Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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This invention relates to a system for transEorming waste
material
The world refuse problem is becoming more acute every day due
to the vast quantities produced, both in the industrial sector
and in the rural and urban spheres, its destruction causing a
considerable problem.
Until quite recently, the most common form of waste disposal
consisted in dumping it on sites provided for thi~ purpose.
This system of simple dumping, which is still largely in force,
was later improved or abandoned in favour of other systems, and
consequently, the different syi~tems of waste dispvsal used
today can be classified under the following methods: controlled
dumping, combined treatment, combined treatment and composting,
treatment by means of incineration without xecovery or with
recovery of energy, and f inally treatment by means of
pyrolysis~
In the systems comprising controlled dumping, combined
treatment and combined treatment and composting, ther~ are many
disadvantages, essentially disadvantages relating to ~he
e~vironment and to operation.
These disadvantages are ofset by systems comprising treatment
i by means of incineration with or without recovery, which make a
more industrial treatment of waste material possibleO
However, when waste material is incinerated wlthout recovery,
there is generally a considerable degree of atmospheric
pollution, and operating and maintenance costs are increased
due to the fact that there is no recovery.
In the case of systems o~ treatment with recovery of energy,
the waste material is incinerated in a ~u~nace and the energy
produced on the combusti~n of the waste material is recov~red.
The heat recovered can be used, e~g. to obtain steam, hot water
for heatingg to produce electrical power, etc.
i In practice, this application is very exp~nsive as the power
obtained has to be piped to the place where it is to be used.
That being the case, in order to obviate the various
~' disadvantages stated herelnabove, a new type of treatment has
emerged, i.e~ treatment by means of pyr~lysis, also known as
pyrolytic decomposition, which consists in applying heat to one
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substance in order to separate out other more elementary
substances.
In principle, this is the type of treatmen-t that can offer the
greatest advan-tages due to the fact that it works on any
substance that can be thermally decomposed, although no
satisfactory results havP been obtained to date. -
The study of these negative results conducted by the inventor
of this patent led him to the conclusion that these results are ~-:
due to the wrong choice of operating conditions, and
fundamentally to the wrong choice of temperature for the
treatment
To this end, a temperature between 1000 and 1500V C was
selected, resulting in great technical difficulties with regard
to both the choice of equipment and its ope~ation, and thus
also resulting in very high costsO
The object of this invention is to propose a system for the
treatment of waste material, as characterised in the claims,
with which, within the framework of treatment by means of
pyrolysis, it is possih].e to obviate the disadvantages
mentioned hereinabove, and which provides a solution to the
problems of the known methods of treatment in this sphere, in
such a way that the waste material iLs transformed under true
optimum conditions r as will be seen hereinafter~
Th~ system to which this invention xelates has the following
basic objectives:
- The use of thermal reactors which, due to their principle of
construction and to ths design of tl~e plant as a whole, make
it possible to operate the system at a lower temperature than
any pyrolysis process known hi-therto~
- The maximum operating temperature, taking account of the
normal fluctuations depenaing on the properties of the waste
material to be treated, is between 400 and 600~C.
- Designing a system the essential principle of which is
identical, whether it is for transforming industrial, or
urban or rural waste, wherein the operating conditions only
vary with regard to temperature, catalysts and other
substances which give rise to different chemical reactions
depending on the type of waste material to be treated.
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-Ihe production of a modular system, such that each- thermal
reactor and its corresponding equipment can operate
independently, making it possible, in a system of the same
deSigrl 7 to use one singl~ reactor or up ta one or several
batteries of reactors.
In accordance with these conditions, the system to which this
invention relates has the following advantageso
- The system can be used for any quan-tity of waste material, as
the modular nature of the system makes it possible to operate
using one single reactor up to one or several batteries o~
reactors, and consequently this systPm can be insitalled to
transform waste material coming from a factory, a village, or
even a larger town~
No pollution is caused by water or combustion gases becaus~
the water is treated sufficiently before being discharged and
the gases are chemically washed before combustion.
- Prior sorting isi optional, but not essential~ as it is
posisible to introduca all the waste material into the
reactor, and consequently, in plants of reduced capacity,
this sorting is no-t necessary~
- This system makes it possible to transform waste material
into vexy expendable and easy to market products and
consequently thls system is profitable after a certain
quantity has been produced, meaning that it will easily pay
for itself.
- Installation and operating costs are reduced compared to
other existing systems.
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- In this system~ from the moment it is received, the waste
material is treated within a closed building and
consequently, the plant can be located in any industrial
environment close to the nucleus of the populatio~ producing
the waste, resulting in great savings in the transportation
of this wa~teO
- The fact that each reactor and its eguipment cons~itutes a
module which can operate independently means that ~breakdown~
or maintenance work only halt the reactor or reactors in
question, and the plan~ can continue to operate.
All these improvements, as well as others which will be shown
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in a more detailed manner in this description, make this system
different to anything else known hitherto. .
For a better understanding of the nature of this invention~ an
advantageous embodiment ~or industrial use is shown.purely by
way o~ a non-limiting example in the accompanying drawings, in
which: .
Figure 1 is a diagram of a plant corresponding to one
possible non-limiting embodiment of the invention,
Figure 2 is an elevation of a plant according to the diagram
in Figure 1,
Figure 3 corresponds to a plan view of the upper section of
the preceding figure in part section,
Figure 4 shows a schematic perspective of four external
chambers 33 of an identical number of reactors 8,
Figure 5 corresponds tc the section V-V indicated in Figure 6
. if the latter were not a view in section,
Figure ~ shows a longitudinal section of the cylindri.cal body
34 of each reactor 8,
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Figure 7 shows a profile of Figure 8~ -
Figure 8 is an ~levation of th~ bocly 34, ~
Figure 9 is a front view in part section of the four external
chambers 33 seen in Figure 4,
~ Figures 10
:~ and 11 are a pro~ile and an elevation raspectivel~, showing~ :
one of the wheels 37 with its supporting frame, the: :.
first being shown in part section,
I Figure 12 is an elevation of Fi~ure 13,
Fiyure 13 is a plan view of one of the doors 40 of the charge
and discharge opening 45 of the metal cylindrical
. bodies 34,
i Figure 14 show~ the section XIV-XIV indicated in Figure 15,. :~
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Figure 15 is an eleva-tion of a ~ilter 47 the outer part of
?~hi~h is indicated ~?y a dash-dotted line~?
This inventiorl relates to a system for transforming waste
material, both industrial waste and urban and rural waste, and
Figure 1 shows a diagram oE a possible example of the practical
installation of this transfcrming system, the general
description of the means forming the system being as fol1ows
A receiving hopper 1, fed by means of clawed tongs or other
similar means, is disposed in a closed general building, in
which is installed the reception point for the waste material.
In the lower part of the hopper 1 there is a tearing device
form?ed by rows of rotating cylinders which comprise on their
periphery a series of conical points arranged in such a manner
that they tear the b?ags containing the re~use and allow glass
bottles to pass freely.
A belt conveyor 2 is disposed opposite the hopper, said bel-t
COnVeyC?r 2 passing through a zcne 3 for sorting glass and if
re~?uired plastics, and glass objects and if required objects
made of plastic can be separated ~rom the waste material in
this zone.
A magnetic separating unit fc?rmed by a magnetic cylinder which
separates the ferromagnetic portion fr?~m the waste material is
disposed at the end of the belt 2~? q'his Eerromagnetic portion
then drops onto another belt conveycr 7 and is mixed once again
with the waste material which has already been ground in a
grinding machine 5 in order to reduce its volume and in this
way to use the maximum capacity of the thermal reactors 8.
Another grinding unit 6 is disposed op?posite the belt conveyor
7, fo?r tyres, biomass or other typ~ of waste material wnich
can be a?~?apted tv the process and which is different from the
urban waste known as refusea -~
Where the plant is equipped with one single reactor, the belt 7
extends to the charge opening of ~he latter; howev?er, when
there is a plurality of reactors~ the belt 7 iS formedl ~?y a
fixed part and a movable end part by means of which the' ???~aste
ma~er~al is charged into the c?pen~ ng of thR corresponding
reactor 87 '.
Each reactor 8 is formed by an external enveloping chamber 33
(see Figures 4 and 9) and an inner cylindrical reactor body 34,
shown in Figures 5 to 8.
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The external chamber 33 is formed by refractory bricks and in
the space between the external chamber 33 and the corresponding
inner cylindrical body there are heating means, such as, inter
alia, combined gas and solid fuel burners 27 which serve to
increase the temperature of the air chamher surrounding the
cylindrical body 34 such that the latter is heated in a uniform
and indirect manner, inter alia, allcwing the operating
temperature inside the body 34 to reach a value of between 400
and 600~C~
Æccording to a practical non-limiting embodiment, each
cylindrical body 34 is formed by a stainless steel cylinder
approximately eight metres in length and two and a half metres
in diameter, which can thus receive a charge of the order of
seven tonnes of waste material for transforming.
Deflecting fins 35 are disposed in a helical manner inside each
cylindrical body 34 ~see Figure 6~, their function being to
transfer and dis~ribute the charge in a uniform manner
throughout the interior of the body 34 of each reactor 8.
Each cylindrical body 34 is apable of effecting a radial
rotating movement, this movement being obtained by means of the
wheels 37 shown in Flgures 10 and 11 which rest against the
tracks 36.
These wheels 37 are mounted on frames installed on supports 38
which are disposed in enclosures 39 situated outsid the
heating chamber de~ined between each cylindrical body 34 and
its covering o~ refractory material 33, as can be seen in
Figure 9. Because the wheels 37 are arranged within these
enclosures 39, the wheels 37 are not subjected to increas~d
temperatures during operation~
The cylindrical bodies 34 can rotate at two di~ferent speeds,
one a rapid chaxge and discharge speed and the other a slow
operating speed~ They are driven by means of a geared motor
and a chain and the chain is provided with an intermediate
adjuster to compensate for any expansion.
Charging and discharging is effected through an openlng 45
located at the front part of the reactor~ This opening 45 has
a door 40 ~see Figures 12 and 13~ which can be closed by a
rotating wheel device 41 with which rasks 42 engage~ which can
therefore occupy two positions; one an input position, allowing
the ~oor 40 to open, and the other an output position
preventing it from opening~ The racks 42 have wedge-shaped
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13241 1~
ends 43 which tend to exert a force on the door 40 in the
direction of closing of the latter. The door 40 also has a
graphite seal 44 to ensure it is hermetically sealed.
On the back part of each body 34 there is~an opening 46 for
connecting the draw-off pipe for the gases, said opening being
provided with a rotating connector, the sealing of which is
ensured by means of a stuffing box.
Filtering means for large solid elements adapted to preven-t
them escaping through the gas discharge pipe are disposed
inside and on the back part or on the par-t where the gas is
discharged. These filtering means are cleaned aukomatically by
the friction of the waste material.
A filtering device 47 for Eiltering any particles in suspension
in the gas is disposed in the draw-off pipe for gases, at the
outlet of the reactor, the collision of these particles
retaining them against a series of deflecting fins.
Flgures 14 and 15 show one possib~e practical embodiment of the
filters 47 in question, in~which each of them has a plurality
of deflecting flns 48 which are disposed in a staggered
arrangement.
These deflecting fins 48 pass through grooves formed for this
purpose in a plate 49 mounted on an air-pump piston 50 with a
time-delay system, which at predetermined intervals effects a
movement to and fro alony the fins 4~ in order to clean them~
At the base of each filter 47 there is a tilting cover 51, its
selective opening allowing the dust deposited inside each
filter 47 to be ~mptied rapidly.
Moreover, ~he body 34 of each reactor 8 is provided with a
cooling device which takes the water condensed in the system
and injects it into the bodies 34 during the final cooling
phase of the product and this water which evaporates
immediately promotes cooling which continues until the set
temperature o~ the order of 100 degrees Centi~rade is reached,
preventlng any chance o~ fire or explosion during dischargeO
The gas which is drawn off during the ~peration of each reactor
8 and which, once filtered) reaches a temperature of 600C at
the outlet of the reactor r passes through a heat ex~hanger 17
which partially cools it, this heat being absorbed by the feed
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gas of the burner 27 and the gas thus being in excellent
conditions to be burned.
The gas drawn off follows its course until it reache~ tar
condensers 18 where the gas is cooled to below 140~C by means
of counter-current water circulation which is automatically
controlled ~y an electrically operated valve provided with a
thermostat.
Each tar condenser 18 is provided with a separate tank 19 and
all these individual tanks are connected to a common feed tank
20.
When the tank 20 is filledl the valves between said feed tank
and the individual tanks 19 are closed 'and a pump
discharging the tar towards an external storage tank is started
up, wherein this operation can be effected without in any way
affecting the vacuum in the pipe. ~
The gas coming from the condensers 18 arrives at the water ''
condensers 21 at a temperature of the order of 140-C and is
cooled by counter-current water circulation to below 40C; in
this way, all the aqueous portion received in the individual
tanks 22 is condensed.
The individual tanks 22 communicate with a common tank 23 and, ''
as in the preceding case, they can be separated individually
from this common tank 23 from which, by means of a ~otor-driven
pump, the water is passed through fil-tering and treatment
devices to be used later vr to be discharged~
The primary water purification system 30 can be seen in Figure
~, said system being formed by six columns which are"'''~illed
I with vegetable charcoal and which operate in two-stages, i.eO a
j stage comprising rough grinding and filtering off scum, and a
finishing stage, after which the water enters pools or water
cooling tanks 31 disposed in series for cooling the water.
The excess water i5 sent to a final treatment unit 32 formed by
two parallel columns filled with active carbon, where any waste
material from organic solvents is absorbed, after which the
water arrives at an auxiliary tr~atment'caisson where it is
disinected and oxidised by means of scrubbing with gaseous
chlorine and air and the water then passes once again through
the columns of active carbon in order to retaini the residual
chlorine, chloramines and other chemiGal compounds which may
havsi formed. The effluent is treated in the auxiliary caisson
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13241 19
by means of automatic operations ~onsisting of neutralisation
and pH and temperature control, ater which it is discharged.
The portion of gas not condensed in the condensers 21 i.s
advanced to a gas washer 24 where it is washed in t~lo phases by
means of scrub~ing, first with a very basic liquid and then
with a very acidic liquid. In this way, the incondensable
compounds of a basic or acidic nature are retained. The gas
washing is completed by the cyclo~i~ effect produced on the
water by the vacuum pump water ring 25.
In this connection, each reactor 8, or more particularly, each
reactor body 34 i5 connected to means allowing the process of
thermal transformation of the waste material to take pl~ce in
vacuo and is subject to a group of vacuum pumps 25. The
efficiency of the treatment is therefore increased due to the
vacuum and it is possible to carry out the -treatment at ~ lower
temperature without affecting output. ' ':
i These vacuum pumps 25 are two pumps of the water ring type,
which are disposed symmetrically and operate in a staggered
i manner in order to adapt the suction speed at any time to the
flow of the gas product. These pumps 25 therefore create a
vacuum in which the whole cireuit op~rates, said vacuum
! promoting the drawing up of the gaseous phase coming from the
'I reactors 8.
A~ can he seen in Figure 1, the reference symbols 26 and 26'
3 indicate two gas tanks, a .small tank 26 adapted for the
recirculation of the gas which has to be burned in the burners
27, and a larger tank 26' which serves as a store Eo.r the
initial phase during which the quantlty of gas produced i5 not
~' sufficient for self-feeding and for the final phase during
~hich there i5 more gas produced than is used.
The large tank 26 is provided with.a safety device which in -the
event of excess pressure opens a valve and lights a torch, and
in addition there 1s an automatic cooling system by means of
spraying.
When the pressure of the gas in the small tanks ~6 exceeds a
. predetermined value, a compr~ssor 29 starts automatically and
j transfers this gas to the large tank 26'.
Once the operatlon of the corresponding reactor or reactors B
is compl~ted, the body 34 turns in the opposite direct'i'on to
that of charging, such that the fins 35 mo~e the ip$oduct
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towards the opening 45.
During discharye, a movable pneumatic extraction vessel 9 is
connected to thls openiny and draws up the solid carbon
particles in suspensionO These parti~les are ~onveyed to a
mill 13 in order to be finely divided.
The portion of carbonised material which is not captured
pneumatically is deposited on a belt conveyor 10 which
transports it towards a hopper 11 which receives the prdduct
for the subsequent feeding of a vibrating screen 12 where
ferromagnetic elements, inert elements and other metals are
separated The carbonised produ~t which passes through the
mesh of the screen 12 is pneumatically conveyed to the hopper
of the mill 13~ -
The remainder continues to the end of the screening line where
the ferromagnetic metals are magnetically separated in order to
be compressed and subsequently sold. The other inert elements
are collected in a small tank to be discharged subsequently.
In this way, the micronising mill 13 receives the carbonised
material coming from two different p~ints, namely the pneumatic
capture system 9 and the screen 12. The mill 13 comprises a
device for separating the greater part vf the ashes and reduces
the particle size to below 75~m.
~t the outlet of the mill, the produc1: arrives at a cyclone 14
where the ground product is separated. A filter 15 is
installed in cvnjunction with the cyclone 14 and has the
following two functions: firstly, it iilters the dust received
by he pneumati~ collector 9 during di-;charge, and secondly9 it
filters the flow producéd by the mill 13.
Finally, the product collected in the cyclone ~4 and in the
filter 15 arrive~ at a weighing and bagging machine 16 where it
i~ automatically bagged so that it can be handled, stored and
sold in th~ best and most appropriate manner.
Following this de~cription of the fundamental means used inj the
plant according to the system to whiGh the invention rela~es,
the operation of these means ~or transforming the three types
of waste material mentioned~ i~e. industrial, urban and rural
waste, will now be described.
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1 1
TRANSFORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
The most common industrial waste consists of plastics, rubber,
tyres, wood and textile remains, etc. Once all this waste
material has been grinded in the machine 6, it is introdu~ed
into the corresponding reactor or reactors 8,starting up their
respective burners 27, and then the vacuum pipe i5 connected,
the vacuum being obtained by the motor-driven pumps 25.
In this way the mass begins to heat gradually, giving rise to
the diferent reactions. Due to the vacuum, when a temperature
of 50 60C is obtained inside the reactor 8, the water vapour
begins to be released and is condensed in the cond'ensers 210
The different reactions take place as the temperature
increases, resulting in the formation of'gases with different
properties, the tar gases being condensed in the condensers 18.
The tar obtained in this way is a complex mixture of aromatic
compounds which, during subs~quent operations, can be distilled
to obtain different solvents.
The incondensable gases are washed at 24 and are stored in the
tanks 26 and 26' to be fed to the burners 27.
When the reactors reach a temperature of 400-600 C, depending
on the substance they contain; the operation is complete,rfrom
the thermal point of ~iew.
At this point, water is injected into the reactors 8 to cool
the product to the desired temperature, and when the latter ha~
been reached the opening 45 is opened to begin discharge.
The product is advanced by means of the pneumatic collector 8 '
and the belt conveyor 10 to the z~ne of the m'ill 13 and it
finally arrives at th weighing and bagging machine 16.
EXAMPLE ' ~
Upon treatment of a tonne of industrial waste from the -~'
manufacture of tyres, which are composed of 'rubber, carbon,
steel wire and in certain cases, textile fibres, the following
~ubstances were obtained~
Carbon black from 10 to 70~m ~ O~ 200 Kg '~'
Powdered coal for injecting or
for making briquette~ D~D 300 Kg
Tar . DD..... 0.. ~ .... 100 Rg
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Steel wire ~O~ 50 Kg
Ashes ~ O~30 Kg
TRANSFORMATION OF URBAN WASTE :
Urban waste is -treated in the same manner as in the preceding
case, except that the refuse sacks are emptied into the hopper
1 provided with a device for tearing the sacks If desired
glass and plastics can be sorted and the remainder follows its
course, the ~erromagnetic products being separated by the
pneumatic collector 4, while the remainder is ground at 5.
The ferromagnetic products, such as tin cans, are then added to
the ground waste material and ev~rything is. then introduced
into the reactors B, since it has been proven that the tin of
tin cans helps to absorb the chlorine produced in ~he course of
the reactions inside the reactors 8.
It is als~ provided to introduce into the mass an additlve ~or
absorbing chlorinated products.
The remai.nder of the process is essentially identical to that
described hereinabove.
EXAMPLE
I In order to determine the percentayles of household refuse, a
j study was mad~ of the refuse coming from.dif~erent towns and
even different parts o~ towns with different standards of
living, and the average results obtained are as follows:
Organic matter ~ D~ 45-55% -~-
Paper and cardboard ~ O~O~O 14-18%
Plastics ~ O~ 5- 9~i
. Textiles, leathers and rub~er . 4- 5%
: Glass ................ ~.~....... . 3- 8~i
Ferromagnetic scrap ............ O 3- 4% :: .
Various inert elements ~O~ O~OO~ 14-19%
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The physico-chemical properties of these products are as ~:
, f~llows:
,' Density ..... ~.............. ~......... ,... 200 Xg/m3 ::.
Humidity .... ~.............. ,............. .40%
i Combustible material 70~ 41%
Ashes and glass ~O~ 19%
: N~C.V. ...... ~............................ 1700Kcal/Xg
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Average products obtained in the course of the treatment of
this ~aste material per tonne treated:
Carbon black from 10 to 75~m ... ~.......... ....50 Kg
Powdered coal for injecting or
for making briquettes ~ O~O 120 Kg
Tar ~ O~ 40 Kg
Ferromagnetic scrap .~,.... ~....... ~........ ~. 30 Kg
Glass ~ 9~ 40 Kg
Gas, only that necessary for applying heat to the
treatment.
TRANSFORMATION OF_AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST WASTE
Agricultural and forest waste is treated by.introducing it into
a type of cutting machine equipped with knives to reduce its
dimensions, after whlch it is advanced directly to the reactor
8 by the belt conveyors 7, where the thermal -reaction takes
place. When the latter .is comple-ted, the whole product -:
consists of carbonised matter, because this mattsr only
contains fixed carbon, volatile elements and between 0.5 to
0.7% of sulphur, with a reduced percentage (6-8%) of ashes,
which are almost completely separated in the mil:L 13.
EXAMPLE
These products can vary greatly depending on their place of :
or~gin and their humidity. The humidity contained in these
materials can vary from 25 to 70.~ and consaquently, their
output of product varies greatly; on the other hand~ they
contain no inert elements and few ashes. .~.;
The average which can be obtained is as follows~ ~
Carbon black from 10 to 75~m .............. ......60 Kg ~ :
Coal for injecting or for making . .~.
briquettes O~ O~ 120 Kg
T~r ~ o ~ o o ~ 50 Kg
A~hes ~ O~ OO~ 30 Kg :~;
ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCTS OBTAINED DURING THE TRANSFORMATION OF
WASTE M~TERIAL
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The products obtained can be used in different industriés and -. -:
consequently, the carbon black Gan be used by-the rubber and
plastics lndustries~ The injecting coal is very successful as
a iuel in the cement, ceramics, and other indu~tries anù it can
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also be used -to be transformed into briquettes used in heating
boilers. The tar can be used in different ways: due to its
composition, it could be used as a liquid fuel ~fuel of average
density), it can be distilled to extract the solvents it
contains for use in industry~ while the remainder can be used
as a waterproofing agent or in the form of tar briquettes for
surfacing.
The properties of the products obtained according to this
system are indicated below, being in no way limiting.
- CARBON BLACK FROM 10 TO 75/~M
Carbon ...... .Ø..... ~...................... ...92%
Hydrogen ~... ,... 0.... ,.... O.~............... ...2.5%
Sulphur ,.~...... ..... ..... ~0................ ..Ø5
Ashes ....... .~............ ,................. ...5~
NoC~V ....... 0.O...... O...................... ...8200Kcal/Kg
- COAL FOR INJECTING OR FOR FORMING BRIQUETTES
Fixed carbon ........ <,...................... ...45%
Volatile elements ... .~...................... ...36%
Hydrogen ............ ~...................... ...2.5%
Sulphur ............. ~,...................... ..Ø5%
Humidity ... 0......... ~................... ...2%
Ashes ...... ~ 04 14%
i N.C.V. ~.... ~....... 0..................... .O ShOOKcal/Kg
Specific gravity ............................ 0. 380400 Kg/m 3
I - TAR
Napthalene and anthracene .~................. ....5.5-6%
Ole~ine .... ~............. ,..... ~......... ., 3-4%
I Aromatics .. ,.......... ,.................. ....19-22%
I Paraffin ... 0............................. ....1.2-1%I Combined water ....... ~.... ........ ,.~... ....6-7%
I Non distillable remains (pitch) .... .,.,.. ....70%
N.C.V. .. 7~ r~ 8900Kcal/Kg
Specific gravity at 20~C ................. 0. 950-1000
Kg~m 3
Now that the nature of the invention and its industrial
application has been sufficiently described~ it only remain~ to
add that it is possible to introduce changes in terms of form,
~ material and composition to the invention as a whole and to its
; constituent parts without going beyond the scope of the
invention, provided that these modifications do not;àlter the
principle of the invention.
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