Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
106~ 0~;5
The present invention relates to a method for taking a
three dimensional photograph using lenticular screens and further
to an apparatus for effecting this method.
A three dimensional photograph obtained using lenticular
screens is in general distinguished from a three dimensional
photograph comprising two photographic sheets which have been
taken from two different viewing angles and are separately
viewed by both eyes, and is defined as comprising a single photo-
graphic sheet which may be three-dimensionally viewed directly
by both eyes. To effect this, as is well known, the photograph
(positive) itself has a lenticular screen covering the picture
~- surface thereof and the three dimensional viewing effect is
~; obtained by a function of said lenticular screen and the picture
surface viewed through said lenticular screen. Thus the total
image included in a photographing angle is sensitized into an
image reversed both laterally and vertically as in conventional
photography using a lenticular screen placed on a surface of
sensitive material. In such a case, individual images formed by
the lenticular screen to be three dimensionally viewed also
present a laterally reversed position relationship in said
reversed arrangement and, accordingly, can not be directly used
as the images which may be three dimensionally viewed. The
reasons for this will be described in detail later and the out-
line thereof has been described in Japanese Patent Application
No. 1971-20693 published December 1, 1972 in Japanese Official
Gazette No. 1972-37637 and entitled "Apparatus for taking three
dimensional photograph" filed by the applicant on April 6, 1971,
particularly in reference with Fig. 8 thereof and in Japanese
Patent Application No. 1971-20694 published on December 1, 1972
in Japanese Official Gazette No. 1972-37638 also entitled
"Apparatus for taking three dimensional photograph" filed by the
applicant on the same date, particularly in reference with Fig. 1
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thereof. These patent applications disclose methods by which the
desired three dimensional photograph is obtained by a single
operation of photographing and respectively disclose, in
association with said methods, apparatuses for taking a three
dimensional photograph without formation of reversed three
dimensional image. The apparatus according to the former is so
arranged that a lenticular screen placed in front of a sensitive
",
surface is moved synchronously with movement over a desired
distance of a shutter or a slit adapted to move across an
! ~ 10 objective by a unit pitch of said shutter or slit in photograph-~;,''
' ing and thereby an object image which would otherwise be pro-
jected as the corresponding reversed three dimensional image is
projected as the corresponding normal three dimensional image.
The apparatus according to the latter is so arranged that a
mask (screen) provided with a slit interposed between a lenticular
screen and sensitive material is moved relatively to said
sensitive material for a time of a single shutter opening, where-
in the amount of movement of each member is selected from mult-
iples of a unit pitch of the lenticular screen, and thereby a
reversed three dimensional image is converted into the correspond--
ing normal three dimensional image.
These improved apparatuses according to said both
applicationseliminate the inconvenientoperation usually essential
to obtain a three dimensional photograph of directly visual type
- in which an object to be photographed or a camera itself is
rotatediha circulararc while same object is exposedmany timesand
; providesthe desired three dimensional photograph by asingle operation
of photographing. These apparatuses require, however, the
synchronou~ movement of the lenticular screen for each scanning
during which the shutter is moved across the objective and the
relative synchronous movement among said lenticular screen, the
mask provided with the slit, and the sensitive material, and
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thus these apparatuses can not be used for photographing of a ~ ~'
moving object to be photographed, and particularly for momentary
photographing under Strobo light as well as under flash light of ~ '
which the emission period is shorter than the period for which
the movement of the respective members as mentioned above.
These disadvantages are effectively avoided, according
to the present invention, by an improvement such that the desired
three dimensional photograph is obtained independently of the
manner of photographing such as those under the Strobo discharge
light and the flash light from the flash bulb used as the illum-, ''-
inating light for photographing, and even when a photographic
object is moving.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a method '
and apparatus by which the desired three dimensional photograph
of directly visual type is obtained independently of the photo-
graphing requirements. The present invention also provides a
camera mechanism to obtain said three dimensional photograph of
directly visual type simplified such that anybody may take the '
three dimensional photograph of directly visual type with the
camera at low cost and thus popularization of the three dimen- ,
sional photograph ~of directly visual type is achieved. The
present invention also provides a method and the apparatus by
which the image obtained by said camera mechanism at low cost
may be reproduced as many times as desired.
The method according to the present invention does not
involve the concept of the exposure of many times for the same
object to be photographed being essential to obtain a three
dimensional photograph of directly visual type and provides such
a three dimensional photograph through a single exposure since
this method enables photographing under the Strobo discharge light
or the flash bulb light as well as momentarily photographing of
even a moving object to be photographed. The'sensitizing image
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~: obtained by said single exposure is formed as a reversed three
.
i,, dimensional image, according to the present invention, and said
,, .
;, reversed three dimensional image is converted into the corres-
, ponding normal three dimensional image in the process of making
a print from a sensitized original which carries thereon said
reversed three dimensional image. A critical feature of the
,~
present invention lies in this conversion from the reversed three
dimensional image into the normal three dimensional image. One
of problems encountered in the attempt to obtain a three dimen-
sional photograph of directly visual type is how to project not
a reversed three dimensional image but a normal three dimensional
image on the sensitive material and various efforts have already '~
been made to solve this problem. The well known method of multi-
exposure type is also one of the measures to solve said problem
and the propositions as disclosed by the aforesaid patent
publications by which the desired three dimensional photograph
is obtained through a single exposure, also are the measures to
solve said problem. With such a method of multi-exposure type,
however, a troublesome operation such that successive photo-
graphings with different viewing angles must be carried out for
an object ,to be photographed, using one and same sensitive
material, or successive photos must be done with the object
itself being rotated around its own axis can not be avoided
although the camera mechanism requires no special moving member
included therein and the desired effect is obtained by placing a
lenticular screen in front of the sensitive surface. To avoid
said troublesome operation and thereby to obtain the desired
photograph by a single exposure, it is necessary to use an ,
objective of large aperture and to effect synchronous movements
of the respective members included in the camera mechanism
itself over predetermined distances. However, this would result
in an expensive camera, the cost of which could be too high to
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`:: be generally used and it would be not easy for the user to carry
, .r.,
the equipment parts and the material necessary for photographing - -
~, wit;h him or her. The photo~raphic camera according to the
present invention for effecting the method according to t~e
.G:, :
present invention is arranged presupposing that a reversed three
dimensional image is intentionally obtained on the sensitive
material, so that it is not necessary to move the camera with
~- successively different viewing angles or to rotate the object .
itself around its own axis. Furthermore, the photographic .
camera according to the present invention is extremely advanta-
geous also in that no special mechanism of which the members must
be synchronously moved for predetermined distances, respectively,
is required therein and the desired three dimensional photograph
is obtained simply with the lenticular screen temporarily or
permanently placed immediately in front of the sensitive material
.
~~ in the conventional manner of photographing.
;. According to the present invention therefore there is
. provided a method of taking a three dimensional photograph which
.. comprises, an exposing step including producing a camera having .
an objective lens, a shutter and a first film of light sensitive
material, a lenticular screen stationarily located immediately
.;~ in front of said first film, and exposing said first film to ~ :.
light from an object image through said lenticular screen to form
on said first film a reversed three dimensional image, a process-
~;. ing step for developing said reversed image on said first film
and fixing said developed image thereon, a sensitizing step
including placing said developed first film adjacent a further
lenticular screen identical to the lenticular screen in said
camera, placing a second film of light sensitive material
'. 30 adjacent to said developed first film on a side thereof remote
from said further lenticular screen, exposing said second film
: to a beam of light through said further screen and said developed
~A7 5
~O~;~Of~5
.
first film, and moving said developed first film relative to said
second film during the last mentioned exposure, and a developing
step for developing a normal three dimensional image exposed on
said second film and fixing said developed image thereon.
~- The present invention also provides an apparatus for
~, taking a three dimensional photograph comprising, a camera having
i a shutter, an objective lens, means for retaining a first film
; of light sensitive material whereby said first film is exposed
on opening said shutter to light from an image object passing
10 through said objective lens, and a lenticular screen stationarily
placed immediately in front of said first film for passing light
; therethrough onto said first film to form a reversed three
dimensional image thereon, a processing device including means
: for developing said reversed image on said first film and fixing
said developed image thereon, a sensitizing device including a
further lenticular screen of the identical optical arrangement
with said lenticular screen for holding said developed first film
with one side thereof immediately adjacent one side of said
further lenticular screen, means for holding a second film of
light sensitive material immediately adjacent an opposite side
~ of said developed first film remote from said further lenticular
; screen, a light source adapted to project a beam of light through
said further lenticular screen and said developed first film on
said second film, and means to provide relative movement between
said developed first film and said second film during passage of
. said beam whereby to convert the reversed three dimensional image
` on said developed first film to a normal trivisional image on
said second film, and a developing device for developing said
normal three dimensional image exposed on said second film and
fixing said developed image thereon.
The present invention will be described in more detail
by way of the accompanying drawings in which,
065
,. ..
Fig. 1 partially shows a photographing optical system
used in the method and the apparatus according to one embodiment
of the present invention, illustrating the manner in which a -
~! reversed three dimensional image of an object to be photographed
is projected by said optical system on a sensitive material;
Fig. 2 principally illustrates processes and a sensi- ~
tizing optical system serving to convert said reversed three -
dimensional image into the corresponding normal three dimensional
image in order to obtain a print used as a three dimensional
. 10 photograph, using an original carrying thereon said reversed
three dimensional image which has been obtained by the photo-
graphing optical system as shown by Fig. l; and
Fig. 3 is a perspective view showing by way of example
., . :
a lens system used in the apparatus of the present invention.
Rèferring to the drawings, Fig. 1 illustrates the
mannér in which a picture appears when an object is photographed
'; ":
by a photographic camera having a lenticular screen located
~- immediately in front of sensitive material. Referring to Fig. 1,
X designates the position of the object to be photographed, Lo an
objective, SO a shutter located behind said objective and
adapted to be opened and closed transversely of the optical axis,
;; Mo the lenticular screen and Fo sensitive material. The
objective Lo to be used for photographing is preferably the
;~ - objective as shown by Fig. 3, which is cut along planes extending
in parallel to the main optical axis of said objective. Corres-
."s~
pondingly, it is preferred that the shutter SO is adapted to be
opened and closed transversely of the cutting planes of said
objective Lo extending in parallel to each other and to form, as
opened, a slit. In executing of the
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065
, .
method according to the present invention, however, such a combin-
ation of lens and shutter as mentioned just above is not critical.
It is well known that the lenticular screen Mo comprises a plural-
ity of continuously arranged and assembled lens elements each
having the shape of fine, vertically long semicylinder which has
~.,
a surface of circular arc in cross section and a uniform width
as narrow as normally in order of 0.2mm to 5.0mm. Accordingly, the
~ boundary lines of adjacent lens elements corresponding to opposite
r~ ends of each circular arc in cross section of the lenticular screen
define a plurality of stripes extending in parallel to one
another and transversely of the cutting planes of the objective
as shown by Fig. 3, which extend, in turn, in parallel to each
other. With such an optical system for sensitization, the light
rays coming from an object to be photographed pass through, upon
opening of the shutter, SO' the objective Lo to the lenticular
~; screen Mo and then pass through the latter to the sensitive
material Fo. In this passage, the light rays are subjected to
a refraction in said objective Lo and the lenticular screen Mo.
The manner of image formation will no~ be considered
with respect to the portion of an object to be photograpned
that lies between points P and Q in Figure 1. The light rays
coming from the point P and being incident upon the objective Lo
,` are included within a beam ~1 covering the effective aperture of
the objective Lo and the light rays coming from the point Q and
. being incident upon the objective L are included within another
i.
beam ~2~ f the light rays included within these beams, only the
portion that passes through a particular lenticular element m2
of a plurality of lenticular elements ml, m2, m3 ...... serially
; arranged and assembled to form the image of said portion will be
' 30 considered. The light rays coming from the points P and Q, and
centrally passing through the objective Lo, form the corresponding
images at points P2 and Q2' respectively, on the sensitive surface
106~06S
,
Fo. Such a mechanism of image formation is shown by solid lines
for better understanding. Of the beam ~1 coming from the point
P, the light rays which have been incident, not upon the lenticular
element m2, but upon the lenticular element ml adjacent said
lenticular element m2 are subjected to a refraction in passing
through said element ml and then form the image of said point
P at a point Pl on the sensitive material surface Fo while the
light rays of the beam ~2 coming from the point Q which have been
incident, not upon the lenticular element m2, but upon the lenticu- ~
; 1~ lar element m3 adjacent said lenticular element m2 are subjected - -
to a refraction in passing through said element m3 and then form
the image of said point Q at a point Q3 on the sensitive material
surface Fo. Although it might be considered that all the light
rays coming from the portion of the object to be photographed that
lies between the points P and Q pass through only three lenticular
elements consisting of the elements m1, m2 and m3, as shown by
Fig. 1 in which each lenticular element is shown in a scale larger
than it really is for convenience of illustration, these light
rays coming from the portion of the object lying between the
points P and Q really pass through, besides said three lenticular
elements ml, m2 and m3, a plurality of successive lenticular
elements arranged symmetrically of said lenticular element m2 to
form the projected image of said portion including the projected
images of said points P and Q in each element because each lenticu-
lar element has, as previously mentioned, a width as small as in
... . ~ . . . . .
order of 2.0 mm to 5.0 mm. It is well known that the three
dimensional photograph of the directly visual type is principall-r
based on a plurality of projected images of the points P and Q
formed by such a plurality of lenticular elements. However, the
projected image thus formed in every lenticular element is a
reversed image which cannot be directly a desired three dimensional
image. Now a condition of the image formed in each lenticular
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element will be considered again with respect only to the
particular lenticular element m2. Images of surfaces B, B- and
B+ of a three dimensional object Bo to be photographed which lies
between the points P and Q are formed in the order of B'+, B' and
B'- on the sensitive material surface Fo. Thus, the image of the
surface B+ is formed near the image point Q2 and the image of the
surface B- is formed near the image point P2. Such an image
formation arrangement is true also with respect to an object Ao
lying between a point L and the point P, of which the image is
formed in the adjacent lenticular element ml and with respect to
an object CO lying between the point Q and point R, of which the
. . .
image is formed in the oppositely adjacent lenticular element m3.
From the fact that this image formation arrangement corresponds
to the arrangement of surfaces of the object itself to be photo-
graphed, it might be incorrectly considered as if the projected -
image as mentioned above is three dimensionally viewed. When the
projected image is viewed through the lenticular screen comprising
a plurality of lenticular elements each having a semicylindrical
configuration, however, the image can be never viewed as a three
dimensional image. Namely, when viewed through such a lenticular
screen, the left side surface B- of the object Bo to be photo-
graphed is formed as a left image B'- and the right side surface ~.
B+ of said object Bo is formed as a right image B'~ so that the :-
left image B'- is opposite through the semicylindric lenticular
lenses to the right eye and the right image B'+ is similarly
opposite to the left eye of a person who directly views the pro-
jected images. Thus, the right eye views an enlarged image
corresponding to the left image B'- and the left eye views an
enlarged image corresponding to the right image B'+, respectively,
,. . .
through the lenticular screen. This relationship is true also
with respect to the objects Ao and CO so that the image obtained
by the operation of photographing as previously mentioned on the
_ g _
"~' 10~065
sensitive material surface F is reversed three dimensional image.
According to the present invention, such a reversed -~
three dimensional image is intentionally obtained in photographing
;,
so 1:hat using an original carrying thereon said reversed three ;
:: .
dimensional image as a picture, said reversed three dimensional
; image is converted in printing into the corresponding normal
three dimensional image so as to be three dimensionally viewed.
The method and the apparatus ~or taking a three dimensional
fi, photograph according to the present invention include, therefore,
photographing means to obtain the reversed three dimenslonal
image, and method and/or device to convert said reversed three
dimensional image obtained by said photographing means, using the
' original carrying thereof said reversed three dimensional image,
i into the corresponding normal three dimensional image in printing
operation.
The step at which said reversed three dimensional image
obtained by said photographing operation is converted into the
corresponding normal three dimensional image will now be
described with reference with Fig. 2. This step is accomplished
by a printing for a certain time duration instead by a printing
under momentary exposure. According to the present invention,
many sheets of identical three dimensional photographs are
obtained by the image reversion in operation of multi-printing
and, accordingly, the original carrying thereon the reversed -
three dimensional image obtained by said photographing operation
is preferably a negative whether a monochromatic photograph or
a color photograph is desired. Referring to Fig. 2, SL desig-
nates a spot light serving as a light source for printing. An
original Fo', carrying thereon an image projected as a laterally
reversed image as shown by Fig. l is placed within a beam which
is condensed and projected through a projector lens from said
spot light and a lenticular screen M of the optical arrangement
,
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`:
,, similar to the lenticular screen Mo as shown by Fig. 1 is located
above said original Fol. Closely under this lenticular screen
M, there is inserted fresh sensitive material F on which a normal
three dimensional image will be printed. It is clear''that the
'',; device of Fig. 2 including the fresh sensitive material F must
;~ be placed in perfect darkness or a situation in which said fresh
....
sensitive material F is not sensitized. With the device of the
, arrangement as above mentioned, the reversed three dimensional
,, image may be'easily converted into the corresponding normal "
'~' 10 three dimensional image to be three dimensionally viewed and
printed by moving relatively the original Fol and the fresh
','' sensitive material F with the spot light SL being lit trans-
7'~ versely of the strips defined by the boundary lines of the semi-,, . ,:
cylindrical lenticular elements which constit~te the lenticular
screen M. This aspect will be described further in detail. ,;'
When the condensed beam coming from the spot light SL is directed
to the lenticular screen M, the light rays passing through the
individual lenticular elements of said lenticular screen M ~,,
~, converge on a line extending in parallel to said strips for each ,'
' 20 lenticular element. Each beam thus converging in a straight
'' line is incident through the original Fol upon the fresh sensa- '
~, tive material F placed immediately under said straight line and
' sensitization occurs there in accordance with the projected image
of said original Fo'. Such a sensitization is effected succes- '
sively by the respective straight lines in which the respective
beams converge as the original Fol and the fresh sensitive ','
,~ material F undergo relative movement, until a desired photograph
is obtained. The manner in which the projected image on the
original Fo~ in the form of a reversed three dimensional image
is converted into the corresponding normal three dimensional
image will be apparant from the following description as given
again with respect to the projected images of the respectiVe sur-
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i, ~ 106~1)65
faces of the objects Ao, Bo and CO which are formed on the
sensitive material F as shown by Fig. 1. On the original Fo',
~i with respect to each lenticular element, there are arranged from
the left to the right the images in the order of the right image
C'+, the middle image C' and the le~t image C'- of the
object COI the right image B'+, the middle image B' and the
left image B'- of the object Bo, the right image A'+, the middle -
image A' and the left image A'- of the object Ao. Now it is
assumed, for better understanding, that the sensitization of the
fresh sensitive material F with respect to these images is
effected for each object in three steps corresponding to three
images, namely, the middle image, the left image and the right
image of each object. At the first step of sensitization as
shown by Fig. 2~I), three beams projected from the spot light
SL in the form of straight lines serve to effect sénsitization of
~, the left images C'-, B'- and A'- on the fresh sensitive material
F, converting the negative into the corresponding positive. Then
~ the original Fol and the fresh sensitive material F undergo
i~ relative movement to the relative position as shown by Fig. 2(II)
and beams are projected again from the spot light SL in three
straight lines so that three images of the middle images C', B'
and A' are printed on the fresh sensitive material F. Following
i this second step of sensitization as shown by Fig. 2(II), the
original Fol and the fresh sensitive material F undergo relative
movement to the relative position of the third step as shown by
Fig. 2(III) where the right images C'~, B'+ and A'+are printed
on the fresh sensitive material F by beam projection as at the
previous steps. After the process comprising the first step to
the third step has been accomplished, the fresh sensitive
3~ material F obtains, successively from the left hand, the left image
C'-, the middle image C' and the right image C'+ of the object
CO' the left image B'-, the middle image B' and the right image
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106;~06S
B'+ of the object B and the left image A'-, the middle image A'
:.; and the right image A'+ of the object A printed thereon with
,~ the relative position relationship of the object as a whole in
lateral direction being maintained. As a photograph after develop-
ed, the photograph is obtained in which the reversed three
dimensional image has been reversed to the corresponding normal
' stereoscopic image adapted to be three dimensionally viewed.
'f~ '-'' ' '''' - 'lhe foregoing description has ~een made for s;mplifi~
,'i
cation .of illustration and expeditious understanding. ~here -are -
really present numerous reversed three dimensional images, namely, . :
one of such images for every lenticular element, on the sensitive :
material Fo so that the printing is actually effected by a contin-
uous relative movement of the original Fo' and the fresh material ~.
F at a uniform velocity and thereby every reversed image in each
i lenticular element is reversed or converted into the correspond-
I ing normal three dimensional image, instead by said stepwise
process. Although the relative movement of the original Fo' and
the fresh sensitive material F has been described as the relative .
movement of these components in mutually opposite directions
, 20` which is the most preferable form for best understanding, the ~ -
! original Fo~ may be moved synchronously with the lenticularscreen M in the same direction as the latter at a velocity twice
as high as the lenticular screen M with the fresh sensitive
material F being fixed or the fresh sensitive material F may be
moved synchronously with the lenticular screen M in the same
direction as the latter at a velocity twice as high as the lenti- `~
cular screen M with the original Fo' being fixed.
As another method for reversion and printing, the fresh
sensitive material F to be sensitized may be moved and synchron-
ously the spot light SL serving as a light source may be moved
linearly or in a circular arc with the original Fol carrying
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~,".
,~ thereon a reversed three dimensional image being fixed so that
each beam projected on the original Fol in parallel to the
,';' strips defined by the boundary lines of lenticular elements is
moved in the direction opposite to the direction in which the
spot light is moved and the movement of said fresh sensitive
~,, material relative thereto effects conversion of said reversed
three dimensional image into the corresponding normal three
~' dimensional image and printing thereof. This means that, instead
of moving the spot light SL in circular arc, three components
~, 10 of the lenticular screen M, the original Fol and the fresh
~' sensitive material F may be inclined around an axis correspond-
i,' ing to the centre of said circular arc so that the beams pro-
jected on the original Fo' in straight lines be moved from one
"~', end to another end of each lenticular element and synchronously ',
" .
`i the fresh sensitive material F be moved in the direction opposite `'-
~' to the direction in which each beam projected in a straight line
is moved. Furthermore with respect to the direction in which the
~ beams projected in straight lines for sensitization and the
;' movement of the fresh sensitive material F in the direction
, 20 opposite thereto, every measure which enables such a relative
,~
,; movement of these components in the opposite directions may be
- employed as the case demands and a measure by which, with the
' original Fo' being fixed, the fresh sensitive material F is
, moved relative to movement of the lenticular screen M and a
,i,: ,
', relative movement between the beams projected in straight lines ''
"' and the fresh sensitive material in opposite directions in order ,
i,:, . . .
~, to effect the desiredi,printing.
' Although the'spot light SL is used as the light
~i~
, source in the arrangement as shown since it is convenient for
,, 30 operation in a dark room there may be more preferably provided a
'' light source adapted to be projected through the lenticular
' screen M and to provide parallel beams transversely of said
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lenticular screen M.
It will thus be seen from the above, that the present
invention provides a simple photographic camera comprising a
~ sensitive material and a lenticular screen located immediately in
; front of said sensitive material, by which a reversed three ~
dimensional image is obtained by an operation similar to that for ~ -
normal photography. In such photography, the desired photograph
may be taken by a single exposure and at any high shutter speed.
' Thus not only three dimensional photography of a moving object
~- 10 but also photography using a flash light is possible. Thus the
; photographing synchronous with flash light and the photographing
,:', , ':
u of a moving object are now included in the objects to be three
dimensionally photographed. Besides the functional enlargement
of three dimensional photographing as mentioned above, the
present invention provides the photographic camera itself well `
simplified at a low cost, promoting a popularization of the three
.
dimensional photograph and facilitating it to obtain a plurality
of same prints by repeating a treatment in dark room from an
original which was obtained by a single photographing. Further-
.
more, the present invention requires neither a scanning mechanism
i for image conversion in the camera itself nor a mechanism
serving to effect a synchronous operation of the slit above the
sensitive material surface and the sensitive material itself, so
that the image conversion during the treatment in the dark room
is far easier with respect to the versatility in design of the
dark room equipment compared to the inventions concerning these
! aspects as previously identified and a same dark room equipment
,~ meets VarioUs demands of the user, providing a three dimensional photograph at a low cost,
.
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