Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
5958
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Method of processing seeds or cereal to accelerate natural
germination
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The present invention relates to the treatment of seed and
cereals to accelerate natural germination.
More particularly the invention relates to a process to
accelerate natural germination of seed prior to planting or sowing
in horticultural or agricultural processes and also to a process for
the bulk treatment of cereals, such as barley, in which considerable
masses of such cereals can be brought to a state for natural
germination and sprouting for the purpose of producing malted barley.
The present invention is particularly but not exclusively
concerned with the production of malted barley for use in the brewing
of malted beverages,
It is beneficial during the several day long process required for
the organic, enzymic and chemical changes to take place during
germination, for the humidity, temperature, pressure, pH
~hydrogen ion concentration) and surrounding atmosphere of the grains
in bulk and individually to be kept under control so that the proper rate,
~- efficienty of conversion, quality of product, uniformity of
20 germination is achieved within the germination container, receptacle
or plant.
In order to prepare seeds or cereals in a dry condition and in a
state ready for natural germination, which can be stored and planted,
or wetted and planted at a later date without undue degeneration of the
seeds or cereals, it is necessary to prevent decomposition of the seeds
or cereals prior to planting,
It has been proposed heretofore to prepare seeds for
germination by covering the seeds with a layer of water over the
surface of which is circulated a current of air or pure oxygen. The
immersed seeds absorb oxygen dissolved in the water from the air or
pure oxygen atmosphere, and the oxygen content of the water is
rapidly reduced to a condition which does not permit final germination.
When the water is agitated to replace the dissolved oxygen consumed
by the seeds, this allows them to germinate without difficulty.
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It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved
process of accelerating natural germination of seed and particularly
- cereals.
According to the present invention there is pr~vided a method of
processing seeds or cereal to accelerate natural germination,
comprising steeping a bed of seeds or cereal in a body of oxygenated
water, controlling the temperature of the bed during the steeping,
draining the body of water from the bed and pregerminating the seeds
or cereal in a germination-promoting atmosphere of oxygenated air.
By the term oxygenated air is meant air which contains not less than
33% of oxygen, as well as pure o~y~en.
The invention can be used for l;reating seeds of plants, grasses
and cereals, prior to planting or sowing,
Emboàiments of the present invention will now be described by
way of example with reference to the accompaIIying drawings in
which:-
Fig. 1 shows schematically one form ~f apparatus for carrying
out the present in~vention;
Fig, 2 shows schematically a secvnd form of apparatus for
carrying out the present invention;
Fig, 3 shows a portion of the top cover of the apparatus of Fig, 2
in greater detail;
Fig, 4 shows a further portion of the apparatus of Fig, 2 in
greater detail;
Fig. 5 shows a detail of means for turning grain or cereal in the
apparatus of Fig. 2,
~ig, 6 shows a detail of alternative means for turning grain or
cereal in the apparatus of Fig, 2; and
Fig, 7 shows a detail of a re-aerator arrangement for the
apparatus of Fig. 2.
Although in the presently described treatments pure oxygen iæ
passed through a bed of æeeds or cereal, it is poæsible to use
oxygenated air, The treatment can be applied to ~a) seeds or plants
whieh are to be planted or sown and these can comprise for example,
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plant seeds, grass seeds or cereals, or (b) to cereals e, g~ barley
in the production of rnalted barley in the brewing of malted beverages.
The bed of seeds (or cereals) are steeped in waterJ and mearls
are provided to dry the seeds after the o~ygen treatment is completed.
S For the treatment (a) above it is suggested 0. 02 Ibs. of pure oxygen
per hour be evenly applied to 100 lbs. of the plant seed or cereal,
while for the treatment (b) 0. 05 lbs. of pure o.Yygen are applied to
100 lbs. of cereal per hour.
Fig. 1 shows a basic or pilot form of apparatus indicating a
10 suitable layout of equipment for the pregermination of barley for the
treatment (b) above according to the present invention. The apparatus
comprises a vessel 1 including an upper part 2 housing a bed 3 of
barley, and a lower sump 4 for water. rhe part 2 includes a lower
perforated plate 5 t~o support the bed 3, and this part 2 can be made of
15 glass, or metal or enamel lined metal. A removable lid 6 is fitted
to the top of the vessel 1, and the sump 4 is fitted to part 2 by
- securing means 7 whereby with the perforated plate 5 removed the
~erminated barley bed 3 can be discharged frorn the vessel 1.
Pure oxygen from a suitable source such as oxygen cylinder 8 is
20 discharged in the vessel 1 below plate 5 by means o~ supply pipe 9.
~he cylinder 8 includes means to control the oxygen flow, the oxygen
being bubbled through water holder 10 by line 1~ prior to supply to
pipe 9. 'rhe oxygen passes upwards through bed 3, and a recycling
pipeline 12 having recirculatory fan 13 recycles the discharge gases to
25 the base of the vessel 1 below plate 5. A vacuum is created in the
vessel by suitable means, for example a vacuum pump (not shown~,
The pipel;ne 12 includes a sampling branch portion 14 for Orsat and
chromatographic sampling of gas, A recording thermocouple 15 for
sensing the gas temperature is provided at branch 14. The line 9
30 (or other additional line) can ser~e for the supply o~ an inert gas to the
vessel 1, e. g. CO~ or nitrogen, in the place of oxygen at the stage of
the process where pregerminat~on of the barley has been completed and
it is necessary to prevent further germination. The recycling pipeline
12 includes a cooler 12A.
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Water from reservior 16 is delivered to spray head 17 by
conduit system 1~ including pump l9, and is sprayed into the bed
3 for steeping of the barley and also to cool the bed.
Water descends to the sump 4 and overflow water is returned
5 to reservior 16 by pipeline 20: Ll and L ~ indicate two possible
oontrolled water levels in sump 4 A foaming agent is supplied to
the ~rater in reservoir 16 so that there is created a foam layer
below the bed 3 in vessel 1, and the return end of pipeline 12
includes a porous aerator head 33 which serves to create the foam
1 0 layer.
It is normally essential that the barley of bed 3 be dried after
regermination is completed, preferably to contain not less than
8% by weight of moistureJ and to this end a kilning system 21 is
provided comprising a heat exchanger 22 having a
15 heating coil 23 supplied with a heating medium such as
steaml and an air supply line 24 delivering air to the heat exchanger
22 for heating, the line 24 including an air blower 25 and also an air
conditioner 26 at its inlet end. A discharge line 27 provided with
closure vale 28 delivers heated air to the sump ~ For drying of
20 the barley, water is firstly drained from the sump 4 and the valve
28 then opened to permit heated air to enter the sump 4 and
permeate upwardly through the bed 3: the air can be discharged from
vessel 1 via a cover bore which is closable by plug 29. The bed
temperature is normally maintained steady by circulating oxygen
25 through or over the bed. The temperature is then elevated in an
atmosphere of oxygen which is circulated and ternperature-
controlled to place the barley in a condition ready, when required,
for rapid malting.
If, however, the apparatus for carrying out the process is
30 integrated, for example, with a brewery, it is not necessary to dry
the barley. In this case, water is drained from the sump 4 and
oxygen is admitted to the vessel 1 through the supply pipe 9 to pass
through the bed of barley and to permeate the barley until the barley
is in a condition ready for malting.
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A thermometer 30 measures the bed temperature and a scale 31
can be provided to check the bed depth: pipelines 18, 20 include
closure valves 32.
By way of example, the vessel 1 could contain a bed of between
5 10 to 100 tonnes,
In operation of the apparatus, a vacuum is created in the vessel
1, and the barley bed 3 is thereafter steeped with water from the
spray head 17) a foarn layer being subsequently formed below the bed
3, Pure oxygen from source 8 is caused to permeate upwardly
10 through the bed 3, and oxygen discharged from the bed is recycled
via pipeline 12, the temperature of the oxygen and of the bed being
checked. An oxygen supply rate of appro~imately 0, 2 lbs, per hour
per ton barley could be provided, The barley is thereby caused to
pregerminate, and once pregermination is cornplete the bed is
15 normally dried by the kilning system 21.
By the above treatment, the barley can be malted in appro~-
imately 48 hours (including 12 hour steeping), and this compares with
seven days presently required for malting. Additionally there i6
improved germination efficiency and less loss of malting products
20 than previously,
Similar apparatus could be used for oxygen treatment of seeds of
plants, grasses and cereals for planting or sowing.
Modified apparatus for malting barley according to the present
invention is shown in Fig, 2 and comprises a container or vessel Por
25 use in the pregermination of barley grains for malting, having an open
topped vessel 50 with rectangular arranged side walls 51 and a closed
bottom 52J the vessel Sû being able to house a grain bed of 450-500
quarters of barley (each quarter equals approx. 445 lbs. ). The
container 50 is made from dense concrete, or metal and can have
30 tiled or coated walls, and a false bottom 53 is provided in the form of
triangular sectional ribs 54 (see Fig, 4) for extraction oP gas and
moisture during clrying. A discharge 55 is provided from the vessel
50 below the false bottorn 53, The vessel 50 can be macle with
compressed concrete walls having a better than 2% liquicl take up on
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surface, 'rhe open top 56 of the vessel 5û is closed by a removable
cover or diaphragm 57 made from flexible material such as natural
or synthetic rubber. The diaphragm 57 is fltted in air-tight manner
to the vessel 50, and this can be achieved by providing an inwardly
facing bead 58 (see Fig. 3) on a skirt portion 59 of the diaphragm
which bead 58 can be sprung into tight engagement with a
correspondingly shaped peripheral groove 60 on the outer surface of
the side walls 51. Conveniently the diaphragm 57 could be secured
to one edge 61 of the vessel 50 and rolled into position for vessel
closure whereupon the bead is sprung into its mating groove: Fig. 2
Rhows the diaphragm in the rolled condition in dashed lines, A
perforated flexible screen or cloth 62 (Fig, 3) is located immediately
below the diaphragm 57 and is pressed against the grain bed 3 by the
flexible diaphragm 57 on the creation of a vacuum within the vessel
50, A paraLlel series of longitudinally extending grooves 63 are
arranged on the lower surface OI the diaphragm 57 and co-operate
with the perforated sheet 62 during grain pressing to form ducting
for fluid passage to or from the bed 3. These longitudinal grooves
63 can be linked by a transverse groove or grooves (not shown~.
Additionally, an inlet 64 is provided on the vessel to the ducting.
- The grains in the bed 3 can be lifted and turned using a
conventional screw or auger device, but preferably an air lift turner
(see Figs: 5 and 6) is used comprising an open ended tube 65 for
location in the grain bed 3 and a discharge inlet or inlets 66 for
pressurised air discharging into one of the open ends of the tube 65.
In this air turner arrangement, grains will be transported through
the tube by the air flow and consequentIy a recirculation of grains
will be achieved, A similar turner could be used in the bed 3 of the
Fig, 1 apparatus,
Further, means are provided for the re-oxygenation of the grain
bed 3, which means can comprise a silica porous pot 67 ~see Fig, 7)
submerged in an aqueous solution being pumped through the grain bed
3 and a pressurised oxygen line 68 to the pot 67,
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The apparatus of Fig, 2 operates generally similarly to that of
Fig, 1. Specifically the barley grains are allowed to steep and then
pregerminate for suitable periods (e, g, 2 to 3 days steeping and 4 to
6 days of pregermination), Additives such as Giberillic acid can be
used. Again, pure o~ygen is passed through the grain bed 3 during
pregermination in place of the usual air, In particular, the oxygen
can be drawn through the bed 3 from a suitable source via the inlet
64, the ducting 63 and the false bottom 53 by a suction effect in the
discharge 55 whereby a vacuum is created in the vessel 50 causing
the perforated cloth 62 to be pressed into the grain bed 3 by the
diaphragm 57. The use of pure oxygen accelerates the pre-
germination process, and the consumption of pure oxygen is likely to
be in the order oï 12. 8 lb. of oxygen per quarter of barley to achieve
fully modified malted barley.
The use of the screen 62 and diaphragrn 57 with ducts 63 enables
more efficient delivery of oxygen to the bed 3 and facilitates the
enclosing of large areas of malting streets without the necessity of
resorting to rigid structure which would be expensive and unwieldy,
Moreover it serves to squeeze and dewater the grain bed at the end of
the malting process prior to drying.
Additionally, control apparatus can be pro~rided to maintain or
control the pressure and/or temperature within the vessel and the
oxygen wi~hin the vessel can be conveniently changed or replaced
with an inert gas, such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide, and can be at
low pressure and under compression, with the addition o~ acidic and
alkaline solutions, additives and inhibitor solutions (e. g, Giberillic
acid),
Again, apparatus similar to that of Fig, 2 could be used for
oxygen treatment of seeds or cereals prior to planting or sowing in
agriculture and horticulture. ~he apparatus of Figs. 1 ~d 2 can
conveniently provide in the malting process:
a) Stearn sterilisation at elevated temperatures;
b) Fan circulation with dry, heated or humid oxygen as required;
and also the use of a refrigerated cooling system;
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c) Water or spray foam systems with atomiser;
d) Chlorinated water circulation for sterilisation;
e) Methyl disulphide (or similar) gaseous circulation for
enclosed fumigation to kill off enzymes, bacteria and
nematodes;
f) Continuous oxygenation of steep water solutions by virtue of
the porous pot arrangement;
g) De-aerating by pressure/vacuum;
h) Oxygen blowing to dry-displacement of water with oxygen;
10 i) The use of potassium cyanide to innoculate respiratory functions
of grains; and
j) The use of oxidising agents.
A further characteristic of the arrangement is that sudden
pressure release ~as occurs at vacuum breakdown) causes grain cake
breaking through eruptive expansion.
It will be understood that while pure oxygen has been referred to
-- as being used in the embodiments described, oxygenated air as
discussed earlier can be used in lieu of pure oxygen with substantially
the æame pregermination results on seeds or cereals.
An advantage of the invention is that in the case where the seeds
or cereals are not required for immediate use steeping the seeds or
cereals to the àesirable moisture content in oxygenated water,
maintaining a steady temperature by circulating oxygen or oxygenated
air, draining the water, and then ele~ating the temperature to dry
25 them in an atmosphere of pure oxygen or oxygenated air which is
circulated and is temperature-controlled places the seeds or cereals
in a condition ready for rapid germlnation when planted, or in the
case of barley in a condition ready for rapid malting. Where the
seeds or cereals are required for immediate use, and the drying
30 stage is omitted, permeation of the seeds or cereals by oxygen or
oxygenated air places the seeds c>r cereals in a condition ready for
immediate use and rapid germination or malting as the case may be,
The required stage for stopping the process is when substantially
all the necessary enzymes and other organic materials suitable for
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rootlet and plumule growth have been produced and the water
barrier of the testa has been reduced, but before a rootlet growth
has actually emerged from the testa. At this stage the growing
points of the rootlets of the seeds or cereals can be seen clearly
5 within the testa, all of which is assisted by the action of oxygen on
the wetted seeds or cereals, the presence of oxygen preventing the
growth of anaerobic bacteria and other organisms which could cause
putrification. Another salient or critical feature is that the presence
of pure oxygen or oxygenated air increases the rate of respiration
10 within the structure of the seed or cereal itself. Ilhe chemical
changes involved in the respiration are exothermic and the heat
produced raises the internal temperature of the seeds or cereals
and creates a temperature gradient from the centre of the seed or
cereal outwards. As a result of this, the seeds or cereals in the
15 presence of oxygen dry themselves progressively at a rapid rate even
when the atmosphere surrounding them is fully saturated with water
vapour.
The process therefore accelerates the natural pregermination
stages because of the internal release of heat and it has been found
20 that the treated seeds or cereal will germinate, when planted, at
temperatures below those normally required for natural germination
of untreated seeds or cereals. The drying stage when used, which
provides for dry pure oxygen or oxygenated air to pass at an elevated
temperature through the seeds or cereals, is therefore able to effect
25 rapid drying in an aerobic atmosphere before an irreversible seed or
cereal degeneration can take place. Where the drying stage is not
used, -the seeds or cereaIs are of course used before seed or cereal
degeneration takes place.
Modifications are possible, For example in the Fig. 1 apparatus
30 it could be arranged for the oxygen to flow downwardly through the bed,
similarly as in Fig, 2 apparatus. In this case> the foam layer would
be located above the bed.
In horticulture or agriculture, the pre-treatment of seeds or
cereals with oxygen prior to planting or sowing enables the seeds or
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cereal to germinate in less than 24 hours. Additionally, when
planted, the seeds can grow immediately since they have the correct
moisture uptake, and further the germination and original growth
phases are uniformally and actively promoted by the oxygen reaction.
The invention will provide the following advantages in agriculture and
horticulture
1. Even and immediate growth after planting or sowing even
with adverse weather conditions, temperature conditions,
humidity or wetness of the soil.
10 2, Greater utilisation of land through more crops per year,
3, Lower or no dormancy of seeds or cereals due to oxygen
effects .
4, Less insect or bird damage due to quicker rootlet growth
whereby the vulnerability period is reduced,
15 5, Ability to store the pregerminated seeds or cereals for an
indefinite period of time.
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