcombe (1999) Curr. Op. Plant Bio. 2:109-113); target-RNA-
specific ribozymes (Haseloff et at. (1988) Nature 334: 585-591); hairpin
structures
(Smith et at. (2000) Nature 407:319-320; WO 99/53050; and WO 98/53083);
MicroRNA
(Aukerman and Sakai (2003) Plant Cell 15:2730-2741); ribozymes (Steinecke et
al.
(1992) EMBO J. 11:1525; and Perriman et al. (1993) Antisense Res. Dev. 3:253);
oligonucleotide mediated targeted modification (e.g., WO 03/076574 and WO
99/25853); Zn-finger targeted molecules (e.g., WO 01/52620; WO 03/048345; and
WO
00/42219); and other methods or combinations of the above methods known to
those of
skill in the art.
Exemplary nucleotide sequences that may be altered by genetic engineering
include, but are not limited to, those categorized below.
1. Transgenes That Confer Resistance To Insects or Disease And That
Encode:
(A) Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often
activated by
specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in
the plant
and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A
plant
variety can be transformed with cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that
are
resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example Jones et al., Science
266: 789
(1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium
fulvum), Martin
et al., Science 262: 1432 (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance to
Pseudomonas
syringae pv. tomato encodes a protein kinase); Mindrinos et at., Cell 78: 1089
(1994)
(Arabidopsis RSP2 gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae), McDowell and
Woffenden, (2003) Trends Biotechnol. 21(4): 178-83 and Toyoda et at., (2002)
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Transgenic Res. 11(6):567-82. A plant resistant to a disease is one that is
more
resistant to a pathogen as compared to the wild type plant.
(B) A Bacillus thuringiensis protein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic
polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al., Gene 48: 109
(1986),
who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt delta-endotoxin gene.
Moreover, DNA molecules encoding delta-endotoxin genes can be purchased from
American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD), for example, under ATCC
Accession
Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Other non-limiting examples of Bacillus
thuringiensis transgenes being genetically engineered are given in the
following patents
and patent applications: 5,188,960; 5,689,052; 5,880,275; 5,986,177;
7,105,332;
7,208,474; WO 91/14778; WO 99/31248; WO 01/12731; WO 99/24581; WO 97/40162
and US Patent Nos. 7,605,304; 7,696,412; 7,629,504; 7,449,552; 7,329,736;
7,790,846;
7,468,278; 7,510,878; 7,521,235; 7,858,849; and 7,772,465.
(C) An insect-specific hormone or pheromone such as an ecdysteroid and
juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist
or
agonist thereof. See, for example, the disclosure by Hammock et al., Nature
344: 458
(1990), of baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an
inactivator of
juvenile hormone.
(D) An insect-specific peptide which, upon expression, disrupts the
physiology
of the affected pest. For example, see the disclosures of Regan, J. Biol.
Chem. 269: 9
(1994) (expression cloning yields DNA coding for insect diuretic hormone
receptor);
Pratt et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.163: 1243 (1989) (an allostatin is
identified
in Diploptera puntata); Chattopadhyay et al. (2004) Critical Reviews in
Microbiology 30
(1): 33-54 2004; Zjawiony (2004) J Nat Prod 67 (2): 300-310; Carlini and
Grossi-de-Sa
(2002) Toxicon, 40(11): 1515-1539; Ussuf et al. (2001) Curr Sci. 80(7): 847-
853; and
Vasconcelos and Oliveira (2004) Toxicon 44 (4): 385-403. See also U.S. Patent
No.5,266,317 to Tomalski et al., who disclose genes encoding insect-specific
toxins.
(E) An enzyme responsible for a hyperaccumulation of a monoterpene, a
sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative or
another non-
protein molecule with insecticidal activity.
(F) An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-
translational
modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic
enzyme, a
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proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase,
an
esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase,
an
elastase, a chitinase and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See PCT
application WO 93/02197 in the name of Scott et al., which discloses the
nucleotide
.. sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding
sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos.
39637
and 67152. See also Kramer et al., Insect Biochem. Molec. Bio1.23: 691 (1993),
who
teach the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding tobacco hookworm chitinase,
and
Kawalleck et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21: 673 (1993), who provide the
nucleotide
.. sequence of the parsley ub14-2 polyubiquitin gene, and US Patents
6,563,020;
7,145,060 and 7,087,810.
(G) A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, see the
disclosure by Botella et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 24: 757 (1994), of nucleotide
sequences
for mung bean calmodulin cDNA clones, and Griess et al., Plant Physio1.104:
1467
.. (1994), who provide the nucleotide sequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA
clone.
(H) A hydrophobic moment peptide. See PCT application WO 95/16776 and
US 5,580,852 disclosure of peptide derivatives of Tachyplesin which inhibit
fungal plant
pathogens) and PCT application WO 95/18855 and US 5,607,914 (teaches synthetic
antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance).
(I) A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker. For
example, see the disclosure by Jaynes et al., Plant ScL 89: 43 (1993), of
heterologous
expression of a cecropin-beta lytic peptide analog to render transgenic
tobacco plants
resistant to Pseudomonas solanacearum.
(J) A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For
example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells
imparts
resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus
from which
the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See Beachy et
al., Ann.
Rev. Phytopathol.28: 451 (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been
conferred
upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus,
tobacco
streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco
rattle virus and
tobacco mosaic virus. Id.
(K) An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. Thus,
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an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would
inactivate an
affected enzyme, killing the insect. Cf. Taylor et al., Abstract #497, SEVENTH
INT'L
SYMPOSIUM ON MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS (Edinburgh,
Scotland, 1994) (enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production
of single-
chain antibody fragments).
(L) A virus-specific antibody. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al., Nature
366:
469 (1993), which shows that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody
genes
are protected from virus attack.
(M) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a
parasite. Thus, fungal endo alpha-1,4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal
colonization and plant nutrient release by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-
alpha-1,4-D-
galacturonase. See Lamb et al., Bio/Technology 10: 1436 (1992). The cloning
and
characterization of a gene which encodes a bean endopolygalacturonase-
inhibiting
' protein is described by Toubart et al., Plant J. 2: 367 (1992).
(N) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For
example, Logemann et al., Bio/Technology 10: 305 (1992), have shown that
transgenic
plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased
resistance
to fungal disease.
(0) Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
Response
, 20 and/or the pathogenesis related genes. Briggs, S., Current
Biology, 5(2) (1995),
Pieterse and Van Loon (2004) Curr. Opin. Plant Bio. 7(4):456-64 and Somssich
(2003)
Cell 113(7):815-6.
(P) Antifungal genes (Cornelissen and Melchers, Pl. Physiol. 101:709-712,
(1993) and Parijs et al., Planta 183:258-264, (1991) and Bushnell et al., Can.
J. of Plant
Path. 20(2):137-149 (1998). Also see US Patent Nos: 6,875,907; 7,498,413;
7,589,176;
7,598,346; 8,084,671 and US Patents 6,891,085 and 7,306,946.
(Q) Detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin, moniliformin
and
zearalenone and their structurally related derivatives. For example, see US
Patent Nos.
5,716,820; 5,792,931; 5,798,255; 5,846,812; 6,083,736; 6,538,177; 6,388,171
and
6,812,380.
(R) Cystatin and cysteine proteinase inhibitors. See US Patent No:
7,205,453.
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(S) Defensin genes. See W003000863 and US Patent Nos: 6,911,577;
6,855,865; 6,777,592 and 7,238,781.
(T) Genes conferring resistance to nematodes. See e.g. PCT Application
W096/30517; PCT Application W093/19181, WO 03/033651 and Urwin et al., Planta
204:472-479 (1998), Williamson (1999) Curr Opin Plant Bio. 2(4):327-31; and US
Patent Nos. 6,284,948 and 7,301,069.
(U) Genes that confer resistance to Phytophthora Root Rot, such as the Rps
1, Rps 1-a, Rps 1-b, Rps 1-c, Rps 1-d, Rps 1-e, Rps 1-k, Rps 2, Rps 3-a, Rps 3-
b, Rps
3-c, Rps 4, Rps 5, Rps 6, Rps 7 and other Rps genes. See, for example,
Shoemaker et
.. al, Phytophthora Root Rot Resistance Gene Mapping in Soybean, Plant Genome
IV
Conference, San Diego, CA (1995).
(V) Genes that confer resistance to Brown Stem Rot, such as described in US
5,689, 035.
(W) Genes that confer resistance to Colletotrichum, such as described in US
.. Patent publication US20090035765. This includes the Rcg locus that may be
utilized as
a single locus conversion.
2. Transgenes That Confer Tolerance To A Herbicide, For Example:
(A) A herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such
as an
imidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for
mutant
acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) enzyme as
described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,605,011; 5,013,659; 5,141,870;
5,767,361; 5,731,180; 5,304,732; 4,761,373; 5,331,107; 5,928,937; and
5,378,824; US
Patent Publication No. 20070214515, and international publication WO 96/33270.
(B) Glyphosate (tolerance imparted by mutant 5-enolpyruv1-3-phosphikimate
synthase (EPSP) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds
such
as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) and Streptomyces
hygroscopicus phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (bar) genes), and pyridinoxy
or
phenoxy proprionic acids and cyclohexones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes).
See,
for example, U.S. Patent No. 4,940,835, which discloses the nucleotide
sequence of a
form of EPSPS which can confer glyphosate tolerance. U.S. Patent No. 5,627,061
also
describes genes encoding EPSPS enzymes. See also U.S. Patent Nos. 6,566,587;
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6,338,961; 6,248,876 B1; 6,040,497; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,145,783;
4,971,908;
5,312,910; 5,188,642; 4,940,835; 5,866,775; 6,225,114 B1; 6,130,366;
5,310,667;
4,535,060; 4,769,061; 5,633,448; 5,510,471; Re. 36,449; RE 37,287 E; and
5,491,288;
and international publications EP1173580; WO 01/66704; EP1173581 and
EP1173582.
Glyphosate tolerance is also imparted to plants that express a gene that
encodes
a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme as described more fully in U.S. Patent
Nos.
5,776,760 and 5,463,175. In addition glyphosate tolerance can be imparted to
plants by
the over expression of genes encoding glyphosate N-acetyltransferase. See, for
example, U52004/0082770; US2005/0246798; and U52008/0234130. A DNA molecule
encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC accession No. 39256,
and
the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
4,769,061.
European Patent Application No. 0 333 033 and U.S. Patent No. 4,975,374
disclose
nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer tolerance to
herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a
phosphinothricin-
acetyl-transferase gene is provided in European Patent Nos. 0 242 246 and 0
242 236.
See also, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,969,213; 5,489,520; 5,550,318; 5,874,265;
5,919,675;
5,561,236; 5,648,477; 5,646,024; 6,177,616 BI; and 5,879,903. Exemplary genes
conferring resistance to phenoxy propionic acids, cyclohexanediones and
cyclohexones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop, are the Accl-S1, Accl-S2 and
Acc1-
S3 genes described by Marshall et al., Theor, App!. Genet. 83: 435 (1992).
=
(C) A herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and
gs+
genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene) such as bromoxynil. Przibilla et
al., Plant Ce//
3: 169 (1991), describe the transformation of Chlamydomonas with plasmids
encoding
mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in
U.S.
Patent No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are
available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441 and 67442. Cloning and
expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes
et al.,
Biochem. J. 285: 173 (1992).
(D)
Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include: a gene encoding
a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450
oxidoreductase (Shiota et al. (1994) Plant Physiol 106:17), genes for
glutathione _
reductase and superoxide dismutase (Aono et al. (1995) Plant Cell Physiol
36:1687,
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and genes for various phosphotransferases (Datta et al. (1992) Plant Mol Biol
20:619).
(E) A herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox
or PPO) is
necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant
survival.
The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds.
PPO-
inbibitor herbicides can inhibit growth of all the different species of plants
present,
causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered
protox
activity which are tolerant to these herbicides are described, for example, in
U.S. Patent
Nos. 6,288,306 B1; 6,282,837 B1; and 5,767,373; and international patent
publication
WO 01/12825.
(F) Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) is an organochloride
derivative of benzoic acid which functions by increasing plant growth rate
such that the
plant dies.
3. Transgenes That Confer Or Contribute To An Altered Grain
Characteristic, Such
As:
(A) Altered fatty acids, for example, by
(1) Down-regulation of stearoyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic
acid content of the plant. See Knultzon et aL, Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA 89:
2624 (1992) and W099/64579 (Genes for Desaturases to Alter Lipid Profiles in
Corn),
(2) Elevating oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or decreasing
linolenic acid via FAD-3 gene modification (see U.S. Patent Nos. 6,063,947;
6,323,392; 6,372,965 and WO 93/11245),
(3) Altering conjugated linolenic or.linoleic acid content, such as in WO
01/12800,
(4) Altering LEC1, AGP, Dek1, Supera11, mi1ps, various 1pa genes
such as 1pa 1, Ipa3, hpt or hggt. For example, see WO 02/42424, WO 98/22604,
WO 03/011015, W002/057439, W003/011015, U.S. Patent Nos. 6,423,886,
6,197,561, 6,825,397, and U.S. Patent Publication Nos. US2003/0079247,
US2003/0204870, and Rivera-Madrid, R. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92:5620-
5624 (1995).
B) Altered phosphate content, for example, by the
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(1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene would enhance breakdown of
phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see
Van
Hartingsveldt et al., Gene 127: 87 (1993), for a disclosure of the nucleotide
sequence of
an Aspergillus niger phytase gene.
(2) Modulating a gene that reduces phytate content. In maize, this, for
example, could be accomplished, by cloning and then re-introducing DNA
associated
with one or more of the alleles, such as the LPA alleles, identified in maize
mutants
characterized by low levels of phytic acid, such as in WO 05/113778 and/or by
altering
inositol kinase activity as in WO 02/059324, US2003/0009011, WO 03/027243,
US2003/0079247, WO 99/05298, US6197561, US6291224, US6391348,
W02002/059324, US2003/0079247, W098/45448, W099/55882, W001/04147.
(C) Altered carbohydrates affected, for example, by altering a gene for an
enzyme that affects the branching pattern of starch or, a gene altering
thioredoxin such
as NTR and/or TRX (see. (See US Patent No. 6,531,648) and/or a gamma zein
knock
out or mutant such as cs27 or TUSC27 or en27 (See US Patent 6,858,778 and
US2005/0160488, US2005/0204418). See Shiroza et al., J. Bacteriol. 170: 810
(1988)
(nucleotide sequence of Streptococcus rnutans fructosyltransferase gene),
Steinmetz et
al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 200: 220 (1985) (nucleotide sequence of Bacillus
subtilis
levansucrase gene), Pen et al., Bio/Technology 10: 292 (1992) (production of
transgenic plants that express Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase), Elliot
et al., Plant
Molec. Biol. 21: 515 (1993) (nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes),
Sogaard
et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268: 22480 (1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley
alpha-
amylase gene), and Fisher et al., Plant Physiol. 102: 1045 (1993) (maize
endosperm
starch branching enzyme II), WO 99/10498 (improved digestibility and/or starch
extraction through modification of UDP-D-xylose 4-epiMerase, Fragile 1 and 2,
Ref1,
HCHL, C4H), US Patent No .6,232,529 (method of producing high oil seed by
modification of starch levels (AGP)). The fatty acid modification genes
mentioned herein
may also be used to affect starch content and/or composition through the
interrelationship of the starch and oil pathways.
(D) Altered antioxidant content or composition, such as alteration of
tocopherol or
tocotrienols. For example, see US Patent No. 6,787,683, U52004/0034886 and WO
00/68393 involving the manipulation of antioxidant levels, and WO 03/082899
through
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alteration of a homogentisate geranyl geranyl transferase (hggt).
(E) Altered essential seed amino acids. For example, see US Patent No.
6,127,600 (method of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in
seeds), US
Patent No. 6,080,913 (binary methods of increasing accumulation of essential
amino
acids in seeds), US :Patent No. 5,990,389 (high lysine), W099/40209
(alteration of
amino acid compositions in seeds), W099/29882 (methods for altering amino acid
content of proteins), US Patent No. 5,850,016 (alteration of amino acid
compositions in
seeds), W098/20133 (proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids),
US
Patent No. 5,885,802 (high methionine), US Patent No. 5,885,801 (high
threonine), US
Patent No. 6,664,445 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes), US Patent No.
6,459,019 (increased lysine and threonine), US Patent No. 6,441,274 (plant
tryptophan
synthase beta subunit), US Patent No. 6,346,403 (methionine metabolic
enzymes), US
Patent No. 5,939,599 (high sulfur), US Patent No. 5,912,414 (increased
methionine),
W098/56935 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes), W098/45458 (engineered
seed
protein having higher percentage of essential amino acids), W098/42831
(increased
lysine), US Patent No. 5,633,436 (increasing sulfur amino acid content), US
Patent No.
5,559,223 (synthetic storage proteins with defined structure containing
programmable
levels of essential amino acids for improvement of the nutritional value of
plants),
W096/01905 (increased threonine), W095/15392 (increased lysine),
U52003/0163838,
US2003/0150014, U52004/0068767, U56803498, W001/79516.
4. Genes that Control Male-sterility:
There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such
as
multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male
sterility,
as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar etal. and
chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Patent Nos.
3,861,709
and 3,710,511. In addition to these methods, Albertsen etal., U.S. Patent No.
5,432,068, describe a system of nuclear male sterility which includes:
identifying a gene
which is needed for male fertility; silencing this native gene which is needed
for male
fertility; removing the native promoter from the essential male fertility gene
and
replacing it with an inducible promoter; inserting this genetically engineered
gene back
into the plant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because the
inducible
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promoter is not "on" resulting in the male fertility gene not being
transcribed. Fertility is
restored by inducing, or turning "on", the promoter, which in turn allows the
gene that
confers male fertility to be transcribed.
(A) Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-
specific
promoter and with the application of the chemical N-Ac-PPT (WO 01/29237).
(B) Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters (WO 92/13956, WO
92/13957).
(C) Introduction of the barnase and the barstar gene (Paul et al. Plant
Mol.
Biol. 19:611-622, 1992).
For additional examples of nuclear male and female sterility systems and
genes,
see also, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,859,341; 6,297,426; 5,478,369; 5,824,524;
5,850,014; and
6,265,640.
5. Genes that create a site for site specific DNA integration. This
includes the
introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/FRT system and/or Lox
sites that
may be used in the Cre/Loxp system. For example, see Lyznik, et aL, Site-
Specific
Recombination for Genetic Engineering in Plants, Plant Cell Rep (2003) 21:925-
932 and
WO 99/25821. Other systems that may be used include the Gin recombinase of
phage
Mu (Maeser et al., 1991; Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook Ch. 118 (Springer-
Verlag 1994), the Pin recombinase of E. coli (Enomoto et al., 1983), and the
R/RS
system of the pSR1 plasmid (Araki et aL, 1992).
6. Genes that affect abiotic stress resistance (including but not limited
to flowering,
ear and seed development, enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency,
altered
nitrogen responsiveness, drought resistance or tolerance, cold resistance or
tolerance,
and salt resistance or tolerance) and increased yield under stress. For
example, see:
WO 00/73475 where water use efficiency is altered through alteration of
malate; U.S.
Patent Nos. 5,892,009; 5,965,705; 5,929,305; 5,891,859; 6,417,428; 6,664,446;
6,706,866; 6,717,034; 6,801,104; W02000060089; W02001026459; W02001035725;
W02001034726; W02001035727; W02001036444; W02001036597; W02001036598;
W02002015675; W02002017430; W02002077185; W02002079403; W02003013227;
W02003013228; W02003014327; W02004031349; W02004076638; W09809521;
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and W09938977 describing genes, including CBF genes and transcription factors
effective in mitigating the negative effects of freezing, high salinity, and
drought on
plants, as well as conferring other positive effects on plant phenotype;
US2004/0148654
and W001/36596 where abscisic acid is altered in plants resulting in improved
plant
.. phenotype such as increased yield and/or increased tolerance to abiotic
stress;
W02000/006341, W004/090143, U.S. Patent Nos. 7,531,723 and 6,992,237 where
cytokinin expression is modified resulting in plants with increased stress
tolerance, such
as drought tolerance, and/or increased yield. Also see W00202776,
W02003052063,
JP2002281975, U.S. Patent No. 6,084,153, W00164898, U.S. Patent No. 6,177,275,
and U.S. Patent No. 6,107,547 (enhancement of nitrogen utilization and altered
nitrogen
responsiveness). For ethylene alteration, see US20040128719, US20030166197 and
W0200032761. For plant transcription factors or transcriptional regulators of
abiotic
stress, see e.g. U520040098764 or US20040078852.
Other genes and transcription factors that affect plant growth and agronomic
traits such as yield, flowering, plant growth and/or plant structure, can be
introduced or
introgressed into plants, see e.g. W097/49811 (LHY), W098/56918 (ESD4),
W097/10339 and U.S. Patent No. 6,573,430 (TFL), U.S. Patent No. 6,713,663
(FT),
W096/14414 (CON), W096/38560, W001/21822 (VRN1), W000/44918 (VRN2),
W099/49064 (GI), W000/46358 (FRI), W097/29123, U.S. Patent No. 6,794,560, U.S.
Patent No. 6,307,126 (GAI), W099/09174 (D8 and Rht), W02004076638 and
W02004031349 (transcription factors).
Using PH42V3 to Develop another Maize Plant
Maize varieties such as PH42V3 are typically developed for use in the
production
of hybrid maize varieties. However, varieties such as PH42V3 also provide a
source of
breeding material that may be used to develop new maize inbred varieties.
Plant
breeding techniques known in the art and used in a maize plant breeding
program
include, but are not limited to, recurrent selection, mass selection, bulk
selection, mass
selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, open pollination breeding,
restriction
fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced
selection,
making double haploids, and transformation. Often combinations of these
techniques
are used. The development of maize hybrids in a maize plant breeding program
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requires, in general, the development of homozygous inbred varieties, the
crossing of
these varieties, and the evaluation of the crosses. There are many analytical
methods
available to evaluate the result of a cross. The oldest and most traditional
method of
analysis is the observation of phenotypic traits but genotypic analysis may
also be used.
Methods for producing a maize plant by crossing a first parent maize plant
with a
second parent maize plant wherein either the first or second parent maize
plant is a
maize plant of the variety PH42V3 are provided. The other parent may be any
other
maize plant, such as another inbred variety or a plant that is part of a
synthetic or
natural population. Any such methods may be used with the maize variety PH42V3
such as selfing, sibbing, backcrosses, mass selection, pedigree breeding, bulk
selection, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. These
methods are
= well known in the art and some of the more commonly used breeding methods
are
described below.
Pedigree Breeding
Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, such as PH42V3
and one other inbred variety having one or more desirable characteristics that
is lacking
or which complements PH42V3. If the two original parents do not provide all
the
desired characteristics, other sources can be included in the breeding
population. In the
pedigree method, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive filial
generations. In the succeeding filial generations the heterozygous condition
gives way
to homogeneous varieties as a result of self-pollination and selection.
Typically in the
pedigree method of breeding, five or more successive filial generations of
selfing and
selection is practiced: Fl F2; F2¨> F3; F3 ¨> F4; F4 ¨> F5, etc. After a
sufficient
amount of inbreeding, successive filial generations will serve to increase
seed of the
developed inbred. Preferably, the inbred variety comprises homozygous alleles
at
about 95% or more of its loci.
Recurrent Selection and Mass Selection
Recurrent selection is a method used in a plant breeding program to improve a
population of plants. PH42V3 is suitable for use in a recurrent selection
program. The
method entails individual plants cross pollinating with each other to form
progeny. The
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progeny are grown and the superior progeny selected by any number of selection
methods, which include individual plant, half-sib progeny, full-sib progeny,
selfed
progeny and toperossing. The selected progeny are cross pollinated with each
other to
form progeny for another population. This population is planted and again
superior
plants are selected to cross pollinate with each other. Recurrent selection is
a cyclical
process and therefore can be repeated as many times as desired. The objective
of
recurrent selection is to improve the traits of a population. The improved
population can
then be used as a source of breeding material to obtain inbred varieties to be
used in
hybrids or used as parents for a synthetic cultivar. A synthetic cultivar is
the resultant
progeny formed by the intercrossing of several selected inbreds.
PH42V3 is suitable for use in mass selection. Mass selection is a useful
technique when used in conjunction with molecular marker enhanced selection.
In
mass selection seeds from individuals are selected based on phenotype and/or
genotype. These selected seeds are then bulked and used to grow the next
generation.
Bulk selection requires growing a population of plants in a bulk plot,
allowing the plants
to self-pollinate, harvesting the seed in bulk and then using a sample of the
seed
harvested in bulk to plant the next generation. Instead of self pollination,
directed
pollination could be used as part of the breeding program.
Mutation Breeding
Mutation breeding is one of many methods that could be used to introduce new
traits into PH42V3. PH42V3 is suitable-for use in a mutation breeding program.
Mutations that occur spontaneously or are artificially induced can be useful
sources of
variability for a plant breeder. The goal of artificial mutagenesis is to
increase the rate
of mutation for a desired characteristic. Mutation rates can be increased by
many
different means including temperature, long-term seed storage, tissue culture
conditions, radiation; such as X-rays, Gamma rays (e.g. cobalt 60 or cesium
137),
neutrons, (product of nuclear fission by uranium 235 in an atomic reactor),
Beta
radiation (emitted from radioisotopes such as phosphorus 32 or carbon 14), or
ultraviolet radiation (preferably from 2500 to 2900nm), or chemical mutagens
(such as
base analogues (5-bromo-uracil), related compounds (8-ethoxy caffeine),
antibiotics
(streptonigrin), alkylating agents (sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards,
epoxides,
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ethylenamines, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfones, lactones), azide,
hydroxylamine, nitrous
acid, or acridines. Once a desired trait is observed through rnutagenesis the
trait may
then be incorporated into existing germplasm by traditional breeding
techniques, such
as backcrossing. In addition, mutations created in other varieties may be used
to
produce a backcross conversion of PH42V3 that comprises such mutation.
Production of Double Haploids
The production of double haploids can also be used for the development of
inbreds in the breeding program. For example, an Fl hybrid for which PH42V3 is
a
parent can be used to produce double haploid plants. Double haploids are
produced by
the doubling of a set of chromosomes (1N) from a heterozygous plant to produce
a
completely homozygous individual. For example, see Wan et al., "Efficient
Production
of Doubled Haploid Plants Through Colchicine Treatment of Anther-Derived Maize
Callus", Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 77:889-892, 1989 and
US2003/0005479.
This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations of selfing
needed
to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source.
Haploid induction systems have been developed for various plants to
produce haploid tissues, plants and seeds. The haploid induction system can
produce haploid plants from any genotype by crossing a selected variety (as
female) with an inducer variety. Such inducer varieties for maize include
Stock 6
(Coe, 1959, Am. Nat. 93:381-382; Sharkar and Coe, 1966, Genetics 54:453-464)
RWS (available online from the Universitat Hohenheim), KEMS (Deimling, Roeber,
and Geiger, 1997, Vortr. Pflanzenzuchtg 38:203-224), KMS and ZMS (Chalyk,
Bylich and Chebotar, 1994, MNL 68:47; Chalyk and Chebotar, 2000, Plant
Breeding
119:363-364), and indeterminate gametophyte (ig) mutation (Kermicle 1969
Science 166:1422-1424).
Methods for obtaining haploid plants are also disclosed in Kobayashi, M. et
al., Joum. of Heredity 71(1):9-14, 1980, Pollacsek, M., Agronomie (Paris)
12(3):247-251, 1992; Cho-Un-Haing et al., Joum. of Plant Biol., 1996,
39(3):185-
188; Verdoodt, L., et al., Feb. 1998, 96(2):294-300; Genetic Manipulation in
Plant
Breeding, Proceedings International Symposium Organized by EUCARPIA, Sept. 8-
13, 1985, Berlin, Germany; Chalyk et al., 1994, Maize Genet Coop. Newsletter
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68:47; Chalyk, S. T., 1999, Maize Genet. Coop. Newsletter 73:53-54; Coe, R.H.,
1959, Am. Nat. 93:381-382; Deimling, S. et at., 1997, Vortr. Pflanzenzuchtg
38:203-
204; Kato, A., 1999, J. Hered. 90:276-280; Lashermes, P. et at., 1988, Theor.
App!.
Genet. 76:570-572 and 76:405-410; Tyrnov, V.S. et al., 1984, Dokl. Akad. Nauk.
SSSR 276:735-738; Zabirova, E.R. et at., 1996, Kukuruza I Sorgo N4, 17-19;
Aman, M.A., 1978, Indian J. Genet Plant Breed 38:452-457; Chalyk S.T., 1994,
Euphytica 79:13-18; Chase, S.S., 1952, Agron. J. 44:263-267; Coe, E.H., 1959,
Am. Nat. 93:381-382; Coe, E.H., and Sarkar, K.R., 1964 J. Hered. 55:231-233;
Greenblatt, I.M. and Bock, M., 1967, J. Hered. 58:9-13; Kato, A., 1990, Maize
Genet. Coop. Newsletter 65:109-110; Kato, A., 1997, Sex. Plant Reprod. 10:96-
100; Nanda, D.K. and Chase, S.S., 1966, Crop Sci. 6:213-215; Sarkar, K.R. and
Coe, E.H., 1966, Genetics 54:453-464; Sarkar, K.R. and Coe, E.H., 1971, Crop
ScL
11:543-544; Sarkar, R.R. and Sachan J.K.S., 1972, Indian J. Agric. ScL 42:781-
786; Kermicle J.L., 1969, Mehta Yeshwant, M. R., Genetics and Molecular
Biology,
September 2000, 23(3):617-622; Tahir, M.S. et at. Pakistan Journal of
Scientific
and Industrial Research, August 2000, 43(4):258-261; Knox, R.E. et al. Plant
Breeding, August 2000, 119(4):289-298; US Patent No. 5,639,951 and US Patent
Application Publication No. 20020188965.
Thus, certain embodiments include a process for making a homozygous PH42V3
progeny plant substantially similar to PH42V3 by producing or obtaining a seed
from the
cross of PH42V3 and another maize plant and applying double haploid methods to
the
Fl seed or Fl plant or to any successive filial generation. Such methods
decrease the
number of generations required to produce an inbred with similar genetics or
characteristics to PH42V3. See Bernardo, R. and Kahler, A.L., Theor. Appl.
Genet.
102:986-992, 2001.
In particular, a process of making seed substantially retaining the molecular
marker profile of maize variety PH42V3 is contemplated, such process
comprising
obtaining or producing Fl hybrid seed for which maize variety PH42V3 is a
parent,
inducing double haploids to create progeny without the occurrence of meiotic
segregation, obtaining the molecular marker profile of maize variety PH42V3,
and
selecting progeny that retain the molecular marker profile of PH42V3.
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Another embodiment is a maize seed derived from inbred maize variety PH42V3
produced by crossing a plant or plant part of inbred maize variety PH42V3 with
another
plant, wherein representative seed of said inbred maize variety PH42V3 has
been
deposited and wherein said maize seed derived from the inbred maize variety
PH42V3
has 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the same polymorphisms for
molecular markers as the plant or plant part of inbred maize variety PH42V3.
The .
number of molecular markers used for the molecular marker profile can be found
in the
Panzea database which is available online from Panzea. The type of molecular
marker
used in the molecular profile can be but is not limited to Single Nucleotide
Polymorphisms, SNPs. A maize seed derived from inbred maize variety PH42V3
produced by crossing a plant or plant part of inbred maize variety PH42V3 with
another
plant, wherein representative seed of said inbred maize variety PH42V3 has
been
deposited and wherein said maize seed derived from the inbred maize variety
PH42V3
has essentially the same morphological characteristics as maize variety PH42V3
when
grown in the same environmental conditions. The same environmental conditions
may
be, but is not limited to a side-by-side comparison. The characteristics can
be those
listed in Table 1. The comparison can be made using any number of
professionally
accepted experimental designs and statistical analysis.
Use of PH42V3 in Tissue Culture
Methods of tissue culturing cells of PH42V3 and a tissue culture of PH42V3 is
provided. As used herein, the term "tissue culture" includes plant
protoplasts, plant cell
tissue culture, cultured microspores, plant calli, plant clumps, and the like.
In certain
embodiments, the tissue culture comprises embryos, protoplasts, meristematic
cells,
pollen, leaves or anthers derived from immature tissues of , pollen, flowers,
kernels,
ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, silk, and the
like. As used
herein, phrases such as "growing the seed" or "grown from the seed" include
embryo
rescue, isolation of cells from seed for use in tissue culture, as well as
traditional
growing methods.
Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue cultures are well known in
the
art See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,880; 5,550,318, and 6,437,224, the latter
describing
tissue culture of maize, including tassel/anther culture. A tissue culture
comprising
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organs such as tassels or anthers is provided which can be used to produce
regenerated plants. (See, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,445,961 and 5,322,789).
Thus, in
certain embodiments, cells are provided which upon growth and differentiation
produce
maize plants having the genotype and/or phenotypic characteristics of variety
PH42V3.
Seed Treatments and Cleaning
Methods of harvesting the seed of the maize variety PH42V3 as seed for
planting
are provided. Embodiments include cleaning the seed, treating the seed, and/or
conditioning the seed. Cleaning the seed is understood in the art to include
removal of
foreign debris such as one or more of weed seed, chaff, and plant matter, from
the
seed. Conditioning the seed is understood in the art to include controlling
the
temperature and rate of dry down of the seed and storing seed in a controlled
temperature environment. Seed treatment is the application of a composition to
the
seed such as a coating or powder. Methods for producing a treated seed include
the
step of applying a composition to the seed or seed surface. Seeds are provided
which
have on the surface a composition. Biological active components such as
bacteria can
also be used as a seed treatment. Some examples of compositions are
insecticides,
fungicides, pesticides, antimicrobials, germination inhibitors, germination
promoters,
cytokinins, and nutrients.
To protect and to enhance yield production and trait technologies, seed
treatment
options can provide additional crop plan flexibility and cost effective
control against
insects, weeds and diseases, thereby further enhancing the invention described
herein.
Seed material can be treated, typically surface treated, with a composition
comprising
combinations of chemical or biological herbicides, herbicide safeners,
insecticides,
fungicides, germination inhibitors and enhancers, nutrients, plant growth
regulators and
activators, bactericides, nematicides, avicides and/or molluscicides. These
compounds
are typically formulated together with further carriers, surfactants or
application-
promoting adjuvants customarily employed in the art of formulation. The
coatings may
be applied by impregnating propagation material with a liquid formulation or
by coating
with a combined wet or dry formulation. Examples of the various types of
compounds
that may be used as seed treatments are provided in The Pesticide Manual: A
World
Compendium, C.D.S. Tomlin Ed., Published by the British Crop Production
Council.
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Some seed treatments that may be used on crop seed include, but are not
limited to, one or more of abscisic acid, acibenzolar-S-methyl, avermectin,
amitrol,
azaconazole, azospirillum, azadirachtin, azoxystrobin, Bacillus spp.
(including one or
more of cereus, firmus, megaterium, pumilis, sphaericus, subtilis and/or
thuringiensis),
Bradyrhizobium spp. (including one or more of betae, canariense, elkanii,
iriomotense,
japonicum, liaonigense, pachyrhizi and/or yuanmingense), captan, carboxin,
chitosan,
clothianidin, copper, cyazypyrTM, difenoconazole, etidiazole, fipronil,
fludioxonil,
fluoxastrobin, fluquinconazole, flurazole, fluxofenim, harpin protein,
imazalil,
imidacloprid, ipconazole, isoflavenoids, lipo-chitooligosaccharide, mancozeb,
manganese, rnaneb, mefenoxamTM, metalaxyl, metconazole, myclobutanil, PCNB,
penflufen, penicillium, penthiopyrad, permethrine, picoxystrobin,
prothioconazole,
pyraclostrobin, rynaxypyrTM, S-metolachlor, saponin, sedaxane, TCMTB,
tebuconazole,
thiabendazole, thiamethoxam, thiocarb, thiram, tolclofos-methyl, triadimenol,
trichoderma, trifloxystrobin, triticonazole and/or zinc. PCNB seed coat refers
to EPA
registration number 00293500419, containing quintozen and terrazole. TCMTB
refers
to 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole.
Seed varieties and seeds with specific transgenic traits may be tested to
determine which seed treatment options and application rates may complement
such
varieties and transgenic traits in order to enhance yield. For example, a
variety with
.. good yield potential but head smut susceptibility may benefit from the use
of a seed
treatment that provides protection against head smut, a variety with good
yield potential
but cyst nematode susceptibility may benefit from the use of a seed treatment
that
provides protection against cyst nematode, and so on. Likewise, a variety
encompassing a transgenic trait conferring insect resistance may benefit from
the
second mode of action conferred by the seed treatment, a variety encompassing
a
transgenic trait conferring herbicide resistance may benefit from a seed
treatment with a
safener that enhances the plants resistance to that herbicide, etc. Further,
the good
root establishment and early emergence that results from the proper use of a
seed
treatment may result in more efficient nitrogen use, a better ability to
withstand drought
and an overall. increase in yield potential of a variety or varieties
containing a certain
trait when combined with a seed treatment.
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Industrial Applicability
Another embodiment, is a method of harvesting the grain of the Fl plant of
variety PH42V3 and using the grain in a commodity. Methods of producing a
commodity
plant product are also provided. Examples of maize grain as a commodity plant
product
include, but are not limited to, oils, meals, flour, starches, syrups,
proteins, cellulose,
silage, and sugars. Maize grain is used as human food, livestock feed, and as
raw
material in industry. The food uses of maize, in addition to human consumption
of
maize kernels, include both products of dry- and wet-milling industries. The
principal
products of maize dry milling are grits, meal and flour. The maize wet-milling
industry
can provide maize starch, maize syrups, and dextrose for food use. Maize oil
is
recovered from maize germ, which is a by-product of both dry- and wet-milling
industries. Processing the grain can include one or more of cleaning to remove
foreign
material and debris from the grain, conditioning, such as addition of moisture
to the
grain, steeping the grain, wet milling, dry milling and sifting.
Maize, including both grain and non-grain portions of the plant, is also used
extensively as livestock feed, primarily for beef cattle, dairy cattle, hogs,
and poultry.
Industrial uses of maize include production of ethanol, maize starch in the
wet-
milling industry and maize flour in the dry-milling industry. The industrial
applications of
maize starch and flour are based on functional properties, such as viscosity,
film
formation, adhesive properties, and ability to suspend particles. The maize
starch and
flour have application in the paper and textile industries. Other industrial
uses include
applications in adhesives, building materials, foundry binders, laundry
starches,
explosives, oil-well muds, and other mining applications.
Plant parts other than the grain of maize are also used in industry: for
example,
stalks and husks are made into paper and wallboard and cobs are used for fuel
and to
make charcoal.
The seed of maize variety PH42V3, the plant produced from the seed, the hybrid
maize plant produced from the crossing of the variety, hybrid seed, and
various parts of
the hybrid maize plant and transgenic versions of the foregoing, can be
utilized for
human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry.
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The foregoing invention has been described in detail by way of illustration
and
example for purposes of clarity and understanding. As is readily apparent to
one skilled
in the art, the foregoing are only some of the methods and compositions that
illustrate
the embodiments of the foregoing invention. It will be apparent to those of
ordinary skill
in the art that variations, changes, modifications, and alterations may be
applied to the
compositions and/or methods described herein without departing from the true
spirit,
concept, and scope of the invention.
As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including,"
"has," "having," "contains", "containing," "characterized by" or any other
variation
thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion.
Unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" is used as an inclusive term.
For
example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is
true (or
present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is
true (or
present), and both A and B are true (or present). The indefinite articles "a"
and "an"
preceding an element or component are nonrestrictive regarding the number of
instances (i.e., occurrences) of the element or component. Therefore "a" or
"an" should
be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the
element or
component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be
singular.
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DEPOSITS
Applicant has made a deposit of at least 2,500 seeds of Maize Variety PH42V3
with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard,
Manassas, VA 20110-2209, USA, with ATCC Deposit No. PTA-124764. The seeds
deposited with the ATCC on February 20, 2018 were obtained from the seed of
the
variety maintained by Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., 7250 NW 62nd
Avenue,
Johnston, Iowa, 50131 since prior to the filing date of this application.
Access to this
seed will be available during the pendency of the application to the
Commissioner of
Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by the Commissioner to be
entitled
thereto upon request. This deposit of the Maize Variety PH42V3 will be
maintained in
the ATCC depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years,
or 5 years
after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent,
whichever is
longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period.
Unauthorized
seed multiplication is prohibited. The deposit will be maintained under the
terms of the
Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of
Microorganisms for
the Purposes of Patent Procedure. These deposits are not an admission that the
deposit is required under Section 27(3) and 38.1(1) of the Patent Act.
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Breeding History of PH42V3
Inbred Maize variety PH42V3 was developed by the following method. A cross
was made between inbred line PH1MCK and inbred line PH12KB. Inbred PH42V3 was
developed by producing a doubled haploid from the F1 plants, selfing and using
pedigree selection amongst the D1 lines, and selfing and bulking from the
subsequent
generations.
Maize variety PH42V3, being substantially homozygous, can be reproduced by
planting seeds of the variety, growing the resulting maize plants under self-
pollinating or
sib-pollinating conditions with adequate isolation, and harvesting the
resulting seed
using techniques familiar to the agricultural arts.
TABLE 1 - VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION - PH42V3
1. TYPE:
Grain Texture Dent
2. MATURITY: Days Heat Units
Comparative Relative Maturity (CRM) 96
Emergence to 50% of plants in silk 56 1154
Emergence to 50% of plants in pollen shed 57 1183
3. PLANT: Value SE Number
Plant Height (to tassel tip) (cm) 207.3 5.19 20
Ear Height (to base of top ear node) (cm) 75.4 8.91 20
Length of Top Ear Internode (cm) 15.8 1.54 20
Number of Nodes Above Ground 11.7 1.1 20
Anthocyanin of Brace Roots: 2
1= absent, 2= faint, 3= moderate, 4= dark
4. LEAF: Value SE Number
Width of Ear Node Leaf (cm) 6.9 0.48 20
Length of Ear Node Leaf (cm) 69.6 4.44 20
Number of Leaves Above Top Ear 3.6 0.49 20
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Leaf Angle (Degrees) 31.8 3.27 20
(at anthesis, 2nd leaf above top ear to the stalk)
Leaf Color Very Dark Green
Leaf Sheath Pubescence: 3
1= none to 9= peach-like fuzz
5. TASSEL: Value SE
Number
Number of Primary Lateral Branches 7.7 1.71 20
Number of Secondary Branches 1.2 0.96 20
Branch Angle from Central Spike (Degrees) 36.5 7.51 20
Tassel Length: 55.6 3.14 20
(from peduncle node to tassel tip) (cm)
Peduncle Length: 21.3 1.35 20
(From top leaf node to lower branch) (cm)
Central Spike Length (cm) 23.3 2.51 20
Flag Leaf Length (cm) 43.7 2.88 20
(from flag leaf collar to tassel tip)
Pollen Shed: 0= male sterile, 9= heavy shed
Bar Glumes (glume bands): 1
1= absent, 2= present
Anther Color: Purple
Glume Color: Red
6a. EAR (Unhusked ear):
Silk color: (-3 days after silk emergence) Purple
Fresh husk color: Light Green
Dry husk color: (-65 days after 50% silking) Buff
Ear position at dry husk stage: 2
(1= upright, 2= horizontal, 3= pendant)
Husk Tightness:(1= very loose, 9= very tight) 3
Husk Extension (at harvest): 2
1= short (ears exposed), 2= medium (<8cm),
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3= long (8-10cm), 4= very long (>10cm)
Length of Interior Husk (cm) 16.4 2.05 20
6b. EAR (Husked ear data): Value SE Number
Shank Length (cm) 23.2 8.11 20
Ear Length (cm) 12.7 1.18 20
Ear Diameter at mid-point (mm) 40.5 2.3 20
Ear Weight (gm) 91.3 16.27
19
Number of Kernel Rows 17.3 1.49 20
Number of Kernels Per Row 22 2.92 20
Kernel Rows: 1= indistinct, 2= distinct 2
Row Alignment: 2
1= straight, 2= slightly curved, 3= spiral
Ear Taper: 2
1= slight cylind., 2= average, 3= extreme conic.
7. KERNEL (Dried): Value SE Number
Kernel Length (mm) 11.3 0.65 20
Kernel Width (mm) 7.7 0.72 20
Kernel Thickness (mm) 5.2 0.52 20
Weight/100 Kernels (un-sized sample) (gm)
Kernel Pericarp color Clear
Aleurone Color Pattern Homozygous
Aleurone Color Yellow
Hard Endosperm Color Yellow
8. COB: Value SE Number
Cob Diameter at mid-point (mm) 22.6 1.17 20
Cob Color Pink-Orange
Number is the number of individual plants that were scored.
Value is an average if more than one plant or plot is score.
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