Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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Thi~ inventlon relates to improvement~ in apparatlls for
comminuting solids such as ~ood, bark, rock, junk metal articles,
et cetera. ~ore particularly, it relates to lmprovements ln the
portions of the apparatus that hand].e the screeniny, siziny and
sorting of the end product of the cc)mminuter and an improved
construction for the con)m:Lnuter grinding rolls.
In comminuters of the type described in my United States
Patent No. 4,366,92~, in which a series of upright rolls define a
comminuting chamber, it is desirable to provide an adjustable
particle output size so that the same comminuter can be used with
a minimum of adjustment for grinding and pulverizing various
materials. It is an object of the invention herein to provide a
screen means for screening the discharge from the comminuting
chamber that is adjustable within a predetermined range to vary
the size of output product of the comminuter from very fine
particles to relatively large particles.
~y~ I vention
The invention provides in an apparatus for comminuting
solid materials to form particles, including a housing defining a
comminuting chamber, said comminuting chamber formed by a series
of comminuting rolls arranged within said housing, said housing
further defining an adjacent discharge chamber, screening means
located at an interface between said comminuting chamber and said
discharge chamber, said screening means including a disc
horizontally mounted within said housing for free rotation in a
horizontal plane, said disc having a peripheral edge spaced from
said comminuting rolls to define therebetween a size restriction
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passaye for parti-les moving from said comminutiny chamber to said
discharge chamber, a series of screening members mountecl on said
disc indepenclently of one another, a first portion of each of said
screening memhers extending past said peripheral edye of sai~ disc
into said size restriction passage and means for positloniny each
screening member relative to each olher screening member past said
peripheral edge of said disc so as to allow independent, selective
variation of the si~e of said first portion of each of said
screening memhers extending past said peripheral edge of said
disc.
In a preferred embodiment the comminuter includes a
series of upright rolls arranged to enclose a comminuting chamber,
each of the rolls having teeth projecting therefrom, the rolls
being driven to cause turbulent motion of materials placed within
the comminuting chamber, so that the materials are pulverized by
the repeated contact with one another and with the surfaces of the
rolls. As the product moves in turbulent motion through the
comminuting chamber, particles are moved by the force of gravity
to the bottom of the chamber where the screening means in the form
of an adjustable screening device is mounted. The screenin~
device cooperates with the exterior walls of the comminuter
housing to screen the particles according to size. Only those
particles of a predetermined maximum size are permitted to exit
the comminuting chamber and enter the discharge chamber located
below
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the screening device. One embodiment of the screening device o~ the present
invention includes a series of elongate rnovable fingers circumferentially
arranged in radial orientation about the surface of a disk. The fingers are
movably mounted on the disk so as to be adjustable to determine the malcimum
5 size particle that will be allowed to exit the comminuting chamber. A notch ispreferably formed in a bottom plate of the comminuting chamber adjacent the
screening member to facilitate the exit of fibrous materials that build up in
clumps within the comminuting chamber. The preferred embodiment of the
invention also includes a stationary tooth member projecting into the discharge
10 chamber directly below the screening device to contact and sever any elongated
pieces of material such as branches and twigs, to break them off and allow them
to fall from the comminuting chamber to the discharge chamber without
jamming of the screening device.
Brief ~escription of the Drawings
The objects and advantages of the present invention will be better
understood by those of ordinary skill in the art and others upon reading the
ensuing specification taken in conjunction with the appended drawings wherein:
FIGURE 1 is an isometric view of one embodiment of a com-
minuter with portions cut away to show one embodiment of a screening member
20 made in accordance with the principles of the present invention mounted at the
bottom of the comminuting chamber;
FIGURE 2 is a side elevational view of the screening device and
comminuting apparatus of FIGURE l;
FIGURE 3 is an isometric view of a portion of the screening device
25 of FIGURE l;
FIGURE 4 is an elevational view in section taken along the
line 4--4 of FIGURE 3;
FIGURE 5 is an elevational view in section taken along the
line 5--5 of FIGURE 4;
FIGURE 6 is a plan view of the underside of the portion of the
screening device shown in FIGURE 3;
FIGURE 7 is a side elevational view of a portion of an alternate
embodiment of the comminuting device of FIGURE 1, showing an inflatable
member used as a screening device;
FIGURE 8 is an isometric view of a portion of another embodiment
of a screening device made in accordance with the principles of the present
invention;
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~IGU~E 9 is a side elevational view of a portion of a comminuter
utilizing the screening device of l~IGURE 8;
FIGUI~E tO is a plan view of a portion of the comminuter of
FIC;URE 9 showing a portion of the screening device of I~IGURE 8;
~IGURE 11 is a plan view of the portion of the comminuter of
FIGURE 10 showing a modification of the screening device of EIGURE 8; and,
EiIGURE 12 is a plan view of the portion of the comminuter of
FIGURE 10 showing another modificution to the screening device of Fl(~URE 8.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment
FIGURE 1 illustrates a comminuter made in accordance with the
principles of the present invention, and includes a series of elongated, uprightcomminuting rolls 10 that surround and define a cylindrical comminuting cham-
ber. The rolls are mounted at a first end on a stationary base plate 12, and theentire assembly is surrounded by Q housing 14. Each of the rolls is mounted on a15 bearing assembly 13 for rotational movement about its own axis. A second baseplate 15 lies below the first base plate 12 spaced from the first base plate anddefines the bottom of a discharge chamber, which lies directly below the
comminuting chamber, to receive particles from the comminuting chamber. An
extension of the housing 14 surrounds and encloses the discharge chamber. A
20 screening disk 16 is positioned at the bottom of the comminuting chamber in the
interface between the comminuting chamber and the discharge chamber and is
bearing-mounted for rotation in a horizontal plane on a base post 18. A series of
vanes 20 is arranged radially on an upper surface of the screening plate. In theillustrated embodiment, the vanes 20 are of essentially triangular shape, with the
25 upper edge of the vane having its apex at the center of the comminuting
chamber and converging as it extends toward the outer circumference of the
screening disk. A vane plate 24 is vertically arranged across the screening plate
essentially on the diameter of the screening plate, and has an essentially
rectangular shape with notches cut out of each end of the vane plate. If desired,
30 magnets 26 and 28, respectively, are mounted in the notches of the vane plate,
to attract any metallic particles and separate them from the remaining particleswhen the comminuter is used to grind nonmetallic material such as bark and logs
and scrap lumber.
A series of adjustable screening fingers 30 are mounted on the
35 screening plate, and extend radially outward from the circumference of the
screening plate toward the comminuting rolls 10. As will be described in greaterdetail below, each of the screening fingers is individually adjustable in a radial
direction, to vary the spacing between the rolls 10 and the outer end of the
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screening finger ~o as to control the size of particles passing between the
comminuting charnber and the discharge chamber. Each of the comminuting
rolls 10 has a series of projections, designated teeth, which protrude from the
extarior surface of the roll and assist in the grinding and tearing action of the
5 comminuter on the materials within the comminuting chamber. The screening
plate 16 is mounted on a base assernbly 46 and rests on a stack of shims 17 thatare interposed between the plate l6 and the base 46. By varying the number of
shims 17 in the stack, the vertic~1 position of the plate 16 can be varied. As the
vertical position of the plate changes, the position of the edge of the screening
10 assembly with relation to the rolls 10 and action disks 34 also changes. The
vertical adjustability of the plate 16 on shims 17 therefore provides an additional
control over the size of the passage from the comminuting chamber to the
discharge chamber.
The basic operation of the comminuter is described in U.S. Patent
15 No. 4,366,928, issued January 4, 1983, and also in my copending United Statespatent application Serial No. 382,483, filed May 27, 1982, that has issued as U.S.
Patent 4,477,028 on October 16, 1984. The basic operation of the comminuter
involves rotating the comminuting rolls and feeding large pieces of material such
as wood into the comminuting chamber. The rotating rolls cause a turbulent
20 motion of the material within the chamber, and the interaction between the
material and the toothed comminuting rolls pulverizes and breaks the material
into smaller and smaller pieces, the longer the material is within the
comminuting chamber. The size of particles discharged from the comminuting
chamber is determined by the size of the opening in the screening assembly
25 between the comminuting chamber and the discharge chamber. In the present
embodiment, by varying the position of the screening fingers, the size of the
particles exiting the comminuting chamber can be varied, and until the particlesreach that size, they will continue to m ove in turbulent m otion within the
comminuting chamber, being further reduced in size until they pass through the
30 predetermined opening. To assist the particles in their turbulent motion, thescreening disk can be rotated by an external source, or, alternatively, the
swirling turbulent motion of the material impinging on the vanes 20 of the
screening disk can be utilized to turn the screening disk without an independentpower source. As can be seen in FIGURE 2 in the illustrated embodiment, an
35 action disk 34 is positioned at the base of alternate ones of the comminutingrolls, and is of a diameter slightly larger than the comminuting rolls. The action
disks turn in unison with the comminuting rolls, and provide additional assistance
to the turbulent motion of the particles and material within the comminuting
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chamber. A series of clearing teeth 40 protrude from the comminuting roUs
below the action disk and also in a position below the screening fingers. The
clearing teeth perform the function of maintaining the opening between the
screening fingers and the comminuting rolls free o~ conglomerations of particles,
5 so that there is Q free exit of particles from the comminuting chamber.
Sometimes a long piece of material such as a branch will become
lodged within the space between the screening finger and the comminuting roll,
causing a jam-up of particles exiting the comminuting chamber and possibly even
stopping the motion of the rolls on the screening plate. A branch-clearing
10 tooth 42 protrudes from the outer case of bearing assembly 13 associated withone of the rolls at a lowermost end thereof, and extends into the discharge
chamber to break off any elongated pieces sticking down into the discharge
chamber, so that they do not cause a jam between the screening disk or
screening fingers and the comminuting rolls. Since the tooth 42 is attached to
15 the bearing case t5, it does not rotate with the roll but remains stationary.Visible in FIGURE 1 is a notch formed in the baseplate 12. The
notch 44, designated a woolly notch, is for allowing the passage of fibrous
materials such as bark fibers from the comminuting chamber to the discharge
chamber. The woolly notch is useful in configuration of the comminuter in which
20 the screening plate is at the level of the baseplate 12 to prevent fibrous
materials from clogging the passage between the comminuting chamber and the
discharge chamber. Again referring to FI~URE 2, the center spindle, on which
the screening plate is mounted, is mounted on a bearing 44, which in turn is
mounted in the base 46 of the unit. A pair of hydraulic actuators 48 and 50,
25 respectively, are mounted between the comminuter housing 14 and the base 15
and are utilized to raise and lower the comminuter housing to permit access to
the internal workings of the comminuter for repair and replacement of the rolls
and other parts.
Turning now to FIC~URES 3, 4, 5 and 6, the structure of the screen-
30 ing fingers and their mounting to the screening plate is more clearly illustrated.Each of the elongate screening fingers 30 underlies the screening plate 16 and
the long dimension of the screening finger is radially oriented with respect to the
screening plate. A series of bolts 60 is arranged in a circle about the outer
perimeter of the screening plate protruding through the top surface of the plate35 and extending from the bottom of the plate. The screening fingers 30 are
located between the bolts arranged circumferentially around the screening disk.
A cable 62 surrounds the outer edge of the bolts and washers 64 are placed
between the cable and the screening fingers. The washers 64 are wide enough to
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overlap adjacent screening fingers and serve to hold the screen;ng fingers
between the cable and the screening plate. Each bolt 60 has a second washer 66
associatcd with it and the cable 62 is sandlNiched between the washers. Each
bolt 60 has a nut 67 threadably engaging it to hold the washers and cable in
5 place. Each finger 30 has associated with it a coil spring 68. The cable forms an
anchor point for one end of each of the coil springs 68. The other end of each of
the springs is hooked onto one of a plurality of eye members 70 extending
downwardly from the inward end of each of the screening fingers. Each
spring 68 places a bias force in the radially outward direction on its associated
10 screening finger. The inward end of each screening finger is formed with a
shoulder, which cooperatively engages an associated second bolt 72, which
protrudes through holes formed in the screening plate intermediate each of the
screening fingers along a circle located radially inward of the location of first
bolts 60. The cooperation between the shoulder at the end of the screening
15 finger and the bolt 72 keeps each of the screening fingers from moving radially
outward in response to the bias force of its associated spring. A second series of
washers 74 and nuts 76 are mounted on each of the second series of bolts 72 to
keep the screening fingers oriented horizontally and flat against the underside of
the screening plate 16. The position of each of the second bolts 72 determines
20 the radial position of its associated screening fingers and therefore determines
the spacing between the outer ends of the screening fingers and the rolls 10. The
particle size allowed to pass between the comminuting chamber and the
discharge chamber is therefore dependent upon the positioning of the screening
fingers relative to the rolls which in turn is determined by the position of the25 second bolts 72. Typically, a series of holes 78 will be formed along radial lines
in the screening disk so that the position of each individual screening finger can
be varied to predetermined positions by placement of the second bolt 72
associated with each of the fingers 30 into the appropriate one of holes 78 as
dictated by the desired opening size for particles passing between the
30 comminuting chamber and the discharge chamber. While the illustrated embodi-
ment utilizes d spiral expansion spring to bias the screening teeth in the radially
outward direction, any suitable spring arrangement can be used to accomplish
the same purpose of outwardly biasing the screening teeth.
One advantage to utilizing the screening tooth and spring arrange-
35 ment is that since the spring biases the fingers in an outward direction and the
notch and bolt arrangement restrains movement only in the outward direction,
there is some yieldability of the fingers in the inward direction. This yieldingability allows the fingers to move in the event that a large piece of metal is in
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the comminuting chamber and lodges itself in the opening to the discharge
chamber. The yieldability of the fingers will allow the metal to dislodge the
finger and widen the opening, ~llowing it to pass into the discharge chamber
without CElUSillg a jam of the comminuting rolls or the screening assembly, and
5 minimizing any possibility o serious damage to the equipment.
FIGURE 7 illustrates an alternate screening arrangement to the
screening teeth and screening plate illustrated in FIGURES 1-6. FIGURE 7
illustrates a pneumat;c annular screening member 79 which is oriented ~or
rotation in a horizontal plane on the bearing spindle at the center of the
10 comminuter. By varying the inflation of the pneumatic annular member, a
varying spacing between the annular member and the exterior surface of the
comminuting rolls can be obtained, thereby providing a variation in size of the
opening between the comminuting chamber above the member and the discharge
chamber below the member. In a presently operative embodiment of the
15 invention, the annular screening member is a tire, which is inflated and placed
for horizontal rotation within the chamber. It has been found that the use of the
pneumatic screening member is especially helpful in comminuting stringy
material such as cedar and spruce bark. The tire acts as a flexible anvil in
relation to the comminuting roll, and while most grinding is done in the main
20 portion of the comminuting chamber, there is a certain amount of finish grinding
that is accomplished between the tire and the comminuting rolls that finally
grinds the particles to the size at which they will pass between the comminutingchamber and the discharge chamber.
Yet another embodiment of a screening device made in accordance
25 with the present invention is shown in FIGURES 8-12. The screening device
comprises a series of flails 30a pivotally mounted on the screening disk 16a as
shown in FIGURE 8. The flails 30a comprise flat plates that rest on top of the
screening plate 16a and are held in place by a fastener such as bolt 80 which
passes through the first end of the flail and a hole formed in the plate 16a. The
30 bolt is held captive by a nut 82 threadably engaging the bolt and then to ensure
that the nut does not come loose from the bolt during operation of the
comminuter, a cotter pin 84 can be placed through the bolt as it extends beyond
nut 82.
The bolt 80 and nut 82 are not tightened to the point of tightly
35 holding the flail 30a on place on the plate 16a, but rather are loose enough to
permit the flail 30a to swing about the bolt over the upper surface of the
plate 16a as the plate 16a turns during the comminuting operation. A plurality
of bosses 83 are formed beneath the plate 16a to space the nut 82 from the
8-
plate. As can be.st be seen in FIGURE 9, the flails 30a extend in their radiallyextended position almost to the outer surface of the roll 10 and fit in the space
below the action disk 3~ and above the clearing teeth 40. The actual size of
each of the flails is determined by the particular dimensions of the comminuter
5 in which it is to be used and also the size of particles which are to be discharged
from the comminuting chamber to the space below the screening disk 16a. Each
of the flails 30a has a projecting footpiece 86 extending in dog-leg fashion from
the first end of the flail. The swinging movement of the flails is limited by
engagement of the footpiece 86 with the adjacent flail. The degree to which the
10 flails can move is determined by the size and shape of the foot pieces 86 that
extend from each flail. By controlling the magnitude of the swinging movement
of the flails 30a, the particle size of comminuted particles that will pass fromthe comminuting chamber to the discharge chamber will be controlled. There-
fore, the size of the flails and the size of the foot which limits the swinging
15 movement of the flail are chosen to provide the desired particle size. Therefore,
the swinging flails 30a provide a variable screening function similar to the
movable fingers 30 described earlier. `
FIGURE 10 is a plan view of the screening disk 16a with flails 30a
mounted thereon showing the relationship of the flails to the comminuting rolls
20 as the screening disk 16a turns in the direction of arrow 88. FIGURE ll showsan alternate chamfered shape of the flails 30b in which each flail has a corner
cut from the second end of the flail to allow larger size particles to be passedfrom the comminuting chamber to the space below the screening disk 16a. Also,
movement of the flails is limited in the embodiment of FIC~URE 11 by pins 90
25 mounted in holes 92 formed in the screening disk 16a. The pins are placed
between adjacent flails and as the screening disk turns, the flails will abut the
pins 90 and are constrained between the pins.
FIGURE 12 shows a series of flails 30c that are neither constrained
by pins, as in the embodiment of FIGURE 11, nor provided with feet to limit the
30 flail movement, as in the embodiment shown in FIGURES 8 and 10. As shown in
phantom line in FIGURE 12, as the screening disk 16a rotates in the direction ofthe arrow 88, the flails will move from their stationary position shown in solidline, to the position shown in phantom line. By monitoring the speed of the
disk 16a and the size of the flails 30c, the proper disk speed and flail size for a
35 desired particle size can be determined to provide the appropriate screening
action of the flails in screening disk 16a. The flails 30a, 30b and 30c are shown
mounted on the upper surface of the screening disk 16a so that the upper surfaceof the screening disk provides a bearing surface for the flails so that the vertical
load of the flails does not have to be supported solely by the bolt 80 and nut 82.
It would be possible from the point of achieving suitable screening action to
mount the flails on the undersurface of the screening disk t6a. Ilowever, then
the life of the flails and the life of the bolts 82 can be significantly reduced5 because of the loads placed on the bolt 82, which is the sole support for vertical
forces on the fluils.
In certain environments, it is desirable to tighten bolts and nuts 80
and 82 sufficiently to hold the flails 30 in a stationary position even during
rotation of the sc~eening disk 16a. The particle size will be determined by the
10 spacing between the end of the flail and the rolls 10 and action disk 34. If a
change in particle size is desired, it is necessary to replace the flails with ones
of different length or end shape or to adjust the vertical position of the
screening disk 16a by addition or removal of shims 17. The stationary flail
screening assembly, while not as readily adjustable as the swinging flail
15 screening assembly, does have a long wear life. Since each flail is individually
replaceable, repairs are easier and less expensive than in the case of a solid,
formed screening disk of the type described in my Patent No. 4,477,208.
In summary, therefore, an improved comminuting device for
grinding and pulverizing solid materials has been described and illustrated. The20 improved comminuting device includes a screening member positioned between
the comminuting chamber and the discharge chamber to regulate the size of
particles exiting in the comminuting chamber. The screening member is
adjustable to selectively vary the size of particles permitted to exit the
comminuting chamber. Changes can be made in the illustrated embodiment of
25 the adjustable screening member, for example, the placement of the spring canbe varied and the use of a compression rather than expansion spring can be
substituted, while remaining within the confines of the invention. Also, the
degree to which the corners of the free swinging flails are cut can be varied over
a large range. The exact configuration of the flails or the stops used to limit
30 movement of the flails is to be determined by the requirements of the desiredparticle size and the material being comminuted. Therefore, the invention
should not be considered limited by the illustrated and described embodiments
and those should be considered as exemplary only. The invention should be
defined solelg by reference to the appended claims.
