Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
c~
- 1 - o. z. oo~o/0~2&0/0~:
Phot~curable molding, impregnating and coating compositions
A large number of compounds have been described as
sensitizers for the photopolymerization of unsaturated poly-
ester resins (UP resins~. Using acyloins, acyloin-ester~
and acyloin-ethers as W sensitizers, relatively rapid UV
curing of UP resins is possible, but after having been cured
by high energy radiation (from a high-pressure mercury vapor
lamp), the molded materials produced are yellowish. This
disadvantageous yellowing, which diminishes when the molded
materials are stored in the dark, but increases again when
they are stored in daylight or artificial light, manifests
itself to an objectionable degree when the compositions are
used to coat light-colored wood or to manufacture lighting
panels or corrugated sheets.
The yellowing of molded materials produced from UP
resins containing a benzoin ether can, i-t is true, be reduced,
according ~o U.S.Patent ~,669,022, by means of b~ivalen~
phospho~us compounds, but cannot be suppressed sufficiently
to allow UV curing for the applications mentioned above.
The use of benzil ketals, which, it is true, gives storage-
stable, very reactive W -curable UP resins, also offers no
improvement as regards a more advantageous color of the
molded materials.
It is an object of the present invention to provide
a photocurable molding, impregnating and coating composition
which, on W curing, exhibits a substantially higher rate of
reaction than in the prior art, coupled with comparable or
~76~1
- 2 _ O.Z. 0050/0332&0/033729
better color of the resulting molded product,
We have found that this object is achieved by a
photocurable molding, impregnating and coating composition
comprising a mixture of
a) one or more ethylenically unsaturated copolymerizable
polyesters,
b) one or more ethylenically unsaturated copolymerizable
- monomeric compounds,
c) an inhibitor and
d~ a W sensitizer,
with or without paraffins, thermally decomposable initiators,
fillers, reinforcing agents, lubricants, inert solvents,
shri~kage-reducing additives and/or other assistants usable
in unsaturated polyesters, wherein the W sensitizer consists
of one or more acylphosphine oxide compo~lds o~ the formula
R 0
-C-R3 (I)
R2 o
where Rl is straight-chain or branched alkyl of 1 to 6
carbon atoms, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, aryl which is unsub-
stituted or substituted by halogen, alkyl or alkoxy, or a S-
containing or N-containing five-membered or six-membered
heterocyclic radical, R2 has one of the meanings of Rl (but
l and R2 may be identical or differentj, or is alkoxy of 1
to 6 carbon a-toms, aryloxy or aralkoxy, or Rl and R2
together form a ring, and R3 is straight-chain or branched
al~yl ci 2 to 18 carbo-n atoms, a cycloaliphatic radical o~ 3
to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, naphthyl or a S-, 0- or N-
~ IL7~
- 3 - o.Z. 0050/03~2~0/;0~3729
containing five-membered or six-membered heterocyclic radi-
cal, and may contain addltional substituents, or is the group
0 ~ R
--X--C--P
. o R2
where Rl and R2 have the above meanings and X is phenylene
or an aliphatic~or cycloaliphatic divalent radical of 2 to 6
car~on atoms, and one or more of the radicals Rl to R3 may
be olefinically unsaturated.
The molding, impregnating and coating compositions
according to the invention are distinguished by high reactivity
on irradiation with W light of relatively long wavelengths,
namely from about 300 to 500 nm. They have the advantage,
over molding compositions containing acyloin derivatives or
benzil ketals as sensitizers~ that the cured molded materials
exhibit a substantially lower tendency to yellow, and in
particular that thick-walled glass fiber-reinforced moldings
cure more rapidly. This is particularly advantageous when
W-curing laminates which are produced by the hand lay-up,
winding, centrifugal casting or fiber spraying processes.
Similarly advantageous results are also obtained on
W curing of kneadable molding compositions which are free
from glass fibers.
Preferred W sensitizers are -those acylphosphine
oxide compounds of the formula I where R3 is cycloalkyl,
phenyl, naphthyl or a S-, N- or 0-containing ~ive-membered
or six-membered heterocyclic radical which contains substitu-
ents A ~nd B at least in the two ortko-positions to the
carbonyl group, A and B, which are identical or different,
~7~
_ 4 _ O~Z. 0050/03~2&0/033729
being alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, carb-
alkoxy, cyano or halogen.
The expression "contains substituents A and B in the
two ortho-positions to the carbonyl group" means that the
substituents A and B are bonded to the two carbon atoms,
capable of substitution, which are adjacent to the point o~
attachment of the carbo~yl group. This means, for example,
that the a-naphthyl radical contains substituents A and B at
least in the 2- and 8-positionsand the ~-naphthyl radical at
least in the 1- and 3-positionS.
- Such W sensitizers, especially the particularly pre-
ferred 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, surpass
in their reactivity all conventional photoinitiators for
unsaturated polyester resins. This high reactivity
results in a high exothermicity on curing laminates.
Hence, the curing can be carried out with lamps of lower
energy emission than hitherto, For example, it is pos-
sible to dispense with expensive high-pressure mercury vapor
- lamps and instead to use simpler low-pressure lamps, for
example conventional fluorescen-t tubes.
Further, the preferred highly reactive UV
sensitizers substantially improve the shelf life of the sen-
sitized molding, impregnating and coating compositicns, so
: that it is possible to prepare one-component systems which
exhibit a constant level of curing activity over the entire
period of storage.
The following details may be noted in respect of the
star'ing ccmponents a) to e) usable for the preparatlon of
the photocurable molding, impregnating and coating composi-
~76~1
5 o. z. oo~o/0~3280/0~729
tions:
a) Unsaturated polyesters for the purposes of the inven-
tion are not only the conventional unsaturated polyconden-
sation products of, preferably, dicarboxylic acids and
glycols, but also unsaturated polyesters containing urethane
groups, and unsaturated vinyl ester resins,
Preferred unsaturated polyesters are the conventional
polycondensation products of polybasic, especially dibasic,
carboxylic acids and their esterifiable derivatives, especi-
- 10 ally their anhydrides, linked by ester bonds to polyhydric,
especially dihydric, alcohols, which products may in addition
contain radicals of monobasic carboxylic acids and/or radi-
cals of monohydric alcohols and/or radicals of hydroxy-
carboxylic acids, and in which products at least some of the
radicals must possess e-thylenically unsaturated copolymeriz-
able groups.
- Suitable polyhydric, especially dihydric, saturated
or unsaturated alcohols are the conventional alkanediols and
oxa-alkanediols which in particular contain acyclic groups,
cyclic groups or both types of groups, for example ethylene
: glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, propane-1,3-diol, 1,3-butylene g~col,
.. .. ~. . ...
butane-l,4-diol, hexane-l,6-diol, 2,2-dim.ethylpropane-1,3-diol,
diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol,
cyclohexane-1,2-diol, 2,2-bis-(p-hydroxycyclohexyl)~propane,
trimethylolpropane monoallyl ether and butene-1,4-diolO
Minor amounts of monohydric, trih~dric or higher polyhydric
.
1~76S~1
- 6 - o. z. oo50/033280/0~3729
alcohols, eg. ethylhexanol, fatty alcohols, benzyl alcohols,
1,2-di-(allyloxy)-propan-3-ol, glycerol, pentaerythritol or
trimethylolpropane may also be used as components. The
polyhydric, especially dihydric, alcohols are in general
reacted in stoichiometric or approximately stoichiometric
amounts with polybasic, especially dibasic, carboxylic acids
or their condensable derivatives.
Suitable carboxylic acids and their derivatives are
dibasic olefinically unsaturated, preferably a,~-olefinically
unsaturated, carboxylic acids, eg. maleic acid, fumaric acid,
chloromaleic acid, itaconic acid, citraconi~ acid, methylene-
glutaric acid and mesaconic acid, and their esters or,
preferably, their anhydrides. The polyesters may addi-
tionally contain, as condensed unitsS other dibasic carboxy~
lic acids which act as modifiers and may be unsaturated and/
or saturated or aromatic, for example succinic acid,
- glutaric acid, ~-methylglutaric acid, adipic acid, sebacic
acid, pi~elic acid, phthalic anhydride, o-phthalic acid, iso-
phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, dihydrophthalic acid, tetra-
hydrophthalic acid, tetrachlorophthalic acid, 3,6~endo-
methylene-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic acid, endomethylenetetra-
chlorophthalic acid or hexachloroendomethylenetetrahydro-
phthalic acid, as well as monobasic, tribasic or higher poly-
basic carboxylic acids, for example ethylhexanoic acid,
fatty acids, methacrylic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid,
1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid or 1,2,4,5-benzenetetra-
carboxylic acid. The use of maleic acid, maleic anhydride
and fumaric acid is preferred. Since the maxi~mum cross-
linking capacity of such polyesters is an important factor in
_ 7 _ O.Z. 0050/03~280/0~729
the behavior of the low-shrinkage system, the greater part,
ie. from 50 to 10~/o~ of the dicarboxylic acids present in the
polyester should be unsaturated.
Mixtures of unsaturated polyesters, including those
which are o~ only limited solubility in the vinyl monomers
(b) and crystallize readily can also be used with advantage~
Such readily crystallizing unsaturated polyesters can be
synthesized, for example, from fumaric acid, adipic acid,
terephthalic acid, ethylene glycol, butane-1,4-diol, hexane-
1,6-diol and neopentylglycol.
Unsaturated polyesters with preferably terminal
double bonds are also suitable.
The unsaturated polyesters have acid numbers of from
10 to 200, preferably from 20 to 85, and mean molecular
weights of from about 800 to 6,ooo, preferably from about
1,000 to 4,000.
The amorphous an~ in some casesJ crystallizable
unsaturated polyesters are in general prepared from their
starting components by melt condensation or condensation under
azeotropic conditions, using continuous or batchwise methods.
Regarding the composition of unsaturated polyesters,
reference may for example also be made to the book by
H.V. Boenig, Unsaturated Polyesters: Structure and Proper-
ties, hmsterdam, 1964.
Instead of unsaturated polyesters it is also po~sible
to use, as already mentioned, unsaturated polyesters contain-
ing urethane groups. To obtain these, the above unsatura~
- ted polyesters are reacted wlth organic polyisocyanates,
preferably aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and especially aromatic
3L~17~
- 8 - O.Z. 0050/0~2~0/0~3729
diisocyanates, thereby extending the unsaturated polyester
chain and increasing the molecular weight Examples of
compounds suitable for chain extension are aliphatic
diisocyanates, eg. 1,4-butane-diisocyanate and 1,6-hexane-
diisocyanate, cycloaliphatic diisocyanates, eg. 1,3- and l,4-
cyclohexane-diisocyanate, l-methyl-2,~- and -2,6-cyclohexane-
diisocyanate and the corresponding isomer mixtures, isophor-
one diisocyanate and 4,4'-, 2,4'- and 2,2'-dicyclohexyl-
methane diisocyanate, as well as the corresponding isomer
mixtures and, preferably, aromatic diisocyanates, eg. 2,4-
and 2,6-toluylene-diisocyanate and the corresponding isomer
mixtures, 4,4'-, 2,4'- and 2,2'-diphenylmethane-diisocyanate
and the corresponding isomer mixtures, and 1,5 naphthylene-
diisocyanate. To prepare the unsaturated polyesters con-
taining urethane groups, the starting materials are advan-
tageously reacted at from O to 120C, preferably from 15-to
60C, in such amounts that the ratio of Zerewitinoff-active
hydrogens, preferably bonded to OH and COOH groups, of the
unsaturated polyesters, to NCO groups of the polyisocyanates
is from 1 : 0.1 to l : 0~9, preferably from 1 : 0.2 to l :
0.7. The resulting unsaturated polyesters containing ure-
thane groups have acid numbers of from 2 to 30, preferably
from ~ to 20, and mean molecular weights of from about 1,000
to 10,000, preferably from about 1,500 to 6,ooo.
Suitable unsaturated vinyl ester resins for the pur-
poses of the invention contain the characteristic group
-CO-OCH2CHOH-CH20- and also contain terminal polymerizable
unsaturated groups. The vinyl ester resins are prepared
- by reacting about equivalent amounts of a polyepoxide resin
~176~
9 - O.Z. 0050/03~280/033729
and of an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid, for example react-
ing 1 equivalent of methacrylic acid with 1
equivalent of a polyepoxide resin
Vinyl ester resins of the stated type are described,
for example, in U.S. Patent 3,367,992, according to which di-
carboxylic acid half-esters of hydroxyacrylates or hydroxy-
methacrylates are reacted with polyepoxide resins.
According to U.S. Patents 3,066,112 and 3,179,62~, vinyl
ester resins are obtained from monocarboxylic acids, eg
acrylic acid and methacrylic acid; these patents also dis-
close an alternative method o~ preparation, wherein a
glycidyl methacrylate or glycidyl acrylate is reacted with
the sodium salt of a dihydric phenol, eg. bisphenol A.
Vinyl ester resins based on epoxy-novolac resins are des-
cribed in U,S Patent 3,301,743. U.S. Patent 3,255,226
discloses vinyl ester resins in which the molecular weight of
the polyepoxide is i~creased by reacting it with a dicar-
boxylic acid and with acrylic acid. Modified vinyl ester
resins are also suitable for the purposes of the present
invention, for example those disclosed in U.S. P~tent
- ~,947,422 `, which contain half-ester groups and are obtained
by reacting the second hydroxyl group of the
-C0-OCH2.CHOH-CH20- structure with a dicarboxylic acid
anhydride, eg. maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride~phthalic
anhydride, tetrabromophthalic anhydride and the like.
The photocurable molding, impregnating and coating
1~7~1
- 10 - O.Z. 0050/0~280/0~729
compositions according to the invention in general contain
from 10 to 80% by weight, preferably from 15 to 70% by
weight, based on the total weight of components (a) and (b),
of an unsaturated polyester, an unsaturated polyester con-
taining urethane groups, or an unsaturated vinyl ester resin,
or mixtures of the said components (a).
b) Suitable copolymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated,
monomeric compounds are the allyl and, preferably, vinyl
compounds conventionally used for the preparation of unsatu-
o rated polyester molding, impregnating and coating composi-
tions~ for example styrene, substituted styrenes, eg. p-
chlorostyrene or vinyltoluene, esters of acrylic acid and
methacrylic acid with alcohols of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, eg.
methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, ethylhexyl acrylate,
hydroxypropyl acrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate
and butanediol diacrylate, acrylamides and methacrylamides,
- allyl esters, eg. diallyl phthalate, and vinyl esters, eg.
vinyl ethylhexanoate, vinyl pivalate and the like. Mix-
tures of the said olefinically unsatura-ted monomers are also
suitable. Preferred components (b) are styrene, a-
methylstyrene, chlorostyrene, vinyltoluene, divinylbenzene
- and diallyl phthalate. The polyester molding, impregnat-
ing and coating compositions in general contain component (b)
in an amount of from 20 to 90, preferably from 30 to 85, %
by weight, based on the total weight of components (a) and
(b).
c) The photocurable molding, impregnating and coating
compositions according to the invention are stabilized with
the conventional inhibitors (c). Examples of these are
~117~
~ O.Z. 0050/033280/033729
phenolic inhibitors, eg. hydroquinone, substituted hydro-
quinones, pyrocatechol, tert.-butylpyrocatechol and nuclear-
substituted pyrocatechol derivatives, quinones, eg. benzo-
quinone, naphthoquinone and chloranil, nitrobenzenes, eg. m-
dinitrobenzene, thiodiphenylamine, N-nitroso compounds, eg.
N-nitrosodiphenylamine, salts of N-nitroso-N-cyclohexyl-
hydroxylamine, and mixtures of these. Other sta-blIizers
are divalent copper salts, eg. copper
naphthenates and copper octoate, and quaternary ammonium
salts of the formula [NR5R6R7R8]~ X , where R5, R6, R7 and
R are alkyl of l to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 14 carbon
atoms or aralXyl of 7 to 30 carbon atoms and X is halogen,
preferably chlorine.
The addition of selected W absorbers for the purpose
of the light stabilization of the cured products in some
cases slightly reduces the rate of UV curing, but this reduc-
tion is within acceptable limits. Suitable absorbers are
those from the hydroxybenzophenone, salicylic acid ester and
hydroxyphenylbenztriazole series.
The inhibitors are in general present in the molding,
impregnating and coating compositionsin an amount of from
0.005 to 0 5, preferably from 0.01 to 0.2, % by weight based
on components a) and b)
d) The UV sensitizers (d) used according to the inven-
tion are acylphosphine oxide compounds of the formula
~L76~
- 12 - O.Z0 0050/03~2&0/033729
.. - Rl O
~ P-C-R3 (I)
R2 o
Examples of these are acylphosphine oxides and acylphos-
phinic acid esters. The following details may be noted
with regard to formula (I):
R may be straight-chain or branched alkyl of 1 to 6
carbon atoms, eg. methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl, n-butyl,
amyl or n-hexyl, cycloalkyl, cyclopentyl and cyclo-
hexyl, aryl, eg. phenyl and naphthyl, halogen-substituted
aryl, eg. monochlorophenyl and dichlorophenyl, alkyl-
substituted phenyl, eg. methylphenyl, ethylphenyl, isopropyl-
10 phenyl, tert.-butylphenyl and dimethylphenyl, alkoxy-
- substituted aryl, eg. methoxyphenyl, ethoxyphenyl and
dimethoxyphenyl, or a ~-containing or N-containing five-
membered or six-membered ring, eg. thiophe-ayl or pyridyl,
R2 may have one of the meanings of Rl and may also be
alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, eg. methoxy, ethoxy, i-
propoxy, butoxy or ethoxyethoxy, or aryloxy, eg. phenoxy,
methylphenoxy or benzyloxy, and
Rl and R2 may be joined to form a ring, as, for
example, in acylphosphonic acid o-phenylene esters.
R may be ; for example ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl,
n-butyl, i-butyl, tert.-butyl, i-amyl, n-hexyl, heptyl, n-
octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, i-nonyl, dimethylheptyl, lauryl, s-tearyl,
cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, l-methylcyclopentyl,
cyclohexyl, l-methylcyclohexyl, norbornadienyl, adamantyl,
phenyl, methylphenyl, tert.-butylpher.yl, isopropylphenyl,
methoxyphenyl, i-propoxyphenyl, thiomethoxyphenyl, a- and ~-
,,:
,,',
.. . . . .
- 13 - o.Z~ 0050/0~280/0~3729
naphthyl, thiophenyl, pyridyl, ~-acetoxyethyl or ~-carboxy-
ethyl.
Rl, R2 and R3 may in addition contain carbon-carbon
double bonds which allow the W sensitizer to be incorporated
into the binder as copolymerized units.
Examples of the W sensitizers according to the
invention are methyl isobutyryl-methylphosphinate, methyl
isobutyryl-phenylphosphinate, methyl pivaloyl-phenylphosphin-
ate, methyl 2-ethylhexanoyl-phenylphosphinate, isopropyl
pivaloyl-phenylphosphinate, methyl p-toluyl-phenylphosphinate,
methyl o-toluyl-phenylphosphinate, methyl 2,4-dimethylben-
zoyl-phenylphosphinate, isopropyl p-tert.-butyl-phenylphos-
phinate, methyl acryloyl-phenylphosphinate, isobutyryl~
diphenylphosphine oxide, 2-ethylhexanoyl-diphenylphosphine
oxide, o-toluyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, p-tert.-butyl-
benzoyldiphenylphosphlne oxide, 3-pyridylcarbonyl-diphenyl-
phosphine oxide, acryloyldiphenylphosphine oxide, benzoyl-
diphenylphosphine oxide, vinyl pivaloyl-phenylphosphinate
and adipoyl-bis-diphenylphosphine oxide. - `
The following are preferred: pivaloyl-diphenylphos-
phine oxide, p-toluyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 4-(tert.-
butyl)-benzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, terephthaloyl-bis-
diphenylphosphine oxide, 2-methylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine
oxide, versatoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-
hexanoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, l-methyl-cyclohexanoyl-
diphenylphosphine oxide, methyl pivaloyl-phenylphosphinate
and isopropyl pivaloyl-phenylphosphinate.
These compounds may be prepared by reac~in~ an acid
halide of the formula
1~17~
0 O.Z. 0050/0~2~0/033729
R3_C_x
where X is Cl or Br, with a phosphine of the formula
R
~2~
where R4 is straight-chain or branched alkyl o~ 1 to 6 carbon
atoms, or cycloalkyl of 5 or 6 carbon atoms,
The reaction can be carried out in a solvent, for
example a hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture, eg, petroleum
ether, toluene, cyclohexane, an ether or some other conven-
tional inert organic solvent, or even without a solvent, at
. from -~0C to ~llQC, preferably at from 10 to 70C. The
;~ product can be directly crystallized out from the solvent,
1~ or remains after evaporation, or is distilled under reduced
pressure. 0
The acid halide R3CX and the substituted phosphine
RlR2PoR4 are obtained by processes known to those skilled in
the art from the literature (for example K, Sasse in Houben-
Weyl, Volume 12/1, pages 208-209, G, Thieme-Verlag, Stutt-
. gart),
. The process for the preparation of the compounds
according to the invention can for example be represented by
the following equation:
.
.
i~76~
- 15 - O.Z. 0050/0332&0/0~37~9
OCH3 ~ Cl.
OCH3 3
CH30 0 CH3 + CH3
or
3 CH3
CH
O - 3
Examples of suitable phosphines are methyldimethoxy-
- phosphine, butyldimethoxyphosphine, phenyldimethoxyphosphine,
-toluyldimethoxyphosphine, phenyldiethoxyphosphine, toluyldi-
ethoxyphosphine, phenyldiisopropoxyphosphine, tolyldiiso-
propoxyphosphine, phenyldibutoxyphosphine, tolyldibutoxy-
phosphine and dimethylmethoxyphosphine, dibutylmethoxyphos-
: phine, dimethylbutoxyphosphine, diphenylmethoxyphosphine,
diphenylethoxyphosphine, diphenylpropoxyphosphine, diphenyl-
isopropoxyphosphine, diphenylbutoxyphosphine an~ similar
starting materials which lead to the compounds according to
the invention~ -
Suitable acid halides are the chlorides and bromides,
.
76~
- 16 - o.Z. 0050/03~280/033729
of which the former are particularly preferred,
Specific examples of the compounds according to the
invention (without this list implying any restriction) are:
~76~
- 17 ~ 0. Z. 0050~033280/033729
,.~ ..
o~~ o o ~ o ~o
., _. ~ ~4 .,
o~
Ul o ~
. o 0 ~ ~ o
C~ o C~ . . . . .
,~ . .
~o ~ o ~ o ~ o
.,~
~ o r~
",
o
~ .
o
E~ 3
O
: b~) p4 o O
~ O
= O
O=~
o s s
o -- ~ ~ ~ \ / \ /
P~ = ~ c. = O D~= O
~ \ / \ ~ o=~ o=(
o~
o _~ ~ ~, \ \
,, .
O. Z. 0050/0332~0/033729
~ o o ~ o
.U~
8 ~ ~u o ~ a~ ~ o
C,~ . . .. . . .
O ~ O ~ ~ ~ o
,~,
,
m ~ ~
~ .
, ~ ~ o ~ o .,
`. E~
: .
.. ..
; \ ~ o
O = ~ N
S
;> OC~ N
V o~ O J ; ~
O ~
1~7~
- 19 - O. Z. ooso/0332&0/0.,~372g
~ ~D
U~ ~ o
O ~D O C~
~, .. ~ ..
U~
~0 o, 0
~ CD t--
'
cs ~ ca CD
O ~ ~ ~ c7~ r~
C~
~ O ~ O t~ O t~) O
~ O CH t.)4~ C) CH t.) ~H
O o
. ~
. '
p,, O ~ O
O
V
,.~
. ,~ .
. _
~0
\_O = C~ _
_ o ~ o
O o -/--~ ~ ~
C,~ 0~ p 0O O
- 20 - 0. Z. 0050/0 532&0~03~;729
0 3
C ~
CO 5 ~ ~ ~
Q
.
~ O
'i; ~
g ' , o
o ~ ~
~, ~ O
. '
.
'' ' S .C
0
1~7~
- 21 - O.Z. 0050/0~2&0/0~3279
Particularly suitable W sensitizers for unsaturated
polyester resins are acyl-phenyl-phosphinic acid esters and
acyl-diphenyl-phosphine oxides where acyl is derived from
a secondary-substituted or tertiary-substituted aliphatic
carboxylic acid, eg. pivalic acid, l-methylcyclohexane-
carboxylic acid, norbornenecarboxylic acid, a mixture of ~,a-
dimethylalkanecarboxylic acids (Versatic(R) acid of 9 to 13
carbon atoms) or 2-ethylhexanecarboxylic acid, or from a
substituted aromatic carboxylic acid, eg. p-methylbenzoic
0 acid, o-methylbenzoic acid, 2,4-dimethylbenzoic acid, p-
tert.~butylbenzoic acid, 2,4,5-trimethylbenzoic acid, p-
methoxybenzoic acid or p-thiomethylbenzoic acid.
Particularly preferred highly reactive W sensitizers
are those of the general formula I, where R3 is cycloalkyl,
phe~l,naphthyl or a S-, N- or 0-containing five-membered or
six-membered heterocyclic radical, eg. furyl, pyrrolyl,
thienyl, pyranyl or pyridyl, which contains the substituents
A and B at least in the two positions or-tho to the carbonyl
group, A and B being identical or different and each being
linear or branehed alkyl of 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, carbon
atoms, eg. methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, iso-
butyl or tert.-butyl; unsubstituted or substituted cycloalk
for example eyclohexyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl,
for example phenyl or toluyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl of 1 to 6,
preferably 1 to 4, carbon atoms, eg. methoxy, e-thoxy, propoxy,
iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio,
iso-propylthio, n-butylthio, sec.-butylthio or tert.-butyl-
thio; carbalkoxy of 1 to 6, preferably of l to 4, carbon atoms
~7G3~
- 22 - O.Z. 0050/0~3~80/0~372g
in the alcohol radical, eg. carbomethoxy, carboethoxy, carbo~
propoxy, carboisopropoxy, carbobutoxy or carbo-sec.-butoxy,
cyano or halogen, for example chlorine, bromine or iodine.
The acylphosphine oxide compounds containing R3 may
for example be represented by the following structural
formulae
,
R1R2-PO CO ~ H >
,,,: ~X
B
j A A
RI R2- PO-CO~RlR 2- PO-CO--
B B
. -
A
. ,........................ \
RlR2_po_co~N~S~O
. r _
- B ~
- where X represents optional additional substituents in the
cycloalkyl, aryl, naphthyl or heterocyclic radicals and has
one of the meanings given for A or B.
~76Y!~
- 23 - O.Z. 0050/033280/03~723
Examples of such highly reactive W sensitizers are
methyl 2,6-dimethylbenzoyl-phenylphosphinate, methyl 2,6-
: dimethoxybenzoyl-phenylphosphinate, 2,6-dimethylbenzoyl
diphenylphosphine oxide, 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl-diphenylphos-
phine oxide, methyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-phenylphosphinate,
2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 2,3,6-tri-
methylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, methyl 2,4,6-tri-
methylbenzoyl-tolylphosphinate, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzoyl-
diphenylphosphine oxide, ethyl 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl-phenylphos-
phinate, 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 2-
chloro-6-methylthio-benzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 2,6-
dimethylthio-benzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 2,3,4,6-tetra-
methylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 2-phenyl-6-methyl-
benzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 2,6-dibromobenzoyl-diphenyl-
phosphine oxide, ethyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-naphthylphos-
phinate, ethyl 2,5-dichlorobenzoyl-naphthylphosphinate, 1,3-
dimethylnaphthalene-2-carbonyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 2,8-
dimethylnaphthalene-l-carbonyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 1,3-
dimethoxynaphthalene-2-carbonyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 1,3-
dichloronaphthalene-2-carbonyl-diphenylphosphine oxide,
2,4,6-tri~ethylpyridine-3-carbonyl-diphenylphosphine oxide,
2,4-dimethylquinoline-3-carbonyldiphenylphosphine oxide, 2,4-
dimethylfuran-3-carbonyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 2,4-
dimethoxyfuran-3-carbonyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, methyl
2,4,5-trimethyl-thiophene-3-carbonyl-phenylphosphinate and
2,4,5-trimethyl-thiophene-3-carbonyl-diphenylphosphine ~xide.
The use of the following is preferred: 2,4,6-tri-
methylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl-
diphenylphosphine oxide, 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl-diphenylphos-
- 24 - O.Z. 00~0/0~32&0/033729
phine oxide, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-benzoyl-diphenylphosphine
oxide and methyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-phenylphosphinate
Particularly preferred highly reactive U~ sensitizers
are acylphenylphosphinic acid esters and acyldiphenylphos-
phine oxides, where acyl is derived from a di-ortho-sub-
stituted aromatic carboxylic acid, eg. 2,4,6-trimethyl-
benzoic acid, 2j6-dimethoxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dichlorobenzoic
acid or 2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzoic acid.
The acylphosphine oxide compounds usable according to
the invention are employed in amounts of from 0.005 to 5% by
weight, preferably from 0.01 to 3% by weight, based on the
weight of the unsaturated polyesters (a) and ethylenically
- unsaturated monomeric compounds (b),
e) Examples of polyester or vinyl ester resin additives
which fall under this heading are reinforcing agents, lubri-
cants, inert solven~s, shrinkage-reducing additives and/or
other assistants usable with unsaturated polyester composi-
tions.
Paraffins which are used in the photocurable molding,
impregnating and coating compositions according to the
invention have melting points of from 25 to 90C, pre~erably
from 45 to 60C. A paraffin having a melting point of
from 46 to 48C has proved very suitable and is therefore
especially preferred.
Instead of the paraffins, other waxy materials, for
example the paraffin oxidation products known as montan wax,
and their esters, carnauba wax, long-chain fatty acids, eg.
stearic acid, stearyl stearate, ceresine and the like may
also be employed.
~ ~5 _ o.Z. oo50/0~2&0/03~729
To reduce monomer evaporation and form a non-tacky
surface, the unsaturated molding compositions contain ~rom
0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably from 0 05 to 1% by weight,
especially from 0.1 to 0.5~0 by weight, based on the total
weight of components a) and b), of a paraffin.
Examples of suitable thickeners are those based on
alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides , eg. calcium
oxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and, preferably,
magnesium oxide, and mixtures of these oxides and/or
hydroxides These compounds may also be partly replaced
by zinc oxide.
The content of thickeners in the polyester and vinyl
ester molding compositions according to the invention is in
general from 0.5 to 5, preferably from 1 to 3, % by weight,
based on the mixture of components a) and b)
Examples of initiators l~hich may be used additionally
to the acylphosphine oxide compounds according to the in~en-
tion are peroxides, for example per-esters, eg. tert.-butyl
peroctoate and tert.-butyl perpivalate, percarbonates, eg.
bis-(4-tert.-butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate, diacyl
peroxides, eg. benzoyl peroxide, dialkyl peroxides, eg. di
tert.-butyl peroxide and dicumyl peroxide, hydroperoxides,
eg. cyclohexanone peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide,
cumene hydroperoxide and tert -butyl hydroperoxide, which may
or may not be used in combination with metal accelerators,
eg. cobalt-II salts of ethylhexanoic acid or of naphthenic
acid, azo compounds, eg. azo-diisobutyrodinitrile, tetra-
~ 7~
- 26 - O.Z. 0050/0332&0/0~3729
phenyl-ethanediol and/or ~,,~,a'-tetrasubstituted dibenzyl
: compounds, as described, for example, in Kunststoffe 66
(1976), 693. Thick laminate structures comprising glass
~ibers and quartz sand, e.g. for pipes, can be advantageously
cured by UV radiation i~, in addi-
tion to the acylphosphine oxide compounds according to the
invention, thermally decomposing initiators are used in
small amounts, for example from 0.05 to 1% by weight, prefer-
ably from 0.1 to 0.3% by weight, based on the total weight of
components a) and b). r~hese initiators are decomposed by
the heat generated during photopolymerization to give free
radicals, so that curing can also take place in deeper layers,
which the W light reaches insufficiently.
It is also particularly advantageous to use photo-
initiator combinations of the acylphosphine oxide compounds
according to the invention with conventional photoinitiators,
for example aromatic ketones, eg. benzil ketals, such as
benzil dimethylketal, benzoin ethers and esters, eg. benzoin
isopropyl ether, ~-hydroxyisobutyrophenone, diethoxyaceto-
- 20 phenone or p-tert.-butyltrichloroacetophenone, aromatic di-
sulfides and naphthalenesulfcnyl chlorides. Using the
said photoinitiator combinations it is possible, in many
cases, to achieve, for comparable exposure times, lower
residual styrene contents of UP resin molding materials than
are achieved with the acylphosphine oxide compounds alone,
though the curing activity (as measured by the temperature
rise of the resin sample during exposure) is diminished.
The photoinitiator combinations advan-tageously contain frorn
- 27 - O.Z. 0050/0~32&0/0~723
15 to 85% by weight, preferably from 25 to 75% by weight,
of acylphosphine oxide compounds and from 15 to 85% by
weight, preferably from 25 to 75% by weight, of an aromatic
ketoneJ an aromatic disulfide and~or a naphthalene~sul~onyl
chloride, the percentages by weight being based on the total
weight of the mixture r of initiators . The combina-
tions are employed in amounts of from 0.005 to 7% by weight,
preferably from 0.01 to 4% by weight, based on the weight of
com~onents (a) plus (b).
Furthermore, conventional fillers, reinforcing agents,
lubricants, inert solvents,s~rinkage-reducing additives and,
possibly, other assistants are in most cases added to the
curable unsaturated molding, impregnating and coating com-
poSitiGnS according to the invention.
Examples of suitable fillers are conventional finely
pulverulent or granular inorganic and organic ~illers which
transmit W light of relati~ely long wavelengths, for example
hydrated alumina, quartz sand, finely divided silica,
asbestos, talc, barium sulfate, gypsum (calcium sulfate) and
mica
- Suitable reinforcing agents are inorganic and organic
fibers and sheet-like structures thereof (which may or may
not be woven), such as mats, for example consisting of glass~
asbestos, cellulose and synthetic organic high molecular
weight polymers, eg. nylon, polyacrylonitrile and polyesters,
for example terephthalates.
The fillers and reinforcing agents can be used in
amounts of from 5 to 200% by weight, preferably from 10 to
70% by weight, based on the total weight of components a) and
1~L765'i
- 28 - O.Z. 0050/033280/033729
b). In many cases, it is advantageous to use a combina-
tion of pulverulent and fibrous fillers; for example, this
is so for the manufacture of containers. After th~
laminating process, the laminate can be covered with a plastics film
which transmits W radiation and can then be cured within a
very short time with high-pressure mercury vapor lamps
(HOK 6, 80 W/cmj Philips) or over a longer period wi~h low-
enengy W radiation from fluorescent tubes (eg. TAK 40
W/05, Philips),
Examples of suitable lubricants are zinc stearate,
magnesium stearate and calcium stearate, and polyalk~lene
ether waxes.
Suitable inert solvents which may or may not be used
in addition are ketones, esters and hydrocarbons, in amounts
of up to 100,~ by welght, based or. component a). Examples
of shrinkage-reducing additives which may or may not be used
additionally are thermoplastic polymers, eg. polystyrene,
styrene copolymers, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylates and
polymethacrylates, in amounts of from 1 to about 3~/~ by
weight, based on components a) + b).
Examples of radiation sources for curing the molding,
impregnating and coating compositions are fluorescent tubes,
high-pressure mercury ~apor lamps and direct sunlight.
The molding, impregnating and coating compositions
according to the invention can be used in many fields of
industry. For example, they may be employed for the
following purposes.
1. Finishing-coat resins
The finishing coats, which are only about 0.5 mm
1~17~
- 29 - O.Z. 0050/033280~033729
thick, serve to protect the laminate behind them, which
contains hydrolysis-sensitive glass fibers. These
resins must conform to high standards in respect
of curing activity, and the molded mater-
ials must not show more than slight yellowing. The trans-
parent finishing coats are applied to a mold by spraying or
brushing and are then surface-gelled or cured by UV radiation,
after which the molding composition containing glass fibers
is applied thereto.
2. Fiber-reinforced molding materials
a) Lighting panels
Such panels, used in the building trade, are distin-
guished by high -transparency and a low degree of yellowing.
Continuously-operating machines are employed for the manu-
facture of flat, lengthwise-corrugated or crosswise-corrugated
lighting panels. Glass fiber mats are impregnated with
the light-stabilized UP resins between cover films, deaerated
and finally solidified by cold curing~ Using the acyl~
phosphine oxide initiators according to the invention, the
2~ curing can also be effected by using ~V radiation from high
pressure mercury vapor lamps (literature on
: the manufacture of lighting panels: P.H, Selden "Glasfaser-
verst~rkte Kunststoffe", Springer-~erlag Berlin-Heidelberg-
New York, 1967, page 610).
b) Batchwise processes for the manufacture of fiber-
~7~
- 30 o.Z. 0050/033280/033729
reinforced, especially glass fiber-reinforced, molded mater-
ials suitable for UV curing are the hand lay-up process,
fiber spraying process, centrifugal casting process and
winding process (descriptions being given in P H. Selden
"Glasfaserverst~rkte Kunststoffe").
Articles ~rhich may be manufactured by these processes
include, for example, boats, container panels (chipboard or
blockboard panels coated on both sides with glass fiber-
reinforced plastic), pipes and vessels.
c) UP resin finishing coats for glass fiber-reinforced
molding materials (GRP) and paper laminates.
The surface quality of GRP articles and paper lamin-
ates car be improved substantially by applying a finishing
coat. The following advantages can be achieved.
1. GRP laminates, for example corrugated sheets:
a) Longer retention of gloss on outdoor exposure, and hence
` less soiling.
b) Less loss of transparency on outdoor exposure, as a
result of the glass-resin interface being protected.
2. Paper laminates based on unsaturated polyester resins,
urea resins or melamine resins:
a) Increase in surface gloss.
b) Surfaces are less sensitive to handling than melamine
resin surfaces.
c) The high transparency of the UP finishing coat gives the
same visual impression as with a surface coated with a clear
varnish.
The f~nishing coat itsel must be produced on a
support (for example a film) before the laminate is produced.
- 31 - O.Z. 0050/0~280/03~729
This is done by applying a 20 - 200 ~m thic~ UP resin layer
to a release film, and then curing it with UV. The final
curing of this layer takes place subsequently, when the
laminate itself is cured.
Producing the finishing coat by conventional methods
has the following disadvantages:
a) If curing is carried out with organic peroxides at
eleyated temperatures, there is a substantial loss of styrene,
and therefore a danger o~ undercuring.
b) If curing is carried out with a peroxide and an
accelerator at elevated temperatures, the loss of styrene can
admittedly be reduced, but disadvantages found are the lower
pot life (from 30 to 60 minutes) and the intrinsic color of
the molded material,resulting from the presence of the
accelerator ~a Co salt).
c) W curing with conventional photoinitiators gives
yellowish finishing coats; the yellowing becomes aggravated
on outdoor exposure.
Using the molding compositions according to the
invention, the above shortcomings of the other processes are
not encountered. Instead, rapid curing with UV light
gives virtually colorless finishing coats which do not yellow
either in daylight or in artificial light.
. Potting
The novel sensitizers are exceptionally suitable for
use in casting resins for potting of, for example, electronic
- components. When potting opaque objects, it is necessary
to ensure uniform illumination from all sides.
In the E~amples, parts and percentages are by ~eight,
~.'1765~i
- 32 - o z. 0050/033280~033729
unless stated otherwise. Parts by volume bear the same
rela-tion to parts ~y weight as ~he liter to the kilogram.
- The Examples and Comparative Examples were carried
out with the following unsaturated polyester resins:
Resin A is a 65% strength solution, stabilized with
0.01% of hydroquinone, of an unsaturated polyester, obtained
from maleic acid, o-phthalic acid, ethylene glycol and 1,2-
propylene glycol in the molar ratio of 1 : 2 : 2.4 : 0.70 instyrene. The unsaturated polyester has an acid number of
50.
Resin B is a 67% strength solution, stabilized with
0.01% of hydroquinone, of an unsaturated polyester, obtained
from maleic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid and diethylene
glycol in the molar ratio of l : 0.5 : 1.5 in styrene~ The
unsaturated polyester has an acid number of 43.
Resin C is a 66% strength solution, stabilized with
0.01% of hydro~uinone, of an unsaturated polyester, obtained
from maleic acid, o-phthalic acid and 1,2-propylene glycol in
the molar ratio of l : 0.5 : 1.5 in styrene. me unsaturated
polyester has an acid number of 50.
Resin D is a 65% strength solution, stabilized with
0.01% of hydroquinone, of an unsaturated polyester, obtained
from maleic acid, isophthalic acid, 1,2-propylene glycol and
diethylene glycol in the molar ratio of 1 : 0.67 : 0.72 :lin
- styrene. m eunsaturated polyesterhas an acid number of 26.
Resin E is a 65% strength solution, stabilized with
0,01% of hydroquinone, of an unsaturated polyester, obtained
from fumaric acid, adipic ac~d, neopentylglycol ~nd 1,2-propy-
lene glycolin the molar ratio Q~ : 1.7 : 0.35 in styrene.
- 3~ - O.Z. 0050/0332~0/033729
The unsaturated polyester has an acid number of 17.
Resin F is a m~xture of 55% of resin A and 45% of a
67% strength solution, stabilized with 0.01~ of
hydroquinone, of an unsaturated polyester, obtained from
maleic aGid, adipic acid, 1,2-propylene glycol and diethylene
glycol in the molar ratio of 1 : 0O5 : 0.55 : 1, in styrene,
which polyester has an acid number of 30.
J Resin G is a 65% strength solution, stabilized with
0.012% of hydroquinone, of an unsaturated polyester, obtained
from maleic acid, o-phthalic acid, 1,2-propylene glycol and
diethylene glycol in the molar ratio of 1: 0~25: 1 : 0.25 in
styrene. Theunsaturated polyesterhas anacid number of 43,
Resin H is a 65% strength solution, stabilized ~ith
0.01% of hydroquinone, of an unsaturated polyester, obtained
from maleic acid, o-phthalic acid and 1,2-propylene glycol in
the molar ratio of 1 : 1 : 2 in styrene. m e unsaturated
polyester has an acid number of 52.
Resin J is a 65~ strength solution, stabilized with
0.01% of hydroquinone, of an unsaturated polyester, obtained
from maleic acid, o-phthalic acid and 1,2-propylene glycol in
the molar ratio of 1 : 2 : 3 in styrene. The unsaturated
polyester has an acid nurnber of 30.
Resin K is a commercial vinyl ester resin (Derakane
411-45 (a registered trademark) of Dow Chemical Co., Midland,
Mich. USA).
The following prior art cornpounds were employed as
W sensitizers for the Comparative Examples:
I Benzil dimethyl ketal
II Benzoin methyl ether
~76~
~ ~4 - O.Z. 0050/03~280/0~3729
III Benzoin isopropyl ether
IV Methylolbenzoin methyl ether.
The Examples according to the invention were carried
out with the following acylphosphine oxides and acylphos-
phinic acid esters:
X Pivaloyl-diphenylphosphine oxide
XI p-Toluyl-diphenylphosphine oxide
XII 4-(tert.-butyl)-benzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide
XIII Terephthaloyl-bis-diphenylphosphine oxide
o XIV 2-Methylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide
XV Versatoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide
XVI 2-Methyl-2-ethylhexanoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide
XVII l-Methyl-cyclohexanoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide
XVIII Methyl pivaloyl-phenylphosphinate
XIX Isopropyl pivaloyl-phenylphosphinate
The following acylphosphine oxides were employed as
highly active W sensitizers:
XX 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide
XXI 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide
XXII 2,6-Dichlorobenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide
.. XXIII 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide
XXIV Methyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-phenylphosphinate.
The acylphosphine oxide compounds used according to
the invention were prepared as follows:
Pivaloyl-diphenylphosphine oxide X
225 parts of diphenylchlorophosphine, dissolved in
220 parts by volume of petroleum ether, are added to a mix-
ture of 1,350 parts by volume of petroleum ether (boiling
range 40 - 70C), 180 parts by volume of N,N-diethylani.line
~7G~l
_ 35 _ O.Z. 0050/03~2&0/033729
and 67 parts by volume of methanol at 0C, whilst stirring.
- The mixture is then stirred for a further 2 hours at room
temperature. After cooling the mixture to about +5C,
the amine hydrochloride which has separated out is filtered
off and the filtrate is first distilled at 10 - 20 mm Hg,
to remove all low-boiling material. The methoxy-diphenyl-
phosphine is then fractionally distilled at 0.1 - 1 mm Hg.
Boi~ing point 120 - 124C/0.5 mm Hg. Yield: 175 parts
(80%, based on diphenylchlorophosphine).
64.8 parts of methoxy~diphenylphosphine are added
dropwise to 36.2 parts of pivaloyl chloride at 30 - 60C,
whilst stirring. After completion of the addition, the
reaction is allowed to continue for 30 minutes 9 the mixture
is then cooled to 0 - 10C, and the product which has pre-
cipitated is recrystallized from cyclohexane.
Yield: 69.5 parts of pivaloyldiphenylphosphine oxide
(81% of theory).
Melting point 110 - 112C. NMR (CDC13, ~):
1.33 (s), 7.4-8.0 (m).
Analysis C17H1903P (286) calculated: C 71.33 H 6.64 P 10.84
found : C 70.0 H 6.5 P 11.0
p-Toluyl-diphenylphosphine oxide XI
108 parts of methoxydiphenylphosphine (as described
above), dissolved in 200 parts by volume of toluene, are
added to 77 parts of toluic acid chloride. The mixture is
then heated for 60 minutes at 50C, after which it is cooled
and the precipitate of toluyldiphenylphosphine oxide is
filtered off and recrystallized from cyclohexane.
Yield 117 parts (73% of theory), Melting point 105C.
., .
~7~
- 36 - o.Z. 0050/0332&0/033729
NMR (CDC13, ~): 2.35 (s), 7.2 - 8 (m)
Analysis C20H170~P (320) calculated: C 75.00 H 5.31 P 9.69
found : C 75.3 H 5.8 P 9.3
4-(tert.-butyl)-benzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide XII
41.3 parts of p-tert.-butylbenzoyl chloride are reac-
ted with 45.4 parts of methoxydiphenylphosphine, dissolved in
20 parts of toluene, in 90 minutes at 50C, by a method
similar to that described for compound X. After evaporat-
ing off the solvent on a rotary evaporator, the product is
recrystallized from cyclohexane.
Yield: 63 parts (83~ of theory). Melting point
136C.
NMR (CDC13, ~): 1.3 (s); 7 3 - 8 1 (m); 8.5 (d).
Analysis C23H2302P (362) calculated: C 76.24 H 6 35 P 8,56
found : C 76.0 H 6.5 P 8.7
Terephthaloyl-bis-diphenylphosphine oxide XIII
- 46 parts of terephthaloyl-bis-diphenylphosphine oxide
are prepared from 52 parts of terephthalic acid dichloride~
dissolved in 200 parts of toluene, and 108 parts of methoxy-
diphenylphosphine, by a method similar to that described for
compound XI. Yield 35% of theory. Melting point 205C.
NMR (CDC13, ~): 6 8 - 8.2 (m)
Analysis C32H2404P2 (534) calculated: C 71.91 H 4.49 P 11.61
found : C 71.8 H 4.8 P 11.0
2-Methylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide XIV
134 parts of 2-methylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide
are prepared from 77 parts of 2-methyl-benzoyl chloride and
108 parts of methoxydiphenylphosphine by a method similar to
-~ that described for compound XI. Yield 840~ of theory.
'
1 ~1 7 ~ ~
_ 37 _ O.Z. 0050/0~32&0/0~3729
Melting point 107C.
NMR (CDC13, ~): 2.5 (s); 7.2 - 8 (m); 8.8 (m)
y s C20H1702P (320) calculated C 75.00 H 5 31 P 9 69
found C 74.7 H 5.4 P 9.5
Versatoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide XV
Using a method similar to that described for compound
X, 43.2 parts of methoxydiphenylphosphine are added dropwise,
at 50C, to 35.3 parts of 2,2-dimethyl-heptanecarboxylic acid
chloride (Versatic(R) acid chloride). The mixture is
stirred for 3 hours at 50C,then cooled to 15C and stirred
into a slurry of 60 g of silica gel in 350 ml of toluene;
stirring is then continued for one hour whilst cooling with
ice. The mixture is then filtered and the solvent is dis-
tilled off under reduced pressure. Versatoyl-dlphenyl-
- phosphine oxide remains as a viscous oil.
Yield: 62 parts (90% of theory).
NMR (CDC13, ~): 0.4 - 2.3 (m); 7.2 - 8.1 (m)
y C21H2702P (342) calculated: C 73.68 H 7 89 P 9 05
_ found : C 73.6 H 8.1 P 8.6
2-Methyl-2-ethylhexanoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide XVI
165 parts of 2-methyl-3-ethyl-hexanoyl-diphenylphos-
phine oxide are obtained, as an oily crude product, from
88 parts of 2-methyl-2-ethylhexanoic acid chloride and 108
- parts of methoxydiphenylphosphine, by a method similar to
that described for compound X. Column chromatography ove~
Silica gel 60 (migrating agent: a 3 : 1 toluene/ether mix-
ture) gives the product as a pale yellowish oil. Yield:
154 parts (so,s cf theory).
NMR (CDC13, ~): 1,2 (s); 0.5 --2.2 (m); 703 - 8.1 (m)
,
11~76~1
- 38 - o. z. ooso/0332&0/0~372g
y C21H2702P (342) calculated: c 73.68 H 7 89 P g o6
found : C 73.9 H 8.1 P 9.4
l-Methyl-cyclohexanoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide XVII
Using a method similar to that described for compound
XI, 80 parts of l~methyl-l-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid chlor-
ide and 108 parts of methoxydiphenylphosphine, in the absence
of a solvent, give 100 parts of l-methyl-cyclohexanoyl-
dip~enylphosphine oxide as an oily crude product, which is
purified by chromatography over silica gel (using toluene as
0 the migrating agentj.
Yield: 42 parts (26% of theory). Melting point
80C.
NMR (CDC13, ~): 14 (s); 1.1 - 1.6 (m); 2.1 - 2.4 (m);
- 7.3 - 8.0 (m).
y s C20H2302P (326) calculated: C 73 52 H 7 06 P 9 51
found : C 73.3 H 7.1 P 9.6
Methyl pivaloyl-phenylphosphinate XVIII
214 parts of phenyldichlorophosphine are added to a
mixture of 1,000 parts by volume of toluene, 421 parts by
volume of N,N-diethylaniline and 100 parts by volume of
methanol at 0C. The mixture is then stirred for 1 hour
at room temperature, the amine hydrochloride precipitate is
filtered off and the filtrate is fractionated. Dimethoxy-
phenylphosphine distils at 46 - 50C/0.2 - 0.3 mm Hg.
Yield: 190 parts (93% of theory).
110.5 parts of dimethoxyphenylphosphine are added
dropwise at 15C to 78,7 parts of pivaloyl chloride. The
reaction mixture is then heated for 30 minutes at 50C, after
whicb it is distilled. Methyl pivaloylphenylphosphinate
. ,~
6~1
39 _ O.Z. 0050/0~280/0~3729
passes over at 104 - 107C/0,3 mm Hg.
Yield: 101,3 parts ~65% of theory),
NMR (CDC13, o): 1,3 (s); 3Oj5 (d); 7~4 - 8 (m)-
Isopropyl pivaloyl-phenylphosphinate XIX
143 parts of phenyldichlorophosphine are added drop-
wise in the course o~ one hour to a mixture of 600 parts ~y
volume of petro~eum ether, 263 parts of N,N-diethylaniline
and 120 parts of isopropanol at 0C, The mixture is then
stirred for 1 hour at room temperature, worked up as described
in Example 1 and distilled, Diisopropoxy-phenylphosphine
distils at 68 - 72C/0.3 mm Hg, Yield: 126 parts (6~% of
theory),
158 parts of diisopropoxyphenylphosphine are added
slowly to 84 parts of pivaloyl chloride at 50 - 60C, with
thorough stirring, Stirring is then continued for two
hours, after which the mixture is fractionated under reduced
pressure. Isopropyl pivaloyl-phenylphosphinate distils
at 119 ~ 121C/0.5 mm,
Yield: 112 parts (600/o Of theory),
NMR (CDC13, ~) 125 (s); 1,33 (t); 4,5 (m); 7~3 -
8 (m).
Analysis: C14H2103P (268) calculated: C 62.68 H 7.84 P 11.57
found : C 63.o H 8,0 P 11,4
2,4,6-Trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide XX
648 parts o~ methoxydiphenylphosphine are added slo~ly
to 547,5 parts of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl chloride at 50 -
55C in a stirred apparatus equipped with a re~lux condenser
and dropping funnel, Stirring is continued for 4 - 5
hours at 50C, the contents of the flask are dissolved in
76~i
_ 40 _ O.Z. 0050/0332&0/03~729
ether at 30C, and petroleum ether is added until the mixture
begins to turn cloudy. On cooling, 910 parts (87% o~
theory) of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide
crystallize. Melting point: 80 - 81C. The product
is in the form of pale yellow crystals.
2,6-Dimethoxybenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide XXI
20 parts of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl chloride are suspen-
ded in 20 parts by volume of toluene in the same apparatus as
described for the preparation of initiator XX, and 21.6 parts
of methoxydiphenylphosphine are added dropwise to this mix-
ture at 50 - 55C, whilst stirring. Stirring is continued
for 3 hours at 50C and the product is then recrystallized
directly from toluene. 32 par-ts of yellowish crystals are
obtained. Melting point: 124-126C.
Further highly active initiators which were synthesi~ed
by a similar method are sho~n ln Table 2.
:
: .
1~1765~
_ 41 - 0. Z. 0050/0332&0/033729
~o~ J~ ~ ~D~ ~D~
0 0 0 C~ CO CO CO C~ o o
., ~
0~ ~ ~C- ~ ~
~1 ' ~D ~D ~ u~ ~ ~ ~ ~D ~D
. ~
3 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ ;t ~ u~
u~ u~ a~ oo O O ~D
~ ~ ~ ~ ~O ~O C- .-- ~D ~O
v .~ .~ .~ .~ .
C~ ~ ~, ~ C~ s t, s C) ~
to ~ o ~ o ~ o ~ o ~ o
C) q~ ~ ~ ~ CH ~ ~ C~ ~
,,
c~ ~ ~D cr~ Lf~ ~J
h P~V 0 N N ~1
' ~ .~ t-l ~1
' ~ Xo ~
2~ l l 1.
.~
~ ~ ~ .
:''' , O
0 CO ~D 0
' :~
.': 0 I a~ a) ~
~-X ~ X I-X l ,~
N O ~ O r~l O r~
., O . ~ O N a) O o ~ I ~ u~
,~ S:~ ~ N S:~ ~ ~1 ~1 0
. ~ ~ .Q ~ ~ ~ h
~3 ~ X O ~ ~ ~ o ~ a~
~ ~ ~ r~ ~1 ~ ~D .. 5
h ~ E3 ~ ~ ~ ~ C\J ~
.. ' O U~ ~ ~ 1~1 ~ Ls~ 0~ ~ 0~
a) J 1:~ ~ ~ ~O ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ a
~ ~ ~ ~.~ ~ a
,: h. c\l ~ t~l ~ H H ~ .
~ ~ ~ H H H
,
1~176~1
- 42 - O.Z. 0050/033280/033729
UV curing activity
To measure the curing activity, the temperature in
the unsaturated polyester resin (UP resin) or vinyl ester
resin during UV exposure was recorded as a function of time;
for this purpose, a thermocouple, coated with a layer of wax,
and connected to a temperature recorder (Tastotherm Script 3
N, standard thermocouple T 300 from Deutsche Gulton GmbH)
was immersed in a tinplate lid, of 5 cm diameter, filled with
10 g of resin (thickness of resin layer 4.8 mm). To avoid
heat losses during UV exposure, the lid was embedded in a rigid
polyurethane foam. The radiation source was a battery of 5 UV
fluorescent tubes (TLAK 40 W/05, Philips) arranged next to one
another. The distance between the lamps and the resin sur~ace
was 8.5 cm.
- From the recorded temperature/time curves, the curing
time HZ25OC T and the maximum curing temperature reached,
;~ TmaX, were read off as characteristic parameters for the
curing activity. The curing time is the ti~e over which
the sample temperature rises from 25 C to TmaX.
EXAMPLE 1
. ~
Formulations of resin C with 0 2% of various sen-
sitizers were cured with UV light by the method described
above.
A comparison of the curing activity (Table ~) shows
that initiator X according to the invention permits the most
rapid curing; this is followed by benzil dimethylket~l (I),
~7~
- 43 ~ O.Z. 0050/033280/0~729
as the most advantageous of the products known from the
literature, some of which are commercially available,
Further comparative experiments were therefore in the main
carried out with the said initiator X.
. TABLE 3
W curing of resin C with 0.2% of various sensitizers,
using a 4.8 n~ thick layer
) W sensitizer HZ25C-Tmax Tmax
[m~n/s] [C]
I 8/~.0 123
II 10/25 119
III 11/50 110
IV 10/00 123
X 7/15 125
,, .
'' ' .
~L3L76~1
- 44 - O.Z. 0050/0332~0/0~3729
EXAMPLE 2
TABLE 4
W curing acti~ity of sensitizers according to the invention,
compared to benzil dimethylketal (I)
Resin Sensitizer (b) ~Z25C-TmaX Tmax
~in/s] [~
A X 0,25/36 122
XI 0.215/00 124
XI 0~3515/15 122
: XII 0~3514/45 120
. XIII 0~3521/15 109
XIV 0~358/15 117
XV 0.213/45 ~0
XV 0.3516/15 86
XVI 0,215/15 90
XVI 0.3516/Oo 88
XVII 0.210/40 96
XVII 0~35llfO5 g8
XVIII 0.3518/15 106
XIX 0.3539/25 85
;. . . I . 0.26/54 120
: ~ X 0.25/50 127
. X 0,354/40 126
XI 0~3510/05 133
XYIII . 0~3513/00 112
... . I . 0~25/30 128
C X 0.27/;5 125
XVIII 0~3518/45 112
. I 0.28/15 136
. . . _ .
- D- X 0~25J45 123
. . . .I............ 0;2 8/oo 128
... . , ...... . .. _ . _
- E X 0~2-9fO0 107
X 0~59f~0 102
I 0~213fO0 102
. I . 0.5llf15 89
F X 0.27f15 111
I 0~210/30 127
~i76~
- 45 - o.Z. 0050/0~3280/0~729
EXAMPLE 3
UP resins containing W absorbers are employed to
prepare W -stabilized molded products, for example finishing
coats or lighting panels, These absorbers can reduce the
rate of W curing. The extent to which this effect mani-
fests itself is shown by the experiments which follow.
Formulations of resin A, commercial W absorbers
(0.1%) and 0.2% of sensitizer I or X were cured by means of
fluorescent tubes, as described for the reactivity measure-
ment. The results, in Table 5, show that the formulations
containing W absorber are, as expected, slower-reacting than
those which are not UV-stabilized. At the same time, how-
ever, it is clear tha-t the formulations according to the
invention cure very much more rapidly than those containing
sensitiæer I.
TABLE 5
W curing of light-stabilized formulations of resin A
Sensitizer UV stabilizer 25 C-T Tmax
(002%) (0.1%) [min/s] [C]
" .. . . . . . .
- 5/36 122
X ~ Cyasorb W 5311) 14/00 97
~ Sanduvor EPU2) 10/30 117
.,
- 6/54 120
I Cyasorb W 531 33/15 89
Sanduvor EPU 20/00 110
~ .... . ..
1) Manufactured by American Cyanamid
2) Manufactured by Sandoz
~ ~1 7 6 ~ 1
_ 46 O.Z. oo50/0~2&0/0~3729
EXAMPLE 4
To determine the influence of added mineral filler
on the rate o~ W curing, resin A, sensitized with 0.2% of
initiator X, was W-cured in the presence of various fillers
(radiation source: TUV 40 W/05 fluorescent tube from
Philips). The curing time and maximum curing temperature
TmaX were obtained from the temperature-time curve recorded
by the method of measurement described.
Table 6 shows the results of these tests.
TABLE 6
W curing of filled formulationsl) of resin A
Filler (/0) 25 C-TmaXTmax
; [min/s] [C]
___ _
Hydrated alumina (30) 7/50 117
( ~ Martinal BMZ)2)
Silica (2) 8/30 129
Gypsum (CaS04.2H20) (30) 8/40 lll
Barium sulfate (30) 8/40 87
Quartz powder (30) 6/oo 112
_ _
1) The molded articles (disks~ were 4.8 mm thick.
2) Manufactured by Martinswerke, Bergheim/Erft, West Germany.
EXAMPLE 5
- The curing activity of formulations according to the
invention, based on resin A, were also determined using the
longer-wavelength radiation of a lamp d~ped with sodium
iodide (HRI, Z000 W, "Power-Star"). In contrast to the
procedure described, the distance from the lamp to the sub-
strate surface was 60 cm.
1~7~
- 47 - O.Z. 0050/033280/033729
TABLE 7
- W curing of molding compositions according to the invention,
containing 0.2% of initiator
Sensitizer25 C-T T Coior of the
max max molded material
.; [min/s] [C]
I 9/00 140 deep yellow
X - 6/45 142 water-white
. XI 9l25 145 water-white
XII 10/55 170 water-white
XV 13/10 1~0 water-white
: XVIII14/10 135 water-white
_
The molded materials obtained from compositions
according to the invention show no yellowing, in contrast to
those containing benzil dimethylketal (I).
EXAMPLE 6
Preparation of glass fiber-reinforced UP molding compositions
a) Glass fiber mat laminates (containing 25% of glass
fibers) of 5 and 10 mm thickness were prepared from resin A
(formulated with 0.15% of benzil dimethylketal (batch 1) or
with 0.15% of pivaloyl~diphenylphosphine oxide (batch 2))
and were irradiated with W light (T W 40 W/05 fluorescent
tubes, Philips) at a distance of 11 cm. After various
exposuretimes,the Barcol har~ness (using a Barcol-Impressor,
model 934-1) was measured on the side of the laminate which
faced away from the light source. The results are
summarized in Table 8
1~7~1
- 48 - O.Z. 0050/033280/033729
TABLE 8
W curing of ~lass fiber-reinforced UP laminates
Exposure 5 mm laminate Exposure 10 mm laminate
time Barcol hardness tine Barcol hardness
[min] Batch 1 Batch 2 [min] Batch 1 Batch 2
' 14 o o 45 0 0
- 16 0 4- 6 50 o 2- 4
8 o- 4 12-20 55 o 4-20
0-10 25-30 60 0 10-20
- 25 6-15 34-38 70 20-35
20-30 42-46 80 0 25-3~
28 3~ - 100 28-37
: 40 35-45
` b For curing with a high-pressure mercury vapor lamp,mat laminates 9 mm thick (and containing 39% of glass fibers)
were prepared, from batches 1 and 2, on a polyester film, and
rotated, on a rotating table, under the W lamps and at a dis-
tance of 35 cm therefrom. The effective exposure time was
3 minutes.
The Barcol hardness was determined, after coolingof the
moldings, on the side facing away from the lamp. Here
again, the initiator according to the invention, namely
pivaloyldiphenylphosphine oxide X, proved superior to benzil
dimethylketal (I). The ~arcol hardness was 50 for batch
2 and zero for batch 1.
EXAMPLE 7
W curing of blocks of UP resin A
a) 1,800 g portions of resin A, containing, as the cata-
lyst, elther benzil dimethylketal (I; 0O05%) or pivaloyl-
1~7~i
- 49 - O.Z. 0050/033280/033729
diphenylphosphine oxide (X, 0.05%), contained in molds made
~rom glass plates (16 x 11 x 11 cm), with the inner side
walls lined with yellow plastics film , were exposed to
fluorescent tubes (TUV 40 ~/0.5 Philips). The experimental
arrangement was such that the UV light, from a battery o~
10 lamps a~ran~ed next to one another (overall size 87 x 49 cm),
was able to enter the resin ~ormulations from below, through the
bottom of the glass mold. The distance from lamp to mold was
17 cm and the thickness of material to be cured was 9 cm.
These experiments showed clearly that the sensitizer
system according to the invention permits substantially more
rapid curing than does benzil dimethylketal~ Whilst with
the latter, 9 hours' exposure gives a yellow molding, the
upper layer of which i5 still fluid, 1~ hours' exposure of
the formulation according to the invention gives a pale fully
cured molding.
b) In further experiments, the depth to which various
resin formulations were incipiently cured was measured as a
function of the irradiation time. For this purpose, the
sensitized mixtures of resin A and photoinitiators, contained
in a crystallizing dish (diameter 9 cm), to the side walls of
which was glued UV-opaque paper (Tesakrepp) were exposed from
above to fluorescent tubes (TUV 40 W/05, Philips), The
distance from the resin surface to the radiation s~urce was
11 cm
A narrow verticai inspection slot in the paper glued
to the wall made it possible to measure the progress of -the
curing in the deeper layers. The boundary between the
cured and the uncured resin layer was easily recognizable
.~
1~17G~i
- 50 - O.Z. 0050/0332&0/03~72g
because of the differences in refractive index. The
results are summarized in Table 9,
Whilst with benzil dimethylketal only 18 out of 62 mm
were cured in 80 minutes, 62 mm, ie. the entire block, were
cured with pivaloyldiphenylphosphine oxide (X). By adding
tert.-butyl peroctoate, the curing time was reduced to 30
minutes.
TABLE 9
W curing of thick layers of resin formulations
Composition To~al Exposure Thickness of
thickness time incipiently
of layer [min~ cured layer
[mmJ [mm]
Resin A 62 10 8
14
+ benzil dimethyl- 30 18
ketal (0.15%) 60 18
__ .
Resin A 62 10 13
- 20 21
+ pivaloyldiphenyl- 30 28
~hosphine oxide 1) 40 34
(0.15%) 50 41
48
62
_ . .
Resin A 60 10 18
+ pivaloyldiphenyl- 20 32
phosphine oxide 30 60
(0.15%)
~ tert.-butyl- peroctoate
- (0.15%)
Resin A 45 10 7
+ versatoyldiphenyl- - 20 11
- phosphine oxide (XV) 30 14
(0.2%) 60 18
120 45
1) 0.187% of an 80% strength paste of the initiator in
dibutyl phthalate was employed.
- 51 - O.ZO oo~o/0~32&0/033729
EXAMPLE 8
To assess the yellowing of UP resin moldings exposed
to light, 4.8 mm thick disks (diameter 5 cm) of various
resins, sensitized with 0,2% of W initiator, were cured by
exposure to fluorescent tubes (T W 40 W/05, Philips) and then
exposed for 40 minutes, at room tempera-ture, to the radiation
from a W battery of 10 fluorescent tubes of the stated type.
The distance from the radiation source to the surface of the
disks was ll cm,
The yellowing was assessed from the Yellowness Index
1o according to ASTM D 1925-67. The measurement was carried
out with a Zeiss DMC 25 instrument, by transmitted light.
The resultc in Table lO show unambiguously that the
moldings obtained from the formulations according to the
invention in all cases show less yellowing than moldings of
conventional formulations (containing sensitizers I-IV),
` ~117~1
- 52 - O.Z. 0050/033280/033729
TABLE lO
Yellowing of W -cured moldings obtained from various UP
resins
UP resins UV sensitizer Yellowness Index
(0 2%)
A I 5,74
II
III 5.33
IV 4.2~
X 2.84
XI 2~59
XII 1 82
XVIII 2 61
XV .2;75
. XVI 2.87
B I 10,84
II 9~18
III 6~10
IV 5~93
X 3 81
XI 4;93
- . XII 3.73
' XVIII 5,38
..
F I 7.28
II 5.62
III 4~83
IY ~55
X 3~37
XI 3 39
XII 3,37
- XVIII 3.58
:- . - .
E . I 13.37
- X 6.oo
. . _ _ . .
EXAMPLE 9
To confirm that on UV curing of peroxide-containing
molding compositions the sensitizers according to the inven-
tion again give less colored products, formulations of resin
A, tert.-butyl peroctoate and sensitizers I, II and X, in a
7~
- 53 - O.Z. 0050/033280/033729
W -transmitting mold (5.3 x 3.4 x 1.45 cm) were exposed for
25 minutes, at a distance of 15 cm, to fluorescen~ tubes
(T W 40 W/05, Philips). The blocks, after having cooled,
were ex~osed to lîght from the same W lamps for 1 hour at
room temperature.
The molding containing sensitizer X shows the lowest
yellowness index, ie, its yellowing is least (Table 11).
) TABLE 11
Yellowing of peroxide-containing W -cured moldings of resin A
Sensitizer tert,-Butyl eroctoate Yellowness Index
(0.35%) [%~
,
I 0.05 6.o4
II 0,1 5,10
X 0,1 3.37
EXAMPLE 10
Production of a finishing coat which can be pressed
onto paper laminates or GRP surfaces.
By way of example, a film, about 100 ~m thick, of a
formulation of resin A, 0,5% of sensitizer X and 1% of
benzoyl peroxide was applied to a release film and passed
under a high~pressure mercury vapor lamp at a rate of 1 m/min.
The distance from lamp to film was 25 cm, The
finishing coat, surface-cured in this way, could be hot-
pressed onto a paper laminate or a GRP surface, The
finishing coat was free from yellowing,
In Examples 11 to 17 below, the particularly preferred
highly reactive UV sensitizers were employed,
EXAMPLE 11
Formulations of UP resins A, C, G and B, and of vinyl
~ ~ 1 7 ~ ~ 1
_ 54 _ O.Z~ 0050/0332&0/033729
ester resin K, with 0.2% of various sensitizers were cured
with W light in the manner described above.
.A comparison of the curing ac-tivities (Table 12)
: shows that the most rapid curing is achievable with
initiators XX to XXIV. It is true that pivaloyl-diphenyl-
phosphine oxide (X) has as high zn activity as 2,6-dichloro-
benzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide ~XXII), but on storage in
UP resins its activity decreases with time.
TABLE 12
W curing o~ sensitized UP resins and of a vinyl ester resin,
by exposure to ~luorescent tubes
UP resin W initiator HZ25C-TmaX Tmax [C~
vinyl (0.2%)
ester ~min/s]
resin
. . .
A I . 8/00 114
C I 9/45 119
G I 10~15 123
B I 8/30 122
K I 15/53 63
_
A III 13/22 104
C III 13~07 109
G III 13/15 114
B . III 11/15 108
.
A IV 13/2~ 100
C IV 11/30 117
G IV 11/15 123
B IV 9/08 122
A X 7~30 107
C X 6~45 116
G X 6/38 123
B . X 5l3 123
~ 7~ ~
_ 55 _ O.Z. oo50/0~32&0/033729
TABLE 12 (continuation)
UP resinUV 25 C-~max Tmax [ C]
vinylinitiator
ester (0.2%) rmin/s]
resin
A XX 4~30 125
C XX 4/00 129
G - XX 3~38 127
B XX 3/15 127
. K XX 5/35 -92
. A XXI 5/23 120
C XXI 5/00 123
G XXI 4/25 132
B XXI 4/15 125
K XXI 6/30 91
.. XXII 7/08 lOS
C XXII 6~35 111
.~- B XXII 5/51 115
. K XXII 10/4~ 72
~ . _ . . _ . .
, A XXIII 5/15 102
C XXIII 4/45 119
B XXIII 4/36 122
. K . XXIII 6/30 87-
_ _ ~m_ . _ .
A XXIV 6/15 - 94
C XXIV 4~38 110
K XXIV 7/38 91
EXAMPLE 12
Formulations of UP resins A and B and of various UV
initiators were stored in closed vessels at 60C and the
curing activi-ty was then measured at room temperature, as
described in Example ll.
- Table 13 compares the results o~ the measurements
~il7G~!~
- 56 - 0,z. 0050/033280/033729
before and after storage. These show very clearly that
initia~tors XX to XXIV have retained a constant activity under
the experimental conditions. Storage experiments over a pro-
longed period at room temperature (Table 14) point in the
same direction.
~176~1
- 57 - 0. Z. 0050/0332&0/0~3729
O ~ t^. ~`J O c~
E- O , .t C~l ~u ~ ~ o~ O O c~ o
~ E~ ~ ,~,~ ,,~ ~ ~
h X
t~
o r~ u~ ~ ~ O O ~ ~ O
h bD c~ ~ O In~ ~ ~ ~ o u~ J O
O ~ O
.,~ Lr~ F: Ir~ J ~ Ir~ ~ r--~ ::r
` 4~ .
.,, U~
u~ ~ D ~ID ~ O O O O O
- St o ~ O ~0 ~o ~D ~t--;-- t-- t--t--
. ~ ~ . .
.
N X
~ d~? ~ ~ ~ Ir~ ~ N ~ O
rl ~ C~ E o N ~ u ~l N o ~1 O
.' ~ b~ E~ 11.1 ~1 .~. ~ .t ~1 ~1 . .1 .
x
:3 E
.
h ~ O O IS'~ O Lt~ co .1 Lr~ u~
Col ~ V ~1 ~ ~ ~1 ~ s1O Ir~ ~ ~ r~
~CH o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
'S L~ 33't~ ~3 ~m Ir~ ~D=r
.
+~
ta .
~'' ~ . ¢¢m ¢a~ cm F cc
~, ~
. ~ h
~o ~ ~
H H H H H H ~;
O X~X X:~ XX X ~CX
xxx xx xx x xx
E~ .,1
- 58 - o,Z. 0050/033280/033~29
- EXAMPLE 13
Formulations of UP resins A and B and various UV
initiators were stored in closed vessels at room temperature
in the dark, and the curing activity was measured from time
to time by the method described in Example ll. The
results, in Table 14, show that with initiator XX storable
W -curable UP resins are obtained.
) TABLE 14
Testing the curing activity of W-sensitized UP resins after
storage at room temperature
W initiator ~g~ XX (0~20) XX (0.35)
UP resin A A
Storage time [d~ 0 0
25 C TmaX rmin/s] 4/30 5/38
Tmax roc~ 118 118
.
Storage time ~d~ 63 63
HZ25C T CminJs~ ~/00 6/oo
Tmax ~C~ 113 106
. _ .
EXAMPLE 14
To assess the yellowing by light of UP resin moldings,
.-: 10 4.8 mm thick disks (diameter 5 cm) obtained from UP-resins
- - A, H and J, which had been sensitized with various W
initiators, were cured by exposure to ~luorescent tubes
(TL AK 40 W/05, Philips) and then exposed for 60 or 120
- minutes at room temperature to the radiation from the same
light sources (5 fluorescent tubes a~ranged next to one
another). The distance between the radiation source and
~176~
_ 59 ~ O.Z. 0050/0~32~0/0~3729
the surface of the disks was 8,5 cm.
The yellowing was assessed from the yellowness index
according to ASTM D 1925-67. The measurement was carried
out with the Zeiss DMC 25 instrument, by transmitted light.
The results in Table 15 show unambiguously that the
moldings obtained from the formulations according to the
invention in all cases show less yellowing than moldings of
conventional formulations containing benzil dimethyIketal
(I),
TABLE 15
Yellowing of W-cured UP resin moldings
UP resin W initiator Exposure time Yellowness Index
. r%~ ~mi~of the moldings
H I tO~2) 60 13,18
. H . I (0~2). 120 14~56
. . . _ _ .
J I (0~2) 60 13.88
J I (0,2) 120. . 16.38
. ~ ~ ~ . _ _ . . _ _ . _ . ._ .
H XX (0~2) 60 3~78
.H . XX (0~2)120 4.19
~ XX to~2) 60 3~82
- . J XX tO.2 12~ 4.~9
.
A XXI (0,2)60 3.o8
:~ A XX (0.15)60 2~87
" . _ _ . . . _ _
EXAMPLE 15
UV curing of UP resin molding compositions
a) 60 parts of the formulations of UP resin G respec-
tively containing 0.1% of W initiator XX or 0.1% of benzil
dimethylketal (I) were mixed with 40 parts of Martinal BM 2
filler (A1203.3H20, from Martinswerke, Bergheim/Erft) and
with 1.5% of magnesium oxide (from Merck, Darmstad-t).
~176~
- 60 - O.Z. 0050/033280/033729
Several layers of glass fiber mats measuring 10 x 12 cm were
impregnated with these mixtures, allowed to thicken between
polyester films for three days at room temperature and then
cured by exposure to fluorescent tubes (TL AK 40 ~/05), the
temperature in the molding composition being monitored by means
of a thermocouple. The distance from the light source
(5 fluorescent tubes next to one another) to the surface of
the molding composition was 8 cm; the exposure time corres-
ponded to the time which the molding composition required to
reach the maximum curing temperature.
After cooling of the moldings, the Barcol hardness
(Impressor 935) was determined on the top and bottom face.
The results in Table 16 show quite clearly the advan-
tages of the formulation according to the invention, contain-
ing UV initiator XX. Using three layers of glass fiber
mats, corresponding to a total thickness of from 3.8 to 4.5
mm, an exposure time of 5 min 15 s suffices to achieve ade-
quate curing-in-depth of the molding composition; for a
total thickness of from 6.6 to 7.2 mm ( 7 layers of glass
fiber matsj the corresponding figure is about 13_minln the case of
the molding composition based on benzil dimethylketal (I),curing-in-
depth of the laminate comprising 7 layers of glass fiber mats
is not achie~ed even if the exposure time is doubled.
.. ' . .
;
.
~7~1
- 61 - 0. Z. 0050/0332&0/033723
q~ ~n ~ r~ ~ ~
3- ~ Ir~ .
L~. . . ,~
.rl h r~ ~D 3 O +~
E~ . 5~J X
~l X r~3 a: '~ O ~ 0~ X
~ r- co ~D
C~l X O
C~ ~ ~ ~ O
~1 ~ n 'U~
0 +~ U~ 07
h u~
oh ~ ~D P~
. ~ t~ ~ ~0 ~
_~
0
~_
~ ~ ~ E ~ E
C O ~xX
. , .
- ~17~
- 62 - O.Z. 0050/033280/03372~
b) Kneadable UP resin molding composi-tions, free from
glass fibers, were prepared by thickening formulations, com-
prising UP resin ~, an A1203.3H20 filler (Martinal BM2 from
Martinswerke, Bergheim/Erft), 1.5% of
light magnesium oxide and 0.1% (based on UP resin) of either
W initia-tor XX or benzil dimethylketal (I), for
3 days. The weight ratio of UP resin to filler was
60 : 40.
A 2 cm-thick layer of each composition in a tin lid
was then exposed for 35 minutes to the radiation from
fluorescent tubes (TL AX 40 W/05, Philips), the temperature
being monitored by means of a thermocouple
immersed to a depth of 1 cm in the molding composition.
The distance from the light source to the surface of the mold-
ing compositions was 6 cm. After cooling, the uncured
lower layer of molding composition was removed mechanically
and -the Barcol hardness (Impressor 935) of the surface newly
created in this way was measured, after cleaning it.
In the case of the molding composition according to
~0 the invention, a 12.6 mm thick layer was cured whilst in the
~ case of the conventional molding composition, containing
- benzil dimeth~lketal (I), the cured layer was only 7 mm thick
(co~pare Table 17).
'~
.,
.,
- 63 - O . Z. 0050/0 33280/033729
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- 6~ O.Z. 0050/0332&0/033729
E~AMPLE 16
10 mm thick layers of formulations of UP resin A and
W sensitizers XX, I and mixtures of both were irradiated
with fluorescent tubes (TL-AK 40 W/05, Philips), The UP
resin samples were contained in tin plate lids of 5 cm dia-
meter, standing on a cork sheet (5 mm thick) to avoid sub-
stantial heat losses. The distance from the fluorescent
tubes to the resin surface was 8 cm. After exposure and
cooling, a bar was sawn from the moldings, using the total
thickness, and the residual styrene content of the bar was
0 determined titrimetrically in accordance with DIN 16,945.
The results obtained are summarized in Table 18. They
show that the residual styrene contents of the sample mold-
ings containing the sensitizer combination XX plus I are
lower than those of the samples containing sensitizers XX and
I individually.
.
- 65 - o. z. oo~o/0~3280/03~729
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- 66 - O.Z. 0050/03~2&0/0~3729
EXAMPLE 17
The photocuring of unsaturated polyester resins can
also be carried out in two stages using the pho-toinitiators
according to the invention. In the first stage, after a
short exposure time, a flexible semi-finished, storable
article is produced, which can be shaped, cut and punched,
for example to produce buttons. It is subsequently finally
cured by renewed exposure, in the second stage.
A 2 mm thick layer, between two polyester films, of
an 0.1% strength solution of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenyl-
10 phosphine oxide (XX) in resin A was exposed for 1 minute tofluorescent tubes (TL-AK 40 W/05, Philips). The distance
from the light source to the resin surface was 10 cm.
A flexible semi-finished article was obtained, which
was easy to cut with a sharp knife and simple to shape
manually. The Barcol hardness (Barcol Impressor 935) was
0 on both sides.
After 24 hours~ storage at room temperature, with
exclusion of light, the semi-finished article, which retained
its flexibility unchanged, was fully cured by renewed
- 20 exposure to the fluorescent tubes (exposure time: 15 minutes).
After cooling to room temperature, the Barcol hardness of the
molding was 87-89, and the material had become rigid.
To avoid substantial heat loss, the semi-finished
article rested on a plastic foam sheet during renewed
exposure.
