Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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A medical framed barrier and discharge face mask.
Field of the Invention
The claimed group of inventions relates to human personal protective
equipment, namely to face masks intended to be used predominantly in medicine.
This invention, represented in three versions, is:
= universal environmental and hygienic protection for both surgeon and
patient
while medical aid of any level of complexity is being performed, including
prolonged surgical procedures;
= personal protection for the civilian population against airborne
infections
including influenza.
The difference between the versions of the medical face masks is stipulated
by their primary application area: universal, surgical, or clinical.
As opposed to medical filter masks, they relate to barrier- and discharge-
type face masks, i.e. those that fully prevent the passage of exhaled air and
expel
exhaled air in the intended direction. Structurally, each version of the mask
is a
hollow frame.
Background Art
Various options for the designs of barrier medical face masks and framed
face masks are available from the background art.
From the document (the journal "Surgery Reporter n.a. LI. Grekov" No.12,
1969, authors: academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences, prof. S.M.
Kurbangaleyev et al.) a barrier surgical face mask is known, which is made of
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hard plastic as a textured shield that fits the face tightly. The mask was
tested
during 2,000 surgical procedures at the First Leningrad Institute (the First
Saint
Petersburg State Medical University) n.a. academician I.P. Pavlov and
demonstrated its exceptional aseptic properties. The unquestionable advantage
of
the barrier face mask (in the form of an air-tight shield), by comparison with
filtering (standard medical) masks, in terms of the efficiency of patient
protection
against respiratory infections during surgical procedures, was experimentally
and
clinically proven.
The disadvantages of the given design are the following:
- a large quantity of exhaled air remains in the under-mask area, and thus
the face
becomes overmoistened and overheated - a greenhouse effect occurs, causing a
general feeling of being unwell and decreasing the surgeon's productivity;
- it is a rigid structure that tightly fits the facial area over a long
period of time.
Despite a high level of patient protection during surgical procedures, the
aforementioned disadvantages greatly affect the surgeon's performance by
decreasing it to an unacceptable level, therefore this type of mask is not
used in
the medical practice.
A respiratory face mask is known from document CN2162260 Y published
on 04.20.1994, which is intended for nasal and oral breathing. It consists of
two
boxed side frames combined into an integral structure with through holes, and
a
rigid shield located between them in front of the nasal-oral area. The mask is
functionally divided into the front, right, and left sectors, where the left
sector and
the right sector represent the side containers that contain the filtering
elements.
All the exhaled air is removed (similarly to a respirator) via valves, and the
inhaled
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air is filtered. A partition situated between the containers acts as a partial
barrier
(shield) to protect the surface of the face against moisture penetration from
outside.
The disadvantages of the given design are the following:
- there is almost no natural ventilation in the under-mask area, resulting
in the
accumulation of a high level of CO2 and moisture, which gradually diminish the
wearer's state of wellness;
- the large number of filtering elements creates high resistance for
breathing,
which considerably affects the wearer's performance;
- it is a rigid structure that tightly fits the facial area over a long
period of time.
This general disadvantage is inherent to both the analogs.
Aimed at ensuring the necessary obturation, the close contact of a rigid,
non-elastic structure with the surface of the face results in the prolonged
compression of nerve fibers and blood vessels, which causes pain, local
paraesthesia, and pronounced discomfort, which make this kind of mask
practically unusable.
As the closest analog, the applicant has selected the following information
source: Russian Patent No. 2240160, dated 11.20.2004, from which a medical
framed barrier and discharge face mask is known.
Similarly to the claimed versions of the invention:
= Structurally, the mask is a hollow frame;
= The outer portion of the frame is made of an air-impermeable material
(medical
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plastic). The inner part (contacting the facial surface) is made of the soft
and
elastic fabric, which prevents from compression of the face nerve fibers and
blood vessels by the mask;
= It performs barrier and discharge functions;
= It causes no resistance to breathing.
A number of essential features distinguish the analog's frame from the
claimed invention:
= by tightly fitting the surface of the face, it covers its bottom and
middle
(according to the classification by R.A. Reiss) sections: from the chin to the
level of the bridge of the nose;
= the under-mask space forms a uniform nose-and-mouth cavity.
= the facial (inner) portion of the frame has a combined cut-out around the
nasal
and oral area;
The disadvantages of the given design are the following:
- in a large under-mask area (predominantly during the oral breathing), the
overaccumulation of moisture takes place and the CO2 level rises, which
partially decreases the surgeon's performance;
- the physiological differences in human breathing via the nose or mouth
are not
taken into account, resulting in an inadequate decrease in the mask's hygienic
properties;
- similarly to its analogs, the mask is not universal, since the form of
the mask
depends on the surface relief of the face, which ultimately diminishes its
consumer
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properties;
- wearing the mask hinders the movement of the lower jaw, thus decreasing its
communicative potential - it impedes speech.
Disclosure of the invention
The reduction in a surgeon's performance capability during surgical
procedures as a result of the sharp deterioration of the breathing conditions
in a
filtering medical mask considerably affects the quality of his/her work. In
addition, as a rule, filter medical face masks lose their protective
properties after
half an hour of use. As a result, we can observe a relatively low quality of
surgical
procedures and a high level of post-surgery complications all over the world.
Standard filter medical masks, due to their design features, lack the
possibility of protecting the general population against viral infections and
a
number of hazardous bacteria, which is most relevant during epidemics.
A different protection principle for patients and the general population is
suggested, by means of creating an impermeable barrier against airborne
infections without impeding the respiratory ability of the user. In addition,
a
number of other major problems are solved, leading, for example, to the
preservation of the performance capability of medical personnel throughout the
entire working time.
The purpose of this group of inventions of medical face masks is to
eliminate the deficiencies of the prior art as well as to achieve the
following
results:
- the elimination or significant reduction of CO2 accumulation in the under-
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space, as well as preventing an increase in moisture and temperature level,
i.e.
solving the prototype's basic hygiene issues;
- the implementation of various methods of protection against airborne
infections
in line with the state of the environment and the nature of the wearer's work;
- improved comfort and efficiency when using the masks, due to the adequacy
of
their protection during oral or nasal respiration;
- the reduced accumulation of airborne infections in an enclosed space (for
example, in an operating theatre), due to their complete or partial
neutralization
in the mask, by comparison with analogs and medical filter masks;
- since the shape of the masks does not depend on the relief of the facial
surface,
universality is achieved;
- the masks do not impede the mobility of the lower jaw, i.e. they do not
affect
the wearer's communicative abilities.
The technical result of the claimed group of inventions is:
= improved labor conditions for medical staff throughout the entire period
of use
of the mask with full protection against the penetration of infection in the
area
of the surgical field and any liquid media into the respiratory system of the
user,
both from the surgical field and from the consumer/surgeon;
= full protection of the wearer against airborne infections in public
areas,
as well as
= protection of the human respiratory organs against aggressive
environments in
different professional areas of activity without any loss of productivity.
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The claimed technical results are achieved via the design embodiment of
the medical face mask according to three options, each of which complements or
focuses the capabilities of the previous one, while providing it with new
consumer
properties.
All the mask options have one common inventive concept; namely, they
contain a hollow frame that forms an under-mask space for the lower part of
the
face, which is made in the form of a channel, with an airtight outer surface
and an
inner surface (closest to the surface of the face) made of breathable fabric.
The
frame channel contains an air inlet and outlet on each side (on the left and
on the
right) for the airflows that are formed during inhalation/exhalation. As a
rule, the
side that comes into contact with the surface of the face has a cutout around
the
mouth.
Structurally, various functional spaces are formed within the mask: an area
for oral respiration and an area for nasal respiration. In the mouth area (the
lower
part of the face), each version of the mask is made in the form of a hollow
frame.
In the middle part of the face (in the nasal area), depending on the version,
a
separate zone for nasal respiration is formed, which may be open, half-open,
or
closed.
All of the versions are fixed to the head area using standard means: with
straps, elastic bands, etc.
The face mask is positioned on the head in such a way that the exhaled air
is almost entirely expelled backwards, to an area that is safe for people
around the
wearer.
Due to the separation of the mask space into two relatively independent
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zones, optimal conditions for breathing are achieved, which take into account
the
physiology of nasal and oral respiration. The presence of a cavity in the
frame
ensures additional ventilation and conditioning of the under-mask space.
Medical Face Mask, option 1.
The face mask is universal, i.e. it is intended for use by the general
population as well as in medical institutions. It may be applied as the basic
version
(the simplest one) or may be a combination of a frame mask and additional
components.
As distinct from the prototype, the mask frame covers the lower part of the
face, providing complete protection only to the mouth area - the main source
of
airborne infections and the gateway for the penetration of infections from
outside.
For maximum preservation of the wearer's performance capabilities, nasal
respiration has been left entirely unimpeded, which is especially important
for
healthy wearers with undamaged nasal mucosa. In order to minimize breathing
resistance, the mask frame sides are extremely short by comparison with the
prototype.
The hollow mask frame consists of two puts, which form its outer side and
inner side, which comes into direct contact with the surface of the face. The
outer
part of the frame is airtight and is generally made from transparent medical
plastic,
thus improving the wearer's communicative abilities. If mask transparency is
irrelevant, its outer portion may, for example, be made of a dense cloth or
paper.
The inner part of the frame, i.e. the side that comes into contact with the
surface
of the face, is made of breathable and, generally, elastic fabric, for
example,
spunbond fabric or medical gauze. In order to reduce overall breathing
resistance,
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a cutout around the mouth area may be located on the side that comes into
contact
with the surface of the face. If a fabric with low breathing resistance is
used for
the inside of the frame (for example, 1- or 2-ply gauze), then a cut in the
mouth
area is not appropriate.
For transportation convenience, the mask may have special devices for
folding it: from a dimensional to a flat shape. For example, the outer part of
the
frame may have folds in the form of corrugations or pleats. With this design,
the
mask is put on folded and takes shape as a result of forced exhalation.
In its basic version, the mask (without any additional components) is
mainly intended for the civilian population, for example, to prevent the
spread of
an influenza epidemic in public areas.
The additional components of the mask increase its protective properties,
thus extending the scope of application to include medical facilities.
A further description is given with reference to figs. 1 of the drawings that
show the designated positions of structural components, such that a specialist
can
better understand all the aspects of disclosure of the nature of version 1 of
the
claimed technical solution.
The design of medical barrier and discharge face mask version 1 is shown
in fig. 1.
The frame of the mask for the lower face part 1 includes the outer air-
impermeable side of the frame 2 (shown transparent), made of plastic, for
example, through which the inner breathable side of the frame 3 can be seen.
This
may be made, for example, of fabric and come into contact with surface of the
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face. It is provided with a cutout 4 around the mouth area. On both sides of
the
head, the frame forms lateral air holes (inlet/outlet) 5 for the passage of
the air
flow.
The nasal area is fully open, i.e. nasal inhalation and exhalation are
unhampered. The upper edge of the frame, which passes directly under the nose,
partially expels the air that is exhaled through the nose due to its geometry.
When inhaling through the mouth, air from the exterior penetrates the
cavity of the frame through the lateral air holes 5 and then passes through
cutout
4 in the side that comes into contact with the surface of the face 3. In the
absence
of a cutout, it passes through the breathable fabric.
During oral exhalation, air is initially supplied to the frame cavity and then
is expelled via the side air supply openings 5. Due to the air impermeability
of the
outer side of the frame 2, the exhaled air, with any moisture contained in it,
is
entirely directed backwards - in the opposite direction. The side of the frame
that
comes into contact with the surface of the face 3, due to its elasticity and
hygroscopicity, prevents the compression of nerve fibers and blood vessels in
the
facial area, does not cause discomfort or pain, and prevents moistening
(maceration) of the facial area.
To extend the protective properties of mask version No. 1, the following
additional components are used.
1. A breathable material 6 extends beyond the frame and contains an additional
device 7 for partial retention of the moisture contained in the exhaled air.
Device
7 can be made in the form of folds or strips of fabric, for example, and, if
necessary, be soaked in a special antiseptic agent. There may be several of
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devices 7 on each side of the mask.
2. The air inlet and outlet, i.e. the side air opening 5 of the frame,
contains an
additional component 8 in the form of a spoiler on its outer (breathable)
part,
which directs exhaled air to the material 6 that comes into contact with the
surface
of the face. This extends beyond the frame and contains an additional device
7,
for partial retention of the moisture contained in the exhaled air. The
spoiler may
be an extension of the outer side 2 of the frame or be a separate part that
can be
attached with glue, adhesive tape etc., for example. The spoiler may be made,
for
example, of a material with specialized properties: bactericidal, adhesive,
etc.
The breathable material of the mask may be either single-ply or consist of
several layers, each of which may have various useful properties, for example,
bactericidal action against different types of microbes, etc. All the
materials
applied (in each of the layers) are identical to those that are widely used in
medical
practice and have the appropriate certificates.
The plastic and fabric parts of the mask may be factory joined (stitched,
glued) or be connected by the wearer himself/herself, for example, by using
adhesive tape.
The mask is attached/fixed on the wearer's head area using devices 9, for
example, ties, straps, elastic bands, etc.
Medical Face Mask, option 2
This version of the mask is primarily intended for use in surgery and boasts
the maximum protection for the doctor and patient in the conditions of
surgical
operations. It is aimed at the maximum preservation of the working capacity of
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medical staff.
This option is a combination of two types of mask: frame and shield-
shaped, forming two different mask spaces: the lower frame, in the mouth area,
and the shield, in the nose area. A partition is formed between the shield and
the
frame, containing an air opening for passage of air that is exhaled through
the nose
into the frame cavity. In this opening, if necessary, a valve may be installed
to
direct the air that is exhaled through the nose towards the frame and prevent
the
penetration of any air exhaled through the mouth into the under-mask space.
The shield is airtight and is located at some distance from the surface of the
face, so that nasal breathing remains practically unimpeded.
The main purpose of the mask shield is to direct (by virtue of its
aerodynamics) the air exhaled from the nose directly into the cavity of the
frame,
which completely prevents it from getting towards the surgical field. This
solution
allows a surgeon to maintain a high quality of the main (nasal) type of
breathing
during surgery, while enhancing his/her performance.
Structurally, in the partition between the shield and the frame, there may
not be an air opening, however, in this case, the aerodynamics of the air flow
that
is regulated by the shield becomes entirely irregular, which significantly
reduces
the consumer properties of the mask.
In addition, the shield protects the nasal area and also partially protects
the
middle part of the face from external pathological factors during surgery:
biological fluids, airborne infections, etc. This is also relevant to
improving the
surgeon's safety.
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During an operation by the surgical team, the air exhaled by the personnel,
in contrast to filter masks, is fully discharged into the non-sterile area of
the
surgery room. This ensures a high level of sterility in the surgery area
itself, i.e. it
contributes to a reduction in the risk of post-surgery complications.
Consequently,
the overall quality of treatment provided by a medical facility is improved.
A further description is given with reference to figs. 2 of the drawings that
show the designated positions of structural components, such that a specialist
can
better understand all the aspects of disclosure of the nature of the claimed
technical solution according to version 2.
The frame of the mask that is located in the lower face part 1 includes the
outer airproof part of the frame 2 (shown transparent), which can be made of,
for
example, plastic, and through which the inner breathable side of the frame 3
can
be seen. This is made, for example, of a fabric material and has a cutout 4
around
the mouth area. On both sides of the head, the frame forms lateral air holes
(inlet/outlet) 5 for the passage of the air flow.
As opposed to option No. 1, in order to discharge the exhaled air as far as
possible from the surgical field, the sides of the frame are as elongated as
possible.
The frame also has an air-impermeable shield 10, which covers the lower
part of the nose. There is a partition between the shield 10 and the frame 11
with
an air opening. There can be multiple similar openings in the partition, which
might be identical or take various shapes.
Fig. 2 shows that the shield 10 is located at some distance from the surface
of the face, thus forming a slotted space.
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When inhaled through the nose, air freely penetrates through this slotted
space.
When exhaled through the nose, all air, due to the aerodynamic properties of
the
shield, is directed from top to bottom, through the air opening in the
partition 11.
It goes into the frame cavity and then exits through the side air openings 5
(inlet/outlet) for air flow passage.
Oral breathing occurs similarly to No.1 . For the complete elimination of air
ingress from the frame cavity into the under-mask space of the middle part of
the
face (if necessary), one or more valves may be installed in air openings in
the
partition 11.
However, if the inner cavity of the frame is made to take into account the
aerodynamics of air flows passing through it, the relevance of the valve is
decreased or removed.
Medical Face Mask, option 3
The main purpose of this version of the mask is general clinical utilization.
The mask can be recommended for use in all types of medical institutions,
including departments of infectious disease and for the provision of all types
of
medical care, from outpatient to infection surgery. It is intended to maximize
the
protection of medical staff without significant loss of its performance
capacity. A
particular feature of this mask option is its ability to transform and adapt
to
specific working conditions of medical staff.
The design of this type of mask is a hybrid consisting of three types of
masks: frame, shield-shaped, and filter. Accordingly, it combines the
functions of
all types of well-known medical masks: barrier and discharge, barrier, and
filter.
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The fundamental differences between option No. 3 and the first two options
are as follows:
1. The mask may have two states: initial and working. In the initial state,
the mask
practically does not differ from option No. 2 in terms of functionality.
In this state, breathing remains unimpeded. Consequently, in a similar
position,
it can be used, for example, for conventional surgical procedures. If, there
is a
hazard of infection, the mask can be converted into the working state, i.e.
all air
flows that occur during oral and nasal inhalation and exhalation are directed
through the built-in filters. A similar hazard exists, for example, when
medical
workers move from a clean zone into an infectious ward. When leaving the
ward, there is no hazard of infection, and the mask is returned to its initial
state,
in which conditions for breathing are significantly improved. Immediately
during urgent surgery (an emergency), it often turns out that the patient has
a
concomitant infectious disease. In this situation, the surgeon, without
interrupting the operation and without removing the mask, may switch it to its
working state, i.e. quickly protect himself/herself.
2. The hollow frame for the lower part of the face is divided into three
functionally
different sectors: the central one and two side ones.
3. The outer walls of the side sectors of the frame are air filters made of
materials
used in the production of standard (filter) medical masks, such as spunbond
fabric.
4. The side walls of the frame may be homogeneous or consist of serially
connected segments, each of which may be a filter of a different density, i.e.
filters designed for different types and levels of infection.
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5. The channel of the frame has a device to close it, with the possibility of
re-
opening it in order to direct air flows during inhalation and exhalation
either
through the inlet/outlet (side openings) or through the built-in filter.
6. If the side walls of the frame consist of multiple segments, then each
segment
may have a separate device to close it, which may be made in the form of
adhesive tape or a special latch, for example.
7. The mask shield, as a rule, is made entirely of filter material used in
standard
medical masks or, if it is necessary to provide it with aerodynamic
properties,
consist of a combination of an air-impermeable material and filter fabric.
Similarly to option No.2, the shield does not come into contact with the
surface
of the face.
8.A device is built in around the edges of the shield fabric to ensure that it
fits the
contour of the face, around the dorsum nasi. This might be, for example, an
adhesive strip, a ductile wire, an elastic bracket, etc.
9. There is a partition between the frame and the shield separating the two
under-
mask spaces, which, as opposed to version No. 2, can be made without an air
opening. If the shield consists entirely of fabric, then its aerodynamic
properties
are not relevant. At the same time, in the working state, the absence of air
openings in the partition provides a higher level of protection of the mask.
A further description is given with reference to fig. 3 of the drawings that
shows the designated positions of structural components, such that a
specialist can
better understand all the aspects of disclosure of the nature of the claimed
technical solution according to version 3.
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The design of medical barrier and discharge face mask No. 3 is shown in
fig. 3.
The frame of the mask that is located in the lower face part 1 includes the
outer airproof part of the frame 2 (shown transparent), which can be made of,
for
example, plastic, and through which the inner breathable side of the frame 3
can
be seen. This is made, for example, of a fabric material and has a cutout 4
around
the mouth area. On both sides of the head, the frame forms lateral air holes
(inlet/outlet) 5 for the passage of the air flow.
This mask version can be used in two states: initial (open) and working
(closed).
In the initial position, the shield 10 does not come in contact with the
surface of the face and inlets/outlets 5 are open to allow the passage of air
flows.
In fig. No. 3, medical mask version No. 3 is shown in the working (closed)
state.
The shield 10, made of filtering and, as a rule, single-ply material (for
example, spunbond fabric or medical gauze), fits tightly to the contour of the
face
around the dorsum nasi. As a result, the mask space in the nasal area is fully
closed, and nasal inhalation/exhalation occurs through the filter fabric of
the
shield. A partition 11 is formed between the shield and the frame, which, as
distinct from version No. 2, may not contain an air opening.
The outer side of the side sections of the frame, as distinct from options No.
1 and 2, consists of segments 12 made of filter fabrics (side filters). The
wall of
each segment 12 may consist of filters of different densities or of a
different
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number of layers of fabrics (for example, spunbond fabric). A device 14 for
closing the channel is located on the outer boundary 13 of each segment (shown
only for the middle segment). As a result, during oral inhalation/exhalation,
air
passes only through the side filters 12.
In order to preserve the framed structure (air channels) of the side segments
of the frame, shaping supports (for example, a coarse mesh of nylon) may be
installed between the fabric layers of its outer parts. The mesh can be woven
into
the fabric in the form of individual fibers, or the fabric itself, in the form
of a
mesh, may be soaked in a shaping solution (for example, starch).
The breathable material of the frame, the filters in the side segments, and
the shield may be made of fabrics with different functional properties or of
the
same fabrics (used in medical practice as standard).
In versions 2 and 3 of the masks, as distinct from in the prototype, the
shield
does not come into contact with the surface of the face in the area of the
dorsum
nasi. The resulting gap is used not only used to supply air during nasal
inhalation,
but also to allow for the free movement of the plastic part such that it can
follow
the movements of the lower jaw.
Therefore, the connection between the mask parts does not impede the free
movement of the lower jaw, which allows for communication during surgery, for
example. In option No. 3, the shield 10 is made of fabric with a degree of
surplus
so as not to impede the movement of the lower jaw during conversation.
Each version of the mask may have various additional devices or features
and may be made of different materials, or using different technologies.
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For example:
For additional protection in the area around the eye and of the rest of the
surface of the face, the plastic part of the mask may have an additional
structure
in the form of a transparent shield.
In order to increase communicative capabilities, the outer side of the mask
may be fully or partially transparent; it may be made of plastic, as shown in
figures
1-3. With design aims in mind, the plastic may be of different colors, and
various
inscriptions and images may be printed on it. The plastic may be non-
transparent
(using any color scheme).
For additional ventilation, the outer side of the frame in front of the mouth
area may be a movable wall in the form of a membrane that can oscillate in
sync
with breathing.
The part of the frame that comes into contact with the surface of the face
may be made from a solid fabric or net (fine- or coarse-meshed) out of cotton
fabric, for example, or a transparent or semi-transparent natural fabric (e.g.
silk,
batiste, chiffon etc.), or a synthetic polymer (e.g. nylon, capron, etc.).
For greater strength and better adaptation to the surface of the face,
components for shaping and reinforcing the mark (mesh, threads, elastic bands
and straps, which act as ties for the mask, etc.) may pass between the layers
of
breathable material.
Due to the presence of frames in all versions of the masks, various devices
and equipment can be installed in the channels thereof for the additional
treatment
of the air used in respiration (for cleaning, drying, disinfection, cooling,
heating,
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deodorization, etc.).
By taking into account the different characteristics of air flows formed
during inhalation/exhalation, via oral or nasal breathing, the mask frame
cavity
may contain at least one device for the optimization and separation of the air
flows, for example, one or multiple partitions, air channels, etc.
At least one filtration component may be installed along the air flow path
in the frame channel, which can be further treated with an antiseptic agent,
for
example, or developed with a filtration material that is used in the
manufacture of
medical masks (for example, spunbond fabric).
In addition, at least one air channel within the mask frame may contain at
least one moisture-absorbing element.
Any air channel within the mask frame may contain at least one inlet or
outlet valve.
At least one tube for the forced supply of an air mixture to the respiratory
organs from an external source and/or for the forced discharge of exhaled air
from
the under-mask space may be attached to at least one air channel within the
mask
frame.
At least one air channel within the mask frame may additionally contain at
least one compressed air bottle to improve the composition of the inhaled air
in
standalone mode or in field (combat) conditions.
At least one air channel within the mask frame may also contain at least
one fan.
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-11-12
CA 03100189 2020-11-12
At least one air channel may be made in the form of a spiral, which would
make foreign particles in the inhaled air moving in a rotational (centrifugal)
manner and settle on the channel's walls.
At least one air channel within the mask frame may contain at least one
zero-resistance filter.
The inner surface of the frame channel may be treated with a special
adhesive that promotes the superficial adhesion of dust and various biological
aerosols contained in the air.
The mask frame may additionally be electrostatically treated to ensure the
superficial precipitation of dust particles and other foreign particles
contained in
the passing air flow and possessing the opposite electrical potential.
21
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-11-12
