Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
1
PACKAGING FROM AGRICULTURAL PLANT FIBRES
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to compositions, in particular pulp
compositions,
comprising agricultural plant fibres and wood fibres, wherein the wood fibres
may be
recycled wood fibres. The present invention is also directed to methods of
making these
compositions, paperboard or paper comprising or obtained from these
compositions, the
use of these compositions in making paperboard, paper or packaging, and
packaging
comprising or prepared from the compositions of the present invention.
BACKGROUND
Pulp and paperboard/paper production based on wood fibre is a highly resource
intensive and polluting industry. The vast majority of pulp for
paperboard/paper making
is prepared from a combination of both softwood and hardwood fibres, which can
be
virgin fibres or recycled fibres. Fibres originating from woodlands and tree
plantations
have a devastating impact on the environment in various ways, such as a loss
of
biodiversity and biomass above and below ground biota (which is one of Earth's
main
CO2 sinks), soil erosion, floods and climate change. Also, the processing of
turning wood
into virgin fibers has an additional negative impact on CO2 emissions because
roughly
80% of the CO2 stored in trees ends up being released in the waste stream and
consumption of wood (e.g., burning of wood, production of paper or other
products).
Besides wood fibre, the primary inputs into the paperboard and paper making
process
are water, energy and chemicals. The energy cost of paperboard and paper
production
represents 10-40% of total manufacturing cost and is an important factor
influencing
profitability of a mill operation. Manufacturing pulp and paperboard/paper
requires a
substantial amount of water since it is used in all major process stages. The
benchmark
for water usage within pulp and mills ranges between 64,352 and 113,562
liters/ton of
paperboard/paper. Within the pulping process, most methods use sulfur and
chlorine
compounds to increase pulp quality and yield, resulting in NOx and SOx
emissions such
as dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), and methyl mercaptan.
Aside from
odor nuisance in the mills and surroundings, oxidized sulphur contributes to
the large-
scale acidification of soil, which negatively affects vegetation and
biodiversity. Although
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
2
methods to control chemical balance are applied, many modern mills still have
difficulties
controlling sulfidity.
Meanwhile, alternative, non-wood fibres from agricultural sources can deliver
fibres of
suitable quality for the production of paperboard and paper. Barley is one of
the four
main ingredients in beer, along with water, yeast and hops. Wheat is also
commonly
used in beer production. However, only the grains of the barley and wheat
plants are
used in the brewing process. After the barley or wheat is harvested, there is
an
abundance of straw leftover as a by-product, which has a high fibre content.
Making use
of the straw fibres creates value from a by-product which is often left to
decay, burnt, or
sold as low value animal bedding. These straw fibres have been shown to be
suitable
for pulp and paper production (see, for example, WO 99/18285 Al). However, the
resulting paper often does not have the physical and mechanical properties
(such as
tensile strength and tear strength) needed for secondary packaging such as
packaging
for beer bottles or cans, which requires the package to carry relatively high
weight and
where liquid from condensation or spillages can affect the integrity of the
packaging.
In view of the above, there is a need in the art for compositions derived from
alternative
raw materials for use in making paperboard, paper and packaging in order to
reduce the
environmental impact of production. There is also a need for paperboard and
paper
derived from alternative raw materials that has improved physical and
mechanical
properties. Additionally, many alternative fibres are not able to withstand
the high
pressure, temperature and intensive mechanical processing used for processing
wood
fibres to make paperboard or paper. Accordingly, methods of producing
paperboard and
paper from alternative raw materials that have reduced water and energy
consumption
and reduced use of chemicals are needed.
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
3
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a first aspect, the present invention is directed to composition,
preferably a pulp
composition comprising:
a first component comprising agricultural plant fibres; and,
a second component comprising wood fibres, preferably recycled wood fibres.
In a second aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of making a
composition
of the present invention, comprising the step of: mixing a first component
comprising
agricultural plant fibres and a second component comprising wood fibres.
In a third aspect, the present invention is directed to paperboard or paper
comprising the
composition of the present invention.
In a fourth aspect, the present invention is directed to paperboard or paper
prepared
from the composition of the present invention.
In a fifth aspect, the present invention is directed to use of a composition
as defined
herein in the manufacture of paperboard, paper or packaging.
In a sixth aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of preparing
paperboard,
paper or packaging comprising:
(i) mixing a composition as defined in any one of claims 1 to 15
with an
alkaline agent and applying heat,
(ii) removing lignin, optionally by sieving;
(iii) washing to produce a pulp;
(iv) mixing the pulp with water to make a pulp slurry;
(v) distributing the pulp slurry onto a moving continuous screen;
(vi) draining water from the pulp slurry;
(vii) pressing and drying the pulp slurry to make paperboard or paper; and
(viii) rolling the paperboard or paper into rolls.
In a seventh aspect, the present invention is directed to packaging comprising
the
composition of the present invention.
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
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In an eighth aspect, the present invention is directed to packaging prepared
from the
composition of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
Agricultural plant fibres: Agricultural plants include all non-wood plants,
such as cereal
plants. Agricultural plant fibres may be from or derived any part of the non-
wood plant,
such as the stem, bark or skin, leaves or fruit. Preferably the fibres are
derived from the
stem or stalk, which may be known as straw.
Recycled wood fibres: Recycled wood fibres are non-virgin wood fibres.
Recycled wood
fibres are divided into a number of grades depending on the origin of the wood
fibres and
their relative contents. Recycled paper grades are defined by, for example,
the
Confederation of European Paper Industries' (Cepi) EN 643 standard.
Group 1 according to EN 643 (Ordinary Grades) includes, corrugated paper and
board
wastes, Old Corrugated Containers (OCC) and Unsold Magazines. Corrugated paper
and board wastes may contain used paper and board packaging that may be made
up
of a minimum of 80% of corrugated board, the rest being other paper and board
products.
Old Corrugated Containers (OCC) may comprise used boxes and sheets of
corrugated
board of various qualities and 10% of other packaging papers and boards. OCC
may
alternatively comprise used boxes and sheets of corrugated board of various
qualities
and 5% of other packaging papers and boards. Group 2 according to EN 643
(Medium
Grades) includes, for example, unsold newspapers, sorted office paper and
white wood-
free books. Group 3 according to EN 643 (High Grades) includes, for example,
wood-
free binders, white wood-free letters, white heavily printed multiply board,
and white
woodfree shavings. Group 4 according to EN 643 (Kraft Grades) includes, for
example,
unused corrugated material, used/unused kraft sacks with polycoated papers.
Group 5
according to EN 643 (Special Grades) includes, for example, mixed recovered
paper and
board, liquid board packaging, and labels.
Softwood fibres: Softwood fibres are virgin wood fibres and may comprise any
softwood
fibres known in the art, for example fibres from pine, spruce and/or
coniferous trees.
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
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Hardwood fibres: Hardwood fibres are virgin wood fibres and may comprise any
hardwood fibres known in the art, for example, fibres from aspen, birch and/or
eucalyptus
trees.
Paperboard: Paperboard refers to a paper-based material that comprise fibres
from
sources such as agricultural plants and wood. Typically, paperboard is thicker
than
paper. Paperboard includes but is not limited to material such as card,
cardboard, folding
boxboard, cartonboard, folding carton, containerboard and linerboard.
Generally,
paperboard has a grammage above 250 g/m2.
Paper: Paper refers to material that comprises fibres from sources such as
agricultural
plants and wood. Generally, paper has a grammage below 250 g/m2.
Fibre dimensions: Various fibre dimensions are recited herein, e.g. fibre
length, fibre
width. Wherever such dimensions are given, the values recited are average
values.
Preferably the values relate to dry fibres.
The compositions of the present invention
Most paperboard or paper is a mixture of hardwood and softwood fibres, each
giving
different characteristics. Agricultural plant stalk fibres from, for example,
barley and
wheat have physical characteristics that fall between hardwood and softwood
and are
superior to recycled wood fibre. Other advantageous characteristics of pulps
made from
agricultural plant fibres, in particular cereal plant fibres, especially
barley & wheat,
include:
- A longer fibre length than hardwood pulps. The fibres of the compositions
of the
present invention additionally have a higher length:diameter ratio compared to
hardwood and softwood fibres. These characteristics improve the tensile
strength,
breaking strain and fracture toughness of the dry paperboard and paper and are
especially important for wet web strength.
- Lower fibre coarseness (fiber mass per unit length) compared to other non-
wood
pulps. This property is usually employed for characterization of the fibre
cross
section. A low coarseness means there are more fibers per unit mass of pulp
and a
higher number of bonds per unit fiber length at a given sheet density.
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
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- Lower lignin content. Lignin is removed during the pulping process
and cereal plant
fibres allow lower lignin contents to be achieved.
The present invention uses these advantageous properties in its compositions
for the
production of high-quality paperboard and paper.
In addition to the above, most available pulping processes tend to reduce the
fibre length.
The agricultural plant fibres (e.g. cereal fibres) present in the compositions
of the
invention typically have a longer fibre length than those produced in
conventional pulping
processes. Preferably the agricultural plants fibres (e.g. cereal fibres) are
prepared in a
pulping process that uses milder conditions to preserve fibre length. This
ensures the
pulp quality is high, and leads to improved mechanical performance and
durability of the
end product.
In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a composition, preferably
a pulp
composition, for making paperboard or paper comprising:
a first component comprising agricultural plant fibres; and,
a second component comprising wood fibres.
The agricultural plant from which the fibres are derived may be, for example,
one or more
selected from the group consisting of barley, wheat, rye, rice, sorghum,
millet, corn,
hemp, flax, bagasse, cotton, bamboo, sisal, sabai, jute, ramie and reed.
Preferably the agricultural plant is a cereal plant. The cereal plant may be
any of those
known to the skilled person and may be, for example, one or more selected from
the
group consisting of barley, wheat, rye, rice, sorghum, millet, and corn.
Preferably, the
cereal plant may be one or more selected from the group consisting of barley,
wheat,
and rice, more preferably barley or wheat, especially barley. Preferably, the
cereal plant
fibres comprise cereal plant stalk fibres, which may also be known as straw
fibres.
The wood fibres may be one or more selected from the group consisting of
softwood
fibres, and hardwood fibres.
The wood fibres present in the composition may be virgin fibres, recycled
fibres or a
mixture thereof. Preferably the wood fibres present in the composition are
predominantly
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
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recycled fibres. Still more preferably the wood fibres present in the
composition are
recycled fibres. The composition of the present invention can accommodate the
presence of significant amounts of recycled fibres, without compromising the
mechanical
performance of its end products, due to the presence of the agricultural plant
fibres, in
particular cereal plant fibres, and especially barely or wheat fibres.
Preferred recycled wood fibres comprise (e.g. consist of) old corrugated
container (OCC)
fibres. The length of the OCC fibres may be between 0.1 mm and 3 mm,
preferably from
1 mm to 2 mm, for example 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 0r2 mm.
The compositions of the present invention may comprise agricultural plant
fibres in any
amount. Preferably, compositions of the present invention may comprise
agricultural
plant fibres in an amount of up to 95% by weight based on the total weight of
the
composition, preferably up to 75%, preferably up to 50%, preferably from 5% to
45% by
weight based on the total weight of the composition, more preferably 10% to
30% by
weight based on the total weight of the composition, for example, 10, 12, 14,
16, 18, 20,
22, 24, 25, 26, 28 or 30% by weight based on the total weight of the
composition.
A ratio of the first component to the second component may be from 1:15 to 2:1
by
weight, preferably from 1:10 to 1.5:1 by weight, for example, 1:9, 1:8, 1:7,
1:6, 1:5, 1:4,
1:3, 1:2 or 1.5:1 by weight. In preferred compositions, wherein the first
component
comprises barley or wheat fibres and the second component comprises virgin
softwood
or hardwood fibres, the ratio of the first component to the second component
may be
from 1:2 to 1:1 by weight. In other preferred compositions, wherein the first
component
comprises barley or wheat fibres and the second component comprises recycled
wood
fibres such as OCC, the ratio of the first component to the second component
may be
from 1:9 to 1:4 by weight. The present inventors have discovered that
including barley
or wheat straw in these amounts significantly improves the strength of the
paperboard
or paper, in particular when recycled fibres are used. In these compositions,
the barley
or wheat fibres preferably have an average fibre length of from 0.8 to 1.1 mm,
an average
fibre width of from 8 to 18 pm, and the composition has a lignin content of 8%
to 14% by
weight.
The average length of the agricultural plant fibres is preferably at least 0.5
mm, preferably
from 0.5 to 5 mm, more preferably from 0.6 to 2 mm, more preferably 0.8 to 1.1
mm, for
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
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example, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, or 1.1 mm. The average length of the agricultural
plant fibres
may also be from 0.5 mm to 1 mm, for example 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 mm.
The average width or average diameter of the agricultural plant fibres is
preferably from
5 to 30 pm, preferably from 8 to 18 pm, for example, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, 16, 17,
or 18 pm.
The ratio of the average length to the average width of the agricultural plant
fibres is
preferably from 50:1 to 500:1, preferably from 60:1 to 200:1, more preferably
from 75:1
to 150:1, more preferably from 100:1 to 120:1, for example, 100:1, 105:1,
110:1, 115:1,
or 120:1.
The coarseness of the agricultural plant fibres is preferably less than 1
mg/m, preferably
less than 0.9 mg/m, more preferably less than 0.1 mg/m.
The a-cellulose of the agricultural plant fibres is not particularly limited
and the
agricultural plant fibres may comprise a-cellulose in an amount of from 15 to
40% by
weight, preferably from 19 to 35% by weight, more preferably 31 to 34% by
weight, for
example 31, 32, 33, 34% by weight.
The amount of lignin in the agricultural plant fibres is not particularly
limited and the
agricultural plant fibres may comprise lignin in an amount less than 20% by
weight,
preferably from 1 to 15% by weight, more preferably 5 to 15% by weight, for
example, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15% by weight.
In particularly preferred compositions of the present invention, the first
component may
comprise barley fibres or wheat fibres; and, the second component may comprise
virgin
wood fibres or recycled wood fibres. In compositions in which the first
component
comprises barley or wheat fibres; and, the second component comprises virgin
wood
fibres, the barley or wheat fibres may be present in an amount of up to 50% by
weight
based on the total weight of the composition, preferably from 25 to 50%. In
compositions
in which the first component comprises barley or wheat fibres; and, the second
component comprises recycled fibres such as OCC, the barley or wheat fibres
may be
present in an amount of up to 50% by weight based on the total weight of the
composition, preferably from 10 to 30%. The present inventors have discovered
that
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
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including barley or wheat straw in these amounts significantly improves the
strength of
the paperboard or paper, in particular when recycled fibres are used. In these
compositions, the barley or wheat fibres preferably have an average fibre
length of from
0.8 to 1.1 mm, an average fibre width of from 8 to 18 pm, and the composition
has a
lignin content of 8% to 14% by weight.
The compositions of the present invention may further comprise water, e.g. to
bring the
total weight of the composition to 100 wt%. The water content of the
composition may
depend on the papermaking process in which it is used. For example, the water
content
of the composition may up to 96% by weight, preferably from 75% to 96%,
particularly at
the wet end of the papermaking machine. The water content of a dried
composition may
be up to 25% by weight, more preferably from 4% to 20%, more preferably from
7% to
15%.
The compositions of the present invention may further comprise additives that
those
skilled in the art of papermaking may include in compositions for making
paperboard and
paper. Examples of suitable additives include sizing agents such as alkyl
ketene dimers
(AKD), alum, albietic acid, and/or alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA); silicas;
pigments and
dyes such as titanium dioxide zinc oxide and/or casein; non-ionic, cationic or
anionic
retention aids; adhesives; acidity regulators such as calcium carbonate;
bleaches; fillers
such as barium sulfate; binders; and, bonding agents such as carboxymethyl
cellulose.
Preferably the total amount of additives present in the composition is 0.1 to
20 wt%, more
preferably 0.2 to 10 wt%, and more preferably 0.5 to 5 wt%.
In a further aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of making a
composition
as described above, comprising the steps of: mixing a first component
comprising
agricultural plant fibres, and a second component comprising wood fibres.
Mixing may
be achieved by any conventional method known in the art.
In a further aspect, the present invention is directed to a paperboard or
paper prepared
from the compositions as described above.
In a further aspect, the present invention is directed to paperboard or paper
comprising
the compositions as described above.
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
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The paperboard or paper of the present invention may be obtained from the
compositions
of the present invention using conventional methodology. The paperboard or
paper of
the present invention may be derived from the compositions of the present
invention.
Generally speaking, the paperboard or paper is obtained or derived from the
compositions of the invention by conventional methodology, which comprises
removal of
water (and other solvents) present in the, e.g. pulp composition.
The grammage of the paperboard or paper of the present invention is preferably
at least
90 g/m2, preferably from 100 to 800 g/m2, preferably from 250 to 450 g/m2,
preferably
from 310 to 390 g/m2, for example, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, or
390.
The thickness of the paperboard or paper of the present invention is
preferably from 200
to 1200 pm, preferably from 300 to 1000 pm, preferably 400 pm to 700 pm,
preferably
from 450 pm to 550 pm, more preferably from 450 pm to 500 pm, for example,
450, 460,
470, 480, 490, or 500 pm.
The paperboard or paper of the present invention may have at least one,
preferably two,
and still more preferably all, of the following properties:
Tensile strength (MD) dry of at least 15 kN/m, preferably from 20 to 50 kN/m,
more preferably 30 to 40 kN/m for example 30, 35, or 40 kN/m;
Tensile strength (CD) dry of at least 8 kN/m, preferably 10 to 20 kN/m, for
example 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 0r20 kN/m;
Tear strength (MD) dry of 2,500 to 10,000 Nm, preferably 3,000 to 7,000 Nm,
more preferably 3,500 to 4,500 Nm; and/or
Tear strength (CD) dry of 3,000 to 12,000 Nm, preferably from 4,000 to 7,000
Nm.
The paperboard or paper of the present invention may have at least one,
preferably two,
and still more preferably all, of the following properties:
Tensile strength (MD) wet of at least 5 kN/m, preferably from 5 to 30 kN/m,
more
preferably from 15 to 25 kN/m for example 15, 20, or 25 kN/m;
Tensile strength (CD) wet of at least 4 kN/m, preferably 6 to 20 kN/m, more
preferably 7 to 15 kN/m for example 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 kN/m;
Tear strength (MD) wet of 1,000 to 10,000 Nm, preferably 2,500 to 7,000 Nm,
more preferably 3,000 to 6000 Nm; and/or
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
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Tear strength (CD) wet of 1,000 to 7,500 Nm, preferably from 4,000 to 7,000
Nm.
The water absorbancy of the paperboard or paper may be up to 50 g/m2 measured
according to the COBB 60 method, optionally 0.5 to 40 g/m2, optionally 20 to
35 g/m2.
In a further aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of
preparing paperboard,
paper or packaging comprising:
(I) mixing a composition as defined in any one of claims 1 to 15
with an
alkaline agent and applying heat,
(ii) removing lignin, optionally by sieving;
(iii) washing to produce a pulp;
(iv) mixing the pulp with water to make a pulp slurry and optionally adding
additives;
(v) distributing the pulp slurry onto a moving continuous screen;
(vi) draining water from the pulp slurry;
(vii) pressing and drying the pulp slurry to make paperboard or paper; and
(viii) rolling the paperboard or paper into rolls.
Optionally the paperboard or paper is folded to make packaging.
In a further aspect, the present invention is directed to use of a composition
as described
above in the manufacture of paperboard, paper or packaging.
In a further aspect, the present invention is directed to packaging comprising
the
composition as described above.
In a further aspect, the present invention is directed to packaging prepared
from the
composition according to any one of the preceding claims.
The packaging of the present invention can be any type of packaging but is
preferably
primary, secondary, or tertiary packaging. Preferably the packaging is
secondary or
tertiary packaging suitable for beverage containers, such as regular slotted
containers,
crates, folding cartons for (including but not limited to) baskets, wraparound
packages,
neck-through wraparound packages, cluster wraparound packages, open and closed
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
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baskets, trays, fully enclosed packs, fridge packs, suitcases, top clusters,
rings, clips,
top clips, moulded fibre, sleeves, fibre hi-cones, or box partitions.
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
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EXAMPLES
The present invention will now be further exemplified with reference to the
following
examples. The present invention is in no way limited to the given examples.
Methods of measurement
The following methods were used to measure the parameters described in Table
1.
Fibre coarseness ¨ measured according to ISO 9184-6:1994.
Paperboard Grammage - measured according to ISO 536/TAPPI 410.
Paperboard Thickness ¨ measured according to ISO 186/TAPPI 400.
Paperboard Water absorption (Cobb60) ¨ measured according to ISO 535/TAPPI
441.
Paperboard Tensile strength Machine Direction (MD) and Cross Direction (CD)
Dry ¨
measured according to ISO 1924/TAPPI 494.
Paperboard Tensile strength Machine Direction (MD) and Cross Direction (CD)
Wet ¨
measured according to ISO 1924/TAPPI 494 with 1 minute immersion.
Paperboard Tear strength Machine Direction (MD) and Cross Direction (CD) Dry ¨
measured according to ISO 1974/TAPPI 414.
Paperboard Tear strength Machine Direction (MD) and Cross Direction (CD) Wet ¨
measured according to ISO 1974/TAPPI 414 with 3 minutes immersion.
Pulp preparation
The compositions of the Examples were prepared by combining barley straw
fibres or
wheat straw fibres with either recycled wood fibres (OCC) or softwood fibres
in the
amounts recited in row 2 of Table 1 below. These compositions were processed
into a
pulp by combining the raw materials in a digester under alkaline conditions
with heat
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
14
applied depending on the raw materials used. Lignin was removed in the process
to
separate the fibres with minimal mechanical action. The pulp was then washed
to
remove residual chemicals.
Paperboard preparation
The paperboard of the Examples was made by refining the pulp and mixing it
with water
and other additives (including alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) or alkenyl succinic
anhydride
(ASA)) to make a pulp slurry. The head-box of the paperboard machine
(Fourdrinier mill
or cylinder mill) distributed the slurry onto a moving continuous screen,
drained water
from the slurry, passed the wet paperboard sheet through presses and driers,
and rolled
the paperboard into rolls. Coatings such as wax were applied if needed.
Table 1 presents data on the physical parameters of paperboard made using the
compositions of the present invention (see Example 1 to 7). These data
demonstrate
that the paperboard of the present invention performs at least as well as a
commercial
paperboard made entirely from virgin wood fibres (Stora Enso CBK-Fm), with the
additional
advantage that it is at least partially, if not entirely, made from recycled
or waste material.
The paperboard of the present invention is ideal for use in secondary
packaging such as
packaging for beer bottles or cans, which requires the package to carry
relatively high
weight and where liquid from condensation or spillages can affect the
integrity of the
packaging.
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
15
Refer Refer Refer
Exa Exa Exa Exa
Exa Exa Exa
ence ence ence
mpl mpl mpl mpl
mpl mpl mpl
Exam Exam Exam
el e2 e3 e4 e5
e6 e7
ple 1 ple 2 ple 3
20%
whea
100% t+
TABLE 1 Stora 25% 50%
old 10% 20% 30% 20% 80%
Enso l00% barle barle
corrug Barle Barle Barle whea OCC
CKBT Softw Y 4" Y 4" ated y+ y+ y+ t+
+
75% 50%
M ood cardb 90% 80% 70% 80% Mid-
Softw softw
oard OCC OCC OCC OCC level
23.1 ood ood
(OCC) coati
ng &
Wax
Additive N/A AKD
AKD AKD AKD AKD AKD AKD ASA ASA
Virgin Virgin
OCC OCC OCC OCC OCC
wood wood
+ + + +
Virgin Virgin + + OCC
barle barle barle whea whea
Fibre type wood wood barle barle
fibres y Y Y t t
fibres fibres y Y straw
straw straw straw straw
straw straw
fibres fibres fibres fibres fibres
fibres fibres
Grammage
359 327 399 350 353 348 348 358 360 384
(g/m2)
Caliper (mil) 23.1 16 19.9 17.5 18.4 18.3 17.7 17.6
24 24
505. 480. 465. 450.
447. 477. 485.
600 399 467.9
Thickness (p.m) 0 0 0 0 0 2 3
COBB60 (g/m2) -
30 30 37.0 49.0 21.2 22.6 21.9 22.3 25.1 0.8
Inside
Tensile strength
22.9 39.0 32.4 38.5 36.3 35.7 35.5 35.7 24.5 24.1
MD Dry (kN/m)
Tensile strength
12.1 25.8 15.6 21.9 20.5 21.4 21.5 21.2 9.4 19.1
MD Wet (kN/m)
Tensile strength 14.2 15.4
12.4 12.9 12.9 11.9 10.8 10.7 10.5 10.6
CD Dry (kN/m) 4 3
Tensile strength
7.0 9.0 6.6 6.8 7.2 7.5 6.9 7.2 5.8 10.7
CD Wet (kN/m)
Tear strength MD 625 612 373 374
366 409 424
7239 8472 3532
Dry (Nm) 2 2 8 4 7 8 6
Tear strength MD 568 567 415 391
409 371 459
3702 7598 4007
Wet (Nm) 8 5 8 0 7 4 3
Tear strength CD 672 685 498 474
517 505 481
6338 8232 4779
Dry (Nm) 6 8 0 5 4 5 4
Tear strength CD 568 713 492 479
483 395 506
3855 8319 4709
Wet (Nm) 8 0 9 5 9 7 3
Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-18
