Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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This application is a divisional of copending Canadian Patent
Application Serial No. 295~945 filed January 31, 1978 in the name of ~illiam
E. Roberts
The increasing use of microfiche has given rise to the need for a
duplicator which is economical and which makes copies rapidly with a minimum
of involvement by the operator. Such a machine requires a relatively simple
and rapid imaging station where the image of an original microfiche can be
accurately formed on a copy sheet, even for that type of microfilm commonly
referred to as a "jacket" which includes a multipocketed carrier containing
strips of microfilm. The machine also requires a simple and rapid develop-
ing station where the copy sheet with the image thereon can be subjected to
a developing medium such as anhydrous ammonia. The machine further requires
a simple and reliable transport mechanism for moving ~he sheet through the
imaging and developing stations to an output hopper.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a
relatively simple and reliable microf;che duplicating apparatus is provided
which operates rapidly to provide high quality duplicates of both jacketed
and unjac~eted original microfiche. The apparatus includes an imaging sta-
tion having a mechanism for holding the oTiginal or master fiche and the copy
sheet tightly against one another, and a bank of aperture fluorescent lamps
which provide substantially uniform illumination of the microfiche to form
an image on the copy sheet. In applications where high image quality is
required, and where the master emulsion and copy emulsion may not be in
intimate contact, a bank of cylindrical lenses is positioned between the
lamps and the film plane of the microfiche to provide better collimation.
The cylindrical lenses are flattened, or in other words formed at larger
radii of curvature, along the sides nearest the film plane to provide a
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more uniform light distribution on the film plane, the flattening
also somewhat increasing the collimation. Where improved colli-
mation is required, each lens is provided with numerous opaque
baffles spaced along the length of the lens. Each baffle is con-
structed of opaque material of a lower index of refraction than
the clear lens material, so that some light falling on the opaque
baffles is refracted to fall on the film plane, to thereby in-
crease the intensity of the light.
A developing station, where the image on a copy sheet is
developed, includes a pair of closely spaced plates between which
the copy sheet is received, and a ring-shaped inflatable seal
surrounding an area between the plates. When the copy sheet is
inserted between the plakes, the seal is inflated and a developing
fluid such as ammonia vapor is injected into the chamber. The
transport for moving the copy sheet into the chamber and out of
it, includes a thin metal strip which fits be-tween the plates and
which can move the copy sheet between the pla-tes by pushing it
thereto, the pusher strip then withdrawing rearward oE the inflat-
able seal. After the copy sheet has been developed and the seal
is deflated, the pusher strip moves forward again, but to an even
further forward position, to push the copy sheet out of the region
between the plates.
According to a first broad aspect of the invention, there
is provided a lens comprising: a plurality of lens segments which
are elongated and of substantially constant cross-section along
their length, the segments being arranged side-by-side with their
longitudinal axes disposed in spaced parallel relationship with
one another, a plurality of substantially opaque barriers disposed
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between said segments, each barrier having at least a portion with
an index of refraction which is greater than that of air but lower
than the index of refraction of the adjacent lens segment, thereby
to substantially reflect largely collimated light rays.
According to a second broad aspect of the present inven-
tion, there is provided a lens comprising: a plurality of cylin-
drical lens segments of substantially transparent material arranged
side-by-side in a row and slightly separated from one another, a
plurality of barriers of substantially opaque material disposed
between and in intimate contact with adjacent lens segments and
adjoining adjacent lens segments together, said barrier material
having a lower index of refraction than said lens segment material,
whereby to substantially reflect largely collimated light rays.
The present invention toge-ther with that of applica-tion
Serial No. 295,945 will now be described in greater detail with
re:Eerence to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a partial exploded perspective view of a
microfiche duplicator constructed in accordance with the present
invention;
Figure 2 is a partial front elevation view of the dup-
licator of Figure l;
Figure 3 is a partial perspective view of a master fiche
holder of the duplicator of Figure l; :
Figure 4 is a partial sectional front view of the imaging
station of Figure 2, shown in a position wherein the master fiche
holder is being pressed up to its final position;
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Figurc 5 is a partial sectional plan view of the duplicator of
Figure 2;
Figure 6 is a view taken on the line 6-6 of Figure 2;
Figure 7 is an enlarged view of a portion of the apparatus of
Figure 2) showing some of the light rays which extend from a lamp through a
lens to the imaging plane;
Figure 8, which appears on the same drawing sheet as Figures 3 and
4, is a view taken on the line 8-8 of Figure l, showing the developer station
thereof, but with the pusher strip in a partial forward position; and
Figure 9, which appears on the same drawing sheet as Figures 3 and
4, is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of the developer station of
Figure 8.
Figure 1 illustrates a microfiche duplicating machine 10 which can
receive an original or master microfiche 12 of which a duplicate is to be
made, and which holds a roll of light-sensitive microfiche copy material 14
which is to be cut into sheets that will be transformed into microfiche
copies of the master microfiche. The machine includes a cutting station 16
where the web of copy material is cut into copy sheets 18, an imaging station
20 where the image on the master 12 is -formed onto the copy sheet 18, a
developin~ station 22 where the copy sheet with the image thereon is develop-
ed, and an output basket 24 where the developed microfiche copy is received.
The web 14 of copy material is held on a large supply roll 26
which is rotatably mounted on a frame 28 of the machine. The web of copy
material e~tends around a group of rollers 30J 32, 34 to the cutting station
16. At the beginning of each cycle, a motor 36 drives one of the rolls 34
that feeds a length of the copy material onto a holding platform 38. A cut-
ting mechanism 40, which is also driven by the motor 36, then operates a
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CUttiJIg blade 42 that cuts the web to form a copy sheet 18. A feed bar with -
a finger 44 at one end, is then pivoted to push the copy sheet 18 into a set
of rollers 46~ that feed the copy sheet into the imaging station 20. Prior
to the copy sheet being moved into the imaging station, the master 12 which
is to be duplicated is loaded onto a master holder 48, and the master holder
is slid in the direction of arrow 50 and slightly raised, -to the position
indicated at 48A so that it will lie under the path of the copy sheet 18.
After the master holder 48 has been slid and raised to the position
48A, the pusher finger 44 and rollers 46 are activated to move the copy
sheet 18 to a position over the master holder at 48A. The holder 48A is
then raised slightly so that the master 12 thereon presses upward against
the copy sheet 18 which lies on the master, to thereby press the copy sheet
against a backing member to keep the master microfiche and copy sheet in
close contact with one another. A light source 54 which lies under the
master holder at 48A is then energized to direct light through a glass plate
of thc master holder and through the master microfiche and copy sheet 18,
to thereby form an image of the master onto the copy sheet. The master hold-
er 48 is then lowered and the copy sheet 18 is moved by rollers 56 into a
set of rollers 58, 60 and up an inclined ramp 62 into another set of rollers
64, 66.
The rollers 64, 66 move the copy sheet far enough that its trail-
ing edge lies forward of a pusher bar 68. The pusher bar 68 is then driven
forward to push the copy sheet to the position indicated at 18C, so that the
copy sheet then lies in the middle of the developing station 22. The develop-
ing station includes a lower plate or base 72 and an upper plate 7~ which is
mounted a small distance above the lower plate to leave a gap between them
through which the copy sheet is received to the position 18C. The lower
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plate 72 has a groove 76 therein which ho]ds an expanclable seal 78 which is
in the form of a tube of flexible material. After the copy sheet has been
pushed to the position 18C and the pusher bar 68 has been withdrawn so that
its leading edge 68e lies behind the seal 78, the seal is inflated by admitt-
ing prcssured gas, or fluid, from a source 80 through a valve 82 into the
inflatable seal. The seal then expands against the upper plate 74 to seal
the region which contains the copy sheet, and which forms a thin developing
chamber. A developing medium such as anhydrous ammonia is then admitted
through a developer input opening 84, to develop the image on the copy sheet.
After a developing period, the inflatable seal 78 is deflated to permit the
passage of the pusher bar 68 into the developing chamber.
~Vhen the copy sheet has been developed and the inflatable seal has
been deflated, the pusher bar 68 is again driven forward, but is moved to an
extreme forwarcl position wherein its forward end 68e lies at the position S6.
The pusher bar thus pushes the copy sheet forward from the position 18C to
a position wherein the copy sheet is fed between pairs of rollers 88, 90.
The rollers 88, which are driven bY a motor 92, continue IO move the copy
sheet forward until it drops into the output basket 24. The operator can
then pick up the microfiche duplicate from the output basket 24. The master
holder 48 is lowered and moved out, and the master microfiche 12 can be
removed from the master holder.
Figures 2 - 4 illustrate some of the details of the imaging station
20 where the master microfiche 12 and copy sheet 18 are held to~ether while
light from a light source 54 shines at them to expose the copy sheet and
form a latent image thereon. The master fiche holder 48, which is shown in
Figure 3! includes a frame 100 with a transparent glass plate 102 for support-
ing the master microfiche 12, and a pair of resilient shims 104 for holding
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opposite ends of the microfiche in position. The microfiche 12 is installed
by laying it on the plate 102 and slipping it under the shims 104. A pair
of rails 106 on the microfiche holder is received in a pair of slots 108
(Figure 2) of the duplicating machine. After the microfiche has been instal-
led on the holder, the holder 48 is slid in the direction of arrow 50 (Figure
1) to slightly below the position 48A. When the operator initiates the
printing cycle, the ~aster fiche holder 48 is moved up to provide a channel
constrained on the bottom by the master fiche 12 and the glass plate 102,
on the top by a foam backing plate or backing 114, and on the sides by the
guides that lie at the side of the frame 100. The copy sheet 18 is then
moved by the finger 44 and rollers 46 towards a position on top of the master
microfiche, the roller 56 serving to move the copy sheet against a stop 110
wherein the copy sheet lies directly on the master microfiche.
After the copy sheet has been moved onto the master microfiche,
the holder 48 is raised by four pins 112, to press the copy sheet up against
the backing 114 to squeeze the copy sheet 18 and master 12 firmly against
one another. As shown in Figure 4, which shows the holder 48 as it is being
raised against the bac~ing 114, the backing 114isa Elexible member construct-
ed of elastomeric material such as foam rubber, and has a convex lower face
114f. The convexity of the face 114f serves to avoid entrapment of air
between itself and the copy sheet 18, by causing the contact area to gradual-
ly expand outwardly as the holder is raised up against the backing.
The pins 112, which raise the microfiche holder 48~ are driven up
and down by a gear head motor 120 (Figure 2). The motor 120 turns a cam shaft
122 to turn a cam 124 which raises and lowers a cam follower roller 126.
The follower 126 is rotatably mounted on a plate 128 which supports the lower
end of four springs 130. The pins 112 have flanges 132 at their lower ends
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which rest on the upper ends of the springs 130. The springs 130 prevent
excessive pressure of the pins 112 on the master microfiche holder. The
cam shaft 122 also carries additional control cams 134 which operate switches
136 thereat connected to circuitry (not shown) that operate the light source
54 to expose the microfiche, to energize the motor 120 to move do~n the pins
112 and the microfiche holder, and to operate the motor 140 that rotates the
roller 56 that moves the copy sheet into the next rollers 58, 60 that carry
the copy sheet to the developing station.
The light source 5~ includes a bank of seven fluorescent aperture
lamps 142 and a bank of seven lenses 144 which direct light from the aper-
ture lamps 142 onto an image plane 146 which lies near the level of the lower
face of the backing 114, and which is the location of the microfiche during
imaging. In those cases wllere master microfiche which are to be duplicated
have no jacket on them, the lenses 144 may not be necessary and, if desired,
they may oe removed. The support 148 of the aperture lamps can be slid out
of one groove 150 and reinstalled in a higher ~roove 152. However, where
jacketed microfiche are to be duplicated, the Lenses 144 are desirable in
order to provide good resolution.
Figures 2, 6, and 7 illustrate details of the lenses 144 which are
utilized to create sharp images of the master microfiche 12 onto the copy
sheet 18, in spite of there being a jacket about the master microfiche 12,
the jacket layers 160 ~Figure 7) typically being on the order of one-half mil
~one half of a thousandth of an inch~. The master and copy sheets are posi-
tioned with their emulsion faces 12e, 18e close ~ogether, but even the small
separation introduced by one of the jackets 160 could blur the finely detail-
ed image on the copy sheet unless the light is at least moderately colli-
mated. It has been found that light rays oriented at an angle A of up to
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about 1~ Erom a direction normal to the plane of the master and copy sheets
can be utiliæed to obtain a relatively sharp image, so long as most of the
light rays are more nearly collimated. The aperture lamps 142 themselves
can produce a relatively uniform illumination across the image plane 146, but
they produce an appreciable amount of light rays, such as the ray 162, that
would be far from collimated and would blur the image. By utilizing a bank
of lenses 144 which are elongated and of substantially constant cross section
along their length, such lenses typically being referred to as cylindrical
lenses, collimation of the light can be greatly increased. The light ray 162,
in dotted outline for example, which would otherwise be incident on the image
plane at an angle B of about 40, is deflected by a lens of circular cross-
section so that it is incident on the image plane at an angle A of about 18.
A lens of constant radius such as Rl (Figure 7) produces adequate-
ly collimated light, buttendsto refract most of the light onto locations
near points 163 that are in line with the lenses and lamps, leaving alter-
nately bright and dark areas on the film plane. A more even light distribu-
tion is produccd by flattening the lens 144 along the portion 144f which is
closest to the image plane 146. If the lens 144 were circular, a light ray
164 emanating from the aperture lamp would travel along the path 164B so
that it would reach the film plane close to the central point 163. However,
by flattening the lens along the portion 144f, the ray instead extends along
the path 164A which is further from the center of the lens. It is found
that in the configuration of Figure 7, relatively uniform light distribution
is obtained by flattening the lens at 144f along an angle F of about 75,
while the rest of the lens periphery is circular. It may be noted that as a
result of the flattening along the lens portion 144f, somewhat better colli-
mation of the light is obtained, inasmuch as the light ray path 164A is
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better collimated than the light ray 164B.
The flattening at 144f could be accomplished by a variety of curves
of large radius of curvature or perhaps even by a completely flat surface.
However, it is found that a discontinuity between the flattened portion along
144f and the rest of the lens will result in "banding"~ which is the produc-
tion of bands of high and low illumination ne~t to each other caused by rays
exiting near the discontinuity at the ends of the flattened surface portion,
this banding effect being undesirable in that it causes bands to appear on
the microfiche. In order to avoid such irregularities in illumination in-
tensity, the flattened portion 144f is formed with a variable radius of cur-
vature R2 which becomes larger near the extreme front of the lens and which
approaches the radius Rl in a smooth manner towards the sides of the flatten-
ed surface. This is accomplished by forming the flattened region 144f as
part of an ellipse 168 which is substantially tangent to -the circular portion
of the lens at the intersection regions 170. Thus, the aperture lamps 142
are arranged with their forward sides, where the apertures are located,
along one plane, and the lenses are positioned in front of the lamps with
the;r forward sides flattencd, preferably into an ellipse.
In order to minimize non-collimation along the length of the lens-
es as would be seen when viewing the side of ~he lens as in Figure 6, the
lens 144 is constructed with numerous light barriers 172 spaced along its
length, which prevent highly non-collimated light rays from reaching the
image plane. This is accomplished by forming the lens of numerous sections
174 which are adhesively joined in series by barriers 172 of opaque material
which lie between the segments.
If the barriers 172 were formed of opaque material of the same or
greater index of refraction than the lens segments 174, then all rays inter-
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cepted by barriers 172 would be absorbed by them. In that case, light emit-
ted from a point 175 would reach the film plane 146 only along the arcs P, Q,
and R. Three other arcs of light S~ T, and U would all be intercepted by two
of the barriers. However, this light along the arcs S, T, and U, is fairly
well collimated (nearly normal to the image plane) and would be useful in
producing greater illumination of the film plane. In order to enable utili-
zation of the arcs of light S,T, and U, the barriers 172 are constructed of
material of slightly lower index of refraction than that of the lens segments
17~. For example, the lens segments 174 are constructed of a modified styrene
plastic having a relatively high index of refraction o-f 1.56. The opaque
bonding material of the barriers 172 is of a substantially opaque urethane
material of an index of refraction of about 1.50 and which will form a good
bond with the lens segment material.
As a result of the lower index of refraction of the barrier mater-
ial of barriers 172 than the lens material of lens segments 174, light rays
such as 177 that strike a barrier at a low angle will be totally reflected
off the barrier. This is a well-known phenomenon, wherein there is a criti-
cal anglc 3, as measured between an imaginary line normal to the surface and
the light ray incident on the surface, and wherein all light rays incident
at an angle greater than 3 are totally reflected. The angle ~ can be deter-
mined by the equation Sin~ = nl/n2, where ~ is the critical angle, nl is
the index of refraction of the medium which totally reflects the light ray
~e.g. the material of barriers 172), and n2 is the index of refraction of the
medium in which ~he light ray travels toward and away from the totally re-
flecting medi~n ~e.g. the material of lens segments 174). For barriers 172
of a 1.50 index of refraction and lens segments 174 of a 1.56 index or re-
fraction, the critical angle is about 75. Thus, the light ray 177 which
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extends at the critical angle will be totally reflected, as will be the entire
segment U. In a similar manner, the entire segments of light S and T will be
totally reflected. Only the poorly collimated light segment V will be absorbed
by the barrier. The resulting increase in average illumination by relatively
well collimated light beams is considerable~ and appreciably decreases the
required e~posure time. Instead of placing the barriers and lens segments in
intimate contact, it would be possible to leave thin air gaps between them;
ho~ever, this would result in a critical angle of about 50, which would result
in highly uncollimated light being refracted to reach the film plane. A criti-
cal angle of at least about 65~ is desirable, so that only fairly well colli-
mated light will be refracted. A 65 critical angle is achieved with a ratio
of indexes of refraction of at least 0.90.
The lens 146, which has numerous barriers 172, is useful especial-
ly where jacketed microfiche are to be copied, where the jacket may have a
face sheet with a thickness as much as 0.0005 inch which could lead to con-
siderable image degradation unless the light is reasonally well collimated.
Where unjacketed microfiche are to be copied, ~he lamps can be utilized in
their higher position and without lenses, to enable shorter exposure times
to be utili~ed at some sacrifice in image quality. Where high image quality
is desired, relatively good collimation is required even with non-jacketed
microfiche. This is because there is often a slight spacing between the
microfiche and copy sheet due to dust lying between them. High image quality
can be achieved in such circumstances by utilizing lenses similar to 144,
but with the lenses being continuous instead of having numerous barriers, to
reduce the cost of the lenses and to increase the amount of illumination.
The barriers are not needed because less collimation is permissable.
Figures l, 8 and 9 illustrate details of the developing station
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22, where an e~osed copy sheet at 18C is immersed in a developing medium.
The t~o plates 72, 74 are held a small distance apart x ~hich is greater than
the thickness of the copy sheet 18C, so that when the inflatable seal 78 is
e~panded to the position 78e, the enclosed region forms a wide and thin
developing chamber 180. The recess 76 in the lower plate which holds the
inflatable seal, is deeper than the uninflated seal, to permit the copy sheet
to move over the seal. The inflatable seal is adhesively fastened to the
bottom wall of the recess 76 to hold down the seal. The small volume of
the chamber 180 is useful in minimizing the amount of developing medium that
must be fed into the chamber and disposed of after each developing cycle.
The movement of the copy sheet into the chamber and then out of it, is ac-
complished by means of the push bar 68 which is a thin member that can slide
into the space between the two plates 72, 74 to push the copy sheet ahead of
it. The copy sheet is relatively thin, and it would be possible for a thin
pusher bar to slide over such a sheet. To prevent this, grooves 182, 183
are formed in the lower and upper plates, which are wide enough to receive
the front portion of the pusher bar 68 but which are narrow enough that the
copy sheet cannot de1ect substantially into them. The pusher bar 68 is
thick cnough that it lies in both grooves 182, 183, so that the leading edge
of the pusher bar cannot deflect over or under the copy sheet 186.
The pusher bar 68 is moved by a motor 184 which drives a gear 186
that engages sprocket holes 188 spaced along the pusher bar that form a gear
tooth-like rack. A drive circuit 190 which energizes the motor, is a micro-
processor with standard logic, which is programmed to first energize the
motor in a forward direction to drive the pusher bar 68 to the position
illustrated in Figure 8 and then to withdraw ~he pusher bar so that its lead-
ing end 68e lies behind the inflatabl0 seal 78. The seal 78 is then inflat-
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ed to seal the thin chamber 180 whicll contains the copy sheet 18C. A devel-
oping fluid such as anhydrous ammonia gas is ~hen admitted under high pres-
sure from a source 80 through a control valve 194 and through a slot 196
that leads to the chamber 180. After a few seconds~ during which the copy
sheet is developedJ the ammonia is evacuated through the valve 194 through
an outlet 196 that leads to a water bath 198 that absorbs the ammonia. The
seal 78 is then deflated. The drive circuit 190 then energizes the motor 184
in a forward direction to move the pusher bar 68 forward again, to a more
forward position close to the front 182f of the groove. This pushes the
copy sheet 18 forward enough that it is captured between the rollers 88, 90,
which then move the copy sheet to the output basket.
The copy sheet 18 has a diazo emulsion, ~hich can be developed by
the use of aqueous ammonia or by the use of anhydrous ammonia. Anhydrous
ammonia is preferred, inasmuch as it minimizes the developing time. Typical-
ly, anhydrous ammonia at a pressure of approx;mately 25 p.s.i. is applied
to the developing chamber 180 for approximateLy two seconds wllile the cham-
ber is maintained at a temperature such as 140r by a heater 200. ~lost of
the anhydrous ammonia is then evacuated to the water bath 198 and the seal
78 is deflated. The small volume of the deveLoping chamber results in only
a small amount of ammonia gas being dumped in*o the atmosphere. In order to
minimize the cost of the duplicating machine, the same source 80 which sup-
plies developing fluid to the developing chamber, is utilized to inflate the
seal 78. Of course, none of the gas in the inflatable seal is dumped into
the atmosphere.
Thus, the invention provides a copying system with improved imag-
ing and developing stations and with a simplified mechanism for moving copy
sheets through the machine. The imaging station includes a bank of aperture
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lamps which provide relatively uniform illumination, and a bank of elongated
lenses divided into separated sections and with flattened forward sidcs to
provide relatively collimated light for the duplicating of jacketed micro-
fiche. ~le developing station is formed by closely spaced plates and an
inflatable seal for sealing a region between the plates that forms a devel-
oping chamber. The movement of copy sheets through the developing chamber
is accomplished by a thin pusher bar which can push the copy sheet into
the chamber and then withdraw, and which then can be e~tended to push the
copy sheet out of the copy chamber.
Although particular embodiments of the invention have been des-
cribed and illustrated herein, it is recognized that modifications and
variations may reaclily occur to those skilled in the art and consequently
it is intended that the claims be interpreted to cover such modifications
and equivalents.
