Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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~jSPECIFICATION r
!jBackground o~ the Invention
he present invention is directed to an improved incipient
~¦ fire detector employing a flow-through ionization partlculate
¦ detector or sensor which is supplied with a controlled rate
of flow of small particulates previously'separated by aero-
dynamic particulate co]lector.
Fire detection systems and devices available -today
require the presence of flame, or the a-ttainment of a preselected
temperature level or the like, or rely instead on detection
of fly ash or "smoke." A typical device which detects smoke
and other combustion products uses an ionization particulate
detector comprising two ionization chambers~ A first,
l measuring chamber is exposed to the atmosphere where as a ~ j
15 i second, reference chamber is isolated from any fire-produced,
atmospheric smoke or-other combustion products. The reference ~ ¦
¦¦ chamber is employed to minimize the effects of normal ambient
¦¦ fluctuations in temperature, humidi-ty and pressure on the
I operation of the measuring chamber.
- 20 Both ionization chambers employ a small radioactive
source of ionization current. As the density of mass products
of a fire increase in the atmosphere, they inhibit the
- I travel of the ionized alr molecules in the measuring chamber
!I from the source to a spaced electrode. The resulting alteration
25 li in the ionization current of the measuriny chamber in
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comparison to the current in the reference chamber can be
used to indicate the existence of smoke and o~her combustion
products.
In practice, variations in ionization current level due
to smoke and other combustion products a~e extremely small.
As a consequence, highly sensitive circuits are needed to
reliably sense these changes. In an effort to enhance
reliability, the measuring and reference ionization chambers
of the prior art are often connected in series across a
direct current voltage source. In addition, the reference
chamber is reduced in size and redesigned to operate just
below its physical and electrical saturation point. As a
consequence, while small ambient changes in the atmospheric
temperature, pressure or humidity have a nearly equal effect
on both chambers, increased resistance in the measuring
chamber due to the presence of fire-produced particles has
an amplified effect on the total voltage distribution across
both chambers which effect can more readily be detected as
indicative of an existing fire.
- 20 Nevertheless, even these more advanced prior art ioniza-
tion particulate detectors have inherent limitations which
seriously affect their reliability and commercial utility.
For one, the- use of different sized or unbalanced ionization
chambers results in saturation of the limited range reference
chamber when the two chambers are exposed to extreme atmospheric
¦Itemperature, pressure or humidity changes as can be expected
j~when the detectors are called upon Eor service in aircraft,
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jspacecraft or the like. In addition, such prior art detectors
are adversely affected by uncontrolled variations ln air
current which can increase the density of particIes within the
measuring chamber or carry away the radiation field before it
¦can ionize the air molecules which in either case results in
a decrease in ionization current and accordingly a false alarm.
Such uncontrolled variations in air current are caused, for
instance, by the operation of an air conditioner or movement
near the detector. As a consequence, diffusion shields are
regularly positioned to protect the measuring ionization
chambers from the effects of uncontrolled air current varia-
tions. These diffusion shields allow for entry of at~ospheric
particles to the measuring chamber only by the process of
convection. Since the reaction time of the detector is depen-
dant in part on the rate of air turn-over in the measuring
-~j chamber, the usefulness of detectors using diffusion shields
is reduced proportionate to the inherent limitations of the
convection process to enable smoke and other combustion
products to enter and leave the measuring ionization chamber.
Even with a diffusion shield, the sensitivity of the
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measuring ionization chamber is further adversely affected
by the presence of dust in the ambient atmosphere. Dust
particles gather on both the radiation source and electrode
of the measuring chamber resulting in a marked premature
~ 25 decrease in ionization current. Furthermore, dust suspended
- in the chamber itself acts to inhibit ion flow which results
I in a decrease of ionization current.
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Screens and filters pro~ide onl~ a limited relief and
introduce the added economic burden of keeping the screens
and filters clean. Redesign of the radiation source reported
in U.S. Patent No. 3,353,170 entitled ~Ionization Pire Alarm
System" issued 14 November, 1967 to E. Meili and $homas
Lampart provides only a partial solution.
A recently-developed fire detector system, instead of
sensing smoke or other combustion products, keys on detecting
micron-sized particulates known to be released into the air
when combustible materials approach a state of fire, but
before a state of fire actually exists. Such a device is
disclosed in U. S. Patent No. 3,953,844 entitled "Incipient
Fire Dete~tor" with named inventors Lawrence G. Barr, Raymond
Lu-po Chaun, and James Fredrick Harkee. According to the
general teachings of that application, a particulate col-
lector is employed to allow only selectively small particu-
lates of the variety typically generated in an incipient
fire condition to impinge a crystal detector and thereby
provide detection of those particulates to indicate the
existence of the incipient fire condition.
The present invention improves upon the incipient
` detector of U.S. Patent No. 3,953,844 and effectively
combines the aerod~namic particular collector disclosed
therein with the innovative use of an ionization particle
detector to result in a highly reliable, sensitive, commer-
cially-acceptable incipient fire detector.
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S_mmary of the Invent'ion
The fire detector of the presen-t inven-tion teaches a
successful combination of an aerodynamic particulate collector
with a flow-through ionization particulate detector to sense
the occurrence of an increase in particulate emissions due
to an incipient fire condition. The de~ector generates a,
signal as a result of such detection which signal indicates
that there exists an impending hazardous condition.
To achieve the objects of and in accordance with the
purposes of the invention, as embodied and broadly described
herein, the improved incipient fire detector of this inven-
tion comprises means for aerodynamically collecting from a
fluid flow, particulates having a size less than five (5~
, microns and rejecting substantially all particulates having'
a size above five (5) microns; a flow-through ionization
particulate detector for sensing the particulates collected
by said col].ecting means; means for directing said collected
particulates from said collecting means through said ionization
particulate detector at a controlled rate of flow; and means
for providing an output from said,ionization particulate
detector to permit processing the number'of collected
particulates sensed by said ionization particulate detector
as an indication of an incipient fire condition.
Preferably, said aerodynamic collecting means includes
, - 25 an outer surface, said outer surface being closed at the portion
facing the direction of planned flow of said fluid; an
o~ening ~rred in the outer surf3ce portion fac ng op~osite
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¦to the direction of planned flow; and said collector being
¦sized to collect lnto said opening particulates having a
size less than five (5) microns and to reject substantially
lall particulates having a size above five (5) microns.
I It is also preferred that said ionization particulate
detector include a first flow-through ionization chamber for
sensing the particulates collected by said collecting means
and a second ionization chamber for serving as a reference to
said first chamber.
It is also preferred that said first and second ioniza-
tion chambers are geometrically identical.
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will
be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in
part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned
by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of
the invention may be realized and attained by means of the
instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out
in the appended claims.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in
`~ 20 and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate one
embodiment of the invention and, together with the descrip-
tion, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
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Descri~tion of the Drawing~
FIG. 1 is a diagram of the preferred embodiment of an
improved incipient ~ire detector con~stnlcted in accordance
with the teachings of this invention;
FIG. 2 is a side view, in cross-section, of a preferred
particulate collector used in the aforesaid incipient fire
detector;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along line 3-3 of FIG.
I 2 looking upstream through the main passageway of the nozzle
block;
FIG. 4 is a plan view taken along line 4-4 of FIG. 3
looking down the longitudinal axis of the collector tube.
Description of the Preferred ~mbodiment
Reference will now be made in detail to the present
preferred embodiment of the invention, an example of which
is illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is presented a diagram
of an improved incipient fire detector indicated generally
by the numeral 10. The detector 10 includes an outer housing
12 having an inlet 14, an outlet 16 and a main passageway 18.
As embodied herein, passageway 18 is formed in housing 12
and is in fluid flow communication with the inlet 14 for
; passing a fluid sample through the detector 10. Main passage-
way 18 can be formed as the interior of a tube inserted in
housing 12. Alternatively, where hou~sing 12 is made solid,
main passageway 18 can be conveniently formed by drilling an
appropriately-sized hole through the housing.
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In accordance With the inYention~ thexe are means pro-
vided for aerodynamicall~ collecting from a fluid flow, parti-
culates having a size less than five (5~ microns and rejecting
substantially all particulates having a slze above five (5~
microns. As embodied herein, this collecting means includes
an aerodynamic particulate collector 24. The aerodynamic
particulate collector 24 is preferably a particulate collec-
tor as disclosed in the above-mentioned U.S. Patent No.
3,953,844 (hereinafter referred to as the Barr Patent~. In
accordance with the teachings of Barr patent, collector 24 is
provided with an outer surface that is closed at the portion
which facgs the direction of planned flow of the fluid past
the collector. The opening for collecting particulates
from the fluid is formed in the outer surface portion of the
~ collector which faces opposite to the direction of planned
`; flow. -
As here embodied, and with further reference to Figs. 2,
3 and 4, it is seen that the front surface 26 of collector 24
which faces upstream is closed. As taught in the Barr patent
and explained in greater detail hereinafter, this surface
preferably is formed as a curved surface to aid in deflec-
ting the flow of fluid and particulates past the collector.
; As embodied herein, collector 24 is~formed as a tube 27
which extends into passageway 18, and has an opening 28
` which is formed by cutting the tube at an oblique angle to
~,J its longitudinal axis. This opening is preferable of a
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general elliptical shape when the collector tube 24 is viewed
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as in Fig. 3. As shown, openinq 28 faces in the downstream
direction with reference to the planned flow of fluid through
passageway 18. The dimensions of collector 24 are-selected
as taught in the Barr patent for aerodynamically collecting
particulates in passageway 18 ha~ing a size less than five (5)
microns and rejecting substantially all particulates having
a size above five (5) microns. For a more detailed descrip-
; tion of the construction and operation of particulate collector
24, reference should be made to the Barr patent.
In accordance with the invention, a flow through ioniz
tion particulate detector 29 is provided for sensing parti-
culates callected by said collecting means. As embodied here-
in, the ionization particulate detector 29 Comprises a first
ionization chamber 30 for sensing particulates collected by
said collector means. Ionization chamber 30 is preferably
; of a variety commonly known and used in the fire detector
art and includes a source of radioactive material 32 mounted
on an insulating base 34. Ionization chamber 30 further
includes an outer housing 36 for receiving air molecules
ionized by radioactive material 32. Housing 36 acts as an
electrode and establishes an ionization current on output
~` line 38 of housing 36. In addition, housing 36 is designed
to allow particulates and air molecules to pass through
ionization chamber 30. For example, housing 36 may be con-
structed from an electrically conductive screen or mesh which
particulates can permeate. In the alternative, housing 36 may
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be constructed from a solid material having plural openings
to provide a continuous flow of particles and air molecules
through the ionization chamber 30.
~ . As embodied herein, the ionization particulate detec-
: 5 tor 29 further comprises a second ionization chamber 40
serving as a reference for said first ionization chamber 30.
Ionization chamber 40 is also preferably ~f a variety
commonly known and used in the fire detector art and includes
a source of radioactive material 42 mounted on insulating.
base 34. Ionization chamber 40 further includes an outer
housing 46 designed in the same manner as outer housing 36
for receiving air molecules ionized by radioactive material
42. By receiving the ionized air molecules, housing 46 acts
. as an electrode and establishes an ionization current on
output line 48 of housing 36. A shield.50 surrounds ionization
¦chamber 40 to prevent particulates in the air from entering
~ ¦and thereby effecting the operation or ionization chamber
!` 14. A labyrinth groove or leak path 44 is provided between
z ¦shield 50 and base 34 which allows access to the ambient
20 ¦atmosphere and accordingly ionization chamber 40 is sensitive
;.- Ito atmospheric changes in temperature, pressure and humidity.
However, leak path 44 is sufficiently small to inhibit
.. migration of the collected particul.ates, dust or other
: - . atmospheric particles into chamher 40. .
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: In the preferred embodiment of the invention, ioniza-
tion chamber 40 is geometrically identical to and functions
; in the identical way with ionization chamber 30. In this
way, the two chambers are balanced and any chan~es in
. 5 ioni2ation current caused by ambient fluctuations in temper-
ature, humidity or pressure are equal in both'chambers. In
addition, since shield 50 isolates ionization chamber 40
: from variations in air particle content, ionization chamber
40 provides a reference standard with which ionization cham-
ber 30, which is not so isolated, can be compared.
;In accordance with the invention, means are provided
for directing collected particulates from the collecting means
~,through the ionization particulate detector 29 at a controlled
rate of flow. As embodied herein, said directing means
~15 includes main passageway 18 for containing a flow of air
.~. sample through housing 12. In addition, the output of
, . ube 27 leads into a cavity 54 for housing ionization chamber
0. Cavity 54 surrounds electrode 36 and has an outlet 56
eading to main passageway 18. Fan 20 is driven by motor 22
",, ~ 20 nd located in main passageway 18 to circulate' fl,uid '
' dj'acent opening 14 into main passageway 18, past collector
4 and out'outlet 16.
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i In addition fan 20 causes a flow of air molecules and of parti- j
i culates less than five (5) micron in size se~arated by
collector 24, to pa~s through tube 2~ and into cavity 54.
l The flow exits cavity 54 at outlet 56 and rejoins the main
flui~ flow in maill passa~eway 18. First ionization chamber
30 is located in cavity 54 cllrectly in the path of this flow
as indicated by arrows 58. To assure ~niform flow through
ionization chamber 30, a def]ector 55 is positioned i,n
cavity 54 between collector tube 27 an~ chamher 30. The
10 rat~ of flo~ through ionization chamber 30 is controlled ,
by the velocity of the air flow passing the colle~ctor 24
and the geometry of the collector tube 27. The effect on
rate of flow controlled by the geometry of collector tube 27
is described in the above-mentioned Barr application.
, 15 In accordance with the invention, means are included
to provide an OlltpUt from the ioniæati.on particulate cletector
to permit processing the number of collected particulates
sensed by the ionization particulate detector. As embodied
herein, this output means is indicated in FIG. l by terminals
A and B. An alarm 60 is shown connected to terminals A and
B. Alarm 60 may encompas.s any conventional processing circults
known in the fire detection art which activate a monitor in
response to the ionization current on line 38 from first
ionization chamber 30 reaching a predetermined threshold valve
above the current on line 48 from reference chamber 40, in-
dicative of the existence of a hazardous con~ition. As
" another examp]e, the outputs 38 and 48 of ionization chambers
30 and 40, respectively may be series-connected with only the
; difference in ionization,current ~etween the two chambers being
measured. Alarm 60 may then consist of a current meter
whose output, proviqes a continuous monitor of the degree of
,fire hazard present.
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s another Alternative, the series-conn~cted difference
output currents from chambers 30 and 40 may be converted to
a signal which varieS ~n frequency With a change in current
and that signal applied to the electronic peocessor
S described in FI~.. 6 of the above-mentioned Barr Patent '
;~1 In summary, the outputs on lines 38 and 48 are applie~ to
. ~ alarm 60 with the end result being an indication on a display,
Irecording device, control device, or the like, of an incipient
¦fire condition. The particular circuitry employed is not
10 ¦in itself a critical element of the present invention.
¦ In operation of the present invention a con~inuous air
~sample flows into main passageway 18 of housing 12 through
inlet 14. The collector 24 aerodynamically separates out of the
¦air sample flow in main passageway 18 particulates having a size I -
15 ¦less than five ~5) microns including a sub-micron particulates
and rejects substantially all ~articulates having a size
above five t5) microns. ~he rejected particulates continue
through main passageway 18, completely bypassing ionization
~- chamber 30, and are discharged from housing 12 at outlet 16.
.,.",, . I~ 20 The portion of the flow containing the selected particulates
which is tapped from the sample, flows through collector tube 27
and enters cavity 54 wherein ionization cham~er 30 is located.
This portion of the flow in seeking the most direct route
~ to outlet 56 passes through electrode 36 of ionization chamber 30,¦
:. 25 then exists from this chamber at outlet 56, reunites with the
. flow of the air sample in main passageway 18, an~ exists housing
12 at outlet 16.
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As an incipient fire condition develops, the number of
particulates five (5) microns in size or less in the atmosphere
greatly increases. Collector 24 operates on the sample of air in
main passageway 18 to separate out these five (5) rnicron and
maller particulates. The flow of these particulates passes
nto cavity 54 and through ionization chamber 30. The
' resence of these particulates inhibi,ts the flow of ionized
air molecules from radiation source 32 to~electrode 36
causing a decrease in ionization current on line 38. Alarm
60 operates to monitor the change in ionization current in
chamber 30. Because ionization chamber 40 is not exposed to
' the particulates, the ionization current on line 48 from
~ ionization chamber 40 is not affected by an incipient fire
;, condition and thus is allowed to function effectively as a
; 15 reference for changes in humidity, temperature and pressure.
,,, In the present invention, the rate of flow of the air
-~ sample in main passageway 18 and the flow of the selected
~,,, particulates through ioniz,ation chamber 30 in cavity 54
are both controlled by the operation of blower or fan 20
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~ 20 in main passageway 18. The size of blower or fan 20 is
,~,, selected to provide a constant flow of ambient air through
' main passageway 18. An example of a suitable flow rate is
,~ six (6) liters per minute. At that controlled rate of ambient
air flow, the collector 2A, being constructed as tau~ht in
he Barr application to extract particulates less than five (S)
~,; icrons in size, will extract a flow of approximately 300
, ~ cc/min of air containing only the selectedly small particulates.
Since the f low rate of the air is directly dependent on the
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~low of the ambient air in main passageway 18, the flow rate
of the separated air in cavity 54 is also directly controlled
by the operation of blower or fan 20.
This controlled rate of flow in cavity 54 results in
5 a number of significant advanta~es over other ionization
ire detectors. In one type of conventional sensor, a diffuser
rotects the ionization sensing chamber allowing particles
n the atmosphere to migrate into and then back out of the
ensor only by the process of convection resulting in a
tatic sensing device. This approach is necessary because
onization chambers are inherently extremely sensi~tive to
~ncontrolled changes in air current especially when large
ust particles are present. In the present invention most
ust particles are excluded by the aerodynamic collector 24. Thus
15 onization chamber 30 is only exposed to selected sub-micron
particulates and this exposure is at a controlled, pre-selected
low through rate equal to approximately four changes of
ir within the ionization chamber 30 per minute resulting
n a dynamic sensing device. This can only be done because
2 the sensing chamber 30 is not exposed to atmospheric dust, dirt,
tc. It has been found that the design of the present
nvention therefore increases the response time of the
onization chamber to an incipient fire condition by a
i actor greater than 25 over the conventional approach where
convection must be relied upon. In addition, the flow of
selected particulates through the ionization chamber remains
~` constant regardless of changes in outside conditions. For
xample, the design has operated successfully in ambient air
velocities of up to 3000 ft. per minute.
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The increased sensitivity of the ionization chamber 30
¦due to the controlled rate of flow of selectively small
¦particulates results in a further advantage over other ioniza-
¦tion detectors. This advantage arises from the ~act that the
¦increased sensitivity allows the reference ionization chamber
, 40 to be functionally identical, that is to say balanced,
1. with the measuring ionization chamber 30. The increased
. sensitivity of the sensing chamber caused by the dynamic .
flow through condition eliminates the need to redu~ce the size
¦of the reference ionization chamber and operate that chamber
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.. ¦at just slightly below saturatlon. Under those prior art
. ¦conditions, changes .in ambient temperature, pressure or
. ¦humidity of the magnitude as can be expected when detectors
¦are used in aircraft, space craft or the like, results in
¦unequal operational effects in the two chambers thereby
:: ¦destroying the capacity of the second chamber to function as
:~ . la reference to the first chamber. In the present invention,
.. ¦the increased sensitivity allows the two chambers to be
¦precisely identical and.therefore experience identical
¦operational effects even when exposed to hlgh magnitude .
. . ¦changes in ambient temperature, pressure or humidity.
. . ¦Accordingly, the utility of the present invention is enhanced
. . by its capacity to be used in aircraft, space craft and the
~ : like environments.
:~ 25 A further advantage of the present invention is derived
:l ~ from the fact that measuring ionization chamber 30 is exposed
~. ~ only to particulates of five (5) microns or smaller and
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solated from substantially all dust particles of a size
reater than five (5) microns. Accordingly, the problem of
ust settling on the electrode and radiation source of the
easuring ionization chamber is eliminated by the present
invention and the need to clean the ionization chamber is
likewise removed. The small particulates allowed to pass
hrough ionization chamber 30 have been found not to attach
themselves to the surfaces of the sensor. By thus eliminating
dust, the sensitivity of the measuring ionization chamber is
10 reatly improved and the life substantially lenghtened. As ,
a practlcal matter, the life of the present detect~or is
limited only by the life of motor 22.
A further advantage of the dynamic flow-through sensing
chamber over static ionization detector sensing chambers
- - 15 is its ability to follow the progress of the hazardous condition
~` nce an alarm is given. In static ionization chamber detectors,
` smoke particles that diffuse into the sensing chamber take a
long time to diffuse back out once the offending condition
as been removed thus limiting the detector's usefulness to
just the initial alarm. With the dynamic flow-through
dètector, the sensor responds immediately to ambient conditions
thus being able to monitor the progress of the condition after
- the initial alarm is given.
~_ It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifica-
tions and variations can be made in the incipient fire detector
of the present invention without departing from the scope or
spirit of the- invention.
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