Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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LUBRICANT COMPOSITION FOR INDUSTRIAL ENGINES
WITH ENHANCED FE POTENTIAL
The present invention relates to the field of multipurpose lubricants which
may
be used in the various components of automotive vehicles, notably in the
engine of a
vehicle, the transmission or the hydraulic circuit. More precisely, the
invention relates to
the field of lubricants for industrial machines, such as civil engineering
machines, typically
equipped with industrial diesel engines. The present invention is directed in
particular
toward proposing the use of specific polymers which improve the viscosity
index for the
purpose of developing lubricant compositions which show enhanced "FE (fuel
economy)
potential" over time or CIFE (continuously increasing fuel economy), as
explained
hereinbelow. This terminology covers lubricants whose FE potential increases
in the
course of use, which is reflected not only by the fact that the viscosity of
the lubricant does
not increase significantly in the course of its use in the industrial diesel
engine, but also
that it is less than the viscosity of the same lubricants before their use.
Lubricant compositions, also referred to as "lubricants", are commonly used in
engines for the main purposes of reducing the friction forces between the
various metal
parts in motion in the engines, the transmission and the hydraulic circuit.
They are also
efficient for preventing premature wear or even damage of these parts, and in
particular of
their surface.
To do this, a lubricant composition is conventionally composed of a base oil
which is generally combined with several additives intended for stimulating
the lubricant
performance of the base oil, such as polymers which improve the viscosity
index and
friction-modifying additives.
In the field of industrial engines, a single lubricant composition is used
directly
in several types of application, in particular in the various components of
automotive
vehicles such as the engines, the transmission devices (gearboxes and transfer
boxes), the
hydraulic circuits and other secondary components without necessitating
modification; in
other words, the composition of this fluid is directly suitable for the
various types of use in
question.
Thus, a multipurpose lubricant composition must from the outset meet
particular viscosity constraints associated with the fact that the functioning
of the various
components gives rise to particular viscosities of said lubricant composition
in the course
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of its use. In other words, these constraints make it necessary to target
compromises in
terms of viscosity and, as a corollary, in the choice of the polymers, which
has an impact
on the viscosity index.
Furthermore, industrial diesel engines are often subjected to harsh or even
drastic use.
Having available a single lubricant composition or multipurpose composition
for lubricating different components of a vehicle, relative to the use of
several
multipurpose oils, offers advantages notably in terms of ease of maintenance
and storage,
of servicing of the vehicle or of a fleet of vehicles, of conditioning and of
logistics. This is
particularly true for large fleets of civil engineering vehicles, which are
often used on
isolated work sites and subjected to inclement climatic conditions and which
do not have
suitable storage devices.
Finally, added to the need to meet these intrinsic constraints due to the
architecture of industrial engines and to the unique use for the various
components which
constitute them, and also to a potentially prolonged use of these engines, is
the need to find
lubricant compositions whose viscosity decreases in the course of its use.
Lubricant compositions known as "fuel-eco" (FE) (meaning fuel economy)
lubricants are known, using polymers with a high viscosity index (VI) and low
shear,
which have notably been developed for the lubrication of industrial equipment
used, for
example, in civil engineering or in mines and quarries. These compositions
afford a saving
in fuel consumption.
Thus, when used, the lubricants of the prior art conventionally undergo an
increase in viscosity, which has a negative impact on the FE nature of the
lubricants.
In the case of these lubricants of FE nature, the viscosity of the lubricant
composition is reduced, thus enabling FE to be achieved. However, this FE
property is not
enhanced over time. Effectively, the viscosity of the fluid decreases due to
the shear of the
polymer, but this is compensated for in service by the appearance of soot and
oxidation
products, which increase the overall viscosity of the lubricant.
GB1575449 discloses a copolymer of conjugated diene and of aromatic vinyl
which can be used as a viscosity index enhancer, notably since it improves the
oxidation
stability of lubricant compositions.
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WO 2013/066915 discloses a lubricant oil composition comprising a base oil
of lubricant viscosity, a viscosity modifier with a low shear stability index,
and a viscosity
modifier with a high shear stability index.
These prior art documents are not directed toward improving the FE potential
over time, during the use of the lubricant composition, notably under stress,
such as the
shear stresses that are conventionally encountered during the use of a
lubricant
composition in an industrial vehicle, notably a diesel engine industrial
vehicle.
In other words, there is a need for polymers which improve the viscosity
index,
for the preparation of multipurpose lubricant compositions whose viscosity
decreases in
the course of the use of an industrial vehicle, notably of a diesel engine
industrial vehicle,
and the viscosity of which is lower after use than that of these same
lubricant compositions
before use, and in particular for all three of the applications, namely the
engine, the
transmission and the hydraulic circuit.
It follows therefrom that the decrease in viscosity that may be observed in
the
course of the use of the lubricant compositions which correspond to these
properties
increases over time.
Such lubricant compositions, the preparation of which is targeted in the
context
of the present invention, may thus be termed lubricant compositions with
continuously
increasing FE (CIFE) properties.
In the context of the present invention, said FE properties are also referred
to as
the FE potential or fuel economy potential.
Thus, the invention is directed toward the use of at least one polymer which
improves the viscosity index, chosen from hydrogenated copolymers of diene and
of
aromatic vinyl, in a lubricant composition for improving the fuel economy
potential of the
lubricant composition in the course of its use during the lubrication of the
various
components of an industrial vehicle, notably of a diesel engine industrial
vehicle, such as
the engine, the gearbox and the hydraulic circuit.
The invention is directed, precisely, toward proposing the use of at least one
polymer which improves the viscosity index, chosen from hydrogenated
copolymers of
diene and of aromatic vinyl, for the purpose of preparing a lubricant
composition intended
for lubricating the various components of an industrial vehicle, notably of a
diesel engine
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industrial vehicle, such as the engine, the gearbox and the hydraulic circuit,
characterized
in that the measured viscosity of said lubricant composition decreases in the
course of its
use for lubricating said vehicle.
The invention is also directed toward proposing the use of at least one
polymer
which improves the viscosity index, chosen from hydrogenated copolymers of
diene and of
aromatic vinyl, in a lubricant composition for decreasing the viscosity of
said lubricant
composition in the course of the use of said lubricant composition during the
lubrication of
the various components of an industrial vehicle, notably of a diesel engine
industrial
vehicle, such as the engine, the gearbox and the hydraulic circuit, said
lubricant
composition undergoing at least one thermal shear during its use.
The lubricant composition thus obtained may be used for lubricating the
various components of an industrial vehicle and in particular the engine of an
industrial
vehicle, notably of a diesel engine industrial vehicle, such as the machines
used in civil
engineering or in mines and quarries. Said lubricant composition thus has a
viscosity
profile suited to the conditions of use required in each target component,
namely the
engine, the gearbox and the hydraulic circuit. For the purposes of the present
invention, an
industrial vehicle is to be distinguished from a motor vehicle. Typically, the
conditions of
use impose long-term mechanical stresses, such as mechanical shear and thermal
shear. In
the context of the present invention, the term "thermal shear" means thermal
stresses or
thermal shear stresses.
This thermal shear typically arises during exposure to at least 70 C, in
particular at least 90 C, more particularly at least 100 C, even more
particularly from 170
to 300 C, for example from 90 to 250 C or, for example, from 100 to 200 C.
The inventors have discovered that the polymer defined in the present
invention in a lubricant composition can reduce the viscosity of said
lubricant composition
during its use, and can do so even when the lubricant composition undergoes at
least
thermal shear during its use, and more particularly thermal shear and
mechanical shear.
According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the lubrication under
the conditions of use comprising at least thermal shear lasts at least 24
hours, for example
at least 30 hours, or even at least 40 hours, 80 hours or 120 hours.
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According to another embodiment of the invention, the polymer is used in
order to reduce the viscosity of the lubricant composition on conclusion of
the dynamic
road cycle, notably over a period of at least 80 hours, in particular of at
least 180 hours and
even more particularly of at least 250 hours, for instance that described for
step 2 of the
5 engine test of example 3 of the experimental section.
Contrary to all expectation, the inventors have discovered that the lubricant
composition obtained in accordance with the invention has, on conclusion of
prolonged use
in an industrial vehicle, a viscosity lower than that of a fresh lubricant
composition, this
being the case under normal conditions of use. Such normal conditions of use
are, for
example, understood as being favorable to shear stresses, and more
particularly without
supplying any external oxygen, i.e. other than the oxygen of the ambient air.
Typically, the
use targeted in the present invention is to be distinguished from a use for
improving the
oxidation stability.
In other words, the present invention is directed toward proposing the use of
at
least one polymer which improves the viscosity index, chosen from hydrogenated
copolymers of diene and of aromatic vinyl, in a lubricant composition for
decreasing the
viscosity of said lubricant composition in the course of the use of said
lubricant
composition during the lubrication of the various components of an industrial
vehicle,
notably of a diesel engine industrial vehicle, such as the engine, the gearbox
and the
hydraulic circuit, said lubricant composition undergoing at least one thermal
shear during
its use, without supplying external oxygen.
The examples hereinbelow thus demonstrate that the composition in
accordance with the invention, as obtained on conclusion of the use, which is
the subject of
the present invention, makes it possible to conserve the grade according to
the
classification SAEJ300 after prolonged use in a diesel engine industrial
vehicle.
To model and prove this property, the inventors thus in particular
demonstrated
that the compositions obtained with the use of the copolymers for improving
the viscosity
in accordance with the present invention
(i) have a kinematic viscosity after firing at 150 C for 504 hours lower than
that of the composition before firing, and
(ii) have a kinematic viscosity after the Bosch-90 cycles cycle lower than
that
of the composition before this test,
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(iii) enable CIFE to be achieved after an endurance test performed on an
industrial engine, notably a diesel industrial engine.
The inventors also demonstrated the decrease in the viscosity of said
lubricant
composition in the course of these two tests (i) and (ii) notably as
illustrated in example 3.
The inventors also demonstrated that the decrease in the viscosity of said
lubricant composition in the course of test (iii), notably as illustrated in
example 4, enables
CIFE to be achieved.
Thus, as also emerges from the examples below and notably from example 2,
the hydrogenated copolymers of diene and of aromatic vinyl are the only
polymers
improving the viscosity index which have this property of gradually decreasing
the
viscosity of said lubricant composition in the course of the use in a diesel
engine industrial
vehicle and thus of producing lubricant compositions that enable CIFE to be
achieved.
The present invention also relates to the use of a composition comprising at
least one base oil and at least one polymer which improves the viscosity
index, chosen
from hydrogenated copolymers of diene and of aromatic vinyl, for lubricating
the various
components of an industrial vehicle, and notably of a diesel engine industrial
vehicle, such
as the engine, the gearbox and the hydraulic circuit, in particular the engine
of an industrial
vehicle, notably of a diesel engine industrial vehicle, characterized in that
the measured
viscosity of said lubricant composition decreases in the course of its use for
lubricating
said vehicle.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the polymer is used in order to
reduce the viscosity of the lubricant composition by at least 4%, preferably
by at least 8%,
more preferably by at least 10%, preferentially by at least 12% after
conditioning the
lubricant composition at 150 C for 504 hours.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the polymer is used in order to
reduce the viscosity of the lubricant composition by at least 5%, preferably
by at least
10%, more preferably by at least 12%, preferentially by at least 15% on
conclusion of the
dynamic road cycle, for instance that described for step 2 of the engine test
of example 3 of
the experimental section.
The invention also relates to a process for lubricating the various components
of an industrial vehicle, and notably of a diesel engine industrial vehicle,
such as the
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engine, the gearbox and the hydraulic circuit, in particular the engine of an
industrial
vehicle, notably of a diesel engine industrial vehicle, comprising the placing
of said
components in contact with a lubricant composition comprising at least one
base oil and at
least one polymer which improves the viscosity index, chosen from hydrogenated
copolymers of diene and of aromatic vinyl, characterized in that the measured
viscosity of
said lubricant composition decreases in the course of the lubrication of said
components,
said lubricant composition undergoing at least one thermal shear in the course
of the
lubrication, more particularly undergoing at least one thermal shear and at
least one
mechanical shear, in particular without supplying external oxygen.
As indicated above, according to another embodiment of the invention, the
lubrication in the course of the process comprising at least the thermal shear
lasts at least
24 hours, for example at least 30 hours, or even at least 40 hours, 80 hours
or 120 hours.
As indicated above, according to another embodiment of the invention, the
polymer makes it possible to reduce the viscosity of the lubricant composition
on
conclusion of the dynamic road cycle, notably over a period of at least 80
hours, in
particular of at least 180 hours and even more particularly of at least 250
hours, for
instance that described for step 2 of the engine test of example 3 of the
experimental
section.
Figure 1 illustrates the behavior of the viscosity of compositions in
accordance
and not in accordance with the invention at 100 C after Bosch 90 cycles tests
(example 2).
Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the CIFE behavior of the compositions in accordance
with the invention during the endurance test performed on an industrial diesel
engine and
relate to example 3 (viscosity measurement curves).
In the context of the invention, the lubricant compositions under
consideration
are graded according to the SAEJ300 classification, defined by the formula
(X)W(Y), in
which X represents 5, 10 or 15 and Y represents 30 or 40.
This SAEJ300 classification defines the viscosity grades of new engine oils
notably by measuring their kinematic viscosities at 100 C.
The grade qualifies a selection of lubricant compositions specifically
intended
for industrial vehicle use and which notably meet quantified specificities
with respect to
various parameters such as the multipurpose nature with respect to the various
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components, the cold start viscosity, the cold pumpability, the low-shear
kinematic
viscosity and the high-shear dynamic viscosity at high temperature.
An engine oil is of grade 30 according to SAEJ300 if its kinematic viscosity
at
100 C is from 9.3 to 12.5 cSt.
An engine oil is of grade 40 according to SAEJ300 if its kinematic viscosity
at
100 C is from 12.5 to 16.3 cSt.
The ACEA standards define in detailed manner a certain number of additional
specifications for engine oils, and notably impose the maintenance of a
certain viscosity
level for the oils in service subjected to shear in the engine.
Thus, according to the sequence ACEA E7 or E9, the kinematic viscosity of
grade 30 and 40 engine oils, measured at 100 C, after the Bosch-90 cycles
test, must be,
respectively, greater than 9.3 and 12.5 cSt.
These lubricant compositions in accordance with the present invention have a
kinematic viscosity at 100 C of greater than 9.3 cSt, preferably in the range
from 9.3 to
12.5 cSt after the Bosch-90 cycles test according to the standard CEC-L-14-A-
93 for a
starting oil of grade 30.
These lubricant compositions in accordance with the present invention have a
kinematic viscosity at 100 C of greater than 13.0 cSt, preferably in the range
from 13.0 to
15.0 cSt after the Bosch-90 cycles test according to the standard CEC-L-14-A-
93 for a
starting oil of grade 40.
Other characteristics, variants and advantages of the lubricant compositions
in
accordance with the invention will emerge more clearly on reading the
description and the
examples that follow, which are given as nonlimiting illustrations of the
invention.
In the continuation of the text, the expressions "between... and...", "ranging
from... to..." and "varying from... to..." are equivalent and are intended to
mean that the
limits are included, unless otherwise mentioned.
In the context of the present invention, the standard CEC-L-14-A-93 (or ASTM
D6278) defines the tests representative of the shear conditions in the engine,
known as the
Bosch-90 cycles test.
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Without further mention in the continuation of the text, the term "Bosch-90
cycles" refers to said standard.
To characterize the lubricant composition in accordance with the present
invention, the Applicant defined the representative shear conditions of the
engine.
LUBRICANT COMPOSITION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE
INVENTION
Polymer for improving the viscosity index chosen from hydrogenated
copolymers of diene and of aromatic vinyl
In the context of the present invention, the diene may be a conjugated diene
comprising from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
In particular, the diene may be a conjugated diene comprising from 2 to 20
carbon atoms, preferably from 4 to 12 carbon atoms.
Preferably, the diene may be chosen from butadiene, isoprene, piperylene, 4-
methylpenta-1,3-diene, 2-phenyl-1,3-butadiene, 3,4-dimethy1-1,3-hexadiene and
4,5-
di ethy1-1,3-octadi ene.
Advantageously, the diene may be an isoprene or a butadiene.
In the context of the present invention, the aromatic vinyl may comprise from
8
to 16 carbon atoms.
Preferably, the aromatic vinyl may be chosen from styrene, alkoxystyrene,
vinylnaphthalene and alkylvinylnaphthalene. Typically, the alkoxy and alkyl
groups
comprise from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
Advantageously, the aromatic vinyl is styrene.
Advantageously, the polymer in accordance with the invention may be chosen
from a hydrogenated copolymer of isoprene and styrene (HCIS), a hydrogenated
copolymer of isoprene, butadiene and styrene, a hydrogenated copolymer of
butadiene and
styrene (HCBS), and a mixture thereof.
According to a preferred embodiment, the polymer in accordance with the
invention may be chosen from a hydrogenated copolymer of isoprene and styrene
(HCIS),
a hydrogenated copolymer of butadiene and styrene (HCBS), and a mixture
thereof.
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According to this preferred embodiment, the copolymer used in the present
invention is not a copolymer of isoprene, butadiene and styrene. Still
according to this
preferred embodiment, the copolymer used in the present invention is not a
terpolymer.
5 For
example, the hydrogenated copolymers of isoprene and styrene and the
hydrogenated copolymers of isoprene, butadiene and styrene for the purposes of
the
invention are described in patent application EP 2 363 454 and the structures
and
definitions of these polymers as described in EP 2 363 454 are incorporated
into the
description of the present patent application.
10 In the
context of the present invention, the hydrogenated copolymer of diene
and styrene may be a block copolymer or a star copolymer.
In the context of the present invention, the polymers according to the present
invention may have a number-average molecular mass from about 10 000 to 700
000,
preferably from about 30 000 to 500 000. The term "number-average molecular
mass" as
used herein denotes the number-average weight measured by gel permeation
chromatography (GPC) with a polymer standard, after hydrogenation.
According to a preferred embodiment, the HCIS and HCBS copolymers do not
comprise any monomer additional to the monomers, respectively, of hydrogenated
isoprene and styrene and of hydrogenated butadiene and styrene.
According to a particular embodiment, the polymer is a hydrogenated
copolymer of isoprene and styrene (HCIS).
For example, among the HCIS copolymers that are suitable for use in the
present invention, mention may be made of the copolymers having the formula
(I) or (II)
below:
_ _ _
CH3
CH _
I 3
__________ C C ________ C C CC ____________ C CH ____ C C
H2 H2 H H2 H2 H2 1 H2
HC¨CH
1 3 CH2
CH3 ¨ ¨ m CH3¨ n
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H
R1 ¨C ¨C ¨R2
H2
01
R3¨C¨C¨R4
H H2 (II)
with R1, R2, R3 and R4: (hydrogenated) isoprene/styrene/isoprene
copolymers, 1, m, n and o are, independently of each other, integers greater
than or equal to
0 such that the number-average molar mass of the copolymer ranges from 10 000
to
700 000.
These copolymers of formula (II) are star copolymers, obtained by reaction of
isoprene/styrene/isoprene block copolymers with divinylbenzene followed by
hydrogenation, according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.
For the purposes of the invention, hydrogenated copolymers of isoprene and
styrene (HCIS) or hydrogenated copolymers of isoprene, butadiene and styrene
that may
notably be mentioned include those sold under the names linear SV154, star
SV300 (pure
or diluted in the form SV301), star SV260 (pure or diluted in the form SV 261)
by the
company Infineum and Lz 7306 by the company Lubrizol.
According to a particular embodiment, the polymer is a hydrogenated
copolymer of butadiene and styrene (HCBS).
For example, among the HCBS copolymers that are suitable for use in the
present
invention, mention may be made of the copolymers having the formula (I') or
(II') below:
_
CH
H I 3 H
C C _____ C C CC ____________ C CH _____ C C
H2 1 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 I H2
C¨CH3 CH3
¨ H ¨n ¨ o 0
2 ¨ I ¨ ¨ M ¨
(r)
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H
R1' ¨C ¨C¨ R2'
H2
101
R3I¨C¨C¨ R4'
H H2 (II')
with RI', R2', R3' and R4 ' : (hydrogenated) butadiene/sty rene/butadi ene
copolymers, 1, m, n and o are, independently of each other, integers greater
than or equal to
0 such that the number-average molar mass of the copolymer ranges from 10 000
to
700 000.
These copolymers of formula (II') are star copolymers, obtained by reaction of
butadiene/styrene/butadiene block copolymers with divinylbenzene followed by
hydrogenation.
As HCBS copolymers, mention may notably be made of those sold under the
name Lz 7408 (pure or diluted in the form Lz 7418A) by the company Lubrizol or
Hitec
6005 by the company Afton Chemicals.
Thus, according to a particular embodiment of the invention, the hydrogenated
copolymer of isoprene and styrene (HCIS) and the hydrogenated copolymer of
butadiene
and styrene (HCBS) are of star type.
In particular, the content of polymer(s) for improving the viscosity index in
the
lubricant composition according to the invention is from 0.1% to 10% by
weight, relative
to the total weight of the lubricant composition, preferably from 0.1% to 8%,
more
preferentially from 0.1% to 5%, even more preferentially from 0.1% to 2%. This
amount is
understood as an amount of polymer active material. Specifically, the polymer
used in the
context of the present invention may be in the form of a dispersion in a
mineral or
synthetic or pure oil.
In particular also, a composition used according to the invention may comprise
from I% to 25% by weight, preferably from 2% to 20% by weight, more
preferentially
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from 4% to 20% by weight of polymer(s) for improving the viscosity index
diluted in a
base oil, relative to the total weight of the composition.
It falls to a person skilled in the art to adapt the content of copolymer as
defined above to be used in a lubricant composition.
Thus, according to a particular embodiment, the present invention also relates
to the use of a composition comprising at least one base oil and a polymer
which improves
the viscosity index, chosen from a hydrogenated copolymer of isoprene and
styrene
(HCIS) and a hydrogenated copolymer of butadiene and styrene (HCBS), for
lubricating
the various components of an industrial vehicle, and notably of a diesel
engine industrial
vehicle, such as the engine, the gearbox and the hydraulic circuit, in
particular the engine
of an industrial vehicle, notably of a diesel engine industrial vehicle,
characterized in that
the measured viscosity of said lubricant composition decreases in the course
of its use for
lubricating said vehicle, said lubricant composition undergoing at least one
thermal shear
during its use, more particularly undergoing at least one thermal shear and at
least one
mechanical shear, in particular without supplying any external oxygen.
The copolymers defined above may be mixed with one or base oils, in
particular as defined below, to form a ready-to-use lubricant composition.
Alternatively,
they may be added alone or as a mixture with one or more other additives, as
defined
below, as additives intended to be added to a mixture of base oils for
improving the
properties of the lubricant composition.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the use in accordance with the
present invention is characterized in that the lubricant composition comprises
a base oil
from groups I to V, more particularly II or III, and optionally an additive
pack and
optionally a pour-point enhancer.
Base oil
The base oils used in the lubricant formulation according to the present
invention are oils, of mineral, synthetic or natural origin, used alone or as
a mixture,
belonging to groups I to V according to the API classification (table A), or
the equivalents
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thereof according to the ATIEL classification, or mixtures thereof, one of the
characteristics of which is that they are insensitive to shear, i.e. their
viscosity is not
modified under shear.
Content of saturates Sulfur content
Viscosity index (VI)
Group I
<90% >0.03% 80 < VI < 120
Mineral oils
Group II
?90% < 0.03% 80 < VI < 120
Hydrocracked oils
Group III
Hydrocracked or > 90% < 0.03% > 120
hydroisomerized oils
Group IV Poly-a-olefins (PAO)
Group V Esters and other bases not included in groups Ito
IV
Table A
The mineral base oils include all types of bases obtained by atmospheric and
vacuum distillation of crude oil, followed by refining operations such as
solvent extraction,
deasphalting, solvent deparaffinning, hydrotreating, hydrocracking,
hydroisomerization
and hydrofinishing.
The synthetic base oils may be esters of carboxylic acids and of alcohols or
poly-a-olefins or polyalkylene glycols. The poly-a-olefins used as base oils
are obtained,
for example, from monomers comprising 4 to 32 carbon atoms, for example from
decene,
octene or dodecene, and with a viscosity at 100 C of between 1.5 and 15 mm2.51
according
to the standard ASTM D445. Their average molecular mass is generally between
250 and
3000 according to the standard ASTM D5296.
The polyalkylene glycols are obtained by polymerization or copolymerization
of alkylene oxides comprising from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, in particular from 2
to 4 carbon
atoms.
Mixtures of synthetic and mineral oils may also be used.
There is generally no limit as regards the use of different lubricant bases to
produce the lubricant compositions according to the invention, other than the
fact that they
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must have properties, notably in terms of viscosity, viscosity index, sulfur
content and
oxidation resistance, which are suitable for use for the various components of
an industrial
vehicle, such as the engine, the gearbox and the hydraulic circuit, in
particular for
industrial vehicle engines. Needless to say, they must also not affect the
properties
5 afforded by the oil(s) with which they are combined.
According to a particular embodiment, the lubricant composition in accordance
with the present invention, the use of which is the subject of the present
invention, uses a
base oil from group II.
They represent in the lubricant composition in accordance with the invention
at
least 50% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition, in
particular at least
60% by weight and more particularly between 60% and 90% by weight.
Additives
The composition in accordance with the present invention may also comprise
additives or an additive pack" according to the terminology conventionally
used in the
field of multipurpose lubricant compositions.
The additive packs used in the lubricant formulations in accordance with the
invention are conventional and also known to a person skilled in the art and
meet
performance levels defined, inter alia, by the ACEA (Association des
Constructeurs
Europeens d'Automobiles) and/or the API (American Petroleum Institute).
A lubricant composition according to the invention may thus comprise one or
more additives chosen from friction-modifying additives, antiwear additives,
extreme-
pressure additives, detergent additives, antioxidant additives, viscosity
index (VI)
enhancers other than the hydrogenated copolymers of diene and of aromatic
vinyl, pour-
point depressant (PPD) additives, dispersants, antifoams, thickeners, and
mixtures thereof.
As regards the friction-modifying additives, they may be chosen from
compounds providing metal elements and ash-free compounds.
Among the compounds providing metal elements, mention may be made of
complexes of transition metals such as Mo, Sb, Sn, Fe, Cu or Zn, the ligands
of which may
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-10-15
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16
be hydrocarbon-based compounds comprising oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or
phosphorus
atoms.
The ash-free friction-modifying additives are generally of organic origin and
may be chosen from fatty acid monoesters of polyols, alkoxylated amines,
alkoxylated
fatty amines, fatty epoxides, borate fatty epoxides, fatty amines or fatty
acid esters of
glycerol. According to the invention, the fatty compounds comprise at least
one
hydrocarbon-based group comprising 10 to 24 carbon atoms.
According to an advantageous variant, a lubricant composition according to the
invention comprises at least one friction-modifying additive, in particular
based on
molybdenum.
In particular, the molybdenum-based compounds may be chosen from
molybdenum dithiocarbamates (Mo-DTC), molybdenum dithiophosphates (Mo-DTP),
and
mixtures thereof.
According to a particular embodiment, a lubricant composition according to
the invention comprises at least one Mo-DTC compound and at least one Mo-DTP
compound. A lubricant composition may notably comprise a molybdenum content of
between 1000 and 2500 ppm.
Advantageously, such a composition makes it possible to make additional fuel
savings.
Advantageously, a lubricant composition according to the invention may
comprise from 0.01% to 5% by weight, preferably from 0.01% to 5% by weight,
more
particularly from 0.1% to 2% by weight or even more particularly from 0.1% to
1.5% by
weight, relative to the total weight of the lubricant composition, of friction-
modifying
additives, advantageously including at least one molybdenum-based friction-
modifying
additive.
As regards the antiwear additives and the extreme-pressure additives, they are
more particularly directed toward protecting the friction surfaces by forming
a protective
film adsorbed onto these surfaces. A wide variety of antiwear additives
exists.
Antiwear additives chosen from polysulfide additives, sulfur-based olefin
additives or phospho-sulfur-based additives, such as metal
alkylthiophosphates, in
particular zinc alkylthiophosphates and more specifically zinc
dialkyldithiophosphates or
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17
ZnDTP, are most particularly suitable for use as lubricant compositions
according to the
invention. The preferred compounds are of formula Zn((SP(S)(0R)(OR'))2, in
which R
and R', which may be identical or different, independently represent an alkyl
group
preferentially including from 1 to 18 carbon atoms.
Advantageously, a lubricant composition according to the invention may
comprise from 0.01% to 6% by weight, preferentially from 0.05% to 4% by weight
and
more preferentially from 0.1% to 2% by weight, relative to the total weight of
the
composition, of antiwear additives and of extreme-pressure additives.
As regards the antioxidant additives, they are essentially dedicated toward
retarding the degradation of the lubricant composition in service. This
degradation may
notably be reflected by the formation of deposits, the presence of sludges, or
an increase in
the viscosity of the lubricant composition. They act notably as free-radical
inhibitors or
hydroperoxide destroyers. Among the commonly used antioxidant additives,
mention may
be made of antioxidants of phenolic type, antioxidant additives of amine type
and phospho-
sulfur-based antioxidant additives. Some of these antioxidant additives, for
example the
phospho-sulfur-based antioxidant additives, may be ash generators. The
phenolic
antioxidants additives may be ash-free or may be in the form of neutral or
basic metal salts.
The antioxidants additives may notably be chosen from sterically hindered
phenols,
sterically hindered phenol esters and sterically hindered phenols comprising a
thioether
bridge, diphenylamines, diphenylamines substituted with at least one Ci-C12
alkyl group,
N,N-dialkyl-aryl-di amines, and mixtures thereof.
Preferably, the sterically hindered phenols are chosen from compounds
comprising a phenol group, in which at least one carbon vicinal to the carbon
bearing the
alcohol function is substituted with at least one Ci-Cio alkyl group,
preferably a Ci-C6
alkyl group, preferably a C4 alkyl group, preferably with a tert-butyl group.
Amine compounds are another class of antioxidant additives that may be used,
optionally in combination with the phenolic antioxidants additives. Examples
of amine
compounds are aromatic amines, for example the aromatic amines of formula
NR5R6R7 in
which R5 represents an optionally substituted aliphatic or aromatic group, R6
represents an
optionally substituted aromatic group, le represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl
group, an
aryl group or a group of formula R8S(0)zie in which R8 represents an alkylene
group or an
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-10-15
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18
alkenylene group, R9 represents an alkyl group, an alkenyl group or an aryl
group and z
represents 0, 1 or 2.
Sulfurized alkylphenols or the alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal salts
thereof
may also be used as antioxidant additives.
The lubricant composition according to the invention may contain any type of
antioxidant additive known to those skilled in the art. Advantageously, the
lubricant
composition comprises at least one ash-free antioxidant additive.
Advantageously also, a lubricant composition according to the invention may
comprise from 0.1% to 2% by weight, relative to the total weight of the
composition, of at
least one antioxidant additive.
As regards the detergent additives, they generally make it possible to reduce
the formation of deposits on the surface of metal parts by dissolving the
oxidation and
combustion by-products
The detergent additives that may be used in a lubricant composition according
to the invention are generally known to those skilled in the art. The
detergent additives
may be anionic compounds comprising a long lipophilic hydrocarbon-based chain
and a
hydrophilic head. The associated cation may be a metal cation of an alkali
metal or
alkaline-earth metal.
The detergent additives are preferentially chosen from alkali metal or
alkaline-
earth metal salts of carboxylic acids, sulfonates, salicylates and
naphthenates, and also
phenate salts. The alkali metals and alkaline-earth metals are preferentially
calcium,
magnesium, sodium or barium. These metal salts generally comprise the metal in
a
stoichiometric amount or in excess, thus in an amount greater than the
stoichiometric
amount. They are then overbased detergent additives; the excess metal giving
the
overbased nature to the detergent additive is then generally in the form of a
metal salt that
is insoluble in the base oil, for example a carbonate, a hydroxide, an
oxalate, an acetate or
a glutamate, preferentially a carbonate.
A lubricant composition according to the invention may comprise from 0.5% to
8% by weight and preferably from 0.5% to 4% by weight of detergent additive
relative to
the total weight of the lubricant composition.
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19
Advantageously, a lubricant composition according to the invention may
comprise less than 4% by weight of detergent additive(s), in particular less
than 2% by
weight, notably less than 1% by weight, or may even be free of detergent
additive.
As regards the pour-point depressant (PPD) additives, they make it possible,
by
slowing down the formation of paraffin crystals, to improve the cold-weather
behavior of
the lubricant composition according to the invention.
Examples of pour-point depressants that may be mentioned include polyalkyl
methacry lates, poly acry lates, poly ary lami des, poly alky 1phenols, poly
alky lnaphthalenes
and polyalkylstyrenes.
As regards the dispersants, they ensure the holding in suspension and the
removal of insoluble solid contaminants constituted by the oxidation by-
products that are
formed when the lubricant composition is in service. They may be chosen from
Mannich
bases, succinimides and derivatives thereof.
In particular, a lubricant composition according to the invention may comprise
from 0.2% to 10% by weight of dispersant(s) relative to the total weight of
the
composition.
Additional viscosity index (VI) enhancers, other than the hydrogenated
copolymers of diene and of aromatic vinyl, may also be present in a lubricant
composition
in accordance with the present invention. These viscosity index (VI) enhancers
may be
present in a composition in accordance with the present invention in contents
which do not
disrupt the effect desired in the context of the present invention, namely the
CIFE effect.
These additional viscosity index (VI) enhancers, in particular the additional
viscosity
index-enhancing polymers, make it possible to ensure good cold-weather
behavior and a
minimal viscosity at high temperature. Examples of viscosity index-enhancing
polymers
that may be mentioned include polymeric esters, homopolymers or copolymers of
olefins,
such as ethylene or propylene, polyacrylates and polymethacrylates (PMA).
In particular, a lubricant composition according to the invention may comprise
from 1% to 15% by weight of additional viscosity index-enhancing additive(s)
relative to
the total weight of the lubricant composition.
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-10-15
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The antifoam additives may be chosen from polar polymers such as
polymethylsiloxanes or polyacrylates.
In particular, a lubricant composition according to the invention may comprise
5 from 0.01% to 3% by weight of antifoam additive(s) relative to the total
weight of the
lubricant composition.
The additive packs ready to be incorporated into a lubricant composition
comprise between 20% and 30% by weight of a diluent consisting of base oil.
The weight
10 percentage of additive pack relative to the weight of the lubricant
composition in
accordance with the invention is at least 5%, the diluent being included in
this percentage.
According to one embodiment, the lubricant composition in accordance with
the invention comprises from 10% to 25% by weight, notably from 10% to 20% by
weight
and more particularly from 13% to 18% by weight of an additive pack, relative
to the
15 weight of the composition.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LUBRICANT COMPOSITION IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE INVENTION
20 Preferably, a composition in accordance with the present invention
has a
kinematic viscosity at 100 C of between 9.3 and 16.3 cSt measured by the
standard ASTM
D445 (grade SAE 30 and 40).
According to a particular embodiment, the grade according to the
classification
SAEJ300 of a lubricant composition according to the invention is chosen from
5W30,
10W30, 10W40 and 15W40.
According to a particular embodiment, a composition in accordance with the
present invention has a viscosity index VI of between 140 and 165.
In the context of the present invention, the viscosity index is measured
according to the standard ASTM D2270-93, as is the case in example 1 below.
According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the use, which is the
subject of the
invention, is also characterized in that the measured kinematic viscosity of
said lubricant
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-10-15
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21
composition decreases by at least 0.5 mm2/s, preferably by at least 0.6 mm2/s,
even more
preferably by at least 0.8 mm2/s, for example by at least 1 mm2/s, when said
lubricant
composition is used in the test described below, relative to the initial
kinematic viscosity
before using said lubricant composition in said test:
150 g of lubricant composition are placed in a ventilated oven heated at 150 C
for 504 hours. On conclusion of this test, a sample of the lubricant
composition is taken
and the kinematic viscosity of this composition at 100 C according to the
standard ASTM
D445-97 (mm2/s) is measured.
Examples of this decrease in kinematic viscosity observed for the compositions
in accordance with the present invention after the thermal stability test are
given in
example 2.
USE OF THE COPOLYMERS FOR PREPARING A LUBRICANT
COMPOSITION
The lubricant compositions in accordance with the invention find a
particularly
advantageous application as lubricants for the various components of an
industrial vehicle,
such as the engines, the transmission systems (gearbox and transfer box), the
hydraulic
circuits and other secondary components, and notably for an industrial vehicle
engine, in
particular a diesel engine.
They make it possible, by virtue of their viscosity properties, not only to
lubricate these various components but also to extend the intervals between
oil changes
and to achieve fuel savings.
PROCESS FOR PREPARING A LUBRICANT COMPOSITION
A lubricant composition in accordance with the invention may be prepared
according to the conventional methods known to those skilled in the art.
The invention will now be described by means of the examples that follow,
which are, needless to say, given as nonlimiting illustrations of the
invention.
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22
EXAMPLES
Example 1: preparation of the lubricant compositions
Table 1 below shows the detail of the lubricant compositions according to the
invention (LC) and of the comparative compositions (CC), for which the
contents are
expressed as mass percentages, and also the physicochemical properties
thereof.
The lubricant compositions are obtained by simple mixing at room temperature
of the following components:
(1) Base oil 1 is a base oil from group I (kinematic viscosity at 100 C
measured according
to the standard ASTM D445 = 5.30 mm2/s) commercially available, for example,
from the
company TOTAL under the trade name 150 NS
(2) Base oil 2 is a base oil from group II (kinematic viscosity at 100 C
measured according
to the standard ASTM D445 = 4.10 mm2/s) commercially available, for example,
from the
company Chevron under the trade name 100R
Base oil 3 is a base oil from group II (kinematic viscosity at 100 C measured
according to
the standard ASTM D445 = 6.4 mm2/s) commercially available, for example, from
the
company Chevron under the trade name 220R
(3) A conventional additive pack comprising, at least, a dispersant,
detergents, an antiwear
agent, antioxidants and friction modifiers
(4) A pour point depressant additive which is a conventional polymethacrylate
polymer
commercially available from the company Evonik under the trade name Viscoplex0
(5) Polymer 1 (outside the invention) is a polyisobutylene polymer
commercially available
from the company Ineos under the trade name Indopole0 H300
(6) Polymer 2 is a hydrogenated styrene-butadiene polymer commercially
available from
the company Lubrizol under the trade name Lz0 7418
(7) Polymer 3 is a hydrogenated styrene-butadiene polymer commercially
available from
the company Afton under the trade name Hitec0 6005
(8) Polymer 4 is a star hydrogenated isoprene-styrene polymer commercially
available from
the company Infineum under the trade name SVO 301
(9) Polymer 5 is a star hydrogenated isoprene-styrene polymer commercially
available from
the company Infineum under the trade name SVO 261
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23
(10) Polymer 6 is a linear hydrogenated isoprene-styrene polymer commercially
available
from the company Infineum under the trade name SVO 154
(11) Polymer 7 is a hydrogenated isoprene-styrene polymer commercially
available from the
company Lubrizol under the trade name Lzt) 7306
(12) Polymer 8 is a polymethacry late polymer commercially available from the
company
Evonik under the trade name Viscoplex0 6-950
(13) Polymer 9 is a polymethacry late polymer commercially available from the
company
Evonik under the trade name Viscoplex0 6-850
(14) Polymer 10 is a polymethacrylate polymer commercially available from the
company
Sanyo Chemical under the trade name AClub0 V10-70
"CC2 L.C1 LC2 LC3 LC4 1_,C5 L6 CC3 CC4-
Base oil 1 (1) 5.1 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 _ 0 _
Base oil 2 (2) 34.5 33.3 34.5 34.8 25.1 . 26.7 38.9 39.4 35.3 36.2
Base oil 3 _ (2) 44 39.6 44 44 44 . 44 44 44
44 _ 44 _
Additive pack 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2
(3)
-
Pour point 0.2 0.2 0:2 0.2 0.2 0.2 "0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
depressant
additive (4)
Polymer i5) (-) 10.7 0: 0 0 0 0 o o o
Polymer 2(6) o .0 0. o o . 12.8 0 0 0 _ 0 _
Polymer 3 (7) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0
Polymer 4 (8) 0 "0 0. 4.8 0 0 o o 0
Polymer s(9) 0 :0 5.1 0 0 0 -o 0 0 0
Polymer 6 (10) 0 .0 0. 0 14.5 0 0 0 0 0
Polymer 7 (11) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0
Polymer 8 (12) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.3 0
Polymer 9(13) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.4
KY 40 C 54.3 92.5 84.2 84.9 77.1 74.9 86.0 79.3 70.3 75.6
ASTM D445-
97 mm2/s
KV 100 C 8.4 12.1 12.3 12.4 12.2 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.3 12.4
ASTM D445-
97 (mnf/s)
Viscosity 128 123 142 142 155 164 140 153 175 163
index (VI)
ASTM D2270-
93
Table 1
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Example 2: compared viscosity behavior for illustratin2 the decrease in
viscosity in the course of its use
The present examples were performed for the purpose of demonstrating the
selection made from among the viscosity index-enhancing polymers, for
preparing
lubricant compositions which have CIFE properties as targeted in the context
of the present
invention.
The tests performed are the following:
- Thermal stability at 150 C
150 g of lubricant composition are placed in a ventilated oven heated at 150 C
for 504 hours. On conclusion of this test, a sample of the lubricant
composition is taken
and the kinematic viscosity of this composition at 100 C is measured according
to the
standard ASTM D445-97 (mm2/s).
The kinematic viscosities of the comparative compositions and of the
compositions according to the invention as described in table 1, which were
first subjected
to the thermal stability test as described above, were measured and collated
in table 2
below.
KY 100 C KY 100 C
ASTM D445-97 ASTM D445-97 (mm2/s)
(mm2/s) before after thermal stability
thermal stability test test at 150 C
CC1 8.4 8.6
CC2 12.1 13.1
LC1 12.3 10.6
LC2 12.4 10.3
LC3 12.2 10.9
LC4 12.4 10.8
LC5 12.4 11.8
LC6 12.4 10.8
CC3 12.3 12.7
CC4 12.4 13.1
Table 2
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It emerges from these results that the compositions according to the invention
have a kinematic viscosity at 100 C, measured according to the standard ASTM
D445-97
after the thermal stability test, which decreases over time relative to their
kinematic
5 .. viscosities measured before the stability test.
It also emerges from these results that the comparative compositions have a
kinematic viscosity at 100 C, measured according to the standard ASTM D445-97
after the
thermal stability tests, which increases over time relative to their kinematic
viscosities
measured before the stability tests.
10 These results illustrate the change in the decrease in viscosity of
the
compositions according to the invention as a function of time and,
consequently, the
behavior as required according to the present invention, namely the decrease
in viscosity as
a function of time of the compositions in accordance with the invention,
during a thermal
shear, in contrast with the comparative compositions for which an increase in
viscosity is
15 observed during a thermal shear.
These results also demonstrate the impact of the chemistry of the polymers on
the viscosity profile of the lubricant compositions during a thermal shear.
Specifically, the polymers according to the invention make it possible to
obtain
compositions whose viscosity decreases during a thermal shear, in contrast
with the
20 polymers outside the invention, which, when they are in a lubricant
composition, do not
make it possible to reduce the viscosity of said composition during a thermal
shear; quite
to the contrary, the viscosity of said composition increases.
- Mechanical stability
25 Viscosity measurement at 100 C of the oil sheared after Bosch 90
cycles tests
(KV100 C Bosch 90 cycles)
The compositions described in example 1 were subjected to a mechanical shear
(Bosch 90 cycles injector test).
Figure 1 illustrates the phenomenon of the decrease in viscosity of the
compositions as a function of the Bosch cycle number.
This figure also illustrates the behavior as required according to the present
invention, including after a mechanical shear.
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26
As a general conclusion to example 2, following the thermal and mechanical
shears, it is observed that only the lubricant compositions in accordance with
the invention
have viscosity values lower than that of the same composition before shear.
Consequently, the kinematic viscosities of the compositions according to the
invention after thermal and mechanical stability tests do not increase over
time, but quite to
the contrary decrease. This demonstrates that the compositions according to
the invention
correspond to the CIFE properties. Specifically, the more the viscosity of a
composition
increases, the more the various lubricated components of the engine consume
energy and,
consequently, fuel.
Example 3: Engine tests
Engine tests were performed on the lubricant compositions as described in
example 1.
Test principle
The engine tests are performed on a Volvo Dll Ã5 engine (440 HP), for which
the thermal management of the oil is deliberately set at 118 C of oil sump
temperature, in
order to be representative of hot running conditions and thus to promote the
shear of the
lubricant compositions via the thermal effect.
Each lubricant composition test is characterized as follows:
- Step 1: fresh oil, measurement of fuel consumptions on a WHSC normalized
cycle (World Harmonized Stationary Cycle, 13 stabilized mode points, full
regime).
- Step 2: aging of the lubricant composition over an endurance cycle, which
consists in reproducing on an engine test bed a dynamic road cycle
representative of road
use, which was recorded under real conditions by a heavy-duty vehicle OEM. The
test
lasted 300 hours. The dynamism of the test road cycle is favorable to shear of
the tested
lubricant compositions by a mechanical effect. The fuel consumption is
monitored in
dynamic mode throughout the endurance test as a guide. Intermediate oil
samples are taken
during the test to perform various measurements (kinematic viscosity at 100 C
in
particular, shown in figures 2 and 3).
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27
- Step 3: after the endurance test, the lubricant composition present in the
test
engine is once again measured according to the WHSC normalized cycle in order
to
characterize the fuel consumptions after the endurance test. The fuel
consumption results
for each of the 13 measurement mode points (regime/load) are compared with the
results
obtained from step 1, in order to evaluate the CIFE performance of the tested
lubricant
composition.
It is thus the result obtained from step 3 which will characterize the CIFE
potential of the tested lubricant composition relative to a reference
lubricant tested under
the same conditions (steps 1, 2, 3). The savings in fuel consumption are
established on the
entire engine field.
Results
Composition LC2 was evaluated before and after the endurance test on the
WHSC cycle. Figure 2 shows the measurement curve for the viscosity at 100 C of
this
composition LC2 during the engine test. A 0.87% saving in fuel consumption was
measured on the sheared oil which underwent the endurance test relative to the
oil before
the endurance test. This saving is significant relative to the threshold of
the method for
discrimination between two products (0.34%).
A comparative lubricant composition CC5 was then evaluated according to the
same criteria.
Said comparative lubricant composition is detailed in table 3 below:
The contents are expressed as mass percentages.
CC5
Base oil 2 (2) 30
Base oil 3 (2) 38.6
Additive pack (3) 16.2
Pour point depressant additive (4) 0.2
Polymer 10 (14) 15
KY 40 C
ASTM D445-97 (mite's) 82.25
KY 100 C
ASTM D445-97 (mite's) 12.39
Viscosity index (VI)
ASTM D2270-93 147
Table 3
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28
The meanings of the components defined by indices are those given in example
1.
A 0.25% excess fuel consumption was measured on the sheared oil which
underwent the endurance test relative to the oil before the endurance test.
Figure 3 shows
the measurement curve for the viscosity at 100 C of this comparative
composition during
the engine test.
This example very clearly shows the difference in behavior in terms of
viscosity and more particularly the satisfaction of the CIFE characteristic
required in the
context of the invention, for the lubricant compositions in accordance with
the invention,
namely those comprising at least one polymer for improving the viscosity index
chosen
from hydrogenated copolymers of diene and of aromatic vinyl, compared with
lubricant
compositions comprising polymers of another nature which improve the viscosity
index.
Example 4: compared viscosity behavior for illustratin2 the decrease in
viscosity in the course of its use in the gearbox and in the hydraulic circuit
The present examples were performed for the purpose of demonstrating the
selection made from among the viscosity index-enhancing polymers, for
preparing
lubricant compositions which have CIFE properties when they are used in the
gearbox and
in the hydraulic circuit.
It is known that the temperatures prevailing in the gearbox and in the
hydraulic
circuit are lower than those in the engine and generally do not exceed 110 C.
It is also
known that the interval between oil changes is longer for the gearbox and the
hydraulic
circuits when compared with that for the engine. Consequently, this thermal
stability test
performed at a lower temperature and over a period corresponding to the
interval between
oil changes makes it possible to demonstrate the viscosity behavior of the
compositions
according to the invention in gearboxes and hydraulic circuits.
The tests performed are the following:
- Thermal stability at 80 C
150 g of lubricant composition are placed in a ventilated oven heated at 80 C
for 1008 hours. On conclusion of this test, a sample of the lubricant
composition is taken
and the kinematic viscosity of this composition at 100 C is measured according
to the
standard ASTM D445-97 (mm2/s).
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- Thermal stability at 100 C
150 g of lubricant composition are placed in a ventilated oven heated at 100 C
for 1008 hours. On conclusion of this test, a sample of the lubricant
composition is taken
and the kinematic viscosity of this composition at 100 C is measured according
to the
standard ASTM D445-97 (mm2/s).
The kinematic viscosities of the comparative compositions and of the
compositions according to the invention as described in table 1, which were
first subjected
to the thermal stability test as described above, were measured and collated
in table 4
below.
KY 100 C KY 100 C
KY 100 C
ASTM D445-97 ASTM D445-97 (mm2/s)
ASTM D445-97 (mm2/s)
(mm2/s) before after thermal stability, after thermal
stability
thermal stability test test at 80 C test at 100 C
CC2 12.5 12.5 12.5
LC1 12.3 12.1 11.8
LC2 12.3 11.8 11.0
Table 4
It emerges from these results that the compositions according to the invention
have a kinematic viscosity at 100 C, measured according to the standard ASTM
D445-97
after the thermal stability test, which decreases over time relative to their
kinematic
viscosities measured before the stability test.
It also emerges from these results that the comparative composition has a
kinematic viscosity at 100 C, measured according to the standard ASTM D445-97
after the
thermal stability tests, which remains constant over time relative to its
kinematic viscosity
measured before the stability tests.
These results illustrate the change in the decrease in viscosity of the
compositions according to the invention as a function of time and,
consequently, the
behavior as required according to the present invention, namely the decrease
in viscosity as
a function of time of the compositions in accordance with the invention,
during a thermal
shear, in contrast with the comparative composition for which maintenance of
the viscosity
during a thermal shear is observed.
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-10-15
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These results also demonstrate the impact of the chemistry of the polymers on
the viscosity profile of the lubricant compositions during a thermal shear.
Specifically, the polymers according to the invention make it possible to
obtain
compositions whose viscosity decreases during a thermal shear, in contrast
with the
5 polymers
outside the invention, which, when they are in a lubricant composition, do not
make it possible to reduce the viscosity of said composition during a thermal
shear.
In conclusion, following the thermal shears, it is observed that only the
lubricant compositions in accordance with the invention have viscosity values
lower than
that of the same composition before shear.
10
Consequently, this demonstrates that the compositions according to the
invention correspond to the CIFE properties when the composition is used in
the gearbox
and in the hydraulic circuit. Specifically, the more the viscosity of a
composition increases,
the more the various lubricated components of the gearbox and of the hydraulic
circuit
consume energy and, consequently, fuel.
Example 5:
Compositions LC1 and LC2 according to the invention underwent a KRL shear
test for 3 hours and 20 hours according to the standard CEC-L-45-A-99. This
test is
representative of the shear conditions of gearboxes when it is performed over
a period of
20 hours and of the conditions of the hydraulic circuit when it is performed
over 3 hours.
The viscosities before the test and after the test were measured at 100 C and
at 40 C
(standard ASTM D445-97), and are collated in table 5 below, in which the
viscosities are
indicated in mm2/s.
LC1 LC2
KY 100 C before the KRL test 12.3 12.4
KY 100 C after the KRL 3h test 9.1 9.0
KY 100 C after the KRL 20h test 8.3 8.2
KY 40 C before the KRL test 84.2 84.9
KY 40 C after the KRL 3h test 59.8 59.4
KY 40 C after the KRL 20h test 54.0 53.2
Table 5
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-10-15
CA 03097251 2020-10-15
31
It emerges from these results that the compositions according to the invention
have a kinematic viscosity at 100 C, measured according to the standard ASTM
D445-97
after the KRL shear test, which decreases over time relative to their
kinematic viscosities
measured before the shear test.
These results illustrate the change in the decrease in viscosity of the
compositions according to the invention as a function of time and,
consequently, the
behavior as required according to the present invention, namely the decrease
in viscosity as
a function of time of the compositions in accordance with the invention,
during a shear
such as that which a lubricant composition undergoes in a gearbox and a
hydraulic circuit,
notably of an industrial vehicle, in particular of a diesel engine industrial
vehicle.
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-10-15
