Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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` BACKGROUND OF T~E INVENTION
. . .
This invention rela-tes to the manufacture oE tubular
sections of ductile materials and, more particularly, to a novel
method of forming bends or of changing wall eccentricity by
pushing the tubular section through a tilted die causing a
greater diameter reduction on one portion of the tube circum~erence
than on the opposite portion.
Numerous bending processes have been developed over
the years, but generally speaking,most such methods are
variations of a few basic processes. No single process can be
sucaessfully applied to all bending situations where vàriations
of tubular section size, diameter-to-wall thickness ratio,
material or angle of bend are considered. For instance, the -
press method, wherein the tube is laid across a plurality of ~ -
wiper dies and then subjected to the pressure exerted by a form
die, is useful when some flattening of the tubing can be
permitted. The roll method of bending employs three or more
triangularly arranged rolls, the center one of which is adjustable. `~
The workpiece is fed between the fixed driven rolls and the
adjustable roll to form the bend. The draw method bends the
tube by clamping it against a rotating form and drawing it
through a pressure die~ In all of these methods, thinning of
the tube wall, especially on the extrados, and loss of section
circularity occur. The thinner the tube wall and/or the tighter
the bend sections, the more severe these problems become. ;~
In attempting to eliminate loss of cross section
circularity, the use of various types of mandrels or other mean-s
of internal support has been employed with varying degrees of
success. In some instances, the use of internal tools has led
to process complications or given birth to new problems such as
scarring of the inner wall or non-uniform wall thinning.
U.S. Patent 3,354,681 discloses a method and apparatus
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forming elbows from tubular sections by pushing through a forming
die. A portion of this apparatus consists of a "tapered land"
which the inventor claims to cause bending by differential
~riction, the friction force being greater on the inside radius ;
of the bent tubular section than on the outside radius, which is
in direct contradiction to the findings of our invention.
Another problem pervasive in the tubing industry i s that of
tube wall eccentricity. Eccentricity may be loosely defir~ed as
the distance between the center of the tube cross section with
10 respect to its inner diameter and the center with respect to its
outer diameter. When such centers do not coincide, the member is ~
eccentric. Eccentricity correction is concerned with reducing ;
differences in wall thickness. U.S. Patent 3,095,083 discloses a
method and apparatus for correcting eccentricity by drawing
(pulling) the member through a tilted die without the use of
internal tools. However, not only is the amount of eccentricity
correction obtainable limited but it has been found that the die -~ ;
will in some instances produce wall thickening and in other
instances produce wall thinning. This same technique to effect
20 eccentricity correction is employed in U.S. Patent 3,131,803
wherein the tilted die is used in combination with an internal
mandrel. Other approaches to eccentricity correction are also
employed, for example: U.S. Patent 3,167,176 uses a swivel mandrel
and U.S. Patent 3,698,229 uses metal removal from the heavy wall
portion of the tube.
The present invention provides a method of bending tubing
in a die having a truncated cone shaped passage terminating in a
throat, formed with a steep section and a shallow section directly
opposite the steep section, and proportioned and arranged so that
30 the maximum die inlet angle Ix is no greater than about 40 and
the die tilt angle T is no greater than about 20 and greater than
0 and less than the cone angle C, where Ix is e~ual to C+T, T is
the angle between the die centerline and the entering tubing
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centerline, C is the angle between the surface of the cone and
the die centerline, the method comprising pushing the tubing
through the die passage to subject it to circumferential swaging
forces within the die, causing the tube to be reduced in ou-tside
diameter, varying from a maximum where it encounters the
steepest section and to subject it to an offset of die forces
producing a couple or force moment, to a minimum where it
encounters the shallow section to cause bending of the tubing
about the shallow section, and allowing the tubing to bend
without restraint beyond the throat.
The application of a tilted die in a composite die for
forming tubular fittings is disclosed in co-pending application
Serial No. 324,609.
For a better understanding of the invention, its operating
advantages and specific objects obtained by its use, reference -~
should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter
in which a preerred embodiment of the invention is illustrated
and described.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION _F THE DRAWINGS
Fig~ 1 generally depicts a suitable arrangement employed
for carrying out the forming process;
Fig. 2 shows a cutaway view of the tubular member being
forced through the tilted die of Fig. l; ;~
Fig. 3 shows a cross section of a tubular member before
being subjected to the eccentricity correction procedure; and
Fig. 4 shows the tube cross section after having undergone
the eccentricity correction procedure.
_ESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMEMT
The present invention is generally directed a-t a process
for selectively changing various dimensional aspects of already
formed tubular members to produce high quality bends, or to correct
undesirable eccentricity characteristics3 or to create desirable eccentri-
city charac~elistics. The invention is applicable ~o tubular members which
are constructed of flowable (ductile) materials such as ferTous and non-
ferrous metals as well as plastics and related ~lowable materials.
I_TUBE BENDING
Referring to Fig. 1, tubular membeT 10, the outside surface of
~ich ~ay be ~reated with a commercial lubricant, is operatively
positioned at the entrance section of tilted die 12. hn mtroductory
guidance sec~ion (not shown~ may be desirable. Die 12 rests on or is
firmly attached to support fixture 14. Press platen 16 separately
contacts OT, in some manner, fixes with the free end of the tubl~laT
member 10 and pushes the member into and through die 12. The tube does
n~t necessarily have to be pushed on its end, for example, it can be
pushed with grips wh~ch clamp the tube ahead of the die entrance. The
pushing foTce can be provided by a press or any other pushing device.
Fixture 14 supports the forming die 12 and pro~ides an exit path for the
formed tubular membeT 26 through opening 18.
Referring to Fig. 2, the combir~tion o~ the tilted die 12
with tubular member 10 having been pushed ~herein is characte~ized by
~0 certain geome*ric considerations related thereto. Member 10 starts with
an orig}nal outside diameter O~s. ~Note, for convenience o~ illustration,
Fig. 2 sho~s a particular form of a bilaterally symmetric die (or tilted
die~ composed of circular conical sections.) For purposes of ~urther
e~planation, it is helpful to locate the centerline ( ~ ) of the entering
tube 10 as it enters the die 12~ Tilted die 12 may be thought of as a
shape fashioned from an entrance cone 20 and a relief cone 22. Cone 20
is a first truncated hollowed conical section, and cone 22 is a second
truncated hollowed conic~l sectionO Note that these sections need not
necessarily be circular cones, although for most practical processes
circular cones would be used. ~he conical sections 20 and 22 meet at the
plane o truncation commonly called a land or throat 24 such that when the
7~
unbent tubular member 10 is forced through cone 20, i~ passes land
24 as a bent tube 26 into section 22. Tubular member 10~ which
started with an original outside diameter ODs is deformed by passage
through the die to a formed tubular member 26 exhibiting an outer
diameter ODf. The entrance cone 20 may be further described with
respect to the starting member 10 and the formed meJnber 26 by
reference to the follo~ing 5ymbols:
C = the die cone angle (often called the semi-cone angle)
which is the angular relationship between the surface of the cone and -~
the centerline of the cone.
T = die tilt angle which is the angular relationship between the
die or cone centeTline and the entering tube centerline.
Ix = maximum die inlet angle, equal to C + T.
Ii ~ minimNm die inlet angle, equal to C - T.
Rc = inner radius of curvature of the bent tube.
Shown in Fig. 2 is a tilted die whose die exit plane 27 is norm21
to ~he die or cone centeTline. Although this is desirable for most prac-
tical processes, ~his exit plane 27 need ~ot necessarily be normal to the
die centerline. Instead, the exit plane 27 could be canted to either side
of this normal orientation, and tube bending would still result.
It will be observed that Ix and Ii define oppositely located steep
and shallow sections9 respectively, of the entrance cone 20 with respect to
the centerline of member 10. As member 10 is pushed through die 12, one
portion of its ci~cumference, which encounters the steepest portion of the
die experiences a larger swage ~diameter reduction) than the opposite
portion, the largest swage and accompanying swaging force occurring at
~hat portion of the cone associa~ed with the maxim~m inlet angle Ix. Well-
established metal fo~ming principles dictate the maximum practical angles
which can be utilized wi~hout causing excessive "~edundant work" tha~
crea~es high pushing forces which in turn promote tube buckling or irregu
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~ ~L~L~ 73L
lar bending. ~Ye have found that Ix has a ~ritical upper limit ~f about
40; and the tilt angle has a c~itical upper limit of 20~ and should be
greatel than 0 and e~ual to or less than the cone angle. The critical
limit of Ix varies somewhat depending upon the ODs/t ~atio (wherein t
is the thickness of the original tube wall), upon the diameter redu~ti~n,
and frictional characteristics. When these limits are exceeded, *he
the
entering tubing will tend to buckle or the member exiting/die will have
unpredic*able irregular bending and a non-uniform ~adius of curvature.
These limits define a transition zone and, when not exceeded, Tesult in
predic~able, uniform bending of the tubing ha~ing a unifoIm radius of
curvatuTe. Beyond this transition zone, the member exiting the die
exhibits unpredictable behavior with a surprising decrease in bending
and an erratic radius of curvature.
The differential swaging results in material flow proportio~al
thereto causing greater elongation at ~hat portion of the tubular member
experiencing the larger swage, the differential elongation resulting in
bending. It will be noted that during pushing ~f the tubular member 10
through die 12~ a portion of the member's circumference closest to the Ii
element 25 of the entrance cone contacts the die prior to the opposed
portion co~tacting the Ix elemen~ 23 of the cone. This offset of initial
contact in the entrance zone 2Q results in an offset of die forces normal
to the tube 10~ thus ploducing a couple ~or moment~ which in turn promotes
further tube bending. It should be noted that, even in the ext~eme case
of no diameter reduction ~that is, when the tube ODs equals the diameter
of the die throat 24), a tube which is pushed thrDugh a tilted die will
experience this offset of die fo~ces and thus will bend; ~his phenomenon
can be proven geonetrically. Sume finite amount of permanent bending
will occur so long as the ~ilt ~ngle is large enough to cause some finite
amount of plastic deormation of the tube.
It has also been found that the above approach results in the
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overall tubular cross section Temaining substan~ially round, and
generally in wall thickening around the entire cross section. When
properly practiced, the process ~irtually eliminates the possibility
of tube wall collapse which has hampered so many prior art bending
processes, but does so without requiring use of a mandrel OT othe~
~ypes of internal support. The i~ventive process also displays an
extremely desirable range of application with respect to ODs/t
ratios in comparison with those prior art processes without internal
support mechanisns, with slight variations with respect to the par-
ticular m2terial. Bends well beyond 180 can be routinely made,
the limitation being only bent tube clearance of the equipment. The
process is applicable to any malleable or ductile material. By pro-
viding suyport to either the outside or the inside surface of the
straight tube 10, buckling could be retarded. ~y performing the
entire process under a sufficiently high envirDnmental hydrostatic
pressure ~e.g., in a high pressure chamber), normally brittle ~dif-
ficult-to-deform without fractuTe) materials could be bent. The
tube can be formed cold, warm, or hot.
The following Table 1 summarizes test results obtaine~ in
the beN~ing of particular carbon steel tubing experiencing a ~.3%
re~uction of outer diameter.
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As a result of a comprehensive analysis ~f many tests we have
discovered ~hat the radius of curvature of the bent tubing is strongly
influenced by the tilt angle and to a lesser degree by the outside
diameter reduction and the original diameter-to-thickness ratio. The
required pushing force on *he tubing within the die is a strong
function of the outside diEmeter reduction and a weaX function of
the tilt angle, the cone angle, and the original diameter-to-thickness
~atio. We have also found that maximum bending occurs when the tilt
angle a~proaches 18 and the cone angle is a minimum in excess of
the tilt angle, in the order of O to 2. The ~est Tesults further
indicate that naximum bending occurs when the ~ercent reduction of
outside diameter of the tubing is equal to a~proximatel)r one-half
the value of the original diameter-to-thickness ratio.
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II TUBE ECC~NTRICITY CO~RECTION
.
The pushing of a tubular member through tilted die 12 sets up
forces resulting in material flow proportional to the s~aging angle that
the particular portion of the tube "sees". In all cases, pushing the
mber 10 through die 12 results in increased wall thickness completely
aIound the circumference. The maxlmum ~hickness increase occurs at that
portion of ~he tube seeing the maximum swage ~at Ix), and the minImum
thickness increase corresponds to the minimum swage ~at Ii).
Fig. 3 shows a cross sectional view of tubular member 10 ~with a
minimum wall thickness 28, a ~EuCLmUm wall *hickness 30, and an inside
diameter 32) prior to its entry into tilted die 12. Eccentricity is
shown in exaggerated form for easier viel~Lng.
Tubular member 10 is pushed thr~ugh dle 12 in accordance with
the procedure heretofore described. Howe~er, when the process i5 being
used for eccentricity correction purposes, the member's orientation is
quite important. Since pushing the member through the die always results
in ~all thickening about the member's circumference, the minimu~ wall
thickness 28 sh~uld "see" the maximum swage portion 20 of the die. The
~aximum swage angle can be selected based on the amount of eccentricity
correction required. Of course, bending accompanies the eccentricity
corTection, and the tube may require a straightening operation depending
on the application requirements.
Fig. 4 shows the cross section of member 26 after exiting relief
cone 22 of die 12. The member is shown as having a wall 34 uniform in
cross section about the member's cîrcumference, an inside diEmeter 36
reduced from original inside dizmeter 32, and an outside diameteT ODf
reduced from orig~nal outside diameter ODs.
Table II compares the change in percent eccentricity (after
; straightening) obtai~able by the present process as compared to the
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prior ar~ method of dra~ng the tube through the die. As is readily
~pparent, a significant increase m the change in percent eccentricity
characterizes the present inventi~e method.
In some instances it mAy be desired to change but not necessarily
to correct the eccentricity. In these cases the entering tube is
properly oriented with respect to the die to e ff ect the desired change
in wall thickness about the tube circumference in accordance writh the
principles previously described.
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