Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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DISPOSABLE TOWEL PRODUCED WITH LARGE VOLUME SURFACE DEPRESSIONS
RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent
Application No. 15/499,513,
entitled DISPOSABLE TOWEL PRODUCED WITH LARGE VOLUME SURFACE
DEPRESSIONS, filed April 27, 2017, and the contents of these applications are
incorporated
herein by reference in their entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to a disposable two-ply tissue or
paper towel with
unique surface topography and large volume surface depressions.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Across the globe there is great demand for disposable paper
products. In the North
American market, the demand is increasing for higher quality products offered
at a reasonable
price point. A critical attribute for consumers of disposable sanitary tissue
and paper towels are
softness, strength, and absorbency.
[0004] Softness is the pleasing tactile sensation the consumer perceives
when using the tissue
product as it is moved across his or her skin or crumpled in his or her hand.
The tissue physical
attributes which affect softness are primarily surface smoothness and bulk
structure.
[0005] Various manufacturing systems and methods have been developed that
produce soft,
strong and absorbent structured paper towel or tissue products. However, such
systems and
methods are often deficient in their ability to provide sufficient bulk
structure to the final
product, which in turn does not allow for optimal softness and absorbency.
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SUMMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] An object of the present invention is to provide a disposable tissue
or paper towel
with unique and quantifiable surface topography attributes.
[0007] A disposable tissue or paper towel product according to an exemplary
embodiment of
the present invention comprises at least two plies, an exposed outer surface
of at least one of the
two plies comprising a plurality of pockets, the plurality of pockets having
an average volume
greater than 0.4 mm3 and an average surface area of 2.5 mm2.
[0008] A disposable tissue or paper towel product according to an exemplary
embodiment of
the present invention comprises at least two plies, an exposed outer surface
of at least one of the
two plies comprising a plurality of pockets, the plurality of pockets having
an average volume
greater than 0.4 mm3 and an average surface area of 2.5 mm2, the disposable
tissue or paper
towel product having a basis weight less than 43 gsm.
[0009] A disposable tissue or paper towel product according to an exemplary
embodiment of
the present invention comprises at least two plies, an exposed outer surface
of at least one of the
two plies comprising a plurality of pockets, the plurality of pockets having
an average volume
greater than 0.4 mm3, the disposable tissue or paper towel product having a
basis weight less
than 45 gsm.
[0010] In at least one exemplary embodiment, the product is formed using a
structured fabric
of a through air dying process.
[0011] In at least one exemplary embodiment, the product is formed using
one of the
following types of wet-laid forming processes: Through Air Drying (TAD),
Uncreped Through
Air Drying (UCTAD), Advanced Tissue Molding System (ATMOS), NTT, and ETAD.
[0012] In at least one exemplary embodiment, the at least two plies are
laminated together.
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[0013] In at least one exemplary embodiment, the at least two plies are
laminated together
with heated adhesive.
[0014] In at least one exemplary embodiment, the structured fabric is made
of warp and weft
monofilament yarns.
[0015] In at least one exemplary embodiment, the diameter of the warp
monofilament yarn is
0.40 mm.
[0016] In at least one exemplary embodiment, the diameter of the weft
monofilament yarn is
0.550 mm.
[0017] In at least one exemplary embodiment, the diameter of the warp
monofilament yarn is
0.30 mm to 0.550 mm.
[0018] In at least one exemplary embodiment, the diameter of the weft
monofilament yarn is
0.30 to 0.550 mm.
[0019] In at least one exemplary embodiment, the through air drying process
comprises
transferring a web that forms the at least one of the two plies from a forming
wire to the
structured fabric at a 5% or more speed differential.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] The features and advantages of exemplary embodiments of the present
invention will
be more fully understood with reference to the following, detailed description
when taken in
conjunction with the accompanying figures, wherein:
[0021] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a three layer ply formed by a wet
laid process for
use in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
[0022] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a system for manufacturing one ply of a
laminate
according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
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[0023] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a system for manufacturing a multi-ply
absorbent
product according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
[0024] FIG. 4 is a screenshot illustrating a method of determining pocket
volume and surface
area of a tissue or towel surface using a Keyence VR 3200 Wide Area 3D
Measurement
Macroscope;
[0025] FIG. 5 is a topographical view of a structuring belt utilizing a
plain weave;
[0026] FIG. 6 is a topographical view of a structuring belt utilizing a
satin weave;
[0027] FIG. 7A is a topographical view of a structuring belt utilizing a
twill weave;
[0028] FIGS. 7B and 7C illustrate left handed and right handed twill weave
patterns; and
[0029] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a fabric with a left handed and
right handed twill
weave according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0030] A disposable structured tissue or paper towel product according to
an exemplary
embodiment of the present invention includes two or more plies of absorbent
products/web,
where each ply is produced using a unique set of operating conditions and
structured fabric,
thereby resulting in a paper towel or tissue product with large volume
depressions or "pockets"
across its surface. In particular, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment
of the present
invention, a disposable structured tissue or paper towel product is made using
a structured fabric
of a through air drying process in which a nascent web is transferred from a
forming wire to the
structured fabric at a speed differential of 0% to 20%, preferably 0% to 10%,
and more
preferably 0% to 5%. In an exemplary embodiment, the speed differential is 5%.
The structured
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fabric is made of warp and weft monofilament yarns, with the diameter of both
the warp and
weft yarns being in the range of 0.3 mm to 0.550 mm. In an exemplary
embodiment, the
diameter of the warp yarn is 0.40 mm and the diameter of the weft yarn is
0.550 mm.
[0031] Surface smoothness of a ply/web is primarily a function of the
surface topography of
the web. The surface topography is influenced by the manufacturing method such
as
conventional dry crepe, through air drying (TAD), or hybrid technologies such
as Metso's NTT,
Georgia Pacific's ETAD, or Voith's ATMOS process. The manufacturing method of
conventional dry crepe creates a surface topography that is primarily
influenced by the creping
process (doctoring a flat, pressed sheet off of a steam pressurized drying
cylinder) versus TAD
and hybrid technologies which create a web whose surface topography is
influenced primarily by
the structured fabric pattern that is imprinted into the sheet and secondarily
influenced by the
degree of fabric crepe and conventional creping utilized. A structured fabric
is made up of
monofilament polymeric fibers with a weave pattern that creates raised
knuckles and depressed
valleys to allow for a web with high Z-direction thickness and unique surface
topography.
Therefore, the design of the structured fabric is important in controlling the
softness and quality
attributes of the web. U.S. Patent No. 3,301,746 discloses the first
structured or imprinting fabric
designed for production of tissue. A structured fabric may also contain an
overlaid hardened
photosensitive resin to create a unique surface topography and bulk structure
as shown in U.S.
Patent No. 4,529,480.
[0032] Fabric crepe is the process of using speed differential between a
forming and
structured fabric to facilitate filling the valleys of the structured fabric
with fiber, and folding the
web in the Z-direction to create thickness and influence surface topography.
Conventional
creping is the use of a doctor blade to remove a web that is adhered to a
steam heated cylinder,
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coated with an adhesive chemistry, in conjunction with speed differential
between the Yankee
dryer and reel drum to fold the web in the Z-direction to create thickness,
drape, and to influence
the surface topography of the web. The process of calendering, pressing the
web between
cylinders, will also affect surface topography. The surface topography can
also be influenced by
the coarseness and stiffness of the fibers used in the web, degree of fiber
refining, as well as
embossing in the converting process. Added chemical softeners and lotions can
also affect the
perception of smoothness by creating a lubricious surface coating that reduces
friction between
the web and the skin of the consumer.
[0033] The bulk structure of the web is influenced primarily by web
thickness and flexibility
(or drape). TAD and Hybrid Technologies have the ability to create a thicker
web since
structured fabrics, fabric crepe, and conventional creping can be utilized
while conventional dry
crepe can only utilize conventional creping, and to a lesser extent basis
weight/grammage, to
influence web thickness. The increase in thickness of the web through
embossing does not
improve softness since the thickness comes by compacting sections of the web
and pushing these
sections out of the plane of the web. Plying two or more webs together in the
converting
process, to increase the finished product thickness, is also an effective
method to improve bulk
structure softness.
[0034] The flexibility, or drape, of the web is primarily affected by the
overall web strength
and structure. Strength is the ability of a paper web to retain its physical
integrity during use and
is primarily affected by the degree of cellulose fiber to fiber hydrogen
bonding, and ionic and
covalent bonding between the cellulose fibers and polymers added to the web.
The stiffness of
the fibers themselves, along with the degree of fabric and conventional crepe
utilized, and the
process of embossing will also influence the flexibility of the web. The
structure of the sheet, or
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orientation of the fibers in all three dimensions, is primarily affected by
the manufacturing
method used.
[0035] The predominant manufacturing method for making a tissue web is the
conventional
dry crepe process. The major steps of the conventional dry crepe process
involve stock
preparation, forming, pressing, drying, creping, calendering (optional), and
reeling the web. This
method is the oldest form of modern tissue making and is thus well understood
and easy to
operate at high speeds and production rates. Energy consumption per ton is low
since nearly half
of the water removed from the web is through drainage and mechanical pressing.
Unfortunately,
the sheet pressing also compacts the web which lowers web thickness resulting
in a product that
is of low softness and quality. Attempts to improve the web thickness on
conventional dry crepe
machines have primarily focused on lowering the nip intensity (longer nip
width and lower nip
pressure) in the press section by using extended nip presses (shoe presses)
rather than a standard
suction pressure roll. After pressing the sheet, between a suction pressure
roll and a steam
heated cylinder (referred to as a Yankee dryer), the web is dried from up to
50% solids to up to
99% solids using the steam heated cylinder and hot air impingement from an air
system (air cap
or hood) installed over the steam cylinder. The sheet is then creped from the
steam cylinder
using a steel or ceramic doctor blade. This is a critical step in the
conventional dry crepe
process. The creping process greatly affects softness as the surface
topography is dominated by
the number and coarseness of the crepe bars (finer crepe is much smoother than
coarse crepe).
Some thickness and flexibility is also generated during the creping process.
After creping, the
web is optionally calendered and reeled into a parent roll and ready for the
converting process.
[0036] The through air dried (TAD) process is another manufacturing method
for making a
tissue web. The major steps of the through air dried process are stock
preparation, forming,
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imprinting, thermal pre-drying, drying, creping, calendering (optional), and
reeling the web.
Rather than pressing and compacting the web, as is performed in conventional
dry crepe, the web
undergoes the steps of imprinting and thermal pre-drying. Imprinting is a step
in the process
where the web is transferred from a forming fabric to a structured fabric (or
imprinting fabric)
and subsequently pulled into the structured fabric using vacuum (referred to
as imprinting or
molding). This step imprints the weave pattern (or knuckle pattern) of the
structured fabric into
the web. This imprinting step has a tremendous effect on the softness of the
web, both affecting
smoothness and the bulk structure. The design parameters of the structured
fabric (weave
pattern, mesh, count, warp and weft monofilament diameters, caliper, air
permeability, and
optional over-laid polymer) are therefore critical to the development of web
softness. After
imprinting, the web is thermally pre-dried by moving hot air through the web
while it is
conveyed on the structured fabric. Thermal pre-drying can be used to dry to
the web over 90%
solids before it is transferred to a steam heated cylinder. The web is then
transferred from the
structured fabric to the steam heated cylinder though a very low intensity nip
(up to 10 times less
than a conventional press nip) between a solid pressure roll and the steam
heated cylinder. The
only portions of the web that are pressed between the pressure roll and steam
cylinder rest on
knuckles of the structured fabric, thereby protecting most of the web from the
light compaction
that occurs in this nip. The steam cylinder and an optional air cap system,
for impinging hot air,
then dry the sheet to up to 99% solids during the drying stage before creping
occurs. The
creping step of the process again only affects the knuckle sections of the web
that are in contact
with the steam cylinder surface. Due to only the knuckles of the web being
creped, along with
the dominant surface topography being generated by the structured fabric, and
the higher
thickness of the TAD web, the creping process has much smaller effect on
overall softness as
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compared to conventional dry crepe. After creping, the web is optionally
calendered and reeled
into a parent roll and ready for the converting process. Examples of patents
which describe
creped through air dried products includes U.S. Patent Nos. 3,994,771;
4,102,737; 4,529,480 and
5,510,002.
[0037] A variation of the TAD process where the sheet is not creped, but
rather dried to up to
99% using thermal drying and blown off the structured fabric (using air) to be
optionally
calendered and reeled also exits. This process is called UCTAD or un-creped
through air drying
process. U.S. Patent No. 5,607,551 describes an uncreped through air dried
product.
[0038] The softness attributes of the TAD process are superior to
conventional dry crepe due
to the ability to produce superior web bulk structure (thicker, un-compacted)
with similar levels
of smoothness. Unfortunately, the machinery is roughly double the cost
compared to that of a
conventional tissue machine and the operational cost is higher due to its
energy intensity and
complexity to operate.
[0039] A new process/method and paper machine system for producing tissue
has been
developed by the Voith company (Voith GmbH, of Heidenheim, Germany) and is
being
marketed under the name ATMOS (Advanced Tissue Molding System). The
process/method
and paper machine system has several patented variations, but all involve the
use of a structured
fabric in conjunction with a belt press. The major steps of the ATMOS process
and its variations
are stock preparation, forming, imprinting, pressing (using a belt press),
creping, calendering
(optional), and reeling the web.
[0040] The stock preparation step is the same as a conventional or TAD
machine would
utilize. The purpose is to prepare the proper recipe of fibers, chemical
polymers, and additives
that are necessary for the grade of tissue being produced, and diluting this
slurry to allow for
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proper web formation when deposited out of the machine headbox (single,
double, or triple
layered) to the forming surface. The forming process can use a twin wire
former (as described in
U.S. Patent No. 7,744,726) a Crescent Former with a suction Forming Roll (as
described in U.S.
Patent No. 6,821,391), or preferably a Crescent Former (as described in U.S.
Patent No.
7,387,706). The preferred former is provided a slurry from the headbox to a
nip formed by a
structured fabric (inner position/in contact with the forming roll) and
forming fabric (outer
position). The fibers from the slurry are predominately collected in the
valleys (or pockets,
pillows) of the structured fabric and the web is dewatered through the forming
fabric. This
method for forming the web results in a unique bulk structure and surface
topography as
described in U.S. Patent No. 7,387,706 (Fig. 1 through Fig 11). The fabrics
separate after the
forming roll with the web staying in contact with the structured fabric. At
this stage, the web is
already imprinted by the structured fabric, but use of a vacuum box on the
inside of the
structured fabric can facilitate further fiber penetration into the structured
fabric and a deeper
imprint.
[0041] The web is now transported on the structured fabric to a belt press.
The belt press
can have multiple configurations. The first patented belt press configurations
used in
conjunction with a structured fabric can be viewed in U.S. Patent No.
7,351,307 (Fig.13), where
the web is pressed against a dewatering fabric across a vacuum roll by an
extended nip belt press.
The press dewaters the web while protecting the areas of the sheet within the
structured fabric
valleys from compaction. Moisture is pressed out of the web, through the
dewatering fabric, and
into the vacuum roll. The press belt is permeable and allows for air to pass
through the belt,
web, and dewatering fabric, into the vacuum roll enhancing the moisture
removal. Since both the
belt and dewatering fabric are permeable, a hot air hood can be placed inside
of the belt press to
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further enhance moisture removal as shown in Fig.14 of U.S. Patent No.
7,351,307. Alternately,
the belt press can have a pressing device arranged within the belt which
includes several press
shoes, with individual actuators to control cross direction moisture profile,
(see Fig. 28 in U.S.
Patent Nos. 7,951,269 or 8,118,979 or Fig 20 of U.S. Patent No. 8,440,055) or
a press roll (see
Fig. 29 in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,951,269 or 8,118,979 or Fig. 21 of U.S. Patent
No. 8,440,055). The
preferred arrangement of the belt press has the web pressed against a
permeable dewatering
fabric across a vacuum roll by a permeable extended nip belt press. Inside the
belt press is a hot
air hood that includes a steam shower to enhance moisture removal. The hot air
hood apparatus
over the belt press can be made more energy efficient by reusing a portion of
heated exhaust air
from the Yankee air cap or recirculating a portion of the exhaust air from the
hot air apparatus
itself (see U.S. Patent No. 8,196,314). Further embodiments of the drying
system composed of
the hot air apparatus and steam shower in the belt press section are described
in U.S. Patent Nos.
8,402,673; 8,435,384 and 8,544,184.
[0042] After the belt press is a second press to nip the web between the
structured fabric and
dewatering felt by one hard and one soft roll. The press roll under the
dewatering fabric can be
supplied with vacuum to further assist water removal. This preferred belt
press arrangement is
described in U.S. Patent No. 8,382,956 and U.S. Patent No. 8,580,083, with
Fig.1 showing the
arrangement. Rather than sending the web through a second press after the belt
press, the web
can travel through a boost dryer (Fig. 15 of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,387,706 or
7,351,307), a high
pressure through air dryer (Fig. 16 of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,387,706 or
7,351,307), a two pass high
pressure through air dryer (Fig. 17 of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,387,706 or
7,351,307) or a vacuum box
with hot air supply hood (Fig. 2 of U.S. Patent No. 7,476,293). U.S. Patent
Nos. 7,510,631;
7,686,923; 7,931,781; 8,075,739 and 8,092,652 further describe methods and
systems for using a
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belt press and structured fabric to make tissue products each having
variations in fabric designs,
nip pressures, dwell times, etc. and are mentioned here for reference. A wire
turning roll can be
also be utilized with vacuum before the sheet is transferred to a steam heated
cylinder via a
pressure roll nip (see Fig. 2a of U.S. Patent No. 7,476,293).
[0043] The sheet is now transferred to a steam heated cylinder via a press
element. The
press element can be a through drilled (bored) pressure roll (Fig. 8 of U.S.
Patent No. 8,303,773),
a through drilled (bored) and blind drilled (blind bored) pressure roll (Fig.
9 of U.S. Patent No.
8,303,773), or a shoe press (U.S. Patent No. 7,905,989). After the web leaves
this press element
to the steam heated cylinder, the % solids are in the range of 40-50% solids.
The steam heated
cylinder is coated with chemistry to aid in sticking the sheet to the cylinder
at the press element
nip and also aid in removal of the sheet at the doctor blade. The sheet is
dried to up to 99%
solids by the steam heated cylinder and installed hot air impingement hood
over the cylinder.
This drying process, the coating of the cylinder with chemistry, and the
removal of the web with
doctoring is explained in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,582,187 and 7,905,989. The
doctoring of the sheet
off the Yankee, creping, is similar to that of TAD with only the knuckle
sections of the web
being creped. Thus the dominant surface topography is generated by the
structured fabric, with
the creping process having a much smaller effect on overall softness as
compared to
conventional dry crepe.
[0044] The web is now calendered (optional,) slit, and reeled and ready for
the converting
process. These steps are described in U.S. Patent No. 7,691,230.
[0045] The preferred ATMOS process has the following steps: Forming the web
using a
Crescent Former between an outer forming fabric and inner structured fabric,
imprinting the
pattern of the structured fabric into the web during forming with the aid of a
vacuum box on the
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inside of the structured fabric after fabric separation, pressing (and
dewatering) the web against a
dewatering fabric across a vacuum roll using an extended nip belt press belt,
using a hot air
impingement hood with a steam shower inside the belt press to aid in moisture
removal, reuse of
exhaust air from the Yankee hot air hood as a percentage of makeup air for the
belt press hot air
hood for energy savings, use of a second press nip between a hard and soft
roll with a vacuum
box installed in the roll under the dewatering fabric for further dewatering,
transferring the sheet
to a steam heated cylinder (Yankee cylinder) using a blind and through drilled
press roll (for
further dewatering), drying the sheet on the steam cylinder with the aid of a
hot air impingement
hood over the cylinder, creping, calendering, slitting, and reeling the web.
[0046] The benefits of this preferred process are numerous. First, the
installed capital cost is
only slightly above that of a conventional crescent forming tissue machine and
thus nearly half
the cost of a TAD machine. The energy costs are equal to that of a
conventional tissue machine
which are half that of a TAD machine. The thickness of the web is nearly equal
to that of a TAD
product and up to 100% thicker than a conventional tissue web. The quality of
the products
produced in terms of softness and strength are comparable to TAD and greater
than that
produced from a conventional tissue machine. The softness attributes of
smoothness and bulk
structure are unique and different from that of TAD and conventional tissue
products and are not
only a result of the unique forming systems (a high percentage of the fibers
are collected in the
valleys of the structured fabric and are protected from compaction through the
process) and
dewatering systems (extended nip belted press allows for low nip intensity and
less web
compaction) of the ATMOS process itself, but also the controllable parameters
of the process
(fiber selection, chemistry selection, degree of refining, structured fabric
used, Yankee coating
chemistry, creping pocket angle, creping moisture, and amount of calendering).
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[0047] The ATMOS manufacturing technique is often described as a hybrid
technology
because it uses a structured fabric like the TAD process, but also uses energy
efficient means to
dewater the sheet like the conventional dry crepe process.
[0048] Other manufacturing techniques which employ the use of a structured
fabric along
with an energy efficient dewatering process are the ETAD process and NTT
process. The ETAD
process and products can be viewed in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,339,378; 7,442,278
and 7,494,563.
This process can use any type of former such as a Twin Wire Former or Crescent
Former. After
formation and initial drainage in the forming section, the web is transferred
to a press fabric
where it is conveyed across a suction vacuum roll for water removal,
increasing web solids up to
25%. Then the web travels into a nip formed by a shoe press and
backing/transfer roll for further
water removal, increasing web solids up to 50%. At this nip, the web is
transferred onto the
transfer roll and then onto a structured fabric via a nip formed by the
transfer roll and a creping
roll. At this transfer point, speed differential can be used to facilitate
fiber penetration into the
structured fabric and build web caliper. The web then travels across a molding
box to further
enhance fiber penetration if needed. The web is then transferred to a Yankee
dryer where is can
be optionally dried with a hot air impingement hood, creped, calendared, and
reeled. The NTT
process and products can be viewed in international patent application
publication WO
2009/061079 Al. The process has several embodiments, but the key step is the
pressing of the
web in a nip formed between a structured fabric and press felt. The web
contacting surface of
the structured fabric is a non-woven material with a three dimensional
structured surface
comprised of elevation and depressions of a predetermined size and depth. As
the web is passed
through this nip, the web is formed into the depression of the structured
fabric since the press
fabric is flexible and will reach down into all of the depressions during the
pressing process.
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When the felt reaches the bottom of the depression, hydraulic force is built
up which forces
water from the web and into the press felt. To limit compaction of the web,
the press rolls will
have a long nip width which can be accomplished if one of the rolls is a shoe
press. After
pressing, the web travels with the structured fabric to a nip with the Yankee
dryer, where the
sheet is optionally dried with a hot air impingement hood, creped, calendared,
and reeled.
[0049] According to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the
absorbent
products or structures that are used for each of the two or more webs/ plies
can be manufactured
by any known or later-discovered wet-laid methods that use a structured
fabric. Examples of
such wet-laid technologies include Through Air Drying (TAD), Uncreped Through
Air Drying
(UCTAD), Advanced Tissue Molding System (ATMOS), NTT, and ETAD.
[0050] The materials used to produce the disposable structured tissue or
paper towel product
can be fibers in any ratio selected from cellulosic-based fibers, such as wood
pulps (softwood
gymnosperms or hardwood angiosperms), cannabis, cotton, regenerated or spun
cellulose, jute,
flax, ramie, bagasse, kenaf, or other plant based cellulosic fiber sources.
Synthetic fibers, such
as a polyolefin (e.g., polypropylene), polyester, or polylactic acid can also
be used. Each ply of a
multi-ply absorbent product of the present invention may comprise cellulosic
based fibers and/or
synthetic fibers. Also, all the plies may be made of the same type(s) of
fibers or different fibers
may be used in some or all of the plies.
[0051] FIGs. 1 and 2 illustrate a single ply absorbent product and a method
for
manufacturing the tissue product in which a TAD drying method is used. The
content of U.S.
Patent Application Ser. No. 13/837,685, which describes such an absorbent,
soft TAD tissue and
is assigned to applicant, is incorporated herein by reference.
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[0052] FIG. 1 shows an example of a single ply, three layer tissue
generally designated by
reference number 1 that has external (exterior) layers 2 and 4 as well as an
internal (interior),
core layer 3. In the figure, the three layers of the tissue from top to bottom
are labeled as air 4,
core 3 and dry (or Yankee) 2. External layer 2 is composed primarily of
hardwood fibers 20
whereas external layer 4 and core layer 3 are composed of a combination of
hardwood fibers 20
and softwood fibers 21. External layer 2 further includes a dry strength
additive 7. External layer
4 further includes both a dry strength additive 7 and a temporary wet strength
additive 8.
[0053] Pulp mixes for exterior layers of the tissue are prepared with a
blend of primarily
hardwood fibers. For example, the pulp mix for at least one exterior layer is
a blend containing
about 70 percent or greater hardwood fibers relative to the total percentage
of fibers that make up
the blend. As a further example, the pulp mix for at least one exterior layer
is a blend containing
about 90-100 percent hardwood fibers relative to the total percentage of
fibers that make up the
blend.
[0054] Pulp mixes for the interior layer of the tissue are prepared with a
blend of primarily
softwood fibers. For example, the pulp mix for the interior layer is a blend
containing about 70
percent or greater softwood fibers relative to the total percentage of fibers
that make up the
blend. As a further example, the pulp mix for the interior layer is a blend
containing about 90-
100 percent softwood fibers relative to the total percentage of fibers that
make up the blend.
[0055] As known in the art, pulp mixes are subjected to a dilution stage in
which water is
added to the mixes so as to form a slurry. After the dilution stage but prior
to reaching the
headbox, each of the pulp mixes are dewatered to obtain a thick stock of about
95% water. In an
exemplary embodiment of the invention, wet end additives are introduced into
the thick stock
pulp mixes of at least the interior layer.
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[0056] In an exemplary embodiment, a dry strength additive is added to the
thick stock mix
for at least one of the exterior layers. The dry strength additive may be, for
example, amphoteric
starch, added in a range of about 1 to 40 kg/ton. In another exemplary
embodiment, a wet
strength additive is added to the thick stock mix for at least one of the
exterior layers. The wet
strength additive may be, for example, glyoxalated polyacrylamide, commonly
known as
GPAM, added in a range of about 0.25 to 5 kg/ton. In a further exemplary
embodiment, both a
dry strength additive, preferably amphoteric starch and a wet strength
additive, preferably
GPAM are added to one of the exterior layers. Without being bound by theory,
it is believed that
the combination of both amphoteric starch and GPAM in a single layer when
added as wet end
additives provides a synergistic effect with regard to strength of the
finished tissue. Other
exemplary temporary wet-strength agents include aldehyde functionalized
cationic starch,
aldehyde functionalized polyacrylamides, acrolein co-polymers and cis-hydroxyl
polysaccharide
(guar gum and locust bean gum) used in combination with any of the above
mentioned
compounds.
[0057] In addition to amphoteric starch, suitable dry strength additives
may include but are
not limited to glyoxalated polyacrylamide, cationic starch, carboxy methyl
cellulose, guar gum,
locust bean gum, cationic polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, anionic
polyacrylamide or a
combination thereof.
[0058] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a system for manufacturing such a three
layer tissue,
generally designated by reference number 100, according to an exemplary
embodiment of the
present invention. The system 100 includes a first exterior layer fan pump
102, a core layer fan
pump 104, a second exterior layer fan pump 106, a headbox 108, a forming
section 110, a drying
section 112 and a calender section 114. The first and second exterior layer
fan pumps 102, 106
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deliver the pulp mixes of the first and second external layers 2, 4 to the
headbox 108, and the
core layer fan pump 104 delivers the pulp mix of the core layer 3 to the
headbox 108. As is
known in the art, the headbox delivers a wet web of pulp onto a forming wire
within the forming
section 110. The wet web is then laid on the forming wire with the core layer
3 disposed between
the first and second external layers 2, 4.
[0059] After formation in the forming section 110, the partially dewatered
web is transferred
to the drying section 112. Within the drying section 112, the tissue may be
dried using through
air drying processes which involve the use of a structured fabric. In an
exemplary embodiment,
the tissue is dried to a humidity of about 7 to 20% using a through air drier
manufactured by
Valmet Corporation, of Espoo, Finland. In another exemplary embodiment, two or
more through
air drying stages are used in series. However, it should be emphasized that
this is only one of
various methods of manufacturing an absorbent tissue product to be used in
manufacturing the
laminate of the present invention.
[0060] In an exemplary embodiment, the tissue of the present invention is
patterned during
the through air drying process. Such patterning can be achieved through the
use of a TAD fabric,
such as a G-weave (Prolux 003) or M-weave (Prolux 005) TAD fabric.
[0061] After the through air drying stage, the tissue of the present
invention may be further
dried in a second phase using a Yankee drying drum. In an exemplary
embodiment, a creping
adhesive is applied to the drum prior to the tissue contacting the drum. A
creping blade is then
used to remove the tissue from the Yankee drying drum. The tissue may then be
calendered in a
subsequent stage within the calendar section 114. According to an exemplary
embodiment,
calendaring may be accomplished using a number of calendar rolls (not shown)
that deliver a
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calendering pressure in the range of 0-100 pounds per linear inch (PLI). In
general, increased
calendering pressure is associated with reduced caliper and a smoother tissue
surface.
[0062] According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a ceramic
coated creping
blade is used to remove the tissue from the Yankee drying drum. Ceramic coated
creping blades
result in reduced adhesive build up and aid in achieving higher run speeds.
Without being bound
by theory, it is believed that the ceramic coating of the creping blades
provides a less adhesive
surface than metal creping blades and is more resistant to edge wear that can
lead to localized
spots of adhesive accumulation. The ceramic creping blades allow for a greater
amount of
creping adhesive to be used which in turn provides improved sheet integrity
and faster run
speeds.
[0063] In addition to the use of wet end additives, the tissue of the
present invention may
also be treated with topical or surface deposited additives. Examples of
surface deposited
additives include softeners for increasing fiber softness and skin lotions.
Examples of topical
softeners include but are not limited to quaternary ammonium compounds,
including, but not
limited to, the dialkyldimethylammonium salts (e.g. ditallowdimethylammonium
chloride,
ditallowdimethylammonium methyl sulfate, di(hydrogenated tallow)dimethyl
ammonium
chloride, etc.). Another class of chemical softening agents include the well-
known organo-
reactive polydimethyl siloxane ingredients, including amino functional
polydimethyl siloxane.
zinc stearate, aluminum stearate, sodium stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium
stearate,
spermaceti, and steryl oil.
[0064] To enhance the strength and absorbency of the structured towel or
tissue, multiple
plies are laminated together using, for example, a heated adhesive, as
described below with
respect to FIG. 3. The adhesive mixture is water soluble and includes a
mixture of one or more
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adhesives, one or more water soluble cationic resins and water. The one or
more adhesives are
present in an amount of 1% to 10% by weight and may be polyvinyl alcohol,
polyvinyl acetate,
starch based resins and/or mixtures thereof. A water soluble cationic resin
may be present in an
amount of up to 10% by weight and may include polyamide-epichlorohydrin
resins, glyoxalated
polyacrylamide resins, polyethyleneimine resins, polyethylenimine resins,
and/or mixtures
thereof. The remainder of the mixture is composed of water.
[0065] FIG. 3 shows an apparatus for manufacturing a laminate of two plies
of a structured
paper towel or tissue that are joined to each other, in a face-to-face
relationship, in accordance
with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure,
two webs 200,
201 of single ply tissue, which may be manufactured, for example, according to
a method
described above, are fed to respective pairs of mated pressure rolls 203, 205
and substantially
axially parallel embossing rolls 204, 206. A first web 200 is thus fed through
a nip 202a formed
by pressure roll 203 and embossing roll 204 (also known as a pattern roll) and
a second web 201
is likewise fed through a nip 202b between pressure roll 205 and embossing
roll 206. The
embossing rolls 204, 206, which rotate in the illustrated directions, impress
an embossment
pattern onto the webs as they pass through nip 202a and 202b. After being
embossed, each ply
may have a plurality of embossments protruding outwardly from the plane of the
ply towards the
adjacent ply. The adjacent ply likewise may have opposing protuberances
protruding towards
the first ply. If a three ply product is produced by adding a third pair of
mated pressure and
embossing rolls, the central ply may have embossments extending outwardly in
both directions.
[0066] To perform the embossments at nips 202a and 202b, the embossing
rolls 204, 206
have embossing tips or embossing knobs that extend radially outward from the
rolls to make the
embossments. In the illustrated embodiment, embossing is performed by nested
embossing in
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which the crests of the embossing knobs on one embossing roll intermesh with
the embossing
knobs on the opposing embossing roll and a nip is formed between the embossing
rolls. As the
web is fed through nips 202a and 202b, a pattern is produced on the surface of
the web by the
interconnectivity of the knobs on an embossing roll with the open spaces of
the respective
pressure roll.
[0067] An adhesive applicator roll 212 is positioned upstream of the nip
213 formed between
the two embossing rolls and is aligned in an axially parallel arrangement with
one of the two
embossing rolls to form a nip therewith. The heated adhesive is fed from an
adhesive tank 207
via a conduit 210 to applicator roll 212. The applicator roll 212 transfers
heated adhesive to an
interior side of embossed ply 200 to adhere the at least two plies 200, 201
together, wherein the
interior side is the side of ply 200 that comes into a face-to-face
relationship with ply 201 for
lamination. The adhesive is applied to the ply at the crests of the embossing
knobs 205 on
embossing roll 204.
[0068] Notably, in the present invention, the adhesive is heated and
maintained at a desired
temperature utilizing, in embodiments, an adhesive tank 207, which is an
insulated stainless steel
tank that may have heating elements 208 that are substantially uniformly
distributed throughout
the interior heating surface. In this manner, a large amount of surface area
may be heated
relatively uniformly. Generally, an adjustable thermostat may be used to
control the temperature
of the adhesive tank 207. It has been found advantageous to maintain the
temperature of the
adhesive at between approximately 32 degrees C (90 degrees F) to 66 degrees C
(150 degrees F),
and preferably to around 49 degrees C (120 degrees F). In addition, in
embodiments, the tank
has an agitator 209 to ensure proper mixing and heat transfer.
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[0069] The webs are then fed through the nip 213 where the embossing
patterns on each
embossing roll 204, 206 mesh with one another.
[0070] In nested embossing, the crests of the embossing knobs typically do
not touch the
perimeter of the opposing roll at the nip formed therebetween. Therefore,
after the application of
the embossments and the adhesive, a marrying roll 214 is used to apply
pressure for lamination.
The marrying roll 214 forms a nip with the same embossing roll 204 that forms
the nip with the
adhesive applicator roll 212, downstream of the nip formed between the two
embossing rolls
204, 206. The marrying roll 214 is generally needed because the crests of the
nested embossing
knobs 205 typically do not touch the perimeter of the opposing roll 206 at the
nip 213 formed
therebetween.
[0071] The specific pattern that is embossed on the absorbent products is
significant for
achieving the enhanced scrubbing resistance of the present invention. In
particular, it has been
found that the embossed area on any ply should cover between approximately 5
to 15% of the
surface area. Moreover, the size of each embossment should be between
approximately 0.04 to
0.08 square centimeters. The depth of the embossment should be within the
range of between
approximately 0.28 and 0.43 centimeters (0.110 and 0.170 inches) in depth.
[0072] The below discussed values for surface profile dimensions (pocket
volume and
surface area), softness (i.e., hand feel (HF)), ball burst and caliper of the
inventive tissue were
determined using the following test procedures:
[0073] POCKET VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA OF A TISSUE OR TOWEL
SURFACE
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[0074] A Keyence VR 3200 Wide Area 3D Measurement Macroscope, available from
Keyence Corporation of Osaka, Japan, was used to measure pocket volume and
surface area by
the following method:
1. Turn on power to computer and monitor.
2. Turn on power on the Control Unit for the VR-3200. If the blue light on
the front is on,
the system is fully on and ready to run (indicated in yellow). An orange light
means the
control unit is on but the Head isn't. The switch is located on the back of
the control unit
(indicated in red).
3. Turn on the power to the VR-3200 Head (pedestal and camera assembly). If a
blue light
is on, the system is fully functional (indicated in yellow). The switch is
located on the
front of the unit at the top right (indicated in red).
4. Allow the VR-3200 to reach temperature equilibrium. This can be
accomplished by
letting it sit idle for 1 hour before use.
5. After VR-3200 is at temperature equilibrium, initialize the software by
clicking the
"VR3200 G2 Series Software" icon, located on the desktop.
6. Click on the "Viewer" icon. This opens the controls for the camera and
measurement
system.
7. Place the sample on the viewing platform. The viewing platform rotates to
allow for
positioning the object of interest. ***If you are viewing an item that has
significant
thickness, lower the stage by adjusting the knob located on the right side of
the Head near
the bottom. Counterclockwise lowers the stage.***
8. Upon entering the software, the settings will include the use of the
lower magnification
camera ("Low Mag Cam") set at a magnification of 12x.
9. Utilize the XY Stage adjustment window to identify and center an area with
no
embossments. The magnification utilized to obtain the measurements and data
reported
were obtained at 38x magnification. After an area with no embossment is
centered in the
viewer, the magnification is increased to 38x.
10. To autofocus on one area, double click (with the left mouse button) on
that area on the
object of interest on the screen image.
11. To scan, click the "Measure" icon located in the bottom right corner of
the page.
12. At this point, Lines will appear and move on the object of interest and
the screen. This is
the measurement in progress. After measurement a 3-D image will appear on the
screen.
13. This image can be altered to include the light image and the height
measurement image
by using the texture slide.
14. Click on the "Analyze" icon located in the bottom right of the screen on
this page.
Images will appear showing the optical version of the image, the height
version of the
image (an image using color to show topography), and a 3D image.
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15. Go to the "Measurement" tab at the top of the screen and select "Volume &
Area
Measurement". A new screen will appear containing a large optical image and a
topographical scale on the bottom and the right sides of the screen depicting
the
topography of the cursor lines on the screen (see screen shot shown in FIG.
4).
16. On the right side of the screen, under the "Measure Made" heading, click
the "Concave"
icon. This feature measures the pockets under the plane set on the screen.
17. The black topographical areas, on the right side and under the image, have
2 lines located
in them and act as the upper limit and the lower limit for measurement. These
lines are
moved manually to establish the area to be measured. The upper limits and
lower limits
are set so the pocket is completely filled.
18. Using the image on the screen and the numerical read out located on the
left of the
screen, the upper limit is positioned by maximizing the "Surface Area" in a
selected
pocket. The borders for the pocket are the raised areas of the tissue or towel
created by
the TAD fabric. The upper limit is determined when the surface area is at its
greatest
value without "spilling over" into another pocket.
19. The lower limit is then adjusted the same way. The lower limit is raised
until the surface
area reaches a maximum value on the screen and in the numerical read out
located on the
left of the screen, without "spilling over" into another pocket.
20. Using the positions of the upper and lower limits set by the user that
maximized the
surface area of the pocket, the software provides the values for the volume of
the pocket
and the average depth of the pocket. Other measurements such as maximum depth
are
also supplied.
21. Within an area without embossments, steps 17 through 20 are repeated for a
number of
pockets (e.g., 18 to 20 pockets) so that an average pocket volume and average
pocket
surface area can be obtained for the area.
[0075] SOFTNESS TESTING
[0076] Softness of a 2-ply tissue web was determined using a Tissue
Softness Analyzer
(TSA), available from EMTECH Electronic GmbH of Leipzig, Germany. A punch was
used to
cut out three 100 cm2 round samples from the web. One of the samples was
loaded into the
TSA, clamped into place, and the TPII algorithm was selected from the list of
available softness
testing algorithms displayed by the TSA. After inputting parameters for the
sample, the TSA
measurement program was run. The test process was repeated for the remaining
samples and the
results for all the samples were averaged.
[0077] BALL BURST TESTING
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[0078] Ball Burst of a 2-ply tissue web was determined using a Tissue
Softness Analyzer
(TSA), available from EMTECH Electronic GmbH of Leipzig, Germany using a ball
burst head
and holder. A punch was used to cut out five 100 cm2 round samples from the
web. One of the
samples was loaded into the TSA, with the embossed surface facing down, over
the holder and
held into place using the ring. The ball burst algorithm was selected from the
list of available
softness testing algorithms displayed by the TSA. The ball burst head was then
pushed by the
EMTECH through the sample until the web ruptured and the grams force required
for the rupture
to occur was calculated. The test process was repeated for the remaining
samples and the results
for all the samples were averaged.
[0079] STRETCH & MD, CD, AND WET CD TENSILE STRENGTH TESTING
[0080] An Instron 3343 tensile tester, manufactured by Instron of Norwood,
MA, with a
100N load cell and 25.4 mm rubber coated jaw faces was used for tensile
strength measurement.
Prior to measurement, the Instron 3343 tensile tester was calibrated. After
calibration, 8 strips of
2-ply product, each one inch by four inches, were provided as samples for each
test. For testing
MD tensile strength, the strips are cut in the MD direction and for testing CD
tensile strength the
strips are cute in the CD direction. One of the sample strips was placed in
between the upper jaw
faces and clamp, and then between the lower jaw faces and clamp with a gap of
2 inches between
the clamps. A test was run on the sample strip to obtain tensile and stretch.
The test procedure
was repeated until all the samples were tested. The values obtained for the
eight sample strips
were averaged to determine the tensile strength of the tissue. When testing CD
wet tensile, the
strips are placed in an oven at 105 deg Celsius for 5 minutes and saturated
with 75 microliters of
deionized water immediately prior to pulling the sample.
[0081] BASIS WEIGHT
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[0001] Using a dye and press, six 76.2mm by 76.2mm square samples were cut
from a 2-ply
product being careful to avoid any web perforations. The samples were placed
in an oven at 105
deg C for 5 minutes before being weighed on an analytical balance to the
fourth decimal point.
The weight of the sample in grams is divided by (0.0762m)2 to determine the
basis weight in
grams/m2.
[0002] CALIPER TESTING
[0082] A Thwing-Albert ProGage 100 Thickness Tester, manufactured by Thwing
Albert of
West Berlin, NJ, USA, was used for the caliper test. Eight 100mm x 100mm
square samples
were cut from a 2-ply product. The samples were then tested individually and
the results were
averaged to obtain a caliper result for the base sheet.
[0083] EXAMPLES
[0084] Example #1: Paper towel made on a wet-laid asset with a three layer
headbox was
produced using the through air dried method. At 5% speed differential the web
was transferred
from the inner wire to the TAD fabric. A TAD fabric design named Prolux 593
supplied by
Albany (216 Airport Drive Rochester, NH 03867 USA Tel: +1.603.330.5850) was
utilized. The
fabric had a 40 yarns/inch Mesh and 34 yarns/inch Count, a 0.40 mm warp
monofilament, a 0.50
mm weft monofilament, a 1.89 mm caliper, with a 670 cfm and a knuckle surface
that is sanded
to impart 15% contact area with the Yankee dryer. The flow to each layer of
the headbox was
about 33% of the total sheet. The three layers of the finished tissue from top
to bottom were
labeled as air, core and dry. The air layer is the outer layer that is placed
on the TAD fabric, the
dry layer is the outer layer that is closest to the surface of the Yankee
dryer and the core is the
center section of the tissue. The tissue was produced with 20% eucalyptus, 15%
Cannabis bast
fiber, and 65% northern bleached softwood kraft (NB SK) fibers. The Yankee
layer fiber was
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50% eucalyptus, 50% NBSK. Polyamine polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin at
10kg/ton (dry
basis) and 4 kg/ton (dry basis) of carboxymethyl cellulose was added to each
of the three layers
to generate permanent wet strength.
[0085] The towel was then plied together using a nested embossing process
in which a
heated adhesive is applied with an applicator roll to an embossing roll to
create a rolled 2-ply
product with 142 sheets, a roll diameter of 142mm, with sheets a length of 6.0
inches and width
of 11 inches. The 2-ply tissue product further had the following product
attributes: Basis Weight
39 g/m2, Caliper 0.850 mm, MD tensile of 385 N/m, CD tensile of 365 N/m, a
ball burst of 820
grams force, an MD stretch of 18%, a CD stretch of 6%, a CD wet tensile of 105
N/m, an
absorbency of 750 gsm and a Wet Scrubbing resistance of 130 revolutions and a
53 TSA
softness.
[0086] Table 1 shows a comparison of average pocket volumes of the 2-ply
paper towel
product of Example 1 versus competitor products.
Example 1 Brawny Irving Bounty Clearwater
Ingles, Target, Target, Rite Aid,
Date and location
N/A Anderson SC Anderson SC Anderson SC Anderson SC
of purchase
July 2015 July 2015 July 2015 July 2015
Volume (mmA3) 0.463 0.123 0.374 0.589 0.272
Area at Surface
2.548 1.044 2.288 2.447 1.918
(mmA2)
Basis Weight (gsm) 39.0 47.2 44.3 48.2 44.7
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TABLE 1
[0087] As shown in Table 1, the inventive 2-ply paper towel product
provides an outer
surface with higher pocket volume as compared to competitor products except
for the Bounty
product. The higher pocket volume in turn provides higher Z-direction
thickness and unique
surface topography, both of which contribute to an overall higher softness of
the paper towel
product. Also, as shown in Table 1, the inventive paper towel product exhibits
an outer surface
with higher pocket surface area compared to competitor products.
[0088] Structuring fabrics used to form paper webs according to exemplary
embodiments of
the present invention may be woven structures that utilize monofilaments
(strands, yarns,
threads) composed of synthetic polymers (usually polyethylene terephthalate,
polyethylene,
polypropylene, or nylon). The structuring fabric has two surfaces: the sheet
side and the
machine or wear side. The wear side is in contact with the elements that
support and move the
fabric and are thus prone to wear. The sheet side is in contact with the
fibrous web and typically
uses vacuum or a low intensity pressing to draw the web into the fabric and
impart the pattern of
the monofilaments into the web.
[0089] The conventional manufacturing of woven structuring fabrics includes
the following
operations: weaving, initial heat setting, seaming, final heat setting, and
finishing. The fabric is
made in a loom using two interlacing sets of monofilaments (or threads, yarns,
or strands). The
longitudinal threads are called warp threads and the transverse threads are
called weft threads.
The warp threads run in the machine direction (MD) of the paper-machine, while
the weft
threads run in the cross machine direction (CD) of the paper machine. After
weaving, the fabric
is heated to relieve internal stresses to enhance dimensional stability of the
fabric. The next step
in manufacturing is seaming. This step converts the flat woven fabric into an
endless fabric by
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joining the two machine direction ends of the fabric. After seaming, the final
heat setting is
applied to stabilize and relieve the stresses in the seam area. The final step
in the manufacturing
process is finishing, where the fabric is cut to width and sealed.
[0090] There are several parameters used to characterize the properties of
the fabric which
will ultimately affect the pattern imparted by the structuring fabric into the
web and the overall
web properties. The most critical parameters are mesh (number of machine
direction
strands/inch) and count (number of cross machine direction strands/inch),
strand diameters,
fabric caliper, air permeability, and weave pattern.
[0091] There are many types of weave patterns, but the three most
fundamental types of
weave patterns are plain weave, satin weave, and twill weave. As shown in FIG.
5, in a plain
weave the warp and weft are aligned so they form a simple criss-cross pattern.
Each weft thread
crosses the warp threads by going over one, then under the next, and so on.
The next weft thread
goes under the warp threads that its neighbor went over, and vice versa. As
shown in FIG. 6, in a
satin weave the weft floats over four or more warp strands or vice versa
before repeating the
pattern. As shown in FIG. 7A, in a twill weave a pattern of diagonal parallel
ribs is developed by
passing the weft thread over one or more warp threads then under two or more
warp threads and
so on with a "step" or offset between rows to create the characteristic
diagonal pattern. A left
handed twill can be seen in FIG. 7B where the diagonal pattern flows from the
upper left to the
lower bottom. A right handed twill can be seen in FIG. 7C where the pattern
flows from lower
left to the upper right.
[0092] FIG. 8 shows a structuring fabric according to an exemplary
embodiment of the
present invention with a herringbone twill weave pattern that incorporates
both a left and a right
handed twill by periodically reversing the twill, thereby forming a
distinctive V-shaped weaving
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pattern. The twill pattern may reverse itself every 2 inches to 12 inches,
more preferably every 2
to 6 inches, and most preferably every 2 to 4 inches. The structuring fabric
with reversing left
handed and right handed twill may be used to form any disposable tissue,
towel, facial tissue, or
wipe with a distinctive V-shaped pattern. The structuring fabric may be used
in any
papermaking process that uses structuring fabrics such as through air drying
(TAD), Un-creped
Through Air Drying, ETAD, and ATMOS process.
[0093] Now that embodiments of the present invention have been shown and
described in
detail, various modifications and improvements thereon will become readily
apparent to those
skilled in the art. Accordingly, the spirit and scope of the present invention
is to be construed
broadly and not limited by the foregoing specification.
