Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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This invention concerns a smoking product, e.g. a cigar-
ette, hand rolling tobacco, pipe tobacco, cigar or cigarillo contain-
ing tobacco and non-tobacco substances.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a
smoking product having a higher filling value than a tobacco smoking
product, such as flue-cured Virginia tobacco blends, containing no
additive.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a smoking
product containing tobacco and non-tobacco additives which contains
nicotine in a stable form at a level similar to that in conventional
tobacco blends.
Small particle size and high sand content tobacco offals
have hitherto proved difficult to reconstitute into sheet having ac-
ceptable physical properties. It is yet a further object of the inven-
tion to overcome this difficulty.
Tobacco, in the context of the invention, includes tobacco
lamina, midrib, main stalk or tobacco offals, and tobacco extracts.
Hitherto, increased filling power of tobacco has only been
satisfactorily achieved by physical/mechanical methods. It will be
shown herein that an increased filling power over that of conventional
flue-cured Virginia tobacco blends may be achieved by means of a suit-
able composition of matter containing tobacco and other substances in
specified quantities, without recourse to physical or mechanical
methods.
According to the present invention there is provided a
smoking product in sheet form comprising 5-60% by weight tobacco and
40-95% by weight non-tobacco additives, including as a film-forming
or binding agent a pectin having a degree of methylation between 30%
and 75% and an inherent viscosity between 2 and 6.5 decilitres per
gram, whereby the sheet has a substantially greater relative filling
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._ . .
power as a measure of firmness when in a cigarette than the relative
filling power of cured Virginia Tobacco, said relative filling power,
RFP, being defined as:
RFP = means density of control cigarette
mean density of experimental cigarette
at the same compression.
"Inherent viscosity" is defined by the equation,
V. = 1 ln (V )
c (Vs)
where Vi is inherent viscosity
Vp is the viscosity of the pectin
V is the viscosity of the solvent
S (usually water)
and c is the concentration of pectin in
solvent - usually 0.1% w/w.
Inherent viscosity is a measure of the molecular weight
of a pectin.
The pectin is preferably a slow set citrus pectin having
a degree of methylation between 55% and 70% and an inherent viscosity
between 3 and 6 decilitres per gram.
The additives may include a nicotine additive, such as
nicotine or a nicotine salt, and a water-insoluble inorganic filler,
such as a diatomaceous earth or complex silicate, the combination of
the pectin and the filler being such that the pH of an aqueous extract
of the smoking product is less than 6.5, thereby ensuring stability
of nicotine in the smoking product.
The nicotine salt is preferably nicotine pectinate.
The invention will now be described by way of example with
reference to the accompanying Tables 1-3. All concentrations and pro-
portions are on a dry-weight basis.
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Table 1 sets forth initial concentrations of tobaceo
and additives slurries for use in the invention.
Table 2 sets forth the proportions in whlch the
~lurries of Table 1 are mixed to give additive sheets con-
taining different percentages of tobaeco.
Tables 3A and 3B set forth comparative analyses and
smoking properties of cigarettes made from (a) the additive
~heets of Table 2, (h) tobaceo extracts ineorporating the
eompositions of Table 1, (c) sheet tobaeco containing no
additives, and (d) a tobaeco control.
The types of tobacco sheet identified in Tables 2
and 3 are as follows:-
Type A Containing 5% tobaeeo, and made from tobacco offalsor dust
Type B 1' 10% " " " " tobaeeo offals
or dust
Type C ~' 20% " ~ tn tobaeco offals
- - or dust
~ype 3 " 40% " " " " tobaeeo offals
or dust
Tgpe E " 60% " " " " tobaeco offals
or dust
Type F " 5% tobaeeo, and made from tobaeeo extraet
Type G " 10% " " " " " "
Type H " 20% " " " " "
Tgpe NTS " lOO~o tobaeco, and containing no additive
Type TC in Table 3 is a eontrol eigarette made from
eonventional flue-eured Virginia tobacco blends.
Referring to Tables 1 and 2, flue cured high silica
tobaeeo dust (offal) was formed into a slurry with water to
give a solid eontent o~ 7.8% w/w. This was passed through a
B 30 Spout-~aldron refiner and then twiee through a ~anton Gaulin
K'3 homogeniser at 3000 psi.
~ Tr~ f ~5
_ _ 4
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The adlitive part of the product was prepared ~y
dissolving a slow set citrus pectin having a degree of meth-
ylation o~ 55-70% and an inherent viscosity Or 3-6 decilitres
per gram in water at 50C to give a solution of 3.5% w/w and
adding a solutio~ dispersion of c~lcium hydroxide, potassium
carbonate, citric acid9 celite (a solid solution of dical-
~ cium aluminate in dicalcium silicate) which is a water-
; insoluble inorganic filler, and trigol, prepared at the
concentration shown in Table 1 and added in the proportions
shown in Table 2. The slurry was thoroughly mixed using a
Wellmix high shear mixer.
The nicotine fortifying solution was prepared sep-
arately according to the concentrations shown in Table 1 and
added along with the tobacco slurry to the pecti~inorganic
mixture according to the proportions shown in Table 2. The
slurry mixes were stirred using a Wellmix high shear mixer
and cast on a Sand~ik sheet making machine.
It is essential ~cr the long term stability of
nicotine in the ~inal product that the pH of an aqueous
extract of the final product does not exceed 6.5 and is pre-
ferably less than 6. The combination of binding agent and
inorganic filler is chosen such that the pH requirement is
attained.
The tobacco extracts of Table 3A (types F, G, H)
were prepared by soaking 201b of a commercial tobacco blend
- (flue-cured Virginia) in 1751b ~ater for 30 minutes, filter-
ing and re-extracting the tobacco with two portions of llOlb
water. The combined extracts were concentrated by two passes
through a climbing film evaporator to yield a concentrate
containing about 50% solids. Th~ concentrated extract was
-- 5 ~
~ 0~3 ~
added to the prepared slurry of pectin and inorganic mater-
ials in the proportions listed in Table 2, mixed with a high
shear mixer, and cast on a Sandvik sheet forming machine.
The types of sheet obtained by the above methods
were cut at 37 cuts per inch on a 8" Legg tobacco cutting
machine and made into ~ilter tipped cigarettes on a Molins
Yark 8 cigarette makin~ machine. These cigarettes were 70 mm
in length and 25.3 mm in circumference and had a 10 mm myri~/6
mm acetate dual ~ilter.
The cigarettes were mechanically smoked on a ~iltrona
101 smoking machine to a butt length of 3mm longer than the
~ilter overwrap material using a 35 ml puff o~ 2 seconds
duration once per minute. The smoke condensate collected on
a Cambridge glass fibre filter pad was analysed for particu-
late matter and nicotine by weighing the wet ~eposit on each
filter, analysing the deposit for nicotine content by auto-
mated colorimetric analysis tcyanogen br~ide method) and
analysing the deposit ~or water content by gas chromatography.
The particulate matter (PM) level is thus water and nicotine
free.
The cigarettes were also tested ~or firmness, an
important parameter which influences manufacturing economics
and consumer acceptability. Cigarette ~irmness can be
described as the degree of flattening under constant com-
pression. The firmness results are given in terms of theRelative Filling Power (~FP) Or the ~iller material and is
obtained by dividing the mean density of an experimental
cigarette into the density Or a control cigarette at the
same rlattening, and expressing it as a percentage. In this
case the control cigarette was a cigarette incorporating a
10~j
commercially available tobacco blend. Analytical results are shown
in Tables 3A and 3B.
TABLE 1.
1. Pectin solution
Slow set citrus pectin 3.5% w/w.
2. Inorganic dispersion/solution.
Calcium hydroxide 0.6% w/w.
Potassium carbonate 0.6% w/w.
Celite 14.7% w/w.
Citric acid 1.7% w/w.
Triethylene glycol 2.3% w/w.
3. Nicotine fortifying solution.
Low methoxyl pectin 5.0% w/w.
Nicotine 1.25% w/w.
4. Tobacco slurry.
Flue cured high silica
tobacco dust 7.8% w/w.
The calcium hydroxide is a pectin cross-linking agent, the potassium
carbonate + citric acid is a burn/smoulder control agent, and the
trigol is a humectant.
-- 8 --
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- 10~i109~
TABLE ~
Sheet Type
C D E NT~ TC
. ................ ,.. _.. ........... ,.. ,.,.. ,.. ,.. _.. ,.. ,.. ,.. ",.,.,.,.,.. ,.. ,.. ,.. ,.. ",.,.. ".,.. ,.~
~ Nicotine at sheetmaking 2.03 2.03 1.98 1.95
......................................................................................... ,,.. .,,.,,...... ,.. ,.. ,........... ........~
. % Nicotine after 12 weeks
storage at 61% relative 1.93 1.95 1.90 1.77 1.90
humidity and 21C in open
containers.
.
... ~........... _... ... .............. ,~,.. ~.,.. _. _....... . .. _. _ _.__. _ _
Alternatively to citrus pectins, having a degree of
methylation between 55% and 70% and an inherent viscocity
between 3 and 6 decilitres per gram, other pectins may be
used, typically beet pectins having a degree of methylation
between 30% and 75% and an inherent viscosity between 2 and
6.5 decilitres per gram.
- Nicotine salts other than nicotine pectinate may be
used, such as nicotine alginate or nicotine citrate.
Instead of celite, the inorganic filler may be a
i0 complex silicate such as fullers earth, china clay or
bentonite provided the aqueous extract pH of the smoking
product incorporating it is less than 6.5 so as to ensure
~the stability of the nicotine in the product.
It is seen from Table 3 that a smoking product
according to the invention has a filling power substantially
higher than that of a conventional flue-cured ~irginia
tobacco blend containing no additive. It follows that less
additive sheet filler than tobacco is requirad to produce
cigarettes of equivalent firmness to that of the control.
Furthermore, the nicotine in samples of the smoking product of
the invention was found to be at least as stable over a period
of 3 months as the nicotine in a 100% tobacco sheet or a
cigarette made from flue-cured Virginia tobacco blends.
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{ . . . . . . , , . . .. ~ ~
lO~ilO~ ~
The smoking product was found to be a practicable
utilization of tobacco offals containing a high silica
content, giving satisfactory smoking properties.
Furthermore, the additive sheets of the invention
yield less particulate (i.e. tar-containing) matter than the
con~entional tobacco control.
, ~
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