Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
Cl 5831
~0606Z~
Wall elements in light materials are to a great extent applied
for low building, and a~ such house~ are having a great area of
outer wall~ in relation to the size o~ the houQes, the insulation
o~ these walls has Breat in~luence upon the amount of the expense~
~or heating the house~. It ~ill be understood that in theory it
i8 po~sible to lo~er the heat 1099 as much as wanted by ~orming
the ~alls su~iciantly thick and su~iciantly well insulated, even
for maki~B a so-called zero-energy-hou3e, in whioh the temperature
may be kept on a wanted level, essentially without special heating
means, but alone by mean~ oi the ~a~te heat from the person~ and
articles o~ use being i~ the hou~e. However, this has not been of
any economic advantage ~ith the building elem~nt~ known until now
o~ the kind ~tated, as the heat saving ha not been sui~iciant to
cover the increased expense to the necessary in~ulation. Such
outer walls have until no~ usually been in~ulated with until 100
millimetres insulation layer, build up o~ elements with vertical
posts with the same thicknegs as the in~ulation l~yer and inter-
oor~Dected by ~eQn~ oY horizoDtBl l~th~ serving a~ baBe~ ~or ~acir.~
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outwardly and inwardly.
A disadvantage in such previously known wall elements
has been that the better insulation often has been
obtained on expense of the formation of cold bridges on
the places in the wall at the posts and the laths, the
wood of these elements having an essentially smaller
insulating property than the insulation material itself.
Therefore, the walls become colder at the posts and laths,
causing a tendency to the formation of condense on these
places, a tendency being forwarded by the better insulation
obtained with modern wall elements at the same time -
often causing an increase of the air moisture in the rooms.
It is the object of the invention to provide a
building element of the kind stated, with which a better
insulation may be obtained in an economic manner than by
means of heretofore known wall elements of the same kind,
without formation of cold bridges.
According to the present invention, there is provided
a buildins element including alternating vertical posts
and horizontal laths connected in crosspoints, the
element being formed by two layers with vertical posts
separated by a middle layer with horizontal laths an~
enclosed by two outer layers with horizontal laths.
At least one outer layer is filled with insulation
material. ;
It has turned out that such wall elements may be
manufactured in thicknesses between 200 and 400 millimetres
with a correspondingly high insulation without formation
of cold bridges. This is due to the fact that even when
the posts and the laths in the different layers are ~-
placed abreast of each other, whereby a direct wooden
passage through the wall element is found at the cross- ;
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points betweeII posts and laths, then the posts and laths
crossing each other in the layers will give such a
branching off of the cool stream, coming from outside,
away from the crosspoint that on the inner face of the
wall element no harmful temperature difference will be
formed between the parts of the wall abreast of the cross-
points and the remaining portions of the wall.
Tlle terms posts and laths are used in regard of
commonly used language, where the building element may
be used anywhere, where a high insulation is claimed, for
instance as a floor or roof element. The insulation may
often advantageously be omitted in single layers or spaces,
for example by roof elements, where a form of ventilation
of the upper layer of the element is wanted. ~7hile ~uilding
elements kncwn until now have been delimited in the exten-t
of the size of the wood dimension being available, building
elements according to the invention may without any
difficulty be manufactured in very great units, the size
of which only being limited by what is practlcal in
transport.
According to a specific embodiment of the invention -
the posts and the laths may be mutually connected in the
crosspoints, preferably by nailing layer by layer. Hereby
is avoided that a through-going cold bridge is formed,
as it would be the case if a through-going long and thic~
nail was used. Hereby the building element may obtain
sufficient strength to be used as a self-supporting wall
element without supporting posts between the individual
wall elements. Hereby formation of the cold bridges
connected with such posts is avoided. By nailing layer
by layer the building element may be manufactured with
fully automatic machines and, therefore, with very limlted
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C05 tS, alld use~ of throucJII-cJoillcJ na:i]s or bolts and the
cold bridges connected herewitll is avoid~d.
~ ccordiny to a feature of one embodiment of the
invention the individual layers may be separated or covered
by wind proof coverinys. Hereby resistance
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ag~inst heat passage in the individual layers is increased, and
the branching o~f o~ cold streams away ~rom th¢ cro~s points is
~orwarded, and formation of cold bridges i~ counteracted, at the
same time an improvement of the insulation a~ a whole being ob-
tained. These measures have turned out to be especially ei~ective
when according to the invention the coverings have dif~erent
degree o~ diffusion tightne~s with the most di~usion tight layer
being neare~t to the warm side of the element. It has turned out
that, without noticeable decrease o~ the insulation ability or
forwarding the tendency o~ cold bridges, a further increa~e of
the strength of the wall elements may according to the in~ention
be obtained when there i~ a need herefor, by staying up these
with, in one or more o~ the layers incorporated, in rela~ion to
the post~ and the laths inclined band irons.
An increa~e of the rigidness may ~urther be obtained thereby
that the element according to the in~ention i~ ~tayed up by mea~s
of plate coverings on the outer and/or inner face.
According to the in~ention the wall element m~y consist o~ two
layers with vertical posts ~eparated by a middle layer ~ith hori-
~ontal laths and enclosed by two outer layers with horizontal
lath~. Such a wall el~ment may be manufacturod by an increased
consumption of wood oi 25% in relation to the wall elements pre-
~iously known, while at the same time an increa~e oi the insu-
lation o~ 150% may be obtained without ~ormation o~ harm~ul cold ;-
bridges. Such a wall element ha~ turned out to be unusually re-
si~tant towards fire. By a normal wall construction the supporting
elements will ~ery soon be attacked by the ~ire. A building ~
element according to the invention will usually have one or more ~ -
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layers of posts being protected against the fire by an
insulation layer, whether the ~ire attac~s from the inside
or the outside. In the present case all posts will be
placed in two layers protected a~ainst fire by enclosing
insulation layers.
According to the invention the building element may
be adapted to be mounted in horizontal position. Such a
building element is usable as a ceiling or floor element.
According to one specific arrangement of the invention
one or more layers may have one or more sliding positions.
When several insulating layers are present in the wall ~ -
element, removal of a single layer will not result in a
very great decrease of the total insulating ability of the
wall element, and the sliding portions can then be moved
so as to cover window apertures and other apertures in
the wall element and here cause a noticeable decrease of
the heat loss therethrough. The sliding portions placed
in layers with vertical posts may according to the
invention be adapted to be moved in vertical direction, ~ -
while the sliding parts placed in layers with horizontal
laths may be adapted to be moved in horizontal direction.
The sliding portions may be moved quite mutually in-
dependent to a position where they cover the whole or
part of the window aperture. If the movable part is ~ -
formed as an insulating plate, it is normally in the day
hours acting as a portion
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o~ the insulating material o~ the wall, while in the night it
may be moved ~o a~ to cover the window aperture and here cause
a very noticeable decrea~e o~ the heat lo~s. I~ the window
itself is a movable portion, thi~ will ucually be made vertically
~lidabl~-~, as it will be too hea~y to be horizontally slidable,
whereas as horizontally slidable portions will be used relatively
light insulatio~ plate~, which may be moYed 50 as to oo~er the
window. The h~rizontally slidable parts may advantageou~ly be
adaptcd a~ wi~dow shutters being slidable to a position where
they cover the ~inaow and may then without di~iculty be used as
protection against burglary, as they may easily be rein~orced,
whereby they become di~icult to break thro~gh.
In the ~ollo~in~ the in~ention will be ~urther explained with
reference to the drawing, in which
Fig. 1 illu~trates a wall element according to the invention
~een from the ~ront with some covering layers and in~ulation
layers removed ~or showing posts and laths in the element,
Fig. 2 the element seen from the side in vertical section
acoording to the line II-II in fig. 1,
Fig. 3 the element secn ~rom above in horizontal section
according to the line III-III in fig. 1, and
Fig. 4 a corner o~ the element in greater scale seQn ~rom
above according to the li~e IV-IV in fig. 1.
The wall element illu3trated in the drawing is ~ormed o~ 50 x
50 millimetre~ vertical posts 1 with a mutual di~ta~ce of 60
centimetr~s in two layers 12 and 14, and 50 x 50 millimetres
horizontal laths 2, arranged with a mutual distance of 60 centi-
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metres in three layers 11, 13 and 15. La~ers with posts and
layers with laths are placed alternating, and in the cross points
the posts and the laths are nailed together layer by layer.
Between the vertical posts 1 insulation bats 3 are placed in the
~ull height o~ the element, and between the horizontal laths 2
corresponding insulation bats 3 are placed in the ~ull width of
the element, except the window aperture 18 and two hollows for a
slidable insulation plate 17 in the middle layer 13~ and a movable
window 16 in the layer 14.
Between the individual layers and on the outer sur~aces of
the element one or more wind prooi coverings 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10
are placed, for example with ~arying di~usion tightness, the
most di~usion tight layer 10 being placed on the side of the
element, which in the use o~ this is forming the warm side.
The wall element may contain, in the dra~inB not illustrated,
inclined ba~d ir~s incorporated at one or more places in the
layers. A corresponding staying up may, however, also be obtained
by means o~ covering plates or sheets, covering the side faces
o~ the element, and which have the necessary strength and are
~astened sufiiciantly well to the wooden structure o~ the ele- -
ment. The ~tronger covering used on the side ~aces of the element,
the great~r lath distance may be used.
The wall element described may be formed in a way that prac-
tically no cold bridges are ~ormed. However, contact points are
present between the horizontal laths 2 and the ~ertical posts 1,
and these contact points may be situated abreast of each other
a~ illustrated in the drawing. Howe~er, it has turned out that
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no noticeable cold bridge is ~ormed by this reason. For the heat
in the cold bridge will be conducted away in a respectively
horizontal and vertical direction inside the element, whereby the
relatively small cold bridges of 50 x 50 millimetres~will have
a much smaller e~fect than correspo~ding direct cold bridges o~
wood through the element. In order to decrease these cold bridges
further there may, in the contact ~aces between the vertioal
posts and the horizontal laths, be mounted insulating di cs.
In addition to the improvement in re3pect of insulation,
cold bridges and condense water the element described has the
advantage that it may be manufactured with small costs and very
rapidly in mas3 production. The element is mainly built up of
square laths and posts without special formings and o~ insulation
bats, which are available in long sheets with the thickness and
width neces~ary. The manu~acturing may be carried out on a
production plate with indications for positioning posts and
laths. When a layer has been built up, for instance with laths
and insulation bats~ the next layer consisting o~ posts and
insulation bats may, without any further steps, be placed
hereupon. No noticeable adaption o~ the di~erent materials i9
required, and the complete work consist# e~sentially in nailing
in the contact ~aces between the vertical posts and the horizontal
laths.
The wall element has, contra~ily to wall element~ previously
known, no real bottom ~rame part and top ~rame part. In the
element illustrated in the drawing the element is supportea by
the vertical posts, which go right to the bottom, and where the
~orce is tran3mitted partly directly through the posts to the
foundation and partly indirectly through the horizontal laths
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between and outside the po~ts, whereby a rather great bottom
support face is obtained. In certain cases there may under thèse
posts and laths be placed a thin sheet/(J plate material ~or ~urther
pressure distribution.
Instead of a top frame part the wall element according to the
invention has at the top a special end, the posts in the wall
element extending up through its top and projecting ~or instance
10 to 20 centimetres above. The laths placed at the top betwee~
and outside the posts, here being nailed very firmly to the
posts, replace the top frame part and are able to transmit the
roof loading to the posts. Usually the ra~ters o~ the roo~
construction are placed directly on the top o~ the wall element
immediately beside a set o~ posts. The roo~ rafter transmits its
weight to the underlying laths, and these transmit the ~orce
directly to the po~ts. ~s supplement hereto and as ~ecurity
against upward~ going wind forces the roo~ ra~ters may be
fastened directly to the po~ts in the nece~ary extent. In
addition to the Pastening o~ the rooi ra~ters and indication of
the position o~ these on the wall elements the post ends
projecting at the top have the ~unction that they may be used as
~aætening position~ when moving the element with a crane. These
post ends, which are present in a great number and are through-
-going through the entire element, ~orm a very good attack point
by mo~ement. A ~all element according to the invention may be
~ormed with apertures ior window~ and doors. The wall element
illustrated in the drawing has a window aperture 18. Such
apertures will usually gi~e rise to very great heat losseæ, which
become especially noticeable because o~ the increased in3ulation
of the remaining part o~ the wall. With the wall element according
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to the invention and other modern wall elements the heat los~
throu~h the wall may be reduced to 10 to 15 ~ o~ the value
considered as acceptable a generation ago. Thi~ improvement is
not giving the ~ull advantage, as long as the heat los~ ~rom the
windows, even by the use o~ 3-layer glasse~, is 15 to 20 time~
greater than through the corresponding wall. The window~ are,
however, primarily serving as a light source, and in Denmark
there is in the hal~ o~ the year, in which the hou~e~ are heated,
only light out~ide in approximately 1/3 of the 24 hour~, while
in the remaining 2/3 of the 24 hourc it i~ dark, and the windows
have no real ~unction, but in fact have a negative ~unction
becau~e o~ the heat 108s they are causing.
In the embodiment shown in the drawing the middle layer 13
o~ the wall element i8~ there~ore ~ormed with a slidable portion
r7, which in the nigh-t may be moved 80 at to cover the window as
slid
an in~ulating shutter. A long a~ the ~ sable portion 17
acting as an insulati~ shutter in the day hour~ are on its
place in the wall, it contributes to the in~ulation of the wall.
The insulating shutter i~ iormed as a ~rame with thin plates or
~heet8 on the faces and containing an e~icient insulation
material. The 6huttsr is at the bottom formed with rail~, -
whereby it easily may be moved s~ a~ to co~er the window. The
window 16~ which i~ too heavy to be horizonbally movable, is
arrangod ~ertically slidable in the layer 14, balanced by
mean~ of, in the drawing not illustrated, counter weight3,
whereby it easily may be moved up and down. The ~hutter may in
principle be po~itioned as well out~ide the window 16 as in~ide, --
but o~ten it will be mo~t convenient to place the window 16 a~
illustrated in the drawing, at the inner portion of the wall
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and the shutter out~ide,clo~e to the window.
It may be understood that the advantage by use o~ insulating
shutterq in the way illu~trated, is conditioned thereby that the
wall element is formed in accordance with the invention with
several layers. If they are used in connection with a badly or
normally insulated wall with for instance 75 millimetre~ in~ula-
tion thickness, whereof the ~hutter~ form the 50 millimetres,
the gain in respect o~ heat by moving the shutters so as to co~er
the window will be o~ the same ~ize aæ the lo~ due to decrease
o~ insulation in the corresponding wall portion, when t~e shutter
is moved so as to cover the window. HoweverJ if the ~hutteræ are
used in con~ection with a wall ~lement accordi~g to the invention
as illustrated iA the drawing with an insulation thickne~ o~
20 to 30 ce~timetresJ and the shutters have a thickne~s of
approximately 5 centimetre~, it will, when the shutters are moved
80 at to cover the window, be noted that the insulation ability
of the walls is decreased by for instance 1 kilocal, but at the
same time it will, ~or insta~ce in con~ectio~ with a window with
3 layers o~ glas~ be noted that the total insulation o~ the
windows i8 increa~ed by 25 kilocaloriea, and this ~ain may be
obtained without drawbacks i~ the approximately 2/3 of the day
and night hour~, in which the window i~ ~ot u~ed.
With a wall element according to the in~ntion a noticeable
decrea~e oi the noi~e pasæage is obtained, compared to previou~ly
known structures. Thi~ i~ due, not o~ly to the ia¢t that the wall
ha~ a greater thickne~æ, but e~pecially to the ~act that the
layers with po~ts and laths at right angles to each other are
able to almo~t co~pletely exclude sound pas~age. E~periments have
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shown that a quite unusual reduction o~ the ~ound pa~sage is
obtained, if it i9 provided that the cros~ points between the
di~ferent layers o~ posts and laths are not placed just abreast
o~ each other, and the be~t result is obtainea, i~ the cross
points are di~placed half a module.
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