Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:
This invention pertains to bidirectional amplifiers, in general, and to a
bridge amplifier for an electronic telephone set in particular.
Such amplifiers are needed in so-called telephone circuits, i.e.,
telephone subscriber's instrument circuits in which the transducers are coupled to
the telephone line via amplifiers. Such amplifiers, and indeed the whole instrument
circuit, are preferably line-powered. In such case, it is highly desirable for the
circuit to be polarity insensitive, since one can never be certain without performing
tests which of the two wires is the more positive one. It is also desirable for the
circuit of such a telephone to be so designed as to be usable in a wide variety of
telephone line conditions.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:
According to the invention, there is provided a bidirectional amplifier
adapted to be connected to a two-wire line which forms both a first signal input
and a first signal output and in which the direct current supply for the amplifier is
received over the two-wire line. The amplifier includes first and second transistors
having their collectors connected respectively to the two wires of the line. The
emitters of the first and second transistors are connected together and to a first
common point. The ampJifier also includes third and fourth transistors also having
their collectors connected respectively to the two w;res of the line, the bases of
the third and fourth transistors being connected together and to a second common
point. A resistive impedance is connected between the first and the second
common points so that the relative polarity of the first and the second common
points is the sarne irrespective of the relative polarities of the two wires of the
line. The second signal output from the amplifier is taken from across the resistive
impedance so that a signal received over the line appears across the resistive
impedance. The second signal input to the amplifier is applied to the bases of the
first and the second transistors, the signal applied to the bases of the first and the
second transistors being applied from the amplifier to the line.
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:
An embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to
the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. I is an amplifier embodying the invention;
Fig. 2 is part of the circuit of Fig. 1, shown separately for explanation
purposes;
Fig. 3 is a cross-section on a greatly enlarged scale of part of an
integrated circuit implementation of the amplifier of Fig. I;
Fig. 4 is a block diagram of a circuit for use in a telephone instrument
in which a circuit embodying the invention is used; and
Fig. 5 is a further diagram indicating which of the elements of Fig. 4 is
external to the integrated circuit chip.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:
In the circuit of Fig. 1, whlch is designed for use in a telephone
Instrument clrcuit, there are iour transistors Tl, T2, T3 and T4 of which Tl and T2
are of larger size than T3 and T4. In the case of an integrated circuit
Implementatlon, this means that these transistors Tl and T2 are larger area devices
than T3 and T4. The line wires are shown at Ll and L2 and are each connected to
the collectors of two of the transistors. The transmitter, i.e., the microphone in
the present case, is connected via other cir~cuit elements (see Fig. 4) to terminals A
and B, and thus, to the bases of Tl and T2. The receiver, i.e., the earphone or the
loudspeaker in the case of a loudspeaking telephone, is so connected as to be driven
from the voltages developed across - Rl - see also Fig. 4.
As already mentioned~ line terminal Ll can be positive or negative, in
which case L2 is negative or positive respectively. Thus, if Ll is positive, current
from the line flows into Ll, via the collector-emitter path of Tl, the resistor Rl, the
base-collector path of T3, and therefrom back to L2. With L2 positive, the current
flows into L2, via the collector-emitter path of T2, the resistor Rl, the base-
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collector path of T4, and therefrom back to Ll. Note that in both cases, thecurrent flows in the same direction in the resistor Rl. Hence, this resistor can be
used, in effect, to define via feedback loops, etc., the transfer gain between D and
C at the ends of the resistor Rl and the line terminals. This will be made more
clear by considering half only of the circuit of Fjg. 1- see Fig. 2.
Some of the current and voltage conditions, relevant to the operation of
the circuit, are indicated in Fig. 2. The voltage gain from Rl to the line is defined
by
G = ~VO = O~ ZL
~V ~
VO is the output voltage, and as d tends to unity, we have
g = ZL
. ~
ZL being an external line impedance and Rl an external resistor connected between
the two comrnon points C and C). One of the common points is the commoned
connection of the emitters of Tl and T2, and the other is the commoned connection
of the bases of T3 and T4. Hence, the voltage gain between the line and Rl is
slmply a ratlo of impedances.
As the majority of the line current 1I flow through the output stage T3,
the mean value of the voltage across Rl can be used to convey information as to
the line current. This enables changes in the line valtage-line current
characteristic to be made predictably on the basis of comparisons between the
mean voltage across Rl and an accurate internal voltage standard.
Since the transistor T3 has almost all of the line current flowing in its
collector base junctions, the transistor is in heavy saturation so that the voltage on
its emitter is very close to that on its collector. Thls means that this transistor's
impedance is very low so that the voltage drop due to the bridge amplifier is
correspondingly low. This condition also gives the negative potentlal needed forthe drive circuits when the amplifier forms part of an electronic telephone
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instrument circuit. It has previously been assumed, in the design of such circuits,
that both the drive circuits and the output circuits need a voltage very close to the
voltage on the "rails" of the circuit. However, in very low voltage operations, e.g.,
when the instrument is at the end of a long line, the current available limits the
output voltage swing. This makes it possible to design a circuit which works at 1.5
volts, normally set by the drive circuit, and ~ive I volt peak-to-peak output drive if
there is enough current to drive that into an impedance of around 300 ohms.
The configuration of T3 was chosen because, in other configurations,
the possibllity of emitter-base breakdown would have caused problems. A study of
Fig.l shows that in all cases, the line current "sees" the collector of an NPN
transistor.
Note that when Ll is positive to L2, the presence of T2 and T4 has
relatively little effect on the operations. Similarly, when L2 is positive to ~1, and
T2 and T4 are the effective transistors, the presence of Tl and T3 has relatively
llttle effect.
To render the description more clear, we now describe a practical
example. In a circuit such as Fig. 2, the swing to the line in the presence of a
signal ls given by 2(VBc + ILR + Vs) from the direct voltage lead V2, where VBc is
the base-collector voltage of T3 and Vs is the voltage across Tl when saturated.
The multlplication by two is to give the peak-to-peak swing. In a practical case
with IL = 8mA, Rl = 10 ohms, VBc = 0.7 volts and Vs = 0.2, the bracketed expresslon
has a value of 0.98 volts, assuming that the voltage across the line ls only 1.8 volts.
As already indicated, such a low voltage state may well exist in long lines. With
the parameters quoted, we thus have a 1.6 volt peak-to-peak swing capability. The
ideal current-limited value is then
81Xoo3ooo = 2.4 volts
However, by inspection, it will be seen that due to the saturation of T3, a voltage is
available which is equal to the line voltage, plus VsAT .
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The value of the line current 1l is assumed for the purpose of
explanation to be around 5mA, assuming that the rest of the circuit unit including
the amplifier takes 3mA. Thus, the available current from T3 emitter could
approach this value, assuming that the current levels quoted are not interrelated.
However, when a signal is applied, the value of the current IL fluctuates so the
available load current also changes. In an extreme case, the signal current may
cause the base current to go to zero which reduces the load current available from
the circuit to zero. To overcome this limitation and to allow ne~ative current to
flow through the bridge, the capacitor Cl is included. This capacitor stores the
energy for the peak negative excursions. We have VcJ = VE~E - 1I R, where Vcl is
the voltage across Cl and 1~ is the value of Rl. The resistor R2 ln the emitter
circuit oi T3 (and the corresponding resistor R3 and T4) is used to avoid looping
current going around the "bottom" pair of the bridge.
When a circuit such as that described above is to be Implemented in an
integrated clrcult form, it is necessary to ensure the elimination of the substrate
Injectlon in T3 and T4, depending on the direction of current flow between Ll and
L2. As these transistors are saturated in one or other of these cases, the collector-
base junction of whichever of T3 and T4 conducts injects charge into the substrate,
and this current injection, which may be as much as 30 - 50% of 11, can cause
difficulty due to the voltage change it causes at point E, Fig. 2. For the circuit to
be effective, this substrate injection has to be reduced to at most 1% of the line
current. At the same time, however, the reverse current gain of T3 and T4 mustn't
be degraded, otherwise the negative voltage available at E would change in a
manner dependent on current drawn from the driven circuits.
The above difficulties, due to substrate injection, do not, of course,
apply if one is lmplementing the circuit described herein using discrete compo-
nents. To overcome the difficulties in an integrated circuit implementation, the
transistor T3 (and also T4) is surrounded by a field barrier which is effective at low
currents, and a substrate wall which is effective at high currents. This approach is
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shown schematically in Fig. 3 which shows the arrangement of T3 formed by an N+
region for the emitter, a P region for the base and an N region for the collector.
The field barrier is the BN+ region shown at I and the substrate wall is the P150
region 2 which surrounds the barrier and is connected to it by the contact 3. The
advantage of the field barrier I is that it provides effective reflection of thecarriers from the wall and sides so that at low currents (5-20mA), the reverse gain
of the transistor remains high. However, as the current increases, the leakage of
carriers under the barrier at A causes a marked increase in substrate current. It is
to avoid this that a floating substrate wall ~2) is used, this wall being isolated from
the actuai substrate by the region aN+ which collects all the stray minority
carrlers.
The substrate current referred to above is produced as a result of the
voltage drop across R2 (or, of course, R3 in the case of T4), and as already
indicated, it is caused by sub-barrier leakage especially at the higher current
levels. As the lifetlme of the minorlty carrlers thus injected into the substrate ls
very small in the buried layer region, the P wall is effective to eliminate the
substratè current. The fact th~t the P+ (ISO) wall is placed after the N+ barrier
glves good reverse gain for the transistor because of the minority carriers "pile-up"
in the N+ region, and because it provides a collection system for the "stray"
carriers which diffuse through the lowerment part of the N+ barrier.
We have already referred to the fact that Tl and T2 need to be
relatively large transistor so that a reasonable VBE is attained with a current of 150
mA. ln the integrated circuit implementation, this is effective by ensuring that Tl
and T2 occupy much larger areas of the semiconductor chip than do T3 and T4.
Fig. 4 shows how a circuit such as that of Fig. I fits into a telephone
instrument clrcult, the bridge amplifier of Fig. I being represented by the block 1,
labelled Bridge Amp. The other blocks are identified as follows:
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2 Main Arnplifier
3 Differential Input Amplifier
4 Differential Feedback Amplifier
Band Gap Voltage Reference
6 Positive Loss Brldge
7 Receiver Bridge
8 ~eceiver Differential Amplifier
9 Receiver Output Amplifier
Side Tone Network
Il Tone Dialling (Yoice Frequency) Input Differential Amplifier
As will have become apparent from the description of Fig. 1, the
function of the bridge amplifier I is to drive the transmitter signal to the line
terminals Ll and L2 independent of the direct current polarity of these terminals.
In addition to this, the bridge amplifier makes available to the remainder of the
clrcult the voltage at the more negative of the terminals Ll and L2 with very little
voltage drop. This latter is most important on a fairly long line where the line
current and hence, line voltage available ls ln any case low. It ls also important
when two or more telephone instruments are connected in parallel to the same line.
This is especially so if one of the instruments is of the old carbon microphone type
since such an instrument can, in the absence of a circuit such as the bridge
amplifier 1, effectively disable an "electronic" subset circuit in parallel with A.
The current which flows through the line terminals Ll and L2 also passes
through the resistor R10 which corresponds to the resistor Rl in Fig. 1. Thus, as the
current galn of the bridge amplifier I is close to unity, e.g., 0.98, the voltage
present across R10 can be used to define the current to the line by sensing the
voltage across R10, and under the control of that voltage defining the line current
via a feedback loop including the differential amplifier 4, see below. As the loop
gain needed to achieve this is high, further gain is provided by the main amplifier 2
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which increases the loop gain through the bridge~amplifier l, differential feedback
amplifier 4 and main amplifier 2 to about lOOO.
The use of an active feedback system, including the differential
amplifier 4 plus the resistors Rll and Rl2 instead of the more usual passive feedback
loop, makes it possible to control the amount of feedback by changing the amount of
current which flows in this amplifier 4. This, in turn, enables the transmitter gain to
be controlled. The arrangement also compensates for the non-linear characteristics
of the input differential amplifier 3 and for the temperature coefficients of various
parts of the circuit.
With the above arrangement, the gain from the input terminals of the
amplifier 3, to which terminals the microphone 12 is connected, to the resistor RlO,
is defined as
Gl = I~ . Rll R12
11
where 1(3) is the current in amplfier 3 and I(4) is the current in amplifier 4. Hence,
in order to offer such features as gain regulation, e.g., for line attenuation
compensation, all that is needed to change is the magnitude of 1(3) to 1(4). Further,
as the gain to the line terminals Ll and L2 is accurately defined being in effect
RL/R, the overall gain is also well defined.
We now consider the tone signal input which is one or more voice-
frequencies used when tone "dialling" is used whether direct from a dial or
pushbutton set or from a repertory dlaller. The voice frequency supply is via the
capacitor ClO to the differential amplifier 11 and therefrom to the main amplifier 2.
As the amplifler 11 is also a differential amplifier with a current of I(~l~ in the
device, the gain to which the voice frequency input is subjected is also definedsimply as a ratio of currents and resistors. Hence, no further description of this
input is considered necessary except to note that the amplifier 11 has an outputlabelled MUTE which reduces the gain of the amplifier 3 when a voice-frequency
signal input is present.
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The circuit shown includes a further bridge arrangement which is
important in the transmitter path, this being the positive load bridge 6. This is a
network which connects either terminal LJ or L2, whichever is the more positive
relative to the output fo the ampliiier I to the upper end of resistor R13. Note here
that the output of the amplifer I is the clrcuit's negative supply terminal.
The resistance R13 is the termination resistance of the network, and in
the present case, it has a value of 600 ohms. It is effectively across the terminals
Ll and 12 via the capacitor C5 and the negative switch portion of the brid~e
amplifier I for speech signals only.
The output of the bridge 6 also provides the positive voltage supply for
the whole of the circuit. Since this voltage and the feed from the lower terminal
of Rll has to be stabilized at around 3 volts, an internal voltage reference 5 is
included in the main amplifier loop. Note that this voltage also drives the voice
frequency generatlon clrcuits (not shown). Basically, the voltage at the Jower
terminal of R13 is sensed by the Input of the reference ampJifier, and the output
from this ampllfier controls the voltage across Ll and L2 so as to make the voltage
constant and equal to 3 volts over a wide range of line currents - see the graphInset to 17ig. 4.
An additlonal feature (not shown) is a circuit which senses the line
current, and when it falls below 14mA adjusts the reference voltage provided by the
amplifier 5. This enables an improved performance to be achiev~d in such case.
The received voltage, speech signal only across the line, appears across
the resistor R13 due to the action of the bridge 6 and hence, also appears across the
series combination of capacitor C6 and resistor R14. From there it is applied to the
input terminal of the receiver differential amplifier 8 which ultimately feeds the
earpiece transducer 13. This amplifier 8 amplifies this signal and applies it to the
output amplifier 9 which, in turn, drives the earpiece 13. Thus, amplifier 13 also has
a control connection over another bridge arrangement 7 which connects whichever
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of Ll or L2 is more negative to the amplifier 9. This additional bridge arrangement
is needed because of the large amount of current taken by the amplifier 9. This
large current consumption could otherwise have negated the use of the other bridge
6 because of the voltage drop produced across R13.
The side tone network R15-R16-R14-C7-R17 is fundamentally a balance
network which nulls the transmitter signals which appears across R10 by feeding an
equal and opposite signal thereto via C6 and R2. The capacitor C7 and the resistor
R17 are used for phase compensation for the practical situation of having the
terminais Ll and L2 connected to an actual telephone line.
Capacitors C8, C9 and C10 are used to avoid frequency interference, Cll
is used to avoid DC offsets and C12 is the bridge amplifier capacitor (corresponding
to Cl in Flg. 1).
Fig. 5 shows the arrangements of external components when the
majority of the circuitry shown in Fig. 4 is implemented as an integrated circuit
chip. The same references are used as in Fig. 4. Roster R18, capacitor C14 and the
suppressor JHI are the usual protectlon clrcuitry provlded to protect the clrcult
agalnst undeslrable ilne conditlons such as lightnlng strlkes. The varlable reslstor
RVI connects the wires to the earplece 13 at the mouthplece 12 for adjustment
purposes.
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURR
_ . _
Fig. 6 is a simplified schematic diagram of the present electronic circuit
connected to an exchange;
Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a portion of the circuit of Fig. 4; and
Fig. 8 is a schematic circuit diagram of the Positive Loss Bridge of Fig.
4.
A major feature of the invention is shown in Figs. 6-8. In Fig. 6, we show
simply the connection of an electronic telephone instrument having the circuit of
Fig. 4. This electronic telephone is shown in parallel with a telephone instrument of
10 the conventional electro magnetic type having a carbon microphone or transmitter,
both the electronic instrument 51 and the carbon microphone being on the same line
to the exchange 54. The line may have up to 2500 ohms OI resistance as is generally
known and the entry conductors to the exchange characteristically have 200 ohm
feed relays while each station circuit has h 600 ohm terminating resistor. An
exchange battery 58 is shown powering the line and the electronic instrument 51 over
the line conductors Ll and L2. A supervisory relay 56 is shown at the exchange, the
relay being a busy-idle relay which must be held operated when one or more
instruments if off-hook.
Within the framework of the circuit of Fig. 6, the electronic circuit of
20 Fig. 7 must overcome certain operating problems. These problems are especially
apparent when the electronic instrument is in parallel with a carbon microphone
instrument. As can be seen in my copending Canadian application S.N. 359,350 filed
August 29, 1980, a carbon microphone responds to loud sounds or to shaking of the
handset by compacting the carbon granules leading to a continuous lowered
resistance in the microphone. This low resistance would tend to draw most of the
current from the line thereby starving any instrument on the same line.
At this point, it may be well to explain the power requirements of the
electronic instrument on a line. First, there must be sufficient voltage to power the
electronics of the electronic instrument circuit from the exchange battery. Further,
30 the electronic instrument must provide sufficient voltage to the line to maintain the
supervisory relay operated as long as a station instrument remains off-hook.
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Figure 7 shows the relevant portions of the circuit of Figs. 1 and 4. The
bridge 6 (Fig. 4) is shown having inputs connected to the line terminals Ll and L2 and
an output coupled via resistor R13 for supplying voltage to the circuits 61 and the
drive selection circuit 62. The bridge 6 serves to select which of the terminals Ll or
L2 is most positive and connects that most positive terminal to the resistor R13.
Resistor R13 is a 600 ohm resistor which characteristically provides a terminating
resistance for the line. Dependent on which transistor T3 or T4 is conductive and
operating in a saturated state, then the terminating resistance is switched across the
line by that transistor. In this way, the terminating resistance performs the line
10 terminating function.
In Fig. 7, when Ll from the line is positive then a path is switched from
the line through transistor 71 through terminal 72 and drive circuits 61 and drive
selection circuits 62 to transistors Tl and T3 to lead L2. A like path through
transistors 74, T2 and T4 is completed when lead L2 is positive.
Turning now to Figure 8, the bridge 6 is shown in greater detail and
¢omprises a transistor 71 connected to terminal Ll, its collector connected to output
terminal 72, and its base coupled to constant current source 73. The constant
current source 73 i8 connected between the transistor 71 and terminal L2. Constant
current source 73 is conducting only when the emitter and transistor 71 is positive.
20 A transistor 74 has its emitter connected to terminal L2, its collector connected to
output 72 and its base connected to constant current source 75. Constant current
source 75 is coupled between transistor 74 and terminal Ll and is conducting when
terminal L2 is positive.
The voltage drop across the conductive transistor 71 or 72 is in the nature
of 100 mv or less. The voltage drop imposed by either transistor is considerably less
than that which would be imposed by a diode in the circuit, enhancing the value of
the voltage provided.
Turning back to Figure 7, the bridge amplifier 1 receives audio signaLs
from the line and Main Amp to and further amplifies those audio signals. The drive
30 circuit 61 may be an amplifier circuit such as is well known in the prior art. The
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drive selection circuit 62 is used to couple the output and drive circuit 61 to either
line terminal Ll or L2, depending upon the polarities of Ll and L2. The outputs of
the drive selection circuits are fed to terminals A and B which appear in Figure 1 as
the inputs of transistors Tl and T2.
Capacitor C5 is connected to resistor R13 on one end and to the bridge
amplifier at its other end. The junction between resistor R13 and capacitor C5
provides the voltage reference which is used by the entire electronic circuit of
Figure 4, including the bridge amplifier 1 as shown in Figure 6. The capacitor C5 is
typically a large capacitor and this illustrative embodiment has a value of 100 micro-
10 F. This voltage reference provides sufficient voltage to power the electronic circuitof the instrument. The terminating resistor R13 switched across the line acts to
define the subset termination in line impedance. The voltage from the capacitor
biases the drive and selection circuits to provide sufficient base drive, when
indicated to the bases of transistors Tl and T2.
One basic problem in providing a telephone station or subset circuit
having transistors coupled to the line terminals occurs as a result of the signal wave
form present on the line terminals having negative-going peaks which have an
absolute voltage that is below the voltage which is necessary to maintain transistor
action if the signals are coupled to the bases of bi-polar transistors. More
20 specifically, it is desirable that the station circuits are capable of operating on the
low level audio signals having the lowest possible minimum peak voltage. In prior
circuit arrangements the lowest minimum peak signal with which the circuit is
operable is approxlmately 2.5 volts. In the present arrangement the circuit will
operate with minimum peak voltages of 0.9 volts.
