Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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~C~RW ~D AND OB~ECTS O~ TI~E I~JV~TION
The present invention relates in general to keyboard
I training apparatus for training operators of keyboard equipment
~ such as keyboard-type computer terminals, typewriters, and
5 1l similar devices, and more particularly ~o keyboard training
apparatus having a keyboard and display screen associated
jj therewith wherein a visual display of a lesson item of infor-
mation or instruction is produced on the display screen and
I the trainee's response is electronically monitored~to count
. correct and incorrect responses and regulate advancement of
the display and selectively indicate correct key locations.
~ Ieretofore, trainèes attempting to learn-to operate
keyboard instruments such as typewriters, adding machines,
I computèr terminals, keypunch machines and similar types of
j devices, had until recent years to rely upon a slow training
process such as courses offered in public and private schools
¦`and similar training programs employing conventional class
instruction techniques and long practice time to acquire the ..
! skill of keyboard operation over a long period of time.
E~tensive practice and classroom work in operation of real
ox simulated keyboards of the appropriate type permit one to
acquire improved keyboard operating ski.lls, but -~his has
been a slow-skill acquiring process. In recent years, efforts
have been made to increase the speed of acquisition of
' desired skills by supplementing these conventional instruction
techniques with the use of speciali~ed keyboard tra-iner units.
! Examples of such trainer units may be found in prior U.S. Patent
¦~ No. 3,894,346 granted July 15, 1975 to John R. Ward, one of the
co-inventors named in this applicatio~, together with another
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co-inventor, and ~.S. Patent ~o. 3,423,845 granted January 28,
1969 to G. M. Edge et al. These devices permit the use of
individual instruction in Xeyboard use, with the program
li designed to be appropriate to the student's ability and
level of skill. Such prior devices have included a keyboard
and a keyboard representation or simulating panel in which
individual keys can be lighted to prompt the operator to
appropriate key locations on the keyboard and a controlled
j program device connected to both the keyboard and the keyboard
display for presenting exercises to the student. In the first
mentioned of the above two patents, the keyboard trainer
requires a first unit having an operating keyboard and a
display panel having individual lights corresponding to each
of the individual keys, designed to be used in conjunction
wlth another unit such as a visual display and/or an audio
output providing~ instructions for the trainee. However,
we have recognized that such devices have limitations either
in regard to their design, character of operation, or versa-
tility of operation.
20 ~ Accordingly, an object of the present invention is the
; provision of a novel keyboard training apparatus having an
operable ~eyboard simulating the keyboard of a computer
terminal, typewriter, or similar device wherein the keys of
keyboard include separate light means for each key to selec-
tively illuminate the key, together with a visual displayscreen forming a unitary part of the training device along
with the keyboard for visual display of instructions, lesson
information, and similar knowledge item, wherein the trainer
unit has great versatility and convenience of handling and
use.
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The present invention provides a keyboard traininy
apparatus for teaching keyboard operatlons and knowledge items
and skills comprising a ~eyboard of plural individual touch
keys respectively representing individual characters and
keyboard operations. The keys each have a switch associated
therewith to be closed upon touching of the associated key.
A visual projector is provided to be located within view
of the trainee and has a viewing screen and means receiving
a training film having frames for successively displaying
lesson information on the screen depicting key operation
lesson instruction correlated with the keys of the keyboard.
The film frames have sensor activating code means denoting
the correct key location for the displayed lesson instruction.
Sensor means are provided for producing correct key location
signals responsive to the code means. The keyboard includes
a light emitter at each key for illuminating its associated
key and electronic circuit means are coupled to the switches
and the correct key location signals including correct/error
det~ctor means for sensing the key location on the keyboard
of each key switch activated by the trainee and sensing the
key location signified by the correct key location signals.
Correct and incorrect readout counters are activa-ted by the
detector means to indicate the number of correct and incorrect
key activations. The electronic circuit means includes
means responsive to the correct key location signals and to
each activation of the key switches to activate the light
emitter at the correct key location when a key at an incorrect
location is activated.
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Other features and capabilities of the present invention
will become apparent from the following detailed descrip-tion,
taken in conjunc-tion with the accompanying drawings illustra-ting
a preferred embodimen-t of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIGURE 1 is a somewhat diagrammatic illustration of the
ma.in components of the keyboard tra.ining system and apparatus
of the present invention, with electronic portions illustrated
in block diagram formi
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FIGURE 2 is a block diagram of the electronic circuitry
of the keyboard training system;
FIG~RES 3A and 3B collectively are a schematic aiagram
, of the circuitry associated with the keyboard console unit
except for the film code sensing portions for the audio/visual
projector display component;
li FIGURE 4 is a schematic diagram of the circuitry employed
between certain of the light-sensing photocells for sensing
the light code marginal identifications on the training film
which displays lessons on the audio/visual projector display
¦Iscreen to provide the signals for addressing the console
unit circuitry; - -
l FIG~RE 5 is a schematic diagram of circuitry and simultaneous
; key interface connections indicated by the interface block IB-A
1S l! in Fig. 3a; and
FIGURE 5A is a schematic circult of one of the three tran-
sistor driver pairs included in the ULN2001A Integrated Circuit
Fig. 5. .
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DETAILED DESCRIPTIOW OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to tlle drawings, wherein like reference
characters designate corresponding parts throughout the several
jl figures, there is shown an embodiment of a keyboard or terminal
jj training system and apparatus of the present invention designed
; to rapidly train persons to become skilled in operating keyboard
il instruments such as typewriters, adding machines, computer
I terminals~ keypunch machines and similar types of devices. The
. Ilsystem and apparatus of the present invention is indicated
~ somewhat diagrammatically in Fig. 1 and comprises a keyboard
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terminal trainer or the like, indicated generally by the
reference character 10, in the form of apparatus or an assembly
made up of a keyboard console or base unit 12 containing a
front inclined panel portion 14a having a keyboard 16 formed
of a plurality of individual manual keys or key simulating
switch members 18 arranged thereon in a manner simulating
the arrangement of keys on the keyboard to be learned, and
haVillg rearwardly of the panel portion a base console portion
' or housing portion l~b providing an enclosure for most of the
electronic circuitry. The base portion provides a supporting
base on which is surmounted an audio/visual display unit or
projector 20 having a display screen or viewing screen 21
I on which is projected a visual image of the instruction
i mate_ial to be followed by the trainee. The projector also
15 1l includes a cartridge receiving cavity 22, which in the
i illustrated embodiment is located behind a sliding panel 28,
to receive a program cartridge 24, in the form of a film
cassette or the like. The cartridge provides the source of
the instructional material to be projected onto the screen 21
.0 ¦1 and viowed by the trainee as well as containing certain
m<trginal coded information, as later described, identifying
li the correct keys or switches 18 which should be depressed or
touched in response to the particular associated film frame
I being intaged on the screen. ~or example, the audio/visual
25 Il~ projector or display unit 20 may be a projector and cassette
tape player unit of the type manufactured by Charles Beseler
Company under the ~rademark BESELER Cue/See. ~
The keys or ~ey simulating switch members 18 on the
llkeyboard 16, in the illustrated embodiment, may be keys of
' ~enerally rectangular configuration formed of colored plastic
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in the form of a downwardly opening bax-like shell of rectangular
or cubic configuration housing a small lamp or light emitting
diode 26 (assumed to be lamps hereinafter for purposes of
I this description) for each individual key. The shell portion
of each key 1~ is coupled to the movable contact member or
portion of an associated electrical switch, and the keys 18
nay be arranged in a plurality of ways, for example in five
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horizontal rows of a plurality of such keys and a sixth row
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simulating a spacer bar and right and left shift keys, with
the keys in various regions or zones formed of plastic of
different colors, all arranged over a switch matrix 30
¦I housed within the panel portion 14a below the keyboard. A
¦ lamp matri~ 32 is provided in the base console portion or
l! housing portion l~b of the unit 12 as well as electronic
~ circuitry forming interfaces, multiplexers, correct/error
I detectors, film advancing control, gate networks, coupling
j networks, correct and error counters, and decoders, and film
, r~ading pllotocells, all indicated generally at 34 and described
greater detail hereinafter.
~Q ¦! The system is designed to use a structured series of
j~ progra~ lessons recorded on the film cassette, indicated at I i
'j 24, containing instructional material to stimulate the
jj trainee to operate the keys 18 making up the keyboard 16 in
accordance with a particular training scheme. The audio/visual
! display unit or projector 20 provides a visual image of
! instruction, material, questions or message units, or whatever
Il stimulus is needed for the specific training requirements of
¦~ the operator, to cause the operator to operate the keys o~
jj the keyboard console in,a particular manner. The keyboard
console unit 12 contains a logic discriminator, error detection
circuitry, scoring mechanism, position switches, and other
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j electronic circuitry, to monitor the operator's actuation of
j the keyboard switches. The operator or trainee responds to
, the material or information on the visual screen 21 by
; touching one of the keys or a position on the keyboard 16,
1 and electrical connections between the audio/visual unit 20
j and the keyboard console 12 monitor the touching of the keys
j, so that if the operator depresses the correct key, a new
visual image will automatically appear on the screen 21.
' However, if the operator's response is in error, a warning
sisnal will appear by illumination of the lamp for the
il correct key which should have been touched, and the operator
- must correct the input by touching the correct key before
the film cassette is advanced to display a new visual image.
I In other words, the operator or trainee is advised when his
lS I response does not match the required response. Where the
¦ response by the trainee or operator does not match the
required response, as by depressing the wrong manual key 18,
the error signal is produced indicated by energiziny of the
lamp for the correct key, and the image on the display
screen is held, until the correct response is made. Correct
I kcy operation and error key operation is monitored and is
!` continuously counted and recorded by oorrect count and error
¦ count readouts 36,38.
~ The trainee or learner proceeds one step at a time,
1 e~panding his or her knowledge as quickly as the material is
¦ correctly dealt with. Through instant feedback, the trainee
li is not allowed to make mistakes, or, in other words, cannot
¦l learn the material incorrectly, because of the error signal
jj and indication by the illuminatin~ or energizing of the lamp 1 ~
~I for the correct key when an error is made. Only correct
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responses allow the trainee to advance in the program, and
thus the trainee is not allowed to learn incorrectly. As
the trainee responds to a projected image, only the correct
response will permit the program to advance.
5 ¦¦ The switches associated with the manual keys 18 of the
keyboard 16 and forming the switches for the switch matrix 30
are snap-action switches which provide instant operator
fcedback so that the trainee never learns information incorrect-
ly, since activation of an erroneous manual key causes the
I correct manual key to be illuminated by its associated lamp 26
;and the program on the cassette 24 will not advance until
¦ the correct key has been activated. Only a correc-t response
iby activation of the correct manual key 18 will advance the
I program. In this manner, the operator or trainee knows
~ M~ediately whether he or she has made the correct response.
Ii The correct counter 36 and an error counter 38 in the form
of digital scoring readouts provide performance indicators
~which give continuous feedback to the trainee or to the
instructor of performance. These scoring counters are
2() 1! positioned on the side of the console base portion 14b
so that the trainee cannot see them and thereby be distracted
in the learning process.
The operator also uses the audio/visual projector unit 20
jjas a device for basic keyboard training as a prelude to any
jloE the message or system training. The system provides a
convenient vehicle to economically introduce audio and visual
, stimuli to help early learning, and allows for an i-ntroduction
or overview of the job and the relationship of the job to
~training. Definitions of words, abbreviations for di~ferent
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commands, and similar instructional information in the
nature of a dictionary of terms and vocabulary for various
communication systems can also be conveniently introduced
by inclusion in the cassette film program. By the pro-
vision of the counters or performance readouts 36,38, thesystem provides a means of evalua~ing the performance of
ja traince electronically and there is no need to have someone
;monitor his or her performance, as the digital counters
exhibit the score. This information can be displayed
remotely as well, and simplifies testing and removes questions
of personality conflict.
The electronic circuitry 34 for controlling and inter-
relating functions Oc the keyboard 16 and projector unit 20
jjo~ the system and the coded information on the border of
lS lltlle training film 24 shown in block diagram form in Fig. 2,
and the principal electronics of the system is shown schematic-
ally in Figs. 3A and 3B. Referring to the block diagram of
~Yig. 2, it will be seen that the system includes the switch
matrix 30, which is a grid matrix on a printed circuit board
.0 lor boards in the illustrated example having conventional
connections between the key switches activated by the
manual keys 18 of the training keyboard 16 and the horizontal
and vertical conductors of the matrix 30 near the cross-over
points of the matrix to connect one horizontal matrix conductor
~ith one vertical matrix conductor, for each switch, in
j`accordance with conventional practice. For example, a
typical training keyboard 16 may be served by a matrix of
~6 horizontal matrix conductors and 16 vertical matrix conductors. I
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The vertical conductor outputs from the switch matrix 30
`ar~ connected through an interface ~1 to a vertical multiplexer
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1 42 and the horizontal matrix conductors are eonnected through
j interface 43 to a horizontal multiplexer 44. The vertieal
i! multiplexer 42 also receives on the address lines 45 signals
I from the film reading photocells 46 in the projector 20,
S I later described, which read a light bar pattexn on the
margin of the film alongside the frame being displayed
' providing a properly coded readout of the proper key position
!~ on the switch matrix (and training keyboard~ for the letter
I or symbol being displayed on the projector screen.
¦¦ Leads 47 and 48 from the vertical multiplexer 42 and
il horizontal multiplexer 44 respectively are the two inputs to
j N~ND gate 49 having its output connected by lead 50 to error
detector 51. An output is provided on lead 47 if the key
I switch 28 of the trainillg keyboard key 18 whieh is depressed by
I trainee is in the correct vertical column of the matrix 30
(for the light bar code pattern of the film frame being
~ displayed) and an output occurs on lead 48 if the activated
¦ key switch is in the correct horizontal row of the ma~rix
1 30. There .is no output on lead 47 if the activated key
20 ¦1 switch 28 is in th~ wrong vertical column, and no output on .
jlead 48 if the key switch is in the wrong horizontal row.
Outputs on both leads 47 and 48, indicating the correct key
switch 28 was activated, causes NAND gate 49 to provide a
logie 1 oùtput to the error detector 51. Correct/error
deteetor 51 also reeeives signals on output lead 52 from a
multiple input positive OR gate network 53 eonnected by
leads 54 to the interface 43, thus providing a signal indicating
that a key switch 28 has been aetivated, whether or not it
is iD the eorreet lecation.
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Correct/error detector 51 has a first output 55 which
connects by branch 56 to the input of film advance relay
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control 57 to activate the pro~ector 20 to advance the film
cassette 24 to display the next film frame when the correct key
S switch 28 has been activated for the preceding frame. This
output 55 also connects to a coupling network 58 for supplying
signals to the correct readout counter 36 and the error
counter 38, and to a matrix 32 for the key lamps 26 under the
keys 18 to illuminate the correct key lamp 26 when a wrong
ll key switch 28 is activated. Output S0 from the correct/error
detector 51 to the coupling network 58 provides signals
causing the error counter 38 to advance.
, ~ As shown in Fig. 2, the upper output lead 61 applies
I signals from the correct/error detector 51 and coupling
I network 58 to a flip-flop 62 having two outputs 63 and 64 to
~i a vertical decoder 65 and horizontal decoder 66 respectively,
I! supplying voltages on the vertical conductors and horizontal
I Gonductors of the keyboard lamp matrix 32. These decoders
ii G5,66 are also supplied by address lines 67,68 from the film
~0 !! liyht bar reading photocells 46 to cause the proper pair of ¦.
` vortical and horizontal conductors of the key lamp matrix 32
to be supplied with voltages illuminating ~the key illuminating
~ lamps 26 for the correct key 18 on the training keyboard 16.
¦ Referring now to Figs. 3A and 3B, which collectively
i constitute a schematic diagram of the electronic circuitry
Ii shown in block diagram form in Fig. 2, it will be seen that
j the switch matrix 30 has its vertical conductors, one of which
,! is indicated at 30a connected -through the interface 41
¦! to the vertical multiplexer 42. ~he interface 41 comprises
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! a bank of inverters 41-I connected between terminals for the
I respective vertical conductors of the switch matrix 30 and
! the entries, such as El,E2, etc. of the multiplexer 42,
llwhich may be a Texas Instruments 74150 multiplexer. The
leads of the interface between the inverters and the connections
to the vertical conductors of the switch matrix are each
!! eonllected by a resistor 41R to a positive voltage source,
for example at +5 volts DC, thus normally holding the input
of the associated interface inverter at about +5 volts
ll unless the associated vertical conductor of the switch
matrix 30 has been connected to one of the horizontal conductors
' of the matrix by closing of one of the key switches 28.
When one of the key switches 28 of the associated vertical
I conductor of the switch matrix, for example conductor 30a,
lS l~is closed connecting that conductor to one of the horizontal
conductors, the input of the inverter 41-I, for that conductor
goes almost to ground. Address information Eor the vertical
multiplexer 42 is supplied along the address lines, indicated
g~nerally at 45, providing signals ~rom the film reading
~1~ photocells 46, and the vertical multiplexer 42 is thus
addressed so as to provide an output on the lead 47 to the .
N~ND gate 49 iE one of the key switches 28 associated with
the switch matrix vertical conductor 30a(indicated as the
I correct vertical conductor by the address signals~ has been
I pushed or activated and the key switches for the other
vertical conductors of the matrix have not been activated.
Similarly, the horizontal conductors of the switeh
matrix 30 are connected by conductors to the horizontal
int raee 43, including a tra l~tor 43-T and an inverter
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43-I for each horizontal conductor of the switch matrix and
connect to the horizontal multiplexer entries 44-El,44-E2,
etc. As shown, the base of each of the transistors 43-T,
Ijeach of which may be a 2N4424, is connected through a lK
llresistor 43-R to electrical ground, and the collector of
each transistor 43-T is connected through a resistor to +5
volts and also to the input of a respective one of the
inverter 43-I, so that the input of the inverter ~which may
I b~ TI7404's) is normally held at about 5 volts and goes to
near zero volts when a key switch of the switch matrix 30
connected to the horizontal matrix conductor, for example
conductor 30b, associated with that particular interface
transistor and inverter has been closed. The horizontal
multiplexer 44 is supplied with address lines 68 from the
I film reading photocells to address the multiplexer 44 properly
!in accordance with the light bar code on the film frame
i being displayed to indicate the correct horizontal switch
jmatrix conductor which should have been activated by the
¦Ikey switch depressed by the trainee. Therefore, if the
correct horizontal conductor coordinate for the proper key 18
has been depressed, closing the key switch 28 for that
horizontal conductor, the output lead 48 from the multiplexer
.t4 will go low during closure of the key switch so that the
IN~ND gate 49 will be provided with low inputs on both leads
25 j47 and 48 and provide a high output on its output lead 50
indicating a correct activation of one of the switches o~
the switch matrixO This high output on the lead 50 from
iN~D gate 49 provides a correct input to a one-shot multivibrator
51-~11 of the correct/error detector 51, which has resistors
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and capacitors, such as a 4.7~ resistor and a 10 ~f capacitor,
connected across pins 14, 11 and l0, as shown, to determine
the pulse width and provide a negative going pulse going
from ~5 to about zero volts on lead 51-Ll and a positive
S going pulse going from about zero to about ~5 volts on
Olltpllt lead Sl-L2, connected to pins 1 and 6 respectively of
Sl-~tl, each pulse having a duration of about 200 milliseconds.
These leads 51-Ll and 51-L2 provide one of the inputs for the
two NOR gates 51-Gl and 51-G2 respectively of the correct/error
detector, the gate 51-Gl being the correct indicating gate,
and the gate 51-G2 being the error indicating gate.
Connections are also provided from the terminals ~3-X
~of the interface 43 along leads 54 to OR gate network 53,
whicll as shown in the schematic diagram is formed from a NAND
15 1 g~te 53-Gl and a set of NOR gates 53-G2 connected so that
the output from one of the set of gates 53-G2 goes low or to
l logic zero if the input to any of this set of NOR gates 53-G2
,jgoes high and thus provide a high output on lead 52 from
~he N~ND gate 53-Gl if any key switch 28 of the switch matrix 30
2~ llis closcd by the trainee, regardless of whether or not it
wa~ tlle correct key. Thus the output from the OR gate
network unit S3 provides a high or lo~ic one output when
`someone has depressed one of the keys 18, regardless of
'Iwhether it was in the correct location. This output lead 52
~S j from the OR gate network 53 is applied to a one-shot multivibrator
I Sl-M2 of the correct/error detector 51, connected as sh~n
to provide a 25 millisecond negative going pulse from about
+5 volts to about zero volts on the lead 51-L3 connected t
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, f~om 5i-M2 to another one-shot multlvibrator 51-M30 The
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multivibrator 51-M3 is activated by the trailing edge of this
pulse on 51-L3 to provide a negative going 50 millisecond
pulse from about +5 volts to zero volts on the lead 51-L~ - i
;providing the other input for each of the NOR gates 51-Gl and
5 !i 51-G2, and to provide a 50 millisecond positive going pulse
from about zero volts to about 5 volts on another output
lead 51-L5 going to the test contact member of a training/test
mode switch TT-S.
!1~ The output from the correct count indicating gate 51-G2
of the correct/error detector 51 is connected through lead 55
to the coupling network 58 made up of inverters 58-Il through
jj58-I'I, formed of, for example, Texas Instruments 7404 inverters,
providing outputs 58-Ll and 58-L2 to the correct indicating
Ireadout counter 36 and the error indicating readout counter 38,
15 jjand leads 58-L3 and 58-L4 from this coupling network are
I~.connected to cross-connected NAND gates 62-Gl and 62-G2
jiforming the flip-flop circuit 62 to cause the output lead 63
i to go from logic one or high of about 5 volts to logic zero -
when an error is indicated by the NAND gate 51-G2 and supply
~a 1an enable signal to the error entry of decoders 65 and 66. ¦;
j~ The output lead 55 of correct indicating NOR gate 51-Gl
~is also connected through the training mode switch TT-S as
indicated, to the one-shot multivibrator 57-M of the film
advance relay control circuit 57, which is a one-shot multi-
Ivibrator arranged to provide a positive going output pulse
from zero to about 5 volts of about 200 milliseconds when a
~correct key 18 has been touched, applied to the base of the
;transistor 57-T whose collector connects to one side of the
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jcoil of the film advance relay 57-RE, connected at its other
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end to a suitable supply such as a 12 volt source. The
contacts 57-RE~C of the relay are closed upon energizing of
the relay, when the transistor 57-T conducts responsive to
the correct indicating NOR gate 51-Cl going high and the
~ulse thus generated by the one-shot multivibrator 57-M, and
the contacts 57-RE-C axe connected by leads 57-Ll to a film
advancing solenoid or relay in the projector to advance the
training film to the next frame. It will be noted that when
the training mode contacts of the training/test mode switch
TT-S are open and the test mode contacts are closed, the
connection from the output of the correct indicating NOR
!! gate 51-Gl to the multivibrator 57-M is broken, and the
! input to multivibrator 57-M is connected to the lead 51-L5
lof multivibrator 51-M3 in the correct/error detector circuit,
15 1l callsing the ilm to be advanced each time any key switch is
activated, thus placing the unit in the test mode wherein
the film is advanced to the next frame each time the trainee
,depresses a key 18 on the training console keyboard 16 regard-
; less o whether he depresses a correct key or a wrong key.
2~ IlThe one-shot multivibrator 57-M and the one-shot multivibrators
51-~51,51-M2 and 51-M3 may all be Texas Instruments 74121
multivibrators.
The vertical decoder 65 is supplied with address lines
~ 67 from the film reading photocells 46, and is connected ¦
ti through resistors to the vertical conductors of key lamp matrix 32j
llconnected to lamps 26 under the keys18 on the training
; keyboard 16 and is enabled by the lead 63 going lo~ to
supply voltage to the vertical conductor o~ the key lamp matrix 32 !
, for the correct key location. he hor:zontal decoder 66 is
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addressed by signals on the address lines ~8 from the film
reading photocells 46 and is enabled by the lead 63 going
low, indicating a wrong key, to cause the output lead from
the decoder 66 for the correct horizontal conductor of the
matri~ 32 to go low, and this is inverted by one of the
inverters 66-I. for example, Texas Instruments 7404 inverters,
to cause the horizontal conductor of the key lamp matrix 32 for
the proper sort position to go high, thus activating the lamp 26
cross-connecting the appropriate horizontal and vertical
conductors of the key lamp matrix 32 to illuminate the lamp 26
under the correct key 18.
: Referring now to Figure 5, illustrating circuitry and
simultaneous key coordinating and interface connections
forming the block Simultaneous Key Unit or SRU of Figs. 2 and
3~, it ~ill be noted that the enahle lead 64 to the X-axis
decoder 66 also connects at 5A to a lead 64-l supplying a
~ignal from the lead 64 through a lK resistor 5-Rl to the
base of transistox 5-Tl whose emitter is connected to ground
and ~hose collector is connected through lX resistor 5-R2 to
a ~7 volt supply. The collector of the transistor 5-Tl is
al50 connected to the base of transistor 5-T2 whose collector
is connected to the ~7 volt supply and whose emitter is
connected thro~!gh lead 80 providing the positive lamp supply
voltage connection to either of three parallel lamps indicated
ilS S-Ll, S-L2 and S-L3 forming respectively the lamps beneath
the left shift key SKl, the right shift key SX-2, and a computer
control key SK-3 on the keyboard. The other side of these three
parallel lamps are connected through an interface ~ransistor
bank 81-T formed of a UL~2001A integrated circuit having three
transistor driver pairs each having a circuit as indicated at
Fig. 5A whose collectors are respectively connected to the
three parallel simultaneous key lamps S-Ll, S-L2 and S L3.
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The base of the input transistor 81-Tl-of these three : ,
transistor pairs of transistor bank 81-T are each connected
il
through respective 7404 inverters indicated at 82-I to
connection points 83-Pl, 83-P2 and 83-P3 connected to pins
1, 2 and 3 respectively of a No. 74155 2-line-to-4-line
decoder 84. The two input lines to the decoder 84, indicated
at 85-1 and 85-2 are connected respectively to an address
line from the photocell of the film reading photocells 46
reading the 8th light bar in the light bar code on the film
and to the photocell reading the 9th light bar, respectively.
'¦ A simultaneous ~ey interface indicated at 86 is also
connected at one side by leads 87 to the connecting points
jj83-pl~ 83-P2 and 83-P3 and the other side of this simultaneous
jikey interface 86 is connected through the inverter 87-I to
pins 3 and 4 of the one-shot multivibrator 51-Ml by lead 87.
¦I These pins have a capacitor connected between them and ¦
ground, for the purpose of providing a low voltage level
from the inverter 87-I to the multivibrator 51-Ml when the
correct simultaneous key is depressed to enable the multivibrator
l~51-~ll. The interface 86 includes a NOR gate 86-Gl whose output
is connected to inverter 87-I and whose four inputs are connected
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to the outputs of three E~clusive OR gates 86-G2, 86-G3 and
` i86-G~ and to ground. The inputs of these E~clusive OR gates are
~ connected to the simultaneous keys SK-1, SK-2 and SK-3 respectively
25 `and to a ~5 volt source and to the connecting points 83-Pl, : ¦
83-P2 and 83-P3
¦ The decoder 84 is such that if both of the light bars zones
associated with the two input leads 85-1 and 85-2 are black, there
is no output from the decoder 84 on the three output pins; if the
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if the 8th light bar is white and the 9th is black, assuming
these two light bar zones to be in the 8th and 9th positions,
the connection 83-Pl goes low; if the 9th position is white
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and the 8th position is black, the connection 83-P2 goes low;
and if both light bars being monitored are white, then the
connection 83-P3 goes low.
¦ With this circuitry, when the instruction material being
displayed on the screen by the film presently being projected
thcreon presents an added information bit which calls for
depression of one of the simultaneous keys such as left shift
key SK--l, right shift key SK-2 or control Xey SK-3, as well as
engagement of one of the alpha-numeric keys, the address lines
forming the input leads 85-1 and 85-2 to the decoder 84 are
~conditioned by the light bars so that the voltage at the
1I connection point 83-Pl or 83-P2 or 83-P3 appropriate to the
simultaneous key goes low, applying a low voltage to the input
on the pins 2, 5 or 9 of the appropriate Exclusive OR gate 86-G2,
86-G3 or 86-G4. Accordingly, when the proper simultaneous key
;SK-l, SK-2 or SK-3 is depressed, grounding the connection to
; the other input on pin 1, 4 or 10 of the relevant Exclusive
,O~ ~Jata, that Exclusive OR gate provides a down or low output
because the two inputs match, which then activates the NOR gate
j 86-Gl to provide a logic high or up level on its output to the
Ilinverter 87-I, causing the multivibrator 51-~1 to be enabled
Iso that depression of the correct alpha-n~eric key will cause
the multivibrator Sl-Ml to produce an output indicating a
correct count to the gate 51-Gl and the correct counter 36.
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~¦ Figure 4 illustrates in schematic diagram form the
circuit for the photocell interface board or panel, indicated
g~nerally by the reference character 70, for processing the
output signals from the film reading photocells 46 for
application to the address lines 4~, 67 and 68 to the
multipl~ers 42 and 44 and to the decoders 65 and 66. The
film rcading photocells, indicated generally by the reference
character 46, are incorporated in the audio/visual projector
35 and arranged, in the described preferred embodiment, as a
vertical bank of 10 photocells, only 3 of which are illustrated
jjin Figure 4 as photocells 46a,46b and 46j, positioned in the
~audio~visual projector at a location to receive light from
the light bar code material on the margin of the film in the
Ijcassette or cartridge positioned in the projector section
1l35a~ This may be done, for example, by providing stationary
mirrors or prisms in the projector to direct light from the
marginal light bar pattern on the film onto the vertically
arranged bank of photocells 46. The bank of photocells in
llthe described embodiment consists of ~ data sensor photo- 1.
2~ trnn5istors for sensing the coded light bar patterns on the
upper margin of the film indicating the proper key positions
for the added information bit o the associated film frame,
~and à 10th phototransistor, which is designated the reference
sensor and indicated at 46j. This 10th phototransistor
Il . . . -
`is posltioned, iD the example, in the middle of thecolumn to have light directed onto it from
an always-transparent light bar on the film margin at
a position to be directed onto reference photocell 46j. `
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The phototransistor 46a to 46j may be L14 phototransistors,
having their collectors eonnected to a source of ~5 volts DC
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and their emitters connected to 10 output leads, respectively,
some of ~hich are indicated at 46-La,46-Lb and 46-Lj for
S connection by a cable from the projector 35 to connect to 10
input leads such as leads 70-La and 70-L~ of the photocell
interface board 70. Each of the input leads, such as 70-La,
for the ~ light bar code data sensor photocells 46a-46i form
inputs for 9 separate signal processing channels which are
identical, and for which, therefore, only the channel for
data sensor photocell 46a will be desçribed. The input lead
70-La is connected through resistor 70-Rl to the positive
¦jinput of a comparator Operational Amplifier 70-OA, whieh may
be an LM3900, and a resistor network consisting of 50K
potentiometer 70-R2 and lK resistor 70-R3 is conneeted
between the input lead 70-La and ground. The negative input
i of the comparator Operational Amplifier 70-OA is connected
to a reference voltage forming eireuit reeeiving signals
from the referenee photoeell 46j.
2~ il The signals from the photoeell 46j are applied to the
reference eircuit input lead 70-L; conneeted to the base of
. . , .
transistor 70-T whieh may be a 2N4424 transistor having its
.eolleetor eonneeted to +5 volts DC. The lead 70-Lj also
! eonneets through 50K potentiometer 70-R4 and lK potentiometer
70-R5 to ground, and the emitter of the transistor 70-T is
j!eonneeted through 10K threshold adjust potentiometer 70-R6
i and lK resistor 70-R7 to ground. The movable eontact of the
threshold adjust potentiometer 70-R6 has a 22 uf capaeitor
~ 70-Cl eonnected between the movable contact and ground and
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eonnects throu~h 51K resistor 70-R8 to the positive input of the
eomparator Operational Amplifier 70-OAj.
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¦ Since the BESELER Cue/See projector of the preferred -
embodiment is of the type having a continuously driven shutter
which periodically intercepts and then opens the light path to
the projector screen even when still film frames, as distinguished
from movie film frames, are being projected, to have the capability
for both still film and movie film projection, a special latch
circ~lit arrangement is provided for tlle Operational Amplifier out- !
puts for the bar code sensing channels. Thus, the nine output
leads from the Operational Amplifiers 70-OAa to 70-oAi are
connec~ed to the upper input pin, in this case pin 2, of a
respective associated one of the latch integrated circuit stages
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ii 70-LCa to 70-LCi, formed for e~ample of 1/4 of a Texas Instruments
il 7475 latch integrated circuit. The other input pins, designated
lj the clock input, (which is the pin 13) for the nine latch integrated
1l circuits 70-LC are connected through an inverter, such as inverter
70-Il to the output of a one-shot multivibrator 70-M1. The input
to this multivibrator 70-Ml is connected to the output of the
Operational Amplifier 70-oAj having its plus input connected
through the 51K resistor 70-R8 and a threshold test point to the
movable contact of the threshold adjust resistor 70-R6. With this¦
~arL-angement, the multivibrator 70-M1 generates a narrow clock
pulse ~hen the light bar for the reference light bar position
returns to transparent or light, as distinguished from dark,
Ijcondition by reason of the projector shtter opening, thus - !
~providing a clock pulse input to the clock pulse input pins of
each of the integrated circuit latch stages 70-LCa to 70-LCi.
The operation of the latch integrated ciruits 70-LC is such that
they put whatever is on the data input on the respective output
leads 71a-71i and hold that output until the next clock pulse,
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such tlat if the data input is plus or high, the output is
high and if the data input is low, the output is low. Thus the
voltage on the data input pin stays on the output lead 71 from
each latch circuit 70-LC even when the shutter bloeks off the
li~ht because of the cloek pulses generated by the multivibrator
70-~ll of the reference channel and the operation of the lateh
cireuits. The voltages on the output leads 71 from the latch
eireuits provide the address voltages for the decoders and
multiplexers and are connected to the address line inputs in a
printed circuit board installation, for the address lines 45, 67
a~ 68! to condition them in accordance with the coded light bar
.! material on the film margin.
It will be understood that in the learning mode of the
jjapparatus, the trainee, when the trainee touches one of the
!Ikeys 18 on the keyboard 16, closes the assoeiated switeh 28
under the aetivated key and produces a signal which is proeessed
by the interface 43 to provide a logic 1 signal to the OR gate
network 53~ providing a signal indicating that a key 18 has
j been aetivated, whether or not it is the eorreet key for the
2d bit oE instruction, lesson information or knowledge item being
lldisplayed on the screen 21. If the eorreet key 18 was aetivated,
i! as determined by the signals on the address leads to the
~ orizontal and vertical multiplexers 44 and 42 and -the horizontal ¦
,land vertieal matrix eonduetors of the switeh matrix 30 eross-
jjeonneeted by the elosed switeh 28 for the depressed key 18,j~lAND gate 49 is aetivated to provide a logie 1 output to the
eorreet/error deteetor 51 indieating that the eorrect key 18 was
aetivated. This causes the correct/error detector 51 to provide
an output on the lead 55 and 56 to eause the film advanee relay
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control 57 to advance the film to the next frame and also through ,
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the coupling network 58 causes the correct counter 36 to be
advanced one count. If an incorrect key 18 was activated, the
NAND gate 49 output goes high, activating the correct/errOr
dctector 51 to cause the error counter 3~ to be advanced one
count, and activating the flip-flop 62 to provide a low enable
signa? to the decoders 65 and 66 to cause the correct lamp 26
to be illuminated, thus advising the trainee of the correct
key for that film frame lesson list or information.
10 i¦ On the test mode, the training/test mode switch TT-S
disconnects the film advance relay control 57 from the output
ill of the correct/error detector and instead connects the film
!i advance control to the pin 6 output of the 50 millisecond
1~ one-shot multivibrator 51-M3 to cause the film frame to be
15 11 ~dvanccd each time the output from the O~ gate network 53
indicates that a key 18 has been activated, whether or not
it is at the correct key location.
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