Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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LOW LIPID CONTENT OAT PROTEIN COMPOSITION
WITHOUT TRACES OF ORGANIC SOLVENT
Technical Field
[0001] The invention pertains to the field of oat protein compositions and
production method thereof. In particular, the present invention is directed to
an oat
protein composition having low lipid content and which does not contain traces
of
organic solvent and to the production method thereof.
Background Art
[0002] Oats are a well-known source of a wide variety of useful products.
Examples of such products are flour, starch, protein isolate and concentrate,
protein-enriched flour, bran, gum and oil. Traditional techniques used in the
cereal
grain processing industry are frequently difficult to use with oats because of
process problems relating to the presence of lipids in the oats. Moreover,
unless
the oats are de-oiled prior to milling, milling processes would result in the
formation of flour and protein fractions containing lipids, which may result
in the
development of rancidity on storage of the flour and protein.
[0003] The most widely used technique consists in a first de-oiling made with
help
of organic solvents like hexane or ethanol. Man skilled in the art is aware
for
example of EP0051943 from DUPONT which teaches the use of aliphatic
hydrocarbon solvent to remove lipids from oat flours. Main drawbacks of such
technologies are industrial use of organic solvent, associated explosion risks
and
spoilage, and residual levels of lipids in final products.
[0004] Such risks seem so important that the main current commercial product
called PROATEIN is currently produced without de-oiling. EP1706001 is only
based on the use of amylases and centrifugal separation. As disclosed in the
example part, such process leads to a composition having a lipid content above
10% by weight based on total weight.
[0005] To address these drawbacks, some alternative processes have been
recently proposed. Such processes are based on the use of supercritical CO2.
Man skilled in the art is aware of EP2120604 from VALTION TEKNILLINEN.
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However, to reach a high level of de-oiling, flour need to be processed and
grinded,
thereby leading to a mean particle size of protein below 10 microns (see
paragraph 0047 of EP2120604). This process leads to a superfine size protein
powder which is not desirable in some applications, but also which is
difficult to
handle in industrial plants, mainly due to dust formation and explosion
hazard.
Another major industrial problem linked to particles having a size below 10
microns is that the cyclone and filtration systems needed to recover such
small
particles are expensive and difficult to operate efficiently and/or
effectively.
[0006] US 2009/0155444 Al discloses an extrudate made from soy protein and
oat flour. It does not describe an oat protein composition.
[0007] The document BrOckner-GOhmann et al. (Foaming characteristics of oat
protein and modification by partial hydrolysis, European Food Research and
Technology, Vol.244, n 12, 28 August 2018, pages 2095-2106) describes the
production of an oat protein isolate using an oat protein concentrate as a
starting
material, using a step of alkaline extraction of this concentrate, a step of
separation of the protein into the supernatant and a step of lyophilisation of
this
supernantant to produce the oat protein isolate powder. This article explores
the
functionality of foaming of the obtained protein isolate. This document does
not
disclose the mean particle size of the oat protein composition obtained.
[0008] The objective of the present patent application is to overcome these
problems and thus to propose a new process that improves prior art existing
techniques thereby delivering a unique oat protein powder.
Description of Embodiments
[0009] A first embodiment of the present invention is an oat protein
composition
characterized in that said composition does not contain traces of organic
solvent,
has residual lipid content below 10% by weight on dry matter based on the
total
dry weight of the oat protein composition and has a mean particle size greater
than 10 microns.
[0010] A second embodiment is a process for producing an oat protein
composition which has a residual lipid content below 10% by weight on dry
matter
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based on the total dry weight of the oat protein composition, which can be the
oat
protein composition of the present invention defined hereabove, characterized
in
that the process comprises the following steps :
1) Preparing oat seeds or provide a protein rich flour;
2) In the case of using oat seeds in step 1, grinding oat seeds of step 1
until
obtaining a protein rich flour;
3) Mixing the protein rich flour of step 1 or 2 with water until obtaining a
protein rich
suspension;
4) Adjunction of an amylase enzyme to the protein rich suspension of step 3
thereby hydrolyzing the protein rich suspension;
5) Optionally separating by centrifugation the hydrolyzed protein rich
suspension
of step 4 until obtaining a heavy layer comprising fibers and a light layer
comprising proteins;
6) Adjunction of polysorbate to the hydrolyzed protein rich suspension of step
4 or
optionally to the light layer comprising proteins of step 5;
7) Separating by centrifugation the protein rich suspension comprising
polysorbate
or light layer comprising proteins of step 6 in an heavy layer containing
proteins
and a light layer containing soluble compounds including lipids; and
8) Optionally drying the heavy layer containing proteins of step 7.
[0011] A third and last embodiment are industrial uses of protein composition
of
the invention, preferably in food, feed, pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.
[0012] The present invention will be better understood with the following
detailed
description.
Description of Detailed Embodiments
[0013] A first embodiment of the present invention is an oat protein
composition
characterized in that said composition does not contain traces of organic
solvent,
has residual lipid content below 10% by weight on dry matter based on the
total
dry weight of the oat protein composition and has a mean particle size greater
than 10 microns.
[0014] By "a composition that does not contain traces of organic solvent" it
is
meant a composition that contains less than 100 ppm of solvent, preferably
less
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than 10 ppm of organic solvent and more preferably a composition that does not
contain organic solvent at all.
[0015] By "organic solvent", it is meant solvent based on compounds that
contain
carbon. On the opposite, inorganic solvents which are allowed in this
invention do
not contain carbon. A typical inorganic solvent allowed in the present
invention is
water.
[0016] "Oat" in the present application must be understood as a cereal plant
belonging to the botanical genus Avena. This genus can be divided in wild and
cultivated species which have been cultivated for thousands of years as a food
source for humans and livestock. The cultivated species contain :
- Avena sativa ¨ the most cultivated specie, commonly referred to as
"oats".
- Avena abyssinica ¨ the Ethiopian oat, native to Ethiopia, Eritrea, and
Djibouti; naturalized in Yemen and in Saudi Arabia
- Avena byzantina, a minor crop in Greece and Middle East; introduced in
Spain, Algeria, India, New Zealand, South America, etc.
- Avena nuda ¨ the naked oat or hulless oat, which plays the same role in
Europe as does A. abyssinicain Ethiopia. It is sometimes included in A.
sativa and was widely grown in Europe before the latter replaced it. As its
nutrient content is somewhat better than that of the common oat, A. nuda
has increased in significance in recent years, especially in organic farming.
- Avena strigosa ¨ the lopsided oat, bristle oat, or black oat, grown for
fodder
in parts of Western Europe and Brazil.
[0017] In a preferred embodiment, oat must be understood in the present
application as Avena nuda, naked oat or hulless oat.
[0018] In a preferred embodiment, oat protein composition is a protein
concentrate, or a protein isolate. The oat protein composition can thus have
around 40% by weight of protein or above, based on dry matter based on the
total
dry weight of the oat protein composition, for example from around 40 to 85%.
[0019] In the present application, "protein concentrate" must be understood as
an
oat protein composition which contains from 40% to 70%, preferably from 50% to
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60% by weight of protein on dry matter based on the total dry weight of the
oat
protein composition.
[0020] In the present application, "protein isolate" must be understood as an
oat
protein composition which contains more than 70%, preferably more than 80% by
5 weight of protein on dry matter based on the total dry weight of the oat
protein
composition.
[0021] Various protocols can be used from prior art in order to quantify the
protein
content. In the present application, a preferred method to quantify the
protein
content consists of 1) analyzing nitrogen content in the composition using the
Kjeldhal method and 2) multiplying the nitrogen content by 6,25 factor (which
represent the average quantity of nitrogen in protein).
[0022] In the present application "protein" must be understood as molecules,
consisting of one or more long chains of amino-acid residues. In the present
application, proteins can be native proteins or modified proteins, including
hydrolyzed proteins. These proteins can be present in different
concentrations,
including protein isolates or protein concentrates. Oats are the only cereal
containing avenalin as globulin or legume-like protein, as the major storage
protein
(80% by weight). Globulins are characterized by their solubility in dilute
saline as
opposed to the more typical cereal proteins, such as gluten and zein which is
a
prolamine. The minor protein of oat is the prolamine which is called avenin.
[0023] In the present application "lipid" must be understood as molecules that
are
soluble in nonpolar solvents. Lipids include fatty acids, waxes, sterols, fat-
soluble
vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides,
triglycerides, and phospholipids. Oats, after corn, have the highest lipid
content of
all the cereals, i.e. greater than 10% by weight for some oats and as high as
17%
by weight for some maize cultivars in comparison to about 2-3% by weight for
wheat and most other cereals. The polar lipid content of oats (about 8-17% by
weight glycolipid and 10-20% by weight phospholipid or a total lipid polar
content
of about 33% by weight) is greater than that of other cereals, since much of
the
lipid fraction is contained within the endosperm.
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[0024] In order to quantify residual lipids, every well-known methods from man
skilled in the art can be used. Preferably, the Test A based on the CEM method
is
used. The CEM method is based on a NMR analysis and gives an extractible lipid
content. In the Test A based on the CEM method, the sample is simply
introduced
in the apparatus and, following the user manual, the analysis is launched and
the
result is obtained very quickly.
[0025] The oat protein composition presents advantageously a mean particle
size
greater than 20 microns, preferably greater than 30 microns, more preferably
greater than 40 microns. The oat protein composition presents advantageously a
mean particle size lower than 300 microns, preferably lower than 200 microns,
more preferably lower than 150 microns.
[0026] The oat protein composition can comprise from 0.1 to 10% by weight of
starch on dry matter based on the total dry weight of the oat protein
composition,
preferably from 0.5 to 6%, more preferably from 1 to 4%. Starch content of the
composition can be determined using AOAC Official Method 996.11, Starch
(Total)
in Cereal Products.
[0027] The oat protein composition can comprise a total dietary fiber going
from
0.1 to 10% by weight of fiber on dry matter based on the total dry weight of
the oat
protein composition, preferably from 0.5 to 6%, more preferably from 1 to 4%.
In
the present application, fiber content can be determined using AOAC Official
Method 2017.16, Total Dietary Fiber in Foods and Food Ingredients. One of the
dietary fibre generally presents in the composition is beta-glucans.
[0028] The oat protein composition can comprise, based on the total weight of
the
proteins in the composition, less than 50% of proteins having a molecular
weight
of 10kDa and less, advantageously less than 30%, preferably less than 10%. In
an
embodiment, the oat protein composition comprises, based on the total weight
of
proteins in the composition:
- from 0,5 to 30% of proteins having a molecular weight of 300kDa and
more,
advantageously from 5 to 15%,
- from 30 to 75% of proteins having a molecular weight of between 50 and
300kDa, advantageously from 45 to 65%,
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- from 10 to 50% of proteins having a molecular weight of between 10 and
50kDa, advantageously from 25 to 45%,
- from 0,5 to 20% of proteins having a molecular weight of 10kDa and less,
advantageously from 1 to 10%,
the sum making 100%.
[0029] An advantage of this preferred embodiment of the invention is that the
molecular weight of the oat protein composition is high, which can provide
different
protein functionalities compared to low molecular weight oat protein
composition
such as described e.g. in the document BrOckner-GOhmann et al.
[0030] The protein molecular weight (MW) distribution can be determined using
Size Exclusion Chromatography. The protocols of preparation of the samples to
analyze and of measurement using Size Exclusion Chromatography are included
in the examples section below.
[0031] In the present application "particle size" must be understood as a
notion
introduced for comparing dimensions of solid, liquid or gaseous particles. The
particle-size distribution (PSD) of a powder, or granular material, or
particles
dispersed in fluid, is a list of values or a mathematical function that
defines the
relative amount, typically by mass, of particles present according to size.
Several
methods can be used for measuring particle size and particle size
distribution.
Some of them are based on light, or on ultrasound, or electric field, or
gravity, or
centrifugation. The use of sieves is a common measurement technique. In the
present application, the use of laser diffraction method is preferred. As for
"mean
particle size" (d 50) determined by laser diffraction, this mean particle size
is a
volume-weighted mean particle size. The man skilled in the art will be able to
select a laser diffraction method allowing him to obtain an accurate mean
particle
size determination. An example of such method is indicated in the examples
section.
[0032] In the present application, "dry matter" must be understood as the
relative
percentage by weight of solids based on total weight of the sample. Every well-
known method can be used but desiccation method, which consists of estimating
quantity of water by heating a known quantity of sample, is preferred. In the
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desiccation method:
- a sample is prepared and its mass is weighed: mi (g),
- sample is put in an oven, to volatize water, until stabilization of the
sample's
mass. Preferably, during this step, the temperature is 105 C at common
atmospheric pressure.
- final sample is weighed : m2 (g)
- The dry matter is calculated according to the following equation Dry
matter = ( m2
/ mi ) * 100.
[0033] A second embodiment of the present invention is a process for producing
an oat protein composition which has a residual lipid content below 10% by
weight
on dry matter based on the total dry weight of the oat protein composition,
which
can be the oat protein composition as defined hereabove, characterized in that
the
process comprises the following steps:
1) Preparing oat seeds or provide a protein rich oat flour;
2) In the case of using oat seeds in step 1, grinding oat seeds of step 1
until
obtaining a protein rich flour;
3) Mixing the protein rich flour of step 1 or 2 with water until obtaining a
protein rich
suspension;
4) Adjunction of an amylase enzyme to the protein rich suspension of step 3
thereby hydrolyzing the protein rich suspension;
5) Optionally separating by centrifugation the hydrolyzed protein rich
suspension
of step 4 until obtaining a heavy layer comprising fibers and a light layer
comprising proteins;
6) Adjunction of polysorbate to the hydrolyzed protein rich suspension of step
4 or
optionally to the light layer comprising proteins of step 5;
7) Separating by centrifugation the protein rich suspension comprising
polysorbate
or light layer comprising proteins of step 6 in an heavy layer containing
proteins
and a light layer containing soluble compounds including lipids; and
8) Optionally drying the heavy layer containing proteins of step 7.
[0034] Thus, the process of the present invention does not use organic
solvents
and allows obtaining a composition which does not contain traces of organic
solvent.
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[0035] The first step aims to provide oat seeds in a state that allows further
steps.
Oat seeds may be cultivated and/or commercially available. Oat seeds may then
prepared including possible steps of sieving or dehulling.
[0036] Oats seeds may be dry- or wet-heated prior to use. The purpose of dry-
or
wet-heat is to destroy enzymes including beta-glucanase, lipase and
lipoxygenase.
Indeed, inactivation of lipase and lipoxygenase is indicated to prevent the
product
from turning rancid. In the process of the present invention heat treatment,
in
particular steaming, should be avoided or at least be kept as short as
possible
and/or carried out at a temperature as low as possible to keep oat protein
denaturation low.
[0037] A preferred raw material used in the present invention to prepare oat
seeds in step 1 is Avena nuda, naked oat or hulless oat, or dry milled oat
flour,
that have not been heat treated, in particular that have not been steamed.
However, wet milled oat flour that has not been heat treated or dry milled
flour of
any oats fraction can also be used. Particularly preferred raw material is dry
milled
non-heat treated oats, non-heat treated oat bran, or non-steamed oats.
[0038] The second step aims to grind oat seeds in order to obtain protein rich
flour. To grind oat seeds, all well-known common technologies can be used
including stone-mill, roller mill or knife-mill. In this step, preferred
particle size
distribution of the resulting protein rich flour may be a D50 (50th
percentile) above
microns, preferably above 40 microns, even more preferably above 50 microns.
In the present invention, D50 is measured with help of any known by man
skilled in
the art technology. In a preferred way, laser granulometry is preferred.
[0039] The protein rich flour can comprise a protein content above 14%, e.g.
25 above 16%, based on the dry solids content of the protein flour.
[0040] Preferably, the content of insoluble fiber in the protein rich flour is
less
than 4%, preferably less than 2 %, based on the dry solids content of the
protein
flour. In these preferred ranges, the viscosity is lower during the process,
which
makes easier the conduction of the process.
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[0041] In replacement of step 1 and 2 it is possible to use directly
commercial oat
flour. This alternative embodiment allows to merge step 1 and 2 of claim 1,
which
are done by a third-party, and to start quickly on step 3.
[0042] The third step aims to obtain a protein rich suspension which is an oat
5 flour suspension. As water, every food compatible waters can be used but tap
water and decarbonated water are preferred. The aim of this third step is to
reach
a dry matter comprised between 5% and 20%, preferably between 10% and 15%,
most preferably between 10% and 13% by weight with respect to the total weight
of the suspension. Preferably, in step 3, flour may be weighed and introduced
in a
10 tank containing water and equipped with agitation, pH and heating
apparatus.
Preferably, during step 3 temperature is regulated between 60 C to 80 C,
preferably between 65 C and 75 C. Preferably, during step 3 pH is adjusted
between 5 and 6, preferably 5,5. In the present application, pH can be
adjusted by
adding well-known acid or basic compounds such as hydrochloric acid, sodium
hydroxide, citric acid, calcium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Agitation
may
be set-up in order to obtain a homogeneous suspension, without foaming.
[0043] The fourth step aims to hydrolyse the starch contained in the protein
rich
suspension with the help of amylases. Amylases are type of enzymes that
catalyzes hydrolysis of starch molecules in smaller sugar molecules. In step 4
of
the present application, every type of amylase can be used like beta-amylases
or
amyloglucosidase, but alpha-amylases are preferred. In a preferred embodiment,
thermoresistant alpha-amylases are preferred.
[0044] The aim of step 4 is to efficiently reduce the size of starch contained
in the
protein rich suspension by hydrolysis, thereby obtaining a soluble dextrin or
glucose syrup instead of starch. This soluble transformation of starch will
allow a
more simple separation with insoluble compounds in the coming steps. But, as
exemplified below, such separation known from prior art is not effective to
obtain a
protein composition with less than 10% by weight of lipid based on the total
dry
weight of the protein composition.
[0045] In a preferred embodiment, alpha-amylase enzyme is preferred. Activity
of
alpha-amylase is expressed as KNU units. In practice, the a-amylase activity
is
measured using ethylidene-G7- PNP (4,6-ethylidene(G7)-p-nitrophenyl(G1)-a,D-
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maltoheptaoside) as a substrate. The compound is hydrolyzed by the LE399
alpha-amylase to G2-PNP and G3-PNP where G means glucose and PNP means
p-nitrophenol. G2-PNP and G3-PNP are subsequently hydrolyzed by a-
glucosidase, which is added to the reaction mixture, to glucose and p-phenol.
Absorbance is measured spectrophotometrically at 409 nm under standard
reaction conditions. One KNU(T) corresponds to the amount of aalpha-amylase
that hydrolyzes 672 micromoles of ethylidene-G7PNP per minute under standard
conditions (pH 7.1; 37 C. The quantification limit of the method is
approximately
0.3 KNU(T)/g. In the step 4, amylase added in step 4 may have an activity
level
comprised between 100 and 170 KNU/100g of flour, preferably between 110 and
160 KNU/100g of flour, even more preferably between 120 and 150 KNU/100g of
flour. In other words, alpha-amylase units quantities introduced in order to
hydrolyze starch are comprised between 100 and 170 KNU/100g of flour,
preferably between 110 and 160 KNU/100g of flour, even more preferably
between 120 and 150 KNU/100g of flour. One Kilo Novo alpha-amylase Unit
(KNU) is a value known by the man skilled in the art and is the amount of
enzyme
which breaks down a determined quantity of starch per hour at Novozymes'
standard method. This tests consists in determining alpha-amylase activity
relative
to an alpha-amylase standard with known activity (Termamyl) and is expressed
in
Kilo Novo alpha-amylase Units (KNU). One KNU is the amount of alpha-amylase
which, under standard conditions (pH 7.1; 37 C), dextrinizes 5.26 g starch dry
substance per hour.
[0046] The fifth step consists in an optional centrifugation separating a
heavy
layer comprising fibers and a light layer comprising proteins. Indeed, as
fibers and
starch are insoluble and heavier than proteins, sugar and salts, they will be
separated with help of a centrifuge which preferably operates between 3000G
and
4000G.
[0047] As exemplified below, more than 70% of the dry matter, preferably more
than 80% of the dry matter obtained after step 5 is constituted of proteins.
[0048] The sixth step consists in an addition of polysorbate.
[0049] Polysorbates are a class of emulsifiers used in cosmetic,
pharmaceuticals
and food preparations. Polysorbates are oily liquids derived from ethoxylated
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sorbitan (a derivative of sorbitol) esterified with fatty acids. Common brand
names
for polysorbates include Scattics, Alkest, Canarcel, and Tween. Common used
polysorbate are Polysorbate 20 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate),
Polysorbate 40 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate), Polysorbate 60
(polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate) and Polysorbate 80
(polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate) (number following 'polyoxyethylene'
refers to total number of oxyethylene -(CH2CH20)- groups found in the molecule
and number following 'polysorbate' is related to the type of fatty acid
associated
with the polyoxyethylene sorbitan part of the molecule). Preferably, the
polysorbate is Polysorbate 80 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate) also
known as Tween 80.
[0050] After hydrolysis of step 4, and optionally removal of internal fibers
in step 5,
and before addition of polysorbate in step 6, pH may be adjusted between 5,5
and
7,5, preferably 6,5. In step 6, the polysorbate may be added at temperature
comprised between 50 C and 80 C, preferably between 55 C and 75 C, and even
more preferably 65 C.
[0051] Polysorbate may be added at a percentage comprised between 0.5% and
5%, preferably between 2% and 4%, and more preferably 3% by weight with
respect to the total weight of protein rich flour which is an oat flour.
[0052] Polysorbate 80 is preferred, example of commercial Polysorbate 80 is
Tween 80 from CRODA
[0053] Medium may then be agitated under stirring and preferably for an
average
hour.
[0054] Seventh step consists in a centrifugation allowing separation of a
protein
rich suspension in a heavy layer containing mainly protein and a light layer
containing others compounds including lipids.
[0055] In a preferred embodiment, during step 7 pH is first adjusted between 4
and 6, preferably 6. By adjusting pH at this range, proteins will coagulate.
In a
preferred embodiment, heat may also be applied to help to coagulate. In this
case,
temperature will be set between 40 C and 70 C, preferably between 50 C and 60
.
In all embodiments, the duration of step 7 is chosen to reach a sufficient
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coagulation. Preferably, the duration of step 7 is sets between 30min and 2
hours,
preferably between 45 min and 1 hour. Then medium is fed in a centrifuge which
may operate between 3000G and 4000G. The pellet, lower part or heavy layer,
which contains proteins is collected. The supernatant, higher layer or light
layer,
which contains hydrolyzed starch and lipids is discarded.
[0056] In a preferred embodiment, the pellet, lower part or heavy layer is
mixed
with water, agitated and then fed in a second centrifuge which may operate
between 3000G and 4000G. Once again, the pellet, lower part or heavy layer,
which contains proteins is collected. The supernatant, higher layer or light
layer,
which contains hydrolyzed starch and lipids is discarded.
[0057] In a last eighth optional step, oat protein concentrated in the pellet,
lower
part or heavy layer, can be dried. In order to do so, man skilled in the art
may
preferably use a spray-drier, preferably a multistage spray-drier. This will
allow to
provide an oat protein composition having the mean particle size defined
hereabove. Before spray-drying, homogenization and a UHT treatment step can
also be done.
[0058] A third and last embodiment of the present invention is the use of
protein
composition of the present invention or obtained by the process of the present
invention, preferably in food, feed, pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.
[0059] Such oat protein composition is particularly suitable for ready to
drink,
beverages, baking. Its low lipid content allows an improved organoleptic
experience when formulated, as with low lipid content and in presence of
oxygen
no undesirable compounds can alter its organoleptic quality.
[0060] Invention will be better understood with the following non-exhaustive
examples.
Examples
[0061] Method for determining MW distribution:
[0062] Samples were dissolved in 200 mM phosphate buffer, pH=7.6, vortexed
for 1 minute initially and 10 minutes later and stored at 4C over-night. The
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solutions were centrifuged at 7000 g for 10 minutes, the supernatant was
measured for soluble protein content the next day, and the samples were
diluted
to 10 mg/mL with phosphate buffer.
[0063] The samples were chromatographed using 2 SEC columns (400 and 300
Agilent Advanced Bio SEC Column, 5000 ¨ 1,250,000 MW Range) in sequence
using phosphate buffer, pH=7.6 as the mobile phase at 0.5 mL/minute. The
detection was a UV = 280 nm.
[0064] Several protein molecular weight standards going from 14300 to 669000
Da (Lysozyme, Carbonic Anhydrase, BSA, HSA, B-Amylase, Apoferritin,
Thyroglobulin) were analyzed to identify the retention time and calibrate the
chromatography apparatus.
[0065] For sample analysis, chromatograms peak or peak apex (group) was
determined along with the range of the peak (start and end) and the molecular
weight was determined for the range and peak apex. The percent of molecular
weight was determined for: >300 kDa, 300 kDa to 50 kDa, 50 KDa to 10 KDa and
<10 kDa.
[0066] Example 1 : Prior art process involving starch hydrolysis
[0067] Weigh 2.5 kg N 70 oat flour from Grain Millers, Lot no. 1802150. Fill a
feed tank with 25 L water at 40-50 C. Mix flour into water. Adjust pH to 5.4
to 5.5
with 1 N HCI while agitating for 10 min. Add 25 g Liquozyme supra (from
Novozyme). Heat on hot plate 70 C, 300 rpm, for 2 hours. Reduce pH to 5.0 with
1
N HCI and stir for 30 min. Feed through a Lemitec centrifuge at 500 mL/min,
580
G, 10 rpm differentia. Add 12.5 L 50 C water to the curd. Adjust to pH 5.0
with 1 N
HCI. Feed through Lemitec 500 mL/min, 3600 rpm, 10 rpm differential. Dry
washed curd with spray-dryer.
[0068] Sample is called "51 : Prior art without polysorbate"
[0069] Example 2 : Inventive process involving starch hydrolysis and use of
polysorbate
[0070] Weigh 2.5 kg N 70 oat flour from Grain Millers, Lot no. 1802150. Fill a
feed tank with 25 L water, 40-50 C. Mix flour into water. Adjust pH to 5.4 to
5.5
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with 1 N HCI while agitating for 10 min. Add 25 g Liquozyme supra (from
Novozyme). Heat on hot plate 70 C, 300 rpm, for 2 hours. Add 75 g of Tween 80.
Adjust pH to 6,5 and allow to cool to 65 C, hold 60 min. Reduce pH to 5.0 with
1 N
HCI and stir for 30 min. Feed through Lemitec centrifuge 500 mL/min, 580 G, 10
5 rpm differentia. Add 12.5 L 50 C water to the curd. Adjust to pH 5.0 with 1
N HCI.
Feed through Lemitec 500 mL/min, 3600 rpm, 10 rpm differential. Dry washed
curd with spray-dryer.
[0071] Sample is called "S2 : Invention with polysorbate"
[0072] Example 3 : Importance of choice of polysorbate as surfactant
10 [0073] Polysorbate will be compared to sodium dodecylsulfate, another well-
known food surfactant.
[0074] Weigh 2.5 kg N 70 oat flour from Grain Millers, Lot no. 1802150. Fill a
feed tank with 25 L water, 40-50 C. Mix flour into water. Adjust pH to 5.4 to
5.5
with 1 N HCI while agitating for 10 min. Add 25 g Liquozyme supra (from
15 Novozyme). Heat on hot plate 70 C, 300 rpm, 2 hours. Add 75g of SDS. Adjust
pH
of SDS sample to 6, allow to cool to 65 C, hold 60 min. Reduce pH to 5.0 with
1 N
HCI and stir for 30 min. Feed through Lemitec centrifuge 500 mL/min, 580G, 10
rpm differentia. Add 12.5 L 50 C water to the curd. Adjust to pH 5.0 with 1 N
HCI.
Feed through Lemitec 500 mL/min, 3600 rpm, 10 rpm differential. Dry washed
curd with spray-dryer.
[0075] Sample is called "S3 : comparative example with SDS"
[0076] Example 4: Importance of parameter reaction with polysorbate
[0077] Weigh 2.5 kg N 70 oat flour from Grain Millers, Lot no. 1802150. Fill a
feed tank with 25 L water, 40-50 C. Mix flour into water. Adjust pH to 5.4 to
5.5
with 1 N HCI while agitating for 10 min. Add 25 g Liquozyme supra (from
Novozyme). Heat on hot plate 70 C, 300 rpm, for 2 hours. Add 75 g of Tween 80.
Adjust pH to 6,5 and allow to cool to 35 C, hold 60 min. Reduce pH to 5.0 with
1 N
HCI and stir for 30 min. Feed through Lemitec centrifuge 500 mL/min, 580 G, 10
rpm differentia. Add 12.5 L 50 C water to the curd. Adjust to pH 5.0 with 1 N
HCI.
Feed through Lemitec 500 mL/min, 3600 rpm, 10 rpm differential. Dry washed
curd with spray-dryer.
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[0078] Sample is called "S4 : polysorbate treatment at suboptimal condition"
[0079] Example 5 : Preferred embodiment with use of fiber centrifugation
before
use of polysorbate
[0080] Weigh 2.5 kg of N 70 oat flour from Grain Millers, Lot no. 1802150.
Fill a
feed tank with 25 L water, 40-50 C. Mix flour into water. Adjust pH to 5.4 to
5.5
with 1 N HCI while agitating for 10 min. Add 25 g Liquozyme supra (from
Novozyme). Heat on hot plate 70 C, 300 rpm, 2 hours. Adjust pH to 7.0 with 1 N
NaOH. Centrifuge with a Lemitec centrifuge 580G, 10 rpm diff, 500 ml/min, with
60/10 weir. Add 75 g of Tween 80 to overflow. Adjust pH to 6, allow to cool to
65 C,
hold 60 min. Reduce pH to 5.0 with 1 N HCI. Feed through Lemitec centrifuge
580G, 3600 rpm, 10 rpm differentia. Add 12.5 L 50 C water to the curd. Adjust
to
pH 5.0 with 1 N HCI. Feed through Lemitec 500 mL/min, 3600 rpm, 10 rpm
differential. Dry washed curd with spray-dryer.
[0081] Sample is called "S5 : use of fiber centrifugation before use of
polysorbate"
[0082] Example 6 : Comparison of previous examples
[0083] Results are presented in Table 1 below. In Table 1, percentages are
expressed as percentages by weight using the methods described hereabove.
D50 is measured by a laser granulometry apparatus (Mastersizer 3000, from
Malvern), which measures intensity of scattered light across a range of
scattering
angles using forward scattering measurement, on a dry powder without
dispersion
buffer, and using the software of the apparatus with the Mie scattering model
to fit
the distribution to the measured scattering pattern.
[0084] [Table 1]
Protein (%) Lipid (% Dry mattero)
D50 (microns)
(cyco
51: Prior art without
54.4 15.9 2.6 -
polysorbate
S2 : Invention with
57 6,2 1.3 55
polysorbate
S3 : comparative
41 10,3 1 -
example with SDS
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S4: polysorbate
treatment at suboptimal 68.4 10.4 1 -
condition
S5 : use of fiber
centrifugation before use 75 6 1.1 51
of polysorbate.
[0085] Example 7: Production of oat protein composition at pilot scale
[0086] The protein composition was produced using the following protocol:
[0087] Weigh 12.5 kg oat flour (no 70 Grain miller), fill 50 gall jacketed
tank with
approximately 88 L of 50 C water and mix flour into water, adjust to achieve
12 %
solids. Adjust pH to 5.4 to 5.5 with HCI while agitating for 10 min and add
125 g
Liquozyme supra (from Novozyme). Heat to 70 C with heat exchanger, using
recirculation pump, during 2 hours. Then adjust pH to 7.0 with NaOH and
centrifuge 5000 rpm, 10 rpm diff, 2000 ml/min feed to Lemitec decanter
centrifuge,
with 60/10 weir, and collect overflow in a 50 gallons tank. Add 210 g of 30%
solution Tween 80 to the tank (62.5 g pure T80) and heat to 65 C and hold 60
min.
Fill tank to capacity with water, heat back to 60 C and reduce pH to 5.0 with
HCI.
Centrifuge on Clara 20 disc centrifuge, 0.45 m3/h, 9,000 rpm. Resuspend
underflow fraction in jacketed 50 gal tank, fill to capacity with water and
heat to
60 C, repeat centrifugation step and store underflow fraction in 5 gal bucket
overnight in fridge. Heat to 40 C, adjust at pH 7.0 and pass through ultra-
high
temperature apparatus (at 154 C hold temperature, 71 C flash temperature, 15 s
hold time (380 ml/min, pp speed 200, long loop). Dry with spray-dryer.
[0088] The oat protein composition comprises 82.8% protein, 6.1% lipids, 1.5%
of
insoluble fiber, 1.6% of soluble fiber, 1.7% of beta-glucans and 3.3% of
moisture.
The starch content is determined to be around 2-3%. The distribution of MW is
indicated in the Table 2 below.
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[0089] Table 2
Distribution MW %
%MW >300 KD 10.64
%MW 300 KD to 50
KD 52.69
%MW 50 KD to 10
KD 32.98
%MW <10 KD 3.69
