Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
771
As water pollution becomes more serious and the facts about it become
better known, there is increasing effort to provide apparatus whereby water
for human consumption may be purified in the home or in places of business.
Various approaches are employed and are incorporated in apparatus offered
commercially. These approaches include filtration, chemical treatment, heat-
ing or boiling, and distillation. Of these, only distillation offers the
capability of producing truly pure water. Even distillation does not neces-
sarily provide pure ~ater, and the apparatus and manner in which the distilla- -
tion is carried out are of utmost importance.
The production of virtually pure water is not a simple procedure due
to the complications which have been introduced by widespread chemical pollu-
tion of water sources. Many, if not all, of our water sources today contain
significant amounts of toxic pollutants. As described in the United States
Clean Water Act, a toxic pollutant is a chemical which having been discharged
into the en~ironment causes death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer,
genetic mutations, physiological malfunctions (including malfunctions in re-
production), or physical deformations in living organisms or their offspring.
The list of common toxic pollutants is too long to recite in detail,
but it includes many herbicides such as 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, pesticides such as
DDT, Aldrin and Endrin; heavy metals such as mercury and cadmium; and organic
chemicals such as Mirex, Kepone and PCB's.
All these water pollutants are not removed by merely boiling the
tap water and condensing all the vapors to produce the 7'purified" product.
If the distilling apparatus is not most carefully designed the pollutants may
be carried through the distillation process and remain in the "purified" water
produced from the distiller.
Of course, laboratory distillation apparatus has been known for de-
cades, even centuries, and, especially by multiple distillation, water may be
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purified to just ahout any extent desired or until impurities are virtually
undetectable. It is, ho~ever, quite impractical to use such complicated and
expensive laboratory distillation apparatus for the production of household
drinking water.
According to the present invention there is provided distillation
apparatus comprising, a boiler having at least one opening at the bottom
thereof, a heater for heating the liquid content of said boiler, a vapor
column in the form of a vertically elongated cylindrical chamber receiving
vapor produced in said boiler, a vapor column outlet near the top of said
vapor column, a condenser adjacent said column with a central vapor channel
and a surrounding liquid cooling jacket having an inlet and an outlet, the
top of said channel being connected to said vapor column outlet and the bottom
of said channel having a distilled liquid outlet, a container of substantial
area open to the atmosphere having a surface in heat exchanging relation with
the interior of said vapor column, a conduit for liquid extending from the
outlet of said jacket to the interior of said container, means including an
opening at the bottom of said container for conveying liquid from said con-
tainer to said boiler, an overflow tube connected to said opening at the bottom
of said boiler and extending upward to an opening to the atmosphere above the
desired level of liquid in said boiler, and a downwardly extending drain con-
duit connected ~nto said overflo~ tube at the vertical level of the minimum
desired liquid level in said boiler.
The present invention provides a relatively simple but effective
distiller especially suited for production of drinking water. The apparatus
according to the invention is first of all effective to removo all pollutants
whether solid, gaseous, organic or inorganic to the point of near immeasurabil-
ity. The apparatus is self-cleaning in respect to all dissolved and most solid
- residuals and provides long periods of operation between cleaning operations.
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The cleaning effect of its overflow system is preferably enhanced by an inter-
mittent siphon which causes short periods of relatively high flow rate over-
flow to purge particulates from the boiler. At the same time, there is no
hidden hazard as with filter systems which can become ineffective without
one~s knowlqdge or can even build up a breeding ground for organic pollutants.
The energy required for operation of the distiller is kept to a low value as
is the quantity of uater used for carrying away impurities.
The simplicity of the apparatus is achieved by using the principle
of fractional distillation together with a long vertical column for the vapors
for optimum rejection of all forms of pollutants. The preheating of the water
supplied to the boiler not only conserves energy but also results in a pre-
liminary rejection of low boiling point or gaseous pollutants. This is facil-
itated by an evaporator which exposes the preheated water in a shallow pool
to atmospheric pressure. The distiller can be operated with a low tempera-
ture distillate output uhich conserves energy and improves efficiency for most
; water supply conditions, but may also be operated with a high temperature dis-
tillate output in special circumstances where troublesome pollutants such as
chloroform are present in the water and must be removed.
The distiller incorporates no pump and thus presents no possibility
of water pollution from pump lubricant or wear particles. It also requires
no cooling air circulating fan and thus has no moving mechanical parts re-
quiring maintenance or producing noise or vibration. Operating only part of
one day, the distiller can readily produce five gallons of pure distilled
water uhich is normally more than adequate for even a large household.
In addition to providing the features and advantages described above,
it is an object of the present invention to provide a distiller for water for
human consumption or other purposes requiring no moving mechanical parts which
employ a periodic overflow flushing mechanism for self-cleaning and provides
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preheating of water at atmospheric pressure for removal of dissolved gases.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a distiller
for water for human consumption or other purposes wherein the apparatus is
provided with an overflow tube in the form of an intermittent siphon periodi- `
cally taking excess ~ater flow from near the bottom of the boiler of the dis-
tiller, thus removing dissolved and suspended solid residuals from the boiling
water.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a
distiller for water for human consumption or other purposes having an extended
; 10 vertical chamber above the surface of the boiler water with an evaporator cup
mounted above the vertical chamber heated by the steam therein and supplied
with preh~ated input water which flows through the evaporator cup to the
boiler of the distiller.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be appa- -
rent from consideration of the following description in conjunction with the
appended drawings in which:
Figure 1 is an exploded view of distiller apparatus according to the
present inventian;
Pigure 2 is a front elevantional view of the apparatus of Figure l;
Figure 3 is a perspective view of a top portion of the apparatus
of Figures 1 and 2;
Figure 4 is a front elevational detail view of a portion of the
apparatus shown in Figures 1 and 2; and
Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of the various components of
the apparatus of Figures 1 and 2 useful in explaining the operation thereof.
Referring to the drawings and in particular Figures 1 and 2, a dis-
tiller 11 is shown comprising a boiler tube 13 with brackets 15 for mounting
the distiller on a wall surface. Thisisthe p~ferred form of installation,
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although the distiller may also be placed on a stand or otherwise arranged in
a vertical position as shown in Figure 2. The vertical arrangement of the
distiller permit~ gravity flo~ of input water and distilled water so that no
pump is necessary.
As illustrated, the top of the boiler tube 13 is closed by the bottom
17 of an evaporator cup 36. The cup bottom 17 is welded to the top of tube
13. There is no absolute necessity for a tight seal at the top of tube 13,
as this portion of the tube is occupied only by steam or vapors and the escape
of a very small portion of the vapors would not be detrimental. The heater
element base 21 closes the bottom of tube 13 as will be explained in the des-
cription of the heater apparatus. The heater apparatus line cord 23 passes
into the heater base 21.
A condenser tube 25 opens into the boiler tube 13 near the top there-
of but spaced slightly below the bottom 17 of cup 36. Condenser tube 25 is
tapered at the lower end 27, at which end there is joined a section of flex-
ible stainless steel tubing 29. Condenser tube 25 is also preferably circum-
ferentially grooved in a helical pattern as shown; this shape produces better
heat exchange between the interior and exterior of condenser tube 25. More
distillate can be produced thereby or the distillate temperature will be lower
or both.
Preferably, at least the boiler tube 13, the condenser tube 25, and
the flexible tube 29 are all constructed of stainless steel so that there are
no potentially contaminating materials in contact with the distilled water or
` ~ with the steam which is condensed to produce the distilled water.
A water jacket 31 surrounds the condenser tube 25 and is provided
with an inlet tube 33 at the lower end together with a control valve 35 having -
a control knob 37. In the usual installation, the household water is connected
by a plastic tube to the inlet valve 35 to control the flow of water. Valve
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35 or a separate valve (not shown) may be used to turn the water to the dis-
tiller off completely. At the top of cooling jacket 31 is an outlet 39 to a
flexible tube 47 which conducts the input ~ater from the top of the cooling
jacket 31 up through tube 32, and outlet 34, into evaporator cup 36 around
weir 19, through opening 38, tube 41 and inlet 49 to the bottom of boiler
tube 13. Evaporator cup 36 functions to provide a shallow pool of preheated
input water with large surface area exposed to the atmosphere. This serves
to drive off volatile pollutants before the input water enters the boiler.
It should be noted in Figure 4 that while it appears that the inlet
into the boiler tube 13 is spaced from the bottom of the boiler tube, actual-
ly the heater base occupies the space below the inlet to 49 for the boiler
13 and the inlet tube 49 is placed substantially at the bottom of the water
space in the boiler 13.
Directly opposite the water inlet 49 is overflow tube 51 which rises
up the side of the boiler tube 13. Connected thereto is a smaller diameter
siphon tube 54 with its inlet spaced down from the top of the overflow tube
; 51. The position of siphon inlet 58 and the siphon height control the mini-
mum and maximum depths of the water in boiler tube 13. Flexible drain tube
56 receives the overflow from the end of siphon tube 54, and in usual practice
flexible drain tube 56 will be conducted to a waste water drain, to a holding
vessel, or possibly to some appliance such as a washing machine which may
make use of the waste water from the distiller.
To facilitate cleaning the siphon for the distiller if necessary, the
siphon 54 is preferably formed of two L-shaped parts as best seen in Figure 1.
Entry tube 63 fits into siphon inlet 58 and outlet tube 65 joins to the inlet
tube 63 at the top of the siphon and empties into drain tube 56. Any suitable
means for connection of tubes 63 and 65 and inlet 58 may be pravided such as a
snap fit or press fit junction with an 0-ring seal; alternatively threaded
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connectors could be provided for these parts. ~ith the siphon 54 capable of
being disassembled as shown and described it may be readily disassembled and
cleaned with a brush or a solvent.
As better seen in Figure 1, an electric heater element 57 is provided
for boiling the water in boiler 13. Heater element 57 has a base 55 which is
a relatively snug fit in the bottom of boiler 23. An O-ring 58 provides a
water-tight seal between base 55 and the inside wall of boiler tube 13. Base
55 is provided with a tapped hole to receive machine screw 68. Machine screw
68 passes through the opening 64 in boiler tube 13 and is threaded into the
tapped opening ~not shown) in heater base 55 to secure the heater in place in
the boiler tube 13 and to close the bottom of the boiler tube in a water-tight
manner. Preferably heater element 57 is provided with a thermostat (not shown)
having a heat sensor 59. The thermostat and heat sensor prevent overheating
of the heater element if the water level is low. Overheating of the boiler
tube exterior surface is also prevented.
The distiller 11 is designed and constructed to minimize the necessity
for cleaning the apparatus, but it will be noted that the provision for re-
moving the heater and bottom cover permit easy access to the interior of boiler
tube 13, and it can accordingly be cleaned as one would clean a gun barrel by
forcing wadding or a swab in and out of the tube or by the use of brushes.
~ The open top of overflow tube 51 is also arranged to facili-
tate cleaning and a flexible brush may be provided to facilitate cleaning this
and other portions of the apparatus. Of course, chemical cleaners could also
be used for cleaning the apparatus, but this is not desirable or recommsnded
and would rarely be necessary.
The operation of the apparatus is best understood by reference to
Figure 5 in which elements of the apparatus are shown schematically and are
given the same numbers as in Figures 1 and 2.
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The water to be purified enters the input tube 33 at the bottom of
the cooling jacket 31. The rate at which water is supplied to this system
will vary under different conditions and circumstances but may be on the order
of one to ten fluid ounces per minute. The input water rises in the cooling
jacket 31 and the conduit 32 to the level of the outlet 34. It may be noted
that the water pressure required is minimal, being only that necessary to raise
the water in cooling jacket 31 to the level of outlet 34. Water from outlet
34 drips or flows slowly into evaporator cup 36 where it is exposed to atmos-
pheric pressure and further heated due to heat transfer through the bottom
17 of cup 36 from boiler tube 13. Conduit 41 connects to the overflow of cup
36 and to the bottom of boiler 13.
If the water supply to the apparatus is not on at all times that the
heating element is on, the water in the boiler will boil away until the upper
portion of the heating element i5 exposed and the te~perature sensor reaches
250. The temperature control ~ill cycle so that the temperature does not go
above 250 and the heating element does not burn out. The water continues to
fill the apparatus until the water in the boiler tube 13 and in overflow tube
51 reaches the level of the top of the siphon 54. Water then spills from the
distiller through siphon 54 and drain tube 56.
The siphon 54 has a relatively small bore of about 1/4 inch and ex-
tends downwardly below the water level in boiler tube 13 and in overflow tube
51. Consequently, once the flow is started in siphon 54 it continues so long
as the water level in overflow tube 51 is above the inlet 58 of siphon 54.
The flow rate through siphon 54 is much greater than the metered flow rate
through conduit 32 and in about half a minute siphon 54 will draw the water
level in overflow tube 51, in boiler tube 13 and in conduit 41 to a point below
the siphon inlet 58; siphon 54 then empties out and ceases to operate until the
water level again reaches the top of siphon 54.
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In operation, the water entering at 33 will be relatively cool, but
it comes in contact with the condenser tube 25 which is, of course, heated
by the steam from boiler tube 13. Thus the water in cooling jacket 31 is
heated, and in general the temperature of water jacket 31 will be warmer as
one moves up the wall of the jacket and quite hot at the top of the jacket
near outlet 39.
While serving to absorb the heat from the steam from boiler 13 and
thus condense it to liquid form, the inlet water is also heated before pass-
ing into evaporator cup 36, thereby conserving energy in the system.
The purpose of the overflow and siphon arrangement is to prevent
buildup of minerals and impurities in the boiler water or on the boiler sur-
faces. The heater 57 is large enough to boil the water in the boiler vigor-
ously. For example, in the apparatus shown, the heater is a 110 volt 1500
watt heater in the standard apparatus; it may be replaced with a 3000 watt
heater operating on 220 volts, if one wishes to increase the output of the
distiller In either case, the water in the distiller has a depth of about
12 inches and the boiler diameter is about 4 inches so that substantial tur-
bulence and mixing is generated in the boiler by the vigorous boiling induced
- by heater 57.
While a simple overflo~ of water ~aken from the bottom of boiler 13
is effective in removing dissolved and particulate pollutants in the boiler
water and preventing their buildup, the siphon arrangement operating as ex-
plained above greatly enhances the effect of the overflow feature, especially
with respect to particulate matter which may be precipitated in the boiler.
Preferably the dimensions of the siphon are arranged to produce a
quantity of overflo~ in each cycle which will be fullr adeq~ate to flush out
the bottom of the boiler and also the overflow tube 51. Referring to Figure
S the diameter of the boiler tube 13 is denoted with a B and the diameter of
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the overflou tube 51 with an A. The depth of the water in the boiler and the
overflow tube at the lowest level is denoted by C and the difference in depth
between the highest level and the lowest level is denoted by D. It will read-
ily be seen that to produce ample flushing action especially in overflow tube
51 the quantity B2 x D should be substantially (at least two times) greater
than the quantity A x C. From this relationship the approximate dimensions
D between the top of the siphon 54 and its inlet 58 may be determined. This
will typically be from about one to several inches.
To the extent that there is any tendency for precipitates to settle
to the bottom of the boiler, the placement of the overflow opening substan-
tially at the bottom of the boiler is important in preventing any collection
or buildup of solids in the boiler. It is particularly important to prevent
buildup of solids at the inlet 49 and in the overflow tube 51. The placement
of the inlet and the outlet at the bottom of the boiler with the inlet oppo-
site the overflow has been found to be helpful in reducing the buildup of
solids in the critical areas and thus lengthening the time between cleanings
of the distiller. It may be noted that there is a slight increase in the rate
of flow at the inlet to boiler tube 13 during the overflo~ discharge cycle
due to the fact that the water level in tube 41 will drop by the amount in-
dicated in Figure 5; this amount of water will be added to the usual flow rateat the inlet to boiler tube 13. It has been found, unexpectedly, that it is
not desirable to provide a trap for solids below the level of the outlet to
overflow tube 51. The time between cleanings will vary according to water
conditions, but even in adverse conditions, the distiller may be expected to
run daily for six months without cleaning.
The importance of this self-cleaning feature cannot be underestimated,
as the necessity for frequent cleaning will cause the a~erage user to dis-
continue use of the distiller for substantial periods of time and return to
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the use of unpurified water with the adverse consequences that entails. The
self-cleaning aspect of the distiller is also important to avoid selective
buildup of pollutants in the boiler water. When the level of boiler water
pollutants reaches a certain point, any distiller finally becomes ineffect-
ive in preventing vapors from the pollutants passing into the condensation
chamber and thus contaminating the output of the distiller.
Preferably, the outer surface of the distillerJ particularly the
boiler tube 13, is chromium plated or otherwise provided with a bright surface
to reduce radiation and heat loss from the apparatus. Portions of the boiler
may be insulated if desired. The heating element 57 is submerged at all times
during operation of the apparatus and thus is prevented from overheating. In
addition, the heating element 57 is provided with a thermostatic control to
turn off at a temperature somewhat above the boiling point of water; for
example, about 250. The thermostat prevents damage to the heating element
if the water level inadvertently falls in the boiler. However, in the ab-
sence of some error in the operation of the apparatus the water always will
be maintained between the levels determined by the top and the inlet of siphon
54.
The original adjustment of the water flow may proceed as follows:
The supply of water to the input 33 is turned on. This supply will
typically be a saddle-tapping valve and a connecting tubing, the saddle-
tapping valve being connected to a cold water pipe. The meter valve 35 is
turned on and time is allowed for the unit to fill with water and for water
to first commence overflowing through the drain tube. The time between suc-
cessive overflow cycles produced by the intermittent siphon is measured. The
meter valve is closed until there are about five minutes between water dis-
charge cycles. The heater 57 is turned on by plugging the unit into the
electrical power supply. After the unit has been operating for ten or fifteen
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minutes, the distilled ~ater being produced should be cool-to-warm (80F to
120F) but not hot. Also, the bottom six inches of the condensing chamber 31
should be cool and the top six to ten inches should be hot. The time between
overflow discharge cycles will be longer than before heater 57 was turned on.
Adjustments in the meter valve are made as necessary to obtain the above-
described conditions. Decreasing the time between cycles of water overflow
will, of course, produce a cooler temperature for the condenser and for the
output of the distiller. In certain areas with difficult water problems, it
may be necessary to operate at higher temperatures than those previously
indicated.
There is a very minor hazard of overflow from the evaporator cup 36
in the event that there is a plugging of the inlet 49. Therefore, as an option-
al feature the sidewall of cup 36 may be provided with an opening and a tub-
ing, which may be flexible plastic tubing, leading to the top of overflow tube
51 so that in the event of blockage, the overflow from evaporator cup 36 would
harmlessly drip into overflow 51 and be carried away in drain tube 56.
It may also be noted that the effectiveness of the distiller system
is enhanced by the fact that the cooling jacket 31 acts as a settling vessel
preventing any solid particulate matter in the water supply from entering the
boiler. Although it is unlikely that the necessity would ever arise, any
accumulation of solids in the cooling jacket 31 may be removed by back flush-
ing the cooling jacket 31 with chemicals through outlet tube 39. Disconnect-
ing tube 47 permits cleaning of tube 32 or 39.
From the foregoing description and explanation it will be seen that
the distiller system illustrated and described provides an efficient source
of highly purified water for human consumption or other purposes. It is quite
energy-efficient, particularly when it is adjusted to produce a quantity of
overflow ~ater in the ratio of one or two to the quantity of distilled water.
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A most important feature of the apparatus is the infrequency of the necessity
for cleaning. Cleaning in most cases will be required only after several
hundred gallons or more of distilled water is produced. The smooth, clean-
line construction of the boiler and other tubing facilitates cleaning the
apparatus when necessary. The self-cleaning feature of the distiller not only
lessens the necessity for dismantling and cleaning but also avoids the usual
hazard of producing contaminated water due to a buildup of pollutants in a
boiler, filters, or other paraphernalia. The preliminary evaporation stage
provides enhanced removal of volatile pollutants by largely preventing their
entry into the boiler.
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