Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
1072917
Y This invention relates to an improvement in marking or
coloring pens and deals particularly with a pen capable of
.
marking or coloring surfaces with an FDA certified color or
comblnation of colors which may be washed from a washable
surface. The color or combination of colors is incorporated
into the nib and the pen is sold in the dry state. The pen
can be safely and easily activated by a child by simply add-
ing water to ~orm a writing ~luid or ink. This is accomplished
by inserting into the open end of the barrel,so as to envelop
the nib,a water saturated porous plug having approximately
the same length as the portion of the nib contained within the
barrel. I~ the pen dries out prematurely, it can easily be
made usable again by the addition o~ a small amount o~ water.
The pen will not cause inJury to the child in the event the
color is taken internally.
' ,
- - - , . . . . .. .. . . .
1072~17
Background of the Invention
Various types of marking pens have been produced which
are designed to apply ink or other liquid material to a re-
ceptive surface, e.g. paper.
The pen assembly of this invention is completely stable
during prolonged periods of storage~ yet contains a full com-
plement of coloring material, whereas ordinary porous nibbed
pens of the prior art are sub~ect to leakage, drying out,
clogging and similar difficulties in storage.
My pen may be made operable by the introduction of solvent
(e. g. water) only, whereas many prior art porous nibbed pens
(and those on sale that I have encountered) have commonly con-
talned or required the addition of liquid ink.
In the preferred embodiments of my pen, water (or solvent)
is~introduced in controlled amounts by means of a self-measuring
porous plug, so that the desired tint is conveniently and uni-
formly attainable. This accomplishment is not available in
prior art porous nibbed pens with which I am familiar. My
pen assembly makes it possible to obtain sufficient solution
of the dye and diffusion of the ink throughout the assembly of
the porous plug or body and the nib, so that the pen can be
used within a short time, e. g. 2 to lO minutes, after inser-
ti~on of ~the wet porous body or plug into the barrel o~ my pen.
U. S. patent No. 3,003,182 provides a porous reservoir body
.. .. .
~llled wlth liquid ink and from which the ink flows by capil-
larity to an easily removable and replaceable porous ~elt writ-
ing tip or nib. Ink ls introduced by removing the reservoir
body~and dipping it in liquid ink, with attendant likelihood of
I
; soiling the fingers. Interchangeability of nibs is achieved in
-2-
'
, . .
10729~7
part by minimal contact between nib and reservoir, thereby
impeding the flow of ink to the writing tip.
In the device of U. S. patent No. 3,481,677 the nib and -
reservoir are combined in a single expandable porous body
whlch may contain a soluble dye, Dipping the writing tip in
an appropriate aqueous dye solution results in expansion of
the porous body so that a pointed writing tip cannot be main-
tained.
In U. S. patent No. 3,544,229 there is described a mark-
ing pen having an ink-conducting point or nib extending into
an ink-containing chamber wherein the liquid ink is capillarily
retained by a looæe mass of threads formed of loosely twisted
~ibers, The construct~on requires that the ink be added after
the fibrous mass is in place, an operation requiring consi-
derable skill.
Summary o~ the Invention
.
The present device comprises a tubular barrel in one
end of which is secured a porous nib or writing tip having
capillary passages extending therethrough and which is impreg-
nated with soluble coloring matter. The nib extends into thebarrel a substantial distance. Removable caps are provided
which serve to close the open end of the barrel and to fit
over the nib end. These caps may be of identical design so
!l that two or more pens may be connected in tandem as will be
' further described.
~- For each pen there is also provided a porouæ plug or
reservoir whichg a~ter saturation w~th a suitable solvent in
speci~ied amount~ is inserted through the open end o~ the bar-
rel and intimately around the inwardly extending nib, thereby
'' : '
~ . .
.
.
. .
~072917
activating the pen for use. The coloring matter from the
nib dissolves in the liquid to form the marking fluid whlch
may thereafter be applied from the exposed end of the nib to
any desired receptive surface. In a preferred form the color-
ing matter is a certified food color or mixture and the sol-
vent or activating liquid is water, thereby assuring both
safety and cleanliness in thé activation and use of the pen,
particularly by small children.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a coloring pen showing,
ln dotted outline, the manner in which two adjoining similar
pens may interfit together.
Flgure 2 is a perspective view similar to Figure 1 but
showing the protective cap removed.
Figure 3 is a longitudinal section view through the color-
ing pen in readiness for use.
Flgure 4 is a longitudinal section view showing an alter-
native form of color~ng pen.
Figure 5 is an enlarged, detail view showing another and
preferred structure of nib and retaining barrel-end.
Detailed Description
A~preferred form of pen is indicated in Flgures 1 - 3 by
the letter A. As is best indicated in Figure 3 of the drawings,
the pen includes an elongate tubular body 10 which is connected
at one end by a shoulder 11 to a somewhat smaller diameter por-
tion 12. The intermediate smaller diameter portion 12 is con-
nected by a rounded area of connection 13 to a smaller diameter
end p~rtlon 14.
: :
--4--
,
~07Z9'17
The nib 15 may be formed of wood, synthetic nylon or
vinyl fibers or other such material which when grouped to-
gether form a flexible dimensionally stable shaft? which is
somewhat porous to water, and which is provided with longi-
tudinal channels extending from one end to the other thereof.
The nib 15 extends through the small diameter portion 14 of
the barrel A and is provided with a rounded or pointed end 16.
A tubular porous plug 17 is provided which fits loosely
within the barrel 10 and closely envelops the nib 15. A plug
type cap 20 fits snugly within the otherwise open end of the
barrel 10. The plug cap 20 is provided with a tubular portion
21 which fits frictionally within the end of the barrel 10,
and is provided with a flange 22 on its exterior surface by
means of which the cap may be removed. The tubular portion
21 is connected by a tapered section 23 to a smaller diameter
tubular portion 24 having a closed end 25 which is designed to
retain the wetted porous plug 17 in place, and which also forms
an abutment against which the nib 15 may engage. As is indi-
cated in phantom in Figure 3 of the drawings, a cap 30 of a
similar pen may frictionally fit over the small diameter por-
tion 12 of the barrel so that a series of pens may be secured
in axial alignment if it is so desired. Some means of identi-
fying the color of the dye impregnating the nib 15 is usually
provided on the exterior of the pen, as the pens are otherwise
all quite similar in shape and appearance. For example, the
barrel may be made of a moided thermoplastic material
colored to represent the color of the dye. The extent to
which the nib projects from the pen barrel is somewhat a mat- ~ -
ter of choice. However, the exposed portion of the nib has a
tendency to dry out when the pen is not being used3 a~d accordingly
;`' ` .::
, ~
- :,
1~7Z917
the nib usually pro~ects only a short distance from the end
14 so that the rounded or pointed extremity is readily visible
to the child as the pen is used.
A cap 30 is normally used to close the end of the pen
from which the nib projects when the pen is not in use. The
cap 30 is, or may be, substantially identical with the cap
20 which has been previously described. The cap 30 includes
a cylindrical portion 31 which frictionally fits the smaller
diameter portion 12 of the barrel, this portion of the cap
being provided with a flange 32 similar to the ~lange 22 pre-
viously described. The cylindrical portlon 31 is connected
to a tapered portion 33 which is similar to the previously des-
cribed portion 23 and connects the larger diameter portion of
the cap to a reduced diameter portion 34 which corresponds to
the cap portion 24. The end closure 35 of the cap 30 which
encloses the rounded end 16 of the nib 15 also corresponds
to the closed end 25 of the plug 20. While it is not necessary
to make the caps 20 and 30 of identical form and shape, this is
of ad~antage from a production standpoint as it permits the
caps 20 and 30 to be interchangeable in use.
The pen may be sold partially assembled with the nib in
place. Because the pen is dry, it is necessary to add water
in order to start the pen in operation. This is accomplished
by immersing the porous plug in water in order to saturate it
with water. The wet plug is inserted into the open end of the
barrel and gently pushed onto the colored nib, using the cap ~ -
20 to comple~e the process. After a few minutes the rounded
or potnted end 16 may be used for the coloring process. I~
the pen dries out prematurely, it may be rendered usable again -
by removing cap 20, adding a small amount of water and re-
lnserting cap 20.
-6-
.
.
-.
~0729~7
The pen may alternatively be sold assembled, in which
case water is added by removing cap 20, adding sufficient water
to saturate the porous plug and reinserting cap 20 to prevent
the porous plug from falling out and to prevent the premature
drying out of the pen. However, the latter procedure does not
provide for automatic measurement of ~ater and pre-assembly is
therefore not preferred.
In some cases, the process of impregnating the nib with
water can be somewhat speeded up by dipping the exposed end
of the nib into water. However, in view of the fact that a
uniform color is desired, it is usually preferable to fill the
pen in the manner described and to wait the short time neces-
sary to activate the pen.
The de~ice of Figure 4 similarly comprises a tubular bar~
re? 4~ open at one end and constricted at the other end about
a porous nib 46. A porous plug 47 fits loosely within the
barrel and snugly about the full length of the inwardly ex-
tended portion of the nib 46 and during activation is pressed
into place with a cap 43, the end wall 44 of the cap contacting
the ends of both plug and nib as shown. A capillary orifice
45 in the end wall is provided for equalization of air pressure
between the inside of the pen and the atmosphere. As shown in
phantom, a second cap 43 may be placed over the projecting tip
of the pen when desired~ or a series of pens may be held to-
gether in tandem as previously described.
Figure 5 illustrates a t~pical structure for retaining
the nib in the constricted barrel-end. The nib 46, here il-
lustrated as comprised o~ parallel thread~ or filaments bundled
together in circular cross-section ls ~orced through a square
orifice 53 in the end wall 42 of the barrel 40 oY Figure 4,
107Z917
providing a snug fit but with narrow spaces at or along the
corners of the orifice. The orifice 45 (Figure 4) may be
omitted, so that the cap then provides a fully effective vapor-
proof seal when placed over the writing end of th0 pen as sh~ n
in phantom
The nib 15 (Figure 3) may be considered to compriæe a
somewhat flexible member. By the term "flexible" it is meant
that the nib, although relatively ri~id, may be slightly bent
under writing pressure but normally returns to its original
shape after being used. The nib 15 is also preferably formed
of a material which is nonreactive with the harmless coloring
dye which is used and from which the coloring material can
rapidly diffuse into the porous plug.
The color may be incorporated into the nib as a dry
powder during the production of the nib but the nib is pre-
ferably impregnated with a 4-20% solution of a certified food
color or a mixture of colors and thereafter carefully dried.
.
A typical porous nib will thereby take up from about 0.02 to
about 0.11 gram of dye per gram weight of nib.
It is possible to use additives to stabilize quickly the
intensity of the color and to speed up the rate of activation.
For example, a food color known to the trade as FDA Certified
Food Color Red #3 (i.e. FD & C Red No. 3) is often used to
produce a pink color. In concentrated solution, however, the
color is bluish red. In order to obtain a pink color rather
than a red color when the pen is first activated, it is neces-
sary to slow down the rate of dissolution of the color until
it diffuses from the nib into the water reservoir. It is pos-
~ible to slow down the rate of dissolution of the color until
it issues as a constant pink color~ e.g. by incorporating into
-8-
.
. .. ~.
10729~7
the nib a simple salt such as sodium chloride in an am~unt equal
to 10-30% of the weight of the color present. A chemical of
this type obviously is not harmful to the child e~en if taken
internally and acts to produce a pink color instead of an ini-
tially reddish color which gradually turns pink as the pen is
used .
Food grade sur~actants may also be added, e.g. in amounts
of one to twenty percent of the ~eight of the dye, to facili-
tate the complete wetting of the nib so that the color or dye
1 diffuses rapidly throughout the porous plug. However, care
must be taken to limit the amount of surfactant so that it is
not sufficiently great to cause the colored water to leak from
the nib.
The nib must have maximal contact with the water reser-
voir for rapid diffusion of the color and subsequent constant
shade of color during use. The length of the porous plug
should be approximately equal to the length of the section of
the nib in the widest section of the barrel. The nib will
then be enveloped by the plug. For example, for a marking -~
pen a convenient minimum size of nib is 2 0 mm x 25 mm, and
8 mm x 20mm is a satisfactory size of porous plug for this
nib.
The porous~plug employed as the liquid reservoir ls
preferably composed of natural or synthetic fibers held to-
gether by suitable binders in an elongated shape having a
diameter slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the pen
barrel, and a length at least approximately equal to the por-
tion of the nib contained within the barrel. A preformed plug
of cotton fibers is useful. Improved results have been ob-
tained with plugs of bonded longitudinally aligned celluloæe
_ g_ ~
1~7Z917
acetate fibers. The latter form is particularly desirable inpermitting easy penetration of the nib even in the absence of
a preformed axial opening in the plug.
The liquid retention capacity of the porous plug deter-
mines the intensity of color. Using a plug of low capacity
will provide a darker color, a higher capacity a lighter color,
with the same amount of coloring material in the nib. The
capacity of a plug of given dimensions is determined during
manufacture by choice of fibers, amount and kind of binder,
density of plug, and other factors. Capacity may be measured
by submerging the plug in the liquid for a time sufficient to
acquire constant weight, removing surplus liquid by shaking,
and then determining the weight of liquid imbibed. Satisfactory
capacities for the 8 x 20 mm plug are in the range of 0.8
to 1.5 grams of water. This is sufficient to write at least
10,000 cm.
Illustrative _xamples
Example 1
The barrel and cap are injection molded to approximately
the configuration shown in Figures 1 - 3, using thermoplastic
polymeric compositions and including a yellow pigment in the
barrel and a white pigment in the cap. The barrel has a maxi-
mum inside diameter of 10 mm and an overall length of 52 mm.
As the nib there is used an "ANJA" nib of bonded parallel
nylon filaments. Alternative nib structures are available as
"POREX" porous plastic nibs formed of hydrophilic surface
treated polyolefin or fluorocarbon characterized by the manu-
facturer as having omnidirectional interconnecting pores, and
"TRANSTIP" nylon nibs. The nib is 2 mm in diameter and 1.125
inches (28.6mm) in length, one or both ends being bluntly
pointed.
*
Trade Mark
--10--
'~ ~
,~ ~",. ~
,. - : . -. - . . . .,: : : ,:
"` i~72917
The porosity of the nib is such that a small drop of water ap-
plied either midway between the ends or at either end is rapidly
and substantially completely absorbed.
A total of 1000 nibs, their combined weight being 58 grams,
is sealed in a waterproof plastic film envelope in contact
with 31.5 grams of a dye solution and the whole allowed to
stand at room temperature for 24 hours. The solution is sub-
stantially completely absorbed and the nibs achieve a uniform
coloration. They are removed and distributed over a metal
screen which is placed in an oven maintained at 90-120C. for
approximately fifteen minutes until thoroughly dried.
The dye solution contains 20.0 grams of FD&C yellow No.
5 and 0.5 gram of sodium lauryl sulfate (food grade), in 79.5
grams of water. FD&C yellow No. 5 is identified by the sup-
plier as the trisodium salt of 3-carboxy-5-hydroxyl-1-p-sulfo-
phenyl-azopyrazole.
A treated nib is supported with the tip in a suitable
holder and forced into the axial opening in the constricted end
of the tubular barrel, leaving about 3.5 mm of the tip exposed.
A porous plug of bonded cellulose acetate filaments
such as sold under the trade mark "TRANSORB", having a minomal
diameter of 8 mm and length of 2Omm, is submerged in water
until saturated, and free surface water is removed by gentle
shaking. The dimensions of the plug remain substantially un-
changed. The amount of water absorbed is approximately one gram.
The plug is placed in the open end of the pen harrel and forced
over the inwardly extending portion of the nib by pressing the
cap against the plug and into the end of the barrel. The pen is
allowed to stand for at least about five minutes, after which
time it is found to produce a bright uniform yellow ink line
--11--
-
.
- ~ . .
107Z9~7
when the tlp ls drawn across a white paper or other receptive
~urface.
Example 2
The ~tructure &nd procedure are simllar to those of Ex-
ample 1 except that the barrel has a pink coloration and the
nibs are treated with 31.5 grams of a solution of ten grams
of FD&C Red No. 3 and one gram of sodium dioctyl sulfo-
succinate in 85 grams of water. Solution is achieved by heat-
. . .
; lng to 80 C. The impregnated nibs are dried at 9~-100C.
The nibs are then treated with 31.5 grams of a 2% by weight
solution o~ sodium chloride and redried at 90-100 C. A
pink marking is produced.
~. . . .
Example 3
.. . .
The barrel is constructed to have a green coloration.
e impregnating solution contains 7.6 grams of FD&C Blue No.
1, ~2.8 grams of FD&C YR110W NO. 5, and 0.5 gram of sodium
lauryl sulfate in 79.1 græms of water; 32 grams of the warm
solution are applied to 58 grams o~ the nibs. The FD&C ~lue
No. 1 is ldentified by the supplier as the disodium salt of
(ethyl-(4-(p-(ethyl-(m-sul~obenzyl-)amino)-alpha-(o-sulfo-
phenyl-) benzyliden-) 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene-)(m-sulfo-
ben~yl-) ammonium inner salt. The actlvated pen produces a
green marking.
In the ~oregoing Examples it may be æhown that the amount
of dye provided in each nib is between about 3 and about 6 mgm.
~arking pens as described are particularly suitable for use j~
by children, for example in the coloring and decorating of
~aster eggs. Prior to actlvation the pens are completely
stable and may therefore be stored for long periods of tlme
without deterioration. The activation process ls neither com
~licated nor messy, ~nd is intrlgu~ng to the child. The com-
ponents are both harmless and lnexpen~ive, permitting the
-12-
... . . . . . . .
" 16~72917
young artist to safely employ a variety of colors and to dis-
card the pens after use.
-13- . .
