Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
3~5
Backyround
Tne instant invention relates to granular detergent
compositions containing a minor amount of abrasive which are
especially useful where high sur~actant levels are required
along with a minor amount of abrasive as in the was~hing of
dishes.
The use of abrasives in scouring cleansers is
well known in the art. Scouring cleansers contain a major
amount of fine abrasive and when used in the dishwashing
process provide abrading power to make the removal of cooked ~ r
on foods on kitchenware easier and more convenient. The use
of such scouring cleansers, however, requires that two ;
products be available for dishwashing: one product being
required for removal of non-sticking soils and a second
product for scouring purposes.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention
to provide granular dishwashing compositions containing a
minor amount of abrasive which are highly effective in removing
soils from kitchenware and providing sufficient abrading
power to loosen soil adhering to surface to be cleaned without
scratching said surfaces. ;
~ ~ . ,' '
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483~
It has been discovered that detergent compositions
of the desired type can be realised by incorporating into
a granular dishwashing composition a minor amount of abrasive
having a U.S. Tyler sieve size in the range ~rom thru 20 mesh
to on 65 mesh. Although the use of abrasives in cleaning
compositions is well known, the prior art teaches away from
the présent invention in requiring very fine abrasives to
prevent scratching of surfaces. Such very fine abrasives
are shown to be inoperative as scouring agents when used in
minor amounts in dishwashing compositions.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
. . . __ . . __ .
The instant invention provides a granular detergent
composition containing from about 20% to about 35% of a
surface-ac-tive agent by weight of the composition,the
surface-active agent being selected from the group consisting ;~
of anionic, nonionic, ampholytic, zwitterionic surface-active
agents and mixtures thereof, and from about 5% to about 20
by weight of the composition of a water-insoluble abrasive
:~:
material having a particle diameter in the range from about
850 microns to about 300 microns.
. ~ ~
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DETAILED DESCRIPrI~N OF ~IE INVENTION
The granular detergent compositions of the
instant invention can be any the compositions intended
for washing clothing and~or dishes wieh the addition
of a minor proportion of abrasive. Thus the compositions
of the invention comprise a high proportion of surfactant.
Optionally the compositions can contain inorganic and organic
builder salts, processing aids, corrosion inhibitors, fillers,
buffer salts, suds boosters, suds inhibitors, dyes and perfumes~
SURFACTANT
The instant dishwashing compositions contain
from about 20% to about 35% of a surfactant selected from
the group consisting of anionic, nonionic, ampholytic,
zwitterionic surface active agents and mixtures thereof.
Usually they should be solids but liquid materials find
use where they can be absorbed on a component of the -~
composition by procedures known to the art. Preferred
compositions cGntain from about 25% to about 30Gb of surfac-
~ant, by weight of the composition. Especially preferred are
anionic surfactants.
Many anionic detergents can be broadly described
; as the water-soluble salts, particularly the alkali metal salts,
of organic sulfuric reaction products having in their ;
molecular structure an alkyl radical containing from about
8 to about 22 carbon atoms and a radical selected from the
!~ group consisting of sulfonic acid and sulfuric acid ester
radicals. (Included innthe terrn alkyl is the alkyl portion
of higher acyl radicals.~ Important examples of the anionic
synthetic detergents which can form the surfactant component
of the compositions of the present invention are the sodium or
, `'
.: , - , . , . : . .", ~ - ', " ':: , , .
~0~83~S
potassium alkyl sulfates, especially those obtained b~ ;
sul~ating the higher alcohols (C8 -C18 carbon atoms)
produced by reducing the glycerides of tallow or coconut
oil; sodium or potassium alkyl ben~ene or toluene sulfonates, ::
in which the alkyl group contains from about 9 to about
15 carbon atoms, (the alkyl radical can be a straight or
branched aliphatic chain); sodium alkyl glyceryl ether
sulfonates, especially ~hose ethers of the higher alcohols
derived from tallow and coconut oil; sodium coconut oil
fatty acid monoglyceride sulfates and sulfonates; sodium
or potassium salts of sulfuric acid esters of the reaction ~:
product of one mole of a higher fatty alcohol (e.g., tallow
or coconut oil alcohols~ and about 1 to 10 moles of ethylene
oxide; sodium or potassium salts of alkyl phenol ethylene
oxide ether sulfates with about 1 to 10 units of ethylene
oxide per molecule and in which the alkyl radicals.contain
from 8 to about 12 carbon atoms; the reaction products
of fatty acids esterified with isethionic acid and neutralized
with sodium hydroxide where, for example, the fatty acids
are derived from coconut oil; sodium or potassium salts of
fatty acid amides of a methyl tauride in which the fatty
acids~ for example, are derived from coconut oil and sodi~m
or potassium ~-acetoxy- or ~-acetamido-aklanesulfonates where
the alkane has from 8 to 22 carbon atoms.
Nonionic surface active agents operable in the
i.nstant compositions can be any of three basic types --
the alkylene oxide condensates, the amides and the semi-
polar nonionics.
The alkylene oxide condensates are broadly defined -
as compounds produced by the condensation o~ alkylene oxide ..
3Q groups (.hydrophilic in nature) with.an organic hydrophobic
. ~ .-
-4-
. ~ .. . . . . . .
. . .. . .. .
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~4~336;5
compound, whlch can be aliph~tic or alkyl aromatic in na-ture.
The length of the hydrophilic or polyoxyalkylene radical
which is condensed with any particular hydrophobic group
can be readily adjusted to yield a water-soluble compound
having the desired degree of balance between hydrophilic
and hydrophobic elements.
Examples of such alkylene oxide condensates
include:
(1) The condensation products of aliphatic alcohols
with ethylene oxide. The alkyl chain of the aliphatic
alcohol can either be straight or branched and generally
contains from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms. Examples
of such ethoxylated alcohols include the condensation pro~
duct of about 6 moles of ethylene oxide with 1 mole of
tridecanol, myristyl alcohol condensed with about 10 moles
of ethylene oxide per mole of myristyl alcohol, the con-
densation product of ethylene oxide with coconut fatty
alcohol wherein the coconut alcohol is a mixture of fatty
alcohols with alkyl chains varying from 10 to 14 carbon
atoms and wherein the condensate contains about 6 moles
of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol, and the condensation
product of about 9 moles of ethylene oxide with the above-
described coconut alcohol. Examples of commercially available
nonionic surfactants of this type include Softanol 30
marketed by the Japan Catalytic Chemical Company, Neodol
23-6.5 marketed by the Shell Chemical Company and Kyr ~ ~ ;
EOB marketed by the Procter & Gamble Company.
(2~ The polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl ~-
phenols. These compounds include the condensation products
of alkyl phenols having an alkyl group containing from
about 6 to 12 carbon atoms in either a straight chain or
, . , ~ ,
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,
3365
branched chain confiyuration, with ethylene oxide, the
said e~hylene oxi~e being present in amounts equal to 5
to 25 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl phenol.
The alkyl substituent in such compounds can be derived,
for example, from polymerized propylene, diisobutylene,
octene, or nonene. Examples o~ compounds of this type
include nonyl phenol condensed with about 9.5 moles of
ethylene oxide per mole of nonyl phenol, dodecyl phenol
condensed with about 12 moles of ethylene oxide per mole
of phenol, dinonyl phenol condensed with about 15 moles
of ethylene oxide per mole of phenol, di-isooctylphenyl
condensed with about 15 moles of ethylene oxide per mole
of phenol. Commercially av~lable nonionic surfactants
of this type include Igepal~ CO-610 marketed by the GAF
`Corporation; and Trito ~ X-45, X-114, X-100 and X-102, all
marketed by the Rohm and Haas Company.
(3) The condensation products of ethylene oxide
with a hydrophobic base formed by the condensation of
propylene oxide with propylene glycol. The hydrophobic
portion o~ these compounds has a molecular weight of
from about 1500 to 1800 and of course exhibits water insol- ~-
ubility. The addition of polyoxyethylene moieties to this
hydrophobic por~ion tends to increase the water-solubility
of the molecule as a whole, and the liquid character of
the product is retained up to the point where the polyoxy-
e~hylene content is about 50% of the total weight of the
condensation product. Examples of compounds of this type
include certain of the commercially available Pluronic sur~
factants marketed by the Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation.
(4) The condensation products of ethylene oxide
with the product resulting from the reaction of propylene
-6- `
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;- , - . ~; ,: ~ ., . ' .
. :: . . . , . :. " . . ,:
, . . , -
33~5
oxide and ethylene diamine. The hydrophobic base o~ these
products consists of the reaction product of ethylene diamine
and excess propylene oxide, said base having a molecular
weight of from about 2500 to about 3000. This base is
condensed with ethylene oxide to the extent that the conden-
sation product contains from about 40% to about 80% by
weight of polyoxyethylene and has a molecular weight of
from about S,000 to about 11,000. Examples of this type
of nonionic surfa ~ant include certain of the commercially
available Tetronic compounds marketed by the Wyandotbe
Chemicals Corporation.
Examples of the amide type of nonionic surface
active agent include the ammonia, monoethanol and diethanol
amides of fatty acids having an acyl moiety of from about
8 to about 18 carbon atoms. These acyl moieties are
normally derived from naturally occurring glycerides, e.g.,
coconut oil, palm oil, soybean oil and tallow, but can be ~-
derived synthetically, e.g., by the oxidation of pet~oleum, ;~
or by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide by the Fischer-
Tropsch process.
Examples of the semi-polar type of nonionic surface
active agents are the amine oxides, phosphine oxides and ;~
sulfoxides. These materials are described more fully in
Berry, U.S. Patent 3,819,528, issuèd June 25, 1974
Ampholytic synthetic detergents can be broadly
described as derivatives of aliphatic amines which contain
a long chain o~ about 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an anionic ~:
water-solubilizing group, e.g. carboxy, sulfo or sulfato. ~-
Examples of compounds falling within this de~inition are
sodium 3-dodecylamino-propionate, sodium -3-dodecylamino
propane sulfonate, and dodecyl dimethylammonium hexanoate.
-7-
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.. . . . . . .
,,'i ' , ' ' ' . ~ .:
1~14~3~i:ii :
Zwitterionic surface active agents operable in the
instant composition are broadly described as internally-
neutralized derivatives of aliphatlc quaternary ammonium
and phosphinoim and tertiary sulfonium compounds, in which
the aliphatic radical can be straight chain or branched,
and wherein one of the aliphatic substituents contains
from about 8 to 18 carbon atoms and one contains an anionic
water solubilizing group, e.g., carboxy, sulfo, sulfato,
phosphato, or phosphono.
Specific examples of alkyl sulfate salts which can
be employed in the instant detergent compositions include
sodium lauryl alkyl sulfate, sodium stearyl alkyl sulfate
sodium palmityl alkyl sulfate, sodium decyl sulfate, sodium
myristyl alkyl sulfate, potassium lauryl alkyl sulfate,
potassium stearyl alkyl sulfate, potassium decyl sulfate, ~
; potassium palmityl alkyl sulfate, potassium myristyl alkyl ~ ~ ;
sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, potassium dodecyl sulfate,
potasslum tallow alkyl sulfate, sodium tallow alkyl sulfate,
sodium coconut alkyl sulfate, potassium coconut alkyl sulfate
; ,-
and mixtures of these surfactants. Highly preferred alkyl
sulfates are sodium coconut alkyl sulfate, potassium coconut ;;~
alkyl sulfate, potassium lauryl alkyl sulfate and sodium
lauryl alkyl sulfate.
Suitabl~e alkyl ether sulfates include the alkali
metal ~lithium, sodium and potassium) and alkanolamine ;
salts of ethoxylated, sulfated fatty alcohols. Fatty
alcohol precursors of these surfactants include the
; same materials enumerated above in discussion of the
- preferred alkyl sulfate surfactants for use in liquid
systems. Hiyhly preferred alkyl ether sulfates are the
sodium and potassium alkyl ether sulfates which contain
-8-
'~
, ., ,
:: :: - :
~48365
from about 12 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl group (i.e.,
tallow alcohol derivatives~ and which contain an average
of from about 2.0 to 3.5 moles of ethylene oxide per
mole of surfactant.
Suitable alkylbenzene or alkyltoluene sulfonates
;nclude the alkali metal (lithium, sodium, potassium) and
alkanolamine salts oE straight-or branched-chain alkyl-
benzene or alkyltoluene sulfonic acids. Alkylbenzene
sulfonic acids useful as precursors for these surfactants
include decyl benzene sulfonic acid, undècyl benzene sulfonic
acid, dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid, tridecyl benzene sulfonic
acid, tetradecyl benzene sulfonic acid and tetrapropylene
benzene sulfonic acid. Preferred sulfonic acids as precursors
of alkyl-benzene sulfonates useful for granular compositions
herein are those in which the alkyl chain is linear and
averages about 12 carbon atoms in length. Examples of ~
commercially available alkyl benzene sulfonic ~ids ~ ,
(R) -
useful in the present invention include Conoco~SA 515,
SA 597, and Sa 697 all marketed by the Continental~Oil
Company and Calsof LAS 99 marketed by the Pilot Chemical
Company.
Nonionic surface-active agents, in amounts from 4 to
6~ by weight of the composition; can conveniently be added
to anionic surface-active containing compositions of this
invention by spraying said agents onto the granular composi-
tion.
ABRASI~E
The abrasive agent can be any of the water-
insoluble abrasive materials well ~nown in the art.
Included are materials such as agate, garnet, quartz,
carborundum, kieselguhr, silica, marble, tripoli,
_~_
.. .. .
:
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:
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1~836S :
flin~, feldspar, emery, pumice, alumina, perlite,
expanded perlite, volcanic ash, diatomaceous earth,
bentonite, talc, etc. an~ mixtures thereof As employed
in this invention the sieve fraction usable is that
particle size which passes through a 20 mesh screen (sieve ~-
opening - approximately 850 microns) and is retained on a
65 mesh screen (approximately 200 micron opening) using
U.~. Tyler Standard sieves. The preferred particle size is
the through 20-on ~8 sieve fraction (approximately sieve
opening range - 850 to 300 microns) and especially preferred
is the through 35-on 4~ sieve fraction (approximate sieve
opening range is 425 to 300 microns). The specific gravity
of the abrasive material is not critical. For example
expanded perlite having a specific gravity of 0.2 and
baddeleyite having a specific gravity of about 6.0 are
both sùitable in t~is invention. ;
The amount of abrasive included in the compositions `~
is in the range of from about 5% to about 20% of the total
composition by weight. Preferred compositions contain from ~ ~
about 10~ to about 15~ by ~eight of abrasive. Abrasive ~ -
contents of higher than 20~ are operable but are not req~ired.
It has been discovered that in making formulations
containing minor amounts of abrasive the particle size;~is
very important. Very fine particles - thru 100 mesh and
~iner - which are taught by the prior art as desirable
~or scouring purposes, are inoperative when used in
the instant detergent compositions. While not wishing
to be bound by any theory it appears that the high
surfactant acts to mask any scouring effect oE very
fine particles. Another possible explanation is that
in the presence of greasy soils the minor amount of
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. ~
.
~6341~365
very fine abrasive may hecome coated with grease and
not be able to provide any scouring properties. In
any event, it has been discovered that particle sizes
heretofore considered too coarse for safe use are operable
in minor amounts with no discernible scratching oE hard
surfaces. Apparently, those factors ~hich adversely
affect the scouring properties of very fine particles
also are present when larger particles of abrasive are
used to moderate any scratching tendency inherent in the
larger particles by themselves. Nevertheless it is
recognized that abrasive particles of relatively large
diameter could cause scratches on some surfaces and
the especially preferred particle diameter range of from
about 425 to about 300 microns was chosen to minimize
the possibility of scratching surfaces under some conditions
of use.
It should be noted that while the average particle
diameter of the abrasive material will fall within the ranges
specified above for the s2eve fractions considered, due
to the inherent non-uniform nature of the particles and the
adhering of some fine particles to coarser particles, minor
amounts of abrasive material outside the quoted range will
be present. Such particle amounts are expected to be less
than about 5% fines and less than about 5% of particles
having a diameter greater than the desired range.
,,
..
.
-
365
OTHER INGREDIENTS
In addition to the surfactant and the abrasive mat-
erial, the compositions of this invention in their simplest
form need only contain a suitable material such as sodium
sulfate. Minor amounts of water may also be present. Thus
the simplest compositions of this invention will contain
from 45% to about 75~ of sodium sulfate by weight. If other
adjuvants are added to the composition then the amount of ;
fillex material will be correspondingly reduced by the
weight of adjuvants added. Thus, the amount of filler,
such as sodium sulfate, can be present at levels of from about
30% to about 75%, with a preferred range of from about 30%
to about 40%.
The compositions of this invention can contain ~rom
about 4~ to about 16~ by weight of soluble silicate solids. ;~
Soluble silicates are useful in preventing aluminum cor
rosion, providing an alkaline pH in the range of about
9 to about 10 for solutions of the instant compositions and
in contributing to making a crisp free flowing spray-dried
granule. Potassium or preferably sodium sllicates having
a weight ratio of SiO2/M20 of from about 1.0 to about 3.2
and preferably from 1.6 to about 2.6 can be used. M in this ~; ~
ratio refers to sodium or potassium. -
The compositions of this invention can contain from
5~ to about 30~ by weight of water-soluble alkaline detergency
builder salts either of the organic or inorganic types.
~xamples of water-soluble inorganic builder salts which can
be used, alone or in admixture with themselves (and organic
alkaline sequestrant builder salts) are alkali metal car- ;~
bonates, phosphates, polyphosphates, and silicates. Specific
examples of such salts are sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium
ca~xnate, potassium carbonate, sodium pyrnphosphate, potassium pyro-
phosphate, p~ssium ~l~~
3~;~
tripolyphosphate, and sodium hexameta~hosphate. Examplesof organic alkaline sequestrant builder;salts which can
~e used alone or in admixt~re with each other or with the
preceding inorganic alkaline bullder salts, are alkali
metal amino polycarboxylates (e.g., sodium and potassium
ethylenediaminetetraacetate, sodium and potassium
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylene diamine triacetates, sodium
and potassium nitrilo triacetates (NTA) and sodium and
potassium N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-nitrilo diacetates). Other
organic builder salts include the alkali metal salts of
10phytic acid, e.g.; sodium phytate (see U.S. Patent 2,739,942).
Water-soluble salts of ethano-l-hydroxy-l,l-diphosphonate
(EHDP), e.g., the trisodium and tripotassium salts, are
suitable. Mixtures of any of the preceding organic or
inorganic builder salts can be used, especially the EHDP-
containing mixtures described in U.S. Patent 3,392,121
issued to surton H. Gedge III, on July Y, lY68.
The composition of this invention can contain ~ ~
builder salts selected from certain zeolites or alumino- ~ ;
silicates. One such aluminosilicate which is useful in the
compositions of the invention is an amorphous water-insoluble
hydrated compound of the formula Nax(xAl02-ySiO2), wherein
x is a-number from 1 to 1.2 and y is 1, said amorphous
compound being further characterized y a Mg exchange
capacity o~ from about 50 mg. eq. CaCO3/g. to about 150 mg. eq.
CaCO3/g. This ion exchange builder is more fully described
in Gedge et al's French patent 2,237,839 published February 14,
lY75,
~- A second water-insoluble synthetic aluminosilicate
ion exchange material useful herein has the formula Na
[AlOz)z. (SiO2)y] xH2O, wherein z and y are integers of at
-13-
:. .
.,~ , , . ~' . . '. ~ '
.
le~st 6; the molar ratio o~ z to y is i~ the range from 1.0
to about 0.5, and x is an integer from about 15 to about 264;
said aluminosilicate ion exchange material ha~ing a particle
size diameter from about 0.1 micron to about 100 microns; a
calcium ion exchange capacity of at least about 200 mg. eq./g; ~ -
and a calcium ion exchange rate of at least about 2 grains/
~allon/minute/gram. This ion exchange builder is more fully
described in Belgian patent 814,874 issued on November 12,
1974 to Corkill et al.
Preferably, the builder salts are tripolyphosphates,
pyrophosphates, NTA or EHDP and mixtures thereof, preferably --
~ , - .
the sodium salts.
The compositions of this invention can contain
from about 0.5% to about 5~ of an organic suds builder
select~d from the group consisting of C10-Cl6 fatty
alcohols and normal amides, monoethanol amid0s, diethanol
amides, isopropanol amides and butanol amides of C10_
fatty acids. The mono- and diethanol am.ides and normal
amides of such acids are preferred. .
The detergent compositions of this invention
can contain, if desired any o~ the usual adjuvants,
diluents and additives, for example moisture, perfumes,
dyes, other organic detergent sur~actants, antitarnishing
agents, anti-redeposition agents, bacteriostatic agents,
fluorescers, suds depressors and the like, without
i detracting from the advantageous properties of the
compositions.
The granular compositions of this invention
can conveniently be prepared by admixture of the components ~ i
~ and in a slurry and spray drying the mixture to obtain
the granular composition. This method is especially
-14-
' :.. ~ : '
: . . . . . . .
36S
convenient when the amount of abrasive mate~ial present in
the final composition is about 5~ to about 10%.
An alternative procedure for making the composition
of this invention is to admix the abrasive material with
a spray dried granular detergent composition which contains
all the ingredients of the final composition except for
the abrasive. This approach has the advantage of requiring
less drying capacity and in avoiding the possible wear
on pumps etc. used in spray drying. 'ro avoid segregation
of the physical mix because of possible differences in
specific gravity the abrasive material can be sprayed
with a melted non~interfering adhering substance just prior
to mixing the abrasive material with the granular component.
A suitable normally solid adhering material for this ;~
purpose is a polymer of ethylene glycol (widely known as PEG)
having a molecular weight in the range of 2000 to about
8000. ;
The following examples are glven to illustrate --
the invention. All amounts and percentages in the specification
and claims are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
Example I
:: ~
~ spray dried granular detergent composition having
the following composition was prepared~
Control Composition
A 70:30 mixture of C12aV branched chain al ..
alkylbenzene ~-70%~ and C12av alkyltoluene
(-30%) sulfonate, Na salt 28.0%
Na toluene sulfonate 2.8
Silicate solids (SiO2:Na2O ~ 2:1)15.0
NaCl 3,0
Na2S4 44.4 ~;
H2O & misc. 6.8 ~;
-15
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~ ~ .
. .. . . .. .
:: . ,
365 :~
Compositions containing ar~ abrasive were prepared -
by simply mixing the appropriate amount of the above com-
position with the amount of abrasive desired in the finished
composition.
The abrasive used in this test was pumice which
as received had the following sieve analysis~
U.S. Tyler sieves
on 20 mesh 6.Y5
on 48 mesh 18.35
on 65 mesh 10.~8
on 100 mesh 8.59 ~ -
thru 100 mesh 55.11 ~;
The pumice was incorporated into the desired
compositions on an `'as received" basis and by sieve
fractions. Thus the thru 20-on 48, thru 48-on 65, thru
65-on 100 and through 100 represent sieve fractions of the
pumice.
The compositions ~o be tested were prepared by
dissolving 32 grams of the composition in 800 cc of water
at ambient temperature (65-70F.l.
The compositions were tested in a blind paired ~ ;
comparison manner by a technician washing 12 naturally ~`
soiled ceramic plates and 2 pots~pans with each solution.
A sponge was used by the technician in the washing process.
At the complet~on OI the s,lashing comparison the technician
was asked to judge whlch solution cleaned faster and easier.
The results of the tests are summarized in TABLE I.
,
,
--16--
' ' ' '~ '''' ' . ' ' . ',' ~ ' . ' ' : . .
:- ~ :
TABLE I
DISHWP~SHING TEST
Composition judged
to be faster/easier
Test No. Compositions Compared in dishwashing
~ vs B
1 C vs C-~5% P A
2 C vs C+10%~P B
3 C vs C+10% P s
4 C vs C+15% P B
C+5% P vs C+15% P B :~
6 C+10% P vs C+15~ P B
7 C+15% P vs C+10% P s
8 C vs C~5% P B
9 C+5% P vs C+10% P A ~
~ C vs C+10~ P "on 48" B ~ :
11 C vs C+10% P "on 65" B
12 C+10% P "on 48"vs C+10% P "on 65" A
13 C+10~ P "on 65"vs C+10~ P "on 100" A
14 C vs C+10% P "on 48" B
P = Pumice ~ :
C - "Control" composition -~
C+X%P = compositions arrived at by mixing
the appropriate amount of C with
- the level of P desired in the composition :~
to give 32 grams of product~
The results clearly show that faster and easier
: . .
cleaning of soiled dishes was obtained when pumice was : -
added to the composition. The level of 5% pumice appears
to be at the threshold of getting an observable advantage
as shown by comparing tests 1 and 8. When sieve fractions
of the pumice are compared, the thru 20-on 48 fraction ; ~:
was best, the thru 48-on 65 fraction was next best and
--17--
~.
,,.. , ., : . , . ~ .
: , , . , : . . ..
- ~341!336S
the thru 65-on 100 fraction was third. ;
Substantiall~ similar results were obtained when `
the Control composition is adjusted by the addition of
Na2SO4 to equalize the surfactant levels in solution for
the compositions being compared.
Example II
Formulations were tested in the washing of
chinaware stained with a cooking sauce ~chili sauce) and
chinaware stained with uncooked scrambled egg. The cooking
sauce contains a variety of materials including chocolate,
hot peppers, tomato paste, onions and other ingredients and
is popularity known in Mexico as "Mole" sauce. Three dishes
were completely and evenly coated for each product to be ,
tested and then allowed to dry before being washed. The ,
results obtained l,product preferred) were subjected to
statistical analysis. The results of the test are su~marized
in TABLE 2. The solution preparation and the washing
technique was as in Example Io
TABLE 2
STAINED DISH TEST
Ease of Removal
Test No. Compositions Compared Rating -
,,
A B Mole Sauce
C vs C+5% P ~ NSD NSD
16 C vs C~5% P NSD NSD
17 C vs C+10% P B B
18 C+10% P vs C~15% P NSD NSD
19 C vs C~5% P NSD B ~
C vs C~10% P B B ~ ;
21 C+5% P ~s C+10% P NSD NSD ~ ;
P-Pumice
NSD-no significant differences at
the 95% confidence level.
.
-18-
:
. ~ ' . ~ ; '
il365 - ~
The results again show that the addition of
abrasive to the composition aided in getting faster
and easier cleaning. That the advanta~e was not statis- :
tically significant in all the test ~uns is not surprising
in view of the small size of each test but it will be
noted that in no test was the composition without abrasive .:
better than the compositi.ons with abrasive.
Example 3
The Control formulation with 10% pumice - the
thru 20-on 48 sieve fractions - was tested for safety to
kitchenware by daily washing for a period of one month
the items listed below which had been stained with Mole
sauae. The washing procedure used was as in Example 1
with the addition that each item is washed for 30 seconds.
TAsLE 3
.
No. stained :;
Item and washed daily .
,::, ... .
Glass plates 1 ~: :
~lastic plates 4
Chinaware 2 ;~
Glasses ~ 2
Pans (Teflon ) 2 ~;
Pottery 2
An equal number of the above items were washed .
~: with a solution of the control composition without abrasive.
~. .
After one month careful examination of the items showed
no difference between washing treatments except for the
plastic plates on which minute scratches were observed for ~;
those plates washed with the composition containing abrasive.
These scratches are not noticeable to the casual observer
and are considered of no importance.
--19-- :
_,,__ .. ., . __... _ ___.. . _, . .. , _,._,, . , _ .. ...... ... .... . ~
. . .
,, : .: .:
.
36S
Exam~ 4
The "Control" composition in Example 1 is
further compared in dishwashing against the control ~ -
composition diluted with 20~ pumice (particle diameter
in the range of about 425 to about 3no microns). The
advantage of including the abrasive to make the washing
of dishes faster and easier is agàin observed.
Examp_e 5
In Example 4 the pumice is respectively replaced
by quartz, feldspar, perlite, expanded perlite and silica
having comparable particle size diameters. Substantially
similar advantageous results for the abrasive containing
compositions are obtained.
Example 6
In Example 1 the control composition is replaced
by compositions differing only in additionally containing
up to 30g inorganic builder salts selected from the group ~-
consisting of sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium pyrophos-
phate, sodium carbonate and mixtures thereof. Substan-
tially similar advantageous resuIts are obtained for the
composition containing the abrasive material.
Example_7
The surface-active agent in the control composi-
tion of Example 1 is respectively replaced by a surface-
active agent selected from the group consisting of the ;
sodium salt of coconut alkyl sulfate, the sodium salt of
C13 alkylbenzene sulfonate, the sodium salt of coconut
alkyl ether sulfate wherein one mole of alcohol is reacted
with 3 moles of ethylene oxide before sulfation and
mixtures thereof. Substantially similar advantageous
results for the inclusion of the abrasive materialare obtained.
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~ - . :.
