Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
1 334435
This invention relates, in general, to mechanical
compression packing for controlling leakage about shafts, and
in particular, to packing which does not undergo undesired
deformation when placed under load in normal use. This
application is related to applicant's Canadian Patent No.
1,252,806, issued April 18, 1989.
Because there is a wide variety of applications for
mechanical packing and seals, including packing for pumps,
valves, hydraulic, and pneumatic equipment, a whole industry
10 has grown up in their design and construction. In the areas
with which the present invention is concerned, the packing is
generally sold in relatively long coils of braided packing
material of square or rectangular cross-section from which
many suitable lengths may be cut. Conventionally, several
lengths are cut from the coil of material for a given
installation, each length being formed into a ring about a
shaft with the cut ends abutting each other. Often, as many
as a half dozen such rings or more are disposed about the
shaft with their radial sides in abutting relationship.
A so-called packing or stuffing box formed
integrally with, and generally extending outwardly from, the
housing surrounds the shaft. The interior of the stuffing box
is of
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1 334435
diameter ~..ffi~ n~ ly greater than that of the shaft to
the packing rings. An annular gland is fitted
about the shaft and bolted to the exterior of the stuffing
box in such a fashion that an end of the gland c~npresses
the packing rings in the stuffing box. Generally, the gland
has a flange through which bolts pass which are threaded
into the stuffing box. Tightening of the bolts pulls the
gland toward the housing and thereby c~mpresses the packing
rings within the stuffing box. l~nder such canpression, the
mterials tend to exEand radially to sane extent and
'Ally fill the stuffing box to prevent or minimize
the escape of the contents of the housing at the inter- ~.
section of the shaft and the housing.
In the original conventional ,.~.. r.. ~.. , of the ~
packing material, it is braided in the form of a relatively
long, straight length with square or rectangular cross~
section. ~ecause it is then cut to desired short lengths,
each of which is formed into a ring about a cylindrical
shaft, the outside ci~ ~ of each packing ring is
longer than the inside CiL~ ~.W. 13efore canpression
fran the gland is applied, the cross-section of each ring
tends to form itself into a trapezoidal shape, the narrow
side of the trapezoid being the stretched side adjacent the
inner surfaw of the stuffing box. Conversely, the wide side
of the trapezoid abuts the shaft. ~ecause of the trapezoidal
cross-section which is assumed by each packing ring, this
phencmenon is known as "keystoning.a
.:,
.:
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1 334435 ~-
several problems arise from tllis keystoning effect.
First and foremost, when a plurality of abutting rings are `~
used in a typical A~l if A~ n and the packing is o~m~oressed
by the gland, the force exerted by the gland is u,~ L~c~L~
on the packing ring corners adjaoent the shaft. This creates
a higher nor~l force between the corners of the packing
rings and the shaft ad~aoent thereto than is created along
the ring at locations remote from the corners.
Moreover, wear of both packing arKl shaft becomes morq
rapid at these corners adjaoent the shaft and rU.~l
the usable life of both the packing ring set and shaft and `
reduoes the time before leakage be on~s intolerable, ;~
ne~CCi~ adjustment of gland com,oression and subsequent
replaoement of the packing and shaEt in a shorter than
desirable time.
More c~ifi~ ly~ most mechanical compression packing
is formed on plait or so-called "lattioe" braiding
machines, e.g., interlocking braiding machines, by braiding
yarns from moving yarn carriers about axial warp yarns in
such a fashion that the warp yarns provide fill which is
symmetrical about the central axis of the finished braid.
Said otherwise, the warp yarns, when viewed cross-
sectionally, are conventionally the same in number and by
position when any 90-degree quadrant of a cross-section of
the packing is viewed in mirror image compared to the
adjacent two quadrants. The -u__ _~Lion of the conven-
tionally braided packing has a square or rectangular sllape
i~lU,tll or the materlal ls placed on a flat svrface,
and the opp~site sides of the square or rectangle are
generally pArallel and eouai in width.
1 334435 ~ ~
However, when measured lengths of material are wrapped
atout a cylindric~l body, such as a pump sleeve or vaive
shaft, to form rings with outer sides abutting the inner
surface of a stuffing box the outer sides are laced under
P
some circunferential tension. A8 a result, each ring's outer
side, i.e., the side adjacent the interior of the stuffing
box, tends to contract in the direction parallel to the axis
of the ring before the rings are ccmpressed by the gland.
Also, the inner side, i.e., the side adjacent the surface of
the shaft, tends to expand in lergth in the direction
parallel to the ring axis. When the rings are canpressed,
more of the load is directed axially to the inner portion of
the packing rings adjao?nt the shaft. ~he force is
w..~L.c,L~l at the abutting inner cwrners of the rings, and
this results in unwanted wear.
'~
Various alternatives have been proposed to Irbat the
un~nted effects of keystoning. One alternative involves the
use of packing rings which are i~ ~l with canpen-
sating rings machined or die-formed into wedge shapes having ~;
the wider axial dimension at the outer diameter. The packing
rings are then installed in proper sequence with the ~wedge
spreaders~ to canpensate for keystoning. This ex~edient is
useful and has provided some reliet from sealing problems,
but it is exFensive and requires special forms of packing
1~
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1 334435
rings and wedges which must be carefully assembled and
installed in the proper order.
Moreover, in the past there has been a problem when
trying to pack rings Oe sm~ll cross-section such as those in
the ~ inch to the five-sixteenths inch range about
relatively small diameter shafts of one-half to one and
three-eighths inches. The problem is that when the packing
is wrapped around the shaft, the warps which are at the
interior corners tend to pop out and result in shaft
scarring. This can oo-ur either before or after gland
pressure is applied. Moreover, warp popping can occur in
.ra.~ when these small cross-section braids are drawn
off the braiding machine around a capstan.
As will be appreciated, the popping problem relates to
certain particuiar ~aterials used in the oonstruction of the
braided packing. If a r~aterial of high strength and
relatively la~ yield is used in the construction of the
packing, then the yarns used as the corner fill on the
inside of the packing, the side which will be placed !~
adjacent the shaft, will tend to "pop" out through the
braided outer layer, as there is a resistance to their
~;
compressing axially within the braid. mus, the inner axial ~ ~;
corner yarns tend to deform to the side instead of remaining
constrained within the braid. mis "popping" occurs because
a high intensity point load is placed upon the braid when
the braid passes over a radiused surface and results in what
appears to be a loop of axial yarn outside the braid.
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1 334435
Ecamples of packing materials which have this tendency are
Kevlar*IT aramid packing yarn which is a plied aramid
monofilament yarn ll~yL~I~sL~i with Teflon, i.e., polytetra-
fluorlethylene, and treated with silicone, i.e., dimethyl-
siloxane"~ ,Ir~..L~l by E. I. DuPont CQmpany, and graphite
filament yarn cordage which may or may not contain various
sizings, finishes Qr treatments . ~L~,Lu~l frQm plied and
twisted rayon monofilament precursor yarns or spun, twisted
and plied "pitch" based g~aphite yarns as ~ ~a~ L~ by
the Polycarbon CQmpany.
hhen packing containing these yarns "pops" during
L~,Lu~ or when the "pops" are created as result of
placing the Facking in the stuffing box, if the "pOp"
becanes located between the packing and the shaft or shaft
sleeve, then a local high intensity point load is placed
upon the shaft surface as a result of this "p~poed" warp.
This results in much higher than normal wear on the shaft or
shaft sleeve and has resuited in wear so high that one can
see evidence in worn sleeves in which the cuts resemble
those made by a machine tool operating on the surfaoe of a
rotating shaft.
While the pQpping problem is particularly severe for
packings used about small diameter shafts, pQpping is also a
problem in packing made with these materials for use Qn
larger shafts. It is therefore a primary objective of the
present invention to prevent such "warp pQp-oUt~ so as to
protect shafts frQm scarring.
*trade-marlcs
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1 334435
It is also an object of this invention to provide a tapered density profile
for the packing ring which better eliminates the dru~ d "k~ ul~ ;" effect
when the packing ring is wrapped around a shaft and is UUIl~ cd by providing a
more regular initial ~Idpc:Guiddl cross-section.
Another object of the present invention is to avoid the use of packing
rings and wedges or preshaped cross-sections which must be assembled in a particular
sequence.
Still another object of the invention is to avoid the need of packing rings
which are die-formed so that they are preshaped to fit the stuffing box.
A further object of the invention is the ,u-u-lu~iu-- of mP~hAni~
~:u..,~ iu" packing which is not subject to either keystoning or warp popping.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The problems of keystone-induced leakage and warp popping are solved
in the subject invention ~ iv~ly by providing an optimal warp density gradient and
by removal of inner corner warps, with these techniques being used either in
combination or separately.
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1 334435
In the present invention, mechanical ~,UIII,UI~ ;UII packing is braided in
such fashion that eliminAtion or reversal of the keystoning effect in the installed rings
is improved due to an optimal warp density gradient which produces an optimal
trapezûidal cross-section for the packing such that the packing is provided with
straighter sides. Such an effect is achieved not only by the use of additional warp fill
in the outer corners of the braid, but also by tailoring the numbers or density of warps
through the interior of the packing to provide an optimal density gradient.
While the keystoning effect may be alleviated by the utilization of
different numbers of warp yarns in the outer corners of the ring vis-a-vis the inner
corners of the ring, the trapezoidal cross-section is optimized by a gradient profile for
the warp yarn fibers in which a higher density or number of warp yarns exists towards
the outer edge of the ring. This gradient may be achieved by varying the number of
warp fibers at the interior positions on the packing braiding machine.
The resulting trapezoidal-shaped packing, when viewed straight, is
desirable in ~;ulllbdl~illg the keystoning effect such that when the packing material is
wrapped around a shaft and compressed, it tends to form a rectilinear cross-sectional
shape with straighter abutting sides that form an improved seal from ring to ring.
Thus, when a length of packing is measured and cut to form a ring about
a shaft, the added material toward the outer surface resists shrinkage in the axial
direction of the packing ring while the less dense inner surface tends to expand in the
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1 334435
axial direction in a smaller than normal amount. Opposite sides of the rings thus tend
to become parallel and radial sides abut each other closely and uniformly, di~L~ilJu~i..g
the gland load more evenly throughout radial sides of the rings and creating a seal of
high integrity as well as lengthening the life of the shaft and the packing. By tailoring
the interior warp density or structure, an ideal density gradient can be achieved which
more perfectly counteracts keystoning and makes the sides of the rings even more
parallel when the rings are compressed by the gland when compared to rings cut from
~u...~ iullally braided packings.
More specifically, it has been common that all of the warp yarn positions
which are used contain yarns that are of the same density or the same number for a
given warp position within the braided packing and that the yarns are used in a
~yllllllc~ al fashion at respective warp positions in any 90 quadrant within the braid
when viewed cross-sectionally. This ull~libuL~ to an initial rectilinear cross-section for
the ring which when compressed causes keystone-induced pressures as m.-ntion~-1
before. It is the purpose of the present invention to provide differing numbers of warp
yarns at different interior positions of the braid, which, when used, preferably vary in
density and/or number, starting with the most dense at the outside edge of the braid
and decreasing in density or number as the positions approach the inside edge of the
ring. This may be accomplished in a number of ways, with an optional requirement
that there be symmetry about a vertical axis when viewed cross-sectionally through the
center of the packing ring.
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1 334435
Another way of lln~lrr~t~n-ling this portion of the subject invention is that
there is an llnhAl~rlr~d symmetry about a horizontal line going through the center point
of the braid cross-section, such that the number of warps at ~OIlC~ llld;ll~ interior
warp positions above the center line are larger in number or have more density than
those used in the C~/llC:7~)011dill~ warp positions below the horizontal center line of the
braid cross-section.
In addition to the cl on of keystoning by the provision of the above-
mentioned warp density profile, the subject invention also includes popping prevention,
especially in braid used about small diameter shafts. Popping is prevented in smaller
braids, or indeed in any braid, by the removal of warp yarns from the inner corners of
the braid adjacent the shaft. In this case, warp yarns are removed from the inner
corners, or "A" positions as will be described later, and are placed at the interior "B"
positions. This removes the warps from the corners. Additionally, the warps which
do exist in the "B" positions, near the corners but not at the corners, may be less dense
or have fewer yarns than those at the outer corners to effectuate a more perfect initial
trapezoidal cross-section. In other words, lesser numbers in warps may be used
Sg/jj 11
1 334435 ~
at these ~Ba positions than in the corresponding p~sitions
on the outer side of the packing.
By virtue of the removal of the warp yarns at the
inner corners of the ring, there sre two layers of braided
material from yarn rarriers between warps at the "B~
p~sitions and the inner corner of the p~cking. This
additlonal amount of braid material prevents p~pping of the
warps when the packing traverses any radiused surface,
especially the surface of a sn~ll diar~eter shaft. Therefore,
this technique eliminates the aforementioned scoring due to
braid p~pping, whether the p~pping o~curs during manu~
facture, during shaft wrapping, or during canpression.
For a better understanding of the invention, together
with other features, objects, and advantages, there follows
a description of a preferred embodiment which should be read
with reference to the attached drawings in which:
BRlEF L)~ N OF T~ DRAi~S
Fig. 1 illustrates crhem~ir~lly cross-sections of
braided canpression packing of the prior art;
Fig. 2 is an illustration, partly in section, of a
shaft passing through a stuffing box with a seal formed of
four packing rings which are oanpressed by a bolted gland~
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1 334435
Fig. 3 illustrates the keystoning of four packing rings of the prior art in
the stuffing box before ~ulllpl~ by the gland;
Fig. 4 illustrates the loading effect upon the shaft caused by keystoning
of four packing rings after ~ iOI~ by the gland;
Fig. 5 illustrates four installed packing rings braided in a~,u--ldl~ce with
the present invention before ~ull~lul~ ;ul~ by the gland;
Fig. 6 illustrates the loading effects achieved in the present invention after
~;ulll~)lu,~a;ull by the gland;
Fig. 7 is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of braided ~;u---u-~ ;u~
packing made in accordance with the subject invention;
Fig. 8 is a diagrammatic illustration of the utilization of a packing ring in
which popping occurs due to the popping out of the warps adjacent the inner corners
of the ring;
Fig. 9 is a diagrammatic illustration of one type of braid illustrating the
removal of warps at the "A" positions which are at the interior corners and the
provision of warps
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at the "B~ interior positions, with the density or number
~rps at the "B~ positions being less in number or density
than the nunber or density of warps at the "A'' Fositions at
the outer corners
Figs. lOA, lOB and lOC are illustrations of preferred
density profiles for the warps in whlch the outer warps are ~- -
more dense than the inner warps; ~i
Fig. 11 is a diagram of a prior art warp and braid
structure in wbich, when all interior warp p~sitions are
used, they are symnetrical in use, with each position having
equal numbers of warp fibers or equal densities and
Fig. 12 is a diagramaatic illustration of a weaving
structure in which there is a density or warp number
gradient from the outside of the packing ring to the inside.
DFTAILED L~L~~
~';
In Fig. lA, there is illustrated in cross-section a
o~nventional plait or "square~ pattern comFosed of a central
core position 12 and axial warp yarn positions 13, 14, 15
aAd 16 used to provide fill in the packing material. In sne
instances, the central core 12 is not utilized. 13vdever, in
either case, each of tAe warp yarns has yarn from moving
carriers, typically eight in number, braided about it, the
FatA of the carriers being ~ ~,Lffl by A, B. As is
obvious from the drawing, in any 90-de~ree quadrant of the
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1 334435
packing cro99-section, the axial warp yarns, when used, are
the same numerically and by position.
! :~
In Pig. 1~3, a similar cross-section of a packing
material is shown. In this instance, however, a 20-carrier ~-
interlocking or 90 cal1ed ~lattice~ pattern is shown with
the maximum number of warp positions. Each of the warp yarn
~ositions, of which yarns in warp positions 17, 19, 21 and
23 are typically always used and custo¢arily have yarns
e~ial in number or density in each position, has yarn from
carrier9 follading Faths in the braider deck C, D, E braided
about it. A central core 25 may or may not be used. Ha~ever,
a structure is ~orned in which, in either case, the axial
waro yarns which conStitute the fill are the same in number
and by ~osition in any 90-degree quadrant when viewed in
mirror image with respect to each of the two adjacent
quadrants.
:
Still another pattern is shown in Fig. lC. Here, a
36-carrier interlocking or so-called "lattice~ pattern is
shown with the maximum number of warF positions. Each of the
warp yarn pDsitions, of which yarns in positions 27, 29, 31 i~'
and 33 are typically always used and yarns in positions 34,
35, 37, 39 are frequently used, has braided about it and the
o~ntral core 25a, if used, yarns from carriers following
Fath9 P, G, B, J in the braider deck to form a structure in ~.
which the axial warp yarns which constitute the fill are ~-
symmetrical in the sense that they are the same in number
and by position in any 90-degree quadrant when viewed in
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1 334435
mirror image relative to either adjaoent quadrant. The ,
structurw illustrated are only three of a variety of
patterns which may be used. The technique of "lattice~ ;~
braiding is well known in the industry, and patterns of
three, four or five tracks have been oomFosed. ~hat all of
the patterns, as prwently braided, have in nnton, however,
is sy~metry of warp yarn fill used in any one quadrant when
viewed in mirror image with each of the two adjacent
quadrants. ~
,~:
Fig. 2 is a ~ w~ iOn in partial cross-section of
an ideal packing a~ . Shown fragmentarily and partly
in section is a rnn~Ail structure 41 which constitutw a
stuffing box. Passing through the stuffing box to the
interior of the container ~not shown) is a cylindrical shaft
43. The shaft, depending upon the A~linA~inn~ may run from
a source of power and support bearing ~not shown) at the
right as seen in Fig. 2 to an imFeller ~not shown) at the
left as seen in Fig. 2. Pa~king rings 4S, 47, 49 and 51 are
shown in the Fositions which they occupy to oontrol leakage
of material. As shown here, the interior of the container
would be at the left, and leakage to the exterior would be
to the right through the intersection of the stuffing box 41
and the shaft 43. A gland 55, conventionally formed as a
flanged annulus, is provided. A seriw of openings is formed
in the flange parallel to the gland axis. ~olts, such as
bolt S7, are passed through the opening and threaded into
the end of the stuffing box 41. me bolts are tightened with
~hf! obiect of causing the bolt heads ~as at 59) to bring
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1 334435
pressure uniformly upon the gland and thus the packing rings.
In practice, however, the idealized situation shown in Fig. 2 is not
achieved with packing rings of the prior art. As has been described above, wrapping
of the packing rings about the cylindrical shaft causes the keystoning pl~ u~ u~ to
occur. Fig. 3 illustrates the keystoning effect In Fig. 3, each of four packing rings 45-
S1 will be seen to have assumed a trapezoidal cross-sectional shape. This occurs prior
to any ~UIII~UI~ iUII being applied to the rings by the gland SS and, in fact, on individual
rings prior to die-forming if such a technique is employed.
In Fig. 4, the loading effects caused by keystoning are illustrated. Pressure
from the gland 55 is greatest upon the wider inner sides of the four packing rings as
represented by the arrows 61 which denote a pressure gradient. The forces upon the
packing rings are such that the greatest loading is exerted upon the shaft adjacent the
inner lower corners of each of the packing rings, illustrated by the arrows 63 which
represent force. Under such conditions, wear of the packing rings as well as the shaft
is most rapid at the points of greater force.
In Fig. 5, the effect of the non-symmetrical braiding on four packing rings
cut from braided m~h~ni~l packing made in accordance with the present invention
is shown. Neither before nor after ~;UIIIplU:>~;UII does keystoning exist. The packing
rings 45-S1 maintain a cross-section in which opposite sides remain parallel despite the
sg/jj 17
1 3:~4435
wrapping of the rings about the shaft 43. Sides of the rings parallel to the axis abut
each other uniformly and closely.
In Fig. 6, the loading effects on the non-~y.l~ LIi. al braided packing rings
are illustrated. Because of the parallel close abutment of the packing rings with one
another and with the end of the gland 55, forces exerted by the gland parallel to the
axes of the shaft and packing rings are equal as lC,U~C~ by the arrows 71. These
forces are translated into equalized loading effects of each of the packing rings 45-51
upon the shaft 43, as indicated by the arrows 73 which represent a pressure gradient.
As has been noted, the non-~y,..."~L~i~àlly braided mrrh~nir~l packing creates a
packing ring in which the opposite cross-section sides are essentially parallel when the
packing ring is installed.
Although there is a vast number of applications for mrrh~nir~l packing,
there has been some effort made toward SLdllddlll;~.aliUll of .l;,.,...~; ,.,~ in the industry.
Mechanical packing of any given cross-section dimension is commonly provided for use
with a range of shaft diameters in which the variation in diameter is ~lu~. u~illld~cly 40%
for pump shafts. The placement of warp fill in m~rhAnir~l packing made in
ac.~uldilllcc with the present invention is preferably such that essential parallelism of
the opposite sides of the installed packing ring occurs at or near the minimum shaft
diameter for which the cross-section is intended. Fl' "on of the keystoning results
in a more uniform, normal load being applied between the packing rings and the shaft.
sglD 18
1 334435
In addition to superior leakage control, the usable life of the packing rings and the
shaft is ul~sidcldbl~ extended.
Referring now to Fig. 7, a schematic diagram illustrates in cross-section
one embodiment of a braided ~,UIII~ ;UII packing in which corners 80 and 82 have
greater amounts of warp fill 83 than do the lower corners 84 and 86 as illustrated at
87. This differential in the amount of cornerfill between the inner and outer edges of
the packing may be provided by differing numbers of warp yarns or in any other
fashion so as to vary the amount of cornerfill to eliminate keystoning. Thus, in one
embodiment, the reversal of the keystone effect is provided by the use of a simplified
density gradient technique in which additional fill is used in the outer warps. Central
core warps 88 or internal warps, if used, in one ell.budilllcll~ can differ in number, and
thus the amount of material, from that associated with the corners. As before,
additional yarns are braided about the axial warp yarns along a path generally indicated
by 90.
RING PACKING FOR A SMALL DI~METER SIIA~
Prior to describing an optimal density gradient for the warp fibers, even
if the above simple density gradient were achieved by differentials in the corner warps,
warp popping can null~ ll.cl~ occur, especially for small packing
sg/jj 19
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1 3~4435 ;~ ~
rings used for small diameter shafts. Prevention of warp
Fop~oing~ both in conventional braid and braid having ~
increased warp densities in the outer oorners, is described ~``
in connection with Fig. 8.
,,
Referring nv~ to Fig. 8, a small diameter shaft 100 is
illustrated as having a diameter illustrated by 102 to be on
the order of one-half inch to one and three-eighths inches.
The packing ring generally has a snall cross-section of .
to three-eighths inches, although the subject `~,~
invention is not limited to small diameter shafts or small .
p~cking .. u__ __ Lions. The subject invention, as illus- '~
trated in cross-section at 104, shows generally that there
are larger numbers of warps 106 at the outer corners than
the num~er of war,os at the inner oorners 108. ~hen the
packing rings are wraF,oed around the shaft, the ,oacking
assumes the aforem~entioned rectilinear cross-section. The
rings may be compressed in the direction of arrow 110 due to
the movement of gland 112 in the direction illustrated by
arrow 114 - ~
'~ :
H~ever, when certain packings are caused to bend
around a radiused surface such as~caps~an or a small
diameter shaft, warpsA108 can pop~ùt oi the braid at the
cornffs as illustrated by arraws 120. The Fopping problem is
p~rticularly severe when the packing material has high
tensile strength to resist the deformation desired by the
braid.
~ ;
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1 334435
While popping can occur when the packing is ~und
about a shaft, it can also occur during ..~.,ar~L~lng or
shipping. This is especially true for Revlar*~
inch braid, in which popping can occur during the braiding
process if adequate A~ial tension is not mAintA;nPtl at the
corner of the braid as it is ..~ rcl~L~l~ For instance, the
popping can occur when the finished braid passes over the
capstan used in drawing off the finished braid such th~t the
corner warps nearest the capstan surface pop out as the
braid bends around the capstan. Popping can also occur
during subsequent handling, such as when the brald is coiled
for shipment.
The problem of popping is solved by removing the warps
at the iMer braid corners. This is shown in Fig. 9 in which
warps are removed from the "A~ positions as indicated by an
~X," which refers to the absence of any warp fibers at this
Fsition. Rather, interior warp yarns are provided at the
~B~ positions, so-called, which B warps, in a preferred
e~Tbcdiment are lesser in number or density than the number
or density of the warps at the A' positions which are at the
outer corners of the packing ring.
Whether conventionai braid is used, or whetner braid
which has a tapered density is used, tne PliminAtinn of warp
yarns at the "A~ positions or the positions at the iMer
corners permits the Itili7Atinn of Revlar and pure graphite
filaments for shaft A~lir-Atinnq of relatively small
diameter. The advantage of the above is that instead of
* trade-mark
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1 334435
having to exercise a great deal of control over the iMer
corners to prevent the popping out of the warps, having
warps at the "Ei" positions as op~osed to the "A~ positions
eliminates the p~pping problem while, at the same time,
-Ain~Ainin~ good parailelism of the sides of the ad~acent
rings when the packing is wrapped about the shaft in the
form of a ring.
me subje_t system i9 applicable to high
valves because a preferred material for high ~ ~
values is pure graphite filament which tends to pop out at
the inner corners of the braid if the graphite filament were
to be utilized as a warp strand at the "A" position. ~qhen it
p~ps through the braid, it puts a very high point load on
the shaft and provides a leak path adjacent the "pOp." miS
results ultimately in failure of the valve packing.
More imi~ortantly, as to pumps, scoring of pump shafts
by popped warp fibers is crmpletely eliminated with
irninA~irn of warp fibers at the "A" positions, and this
permits the use of Kevlar*braid. It will be appreciated that
Kevlar braid is used in pump A~lirA~irn~ to eliminate the
use of asbestos because it can be made to perform like
asbestos. Ihe problem with Kevlar*is that the fibers tend to
have popped at the inner corners making the above substi-
tution impractical due to higher shaft wear than with
asbestos .
* trade-mark
22
B
1 334435
In accordsnce with the subject invention, by removing
warp yarns from the "A" positions, the Revlar*braid can be
substituted for the more carcinogenic asbestos. Thus, in
pumps with small shaft diameters, packing braided frcm
Xevlar IT packing yarn or other high-yield strength,
1aw stretch Iraterials can be made without the popping
associated with these -aterials. MoreovOE, packing and
sleeve life can be extended by Plir;n~in~ the ~achining
tool scoring action of the popped warp yarns on the pump
shaft or sleeve.
As can be seen from Fig. 9, the distance frcm the
first interior "3" position to the iMer corner "A" position
is illustrated by double arrow 130 and is the sum of the
thickness of the carrier yarns used on "XT~ and ~Dr." It
will also be appreciated that in an interlocking braiding
A~achine, at least two portions of braid, here labeled 132
and 134, are positioned bet~en the iMer surface or edge of
the ~oacking ring and the warp fibers at position "B." This
prevents the Eorementioned popping and therefore scoring of
the associated shaft. Note that in Fig. 9 the wPave corres-
E~ondinq to the ~diaA-Iond" track i9 labeled "DT" and is woven
in the area indicated by the associated arrows, whereas the
remaining tracks are called the "X" tracks and are woven in
the direction of the associated arra~s.
;ihat can be seen in sumrary is that by leaving a
double layer of braid between the "B" position and the
inside corner where there would normally only be a single
~ L . ~ Ai .. l ~
23
B
: - 1 334435 ~;
- ~k' '
layer of material, warp popping i~ prevented. Of course, for
further protection, depending upon the type of braiding ,~
machine utllized, the warps adjao~nt the interior corners
may be moved further inwardly, although this i8 usually not
neoessary.
;.
The absence of warps adjacent the inner corners may be
used in conventional rings or n~y be utilized in a gradient
density tyce of braid which initially provides a trapezoidal
cross-section, with preferred gradients being illustrated in ;~
Pigs. lOA, 10~ and lOC.
PRE~RRED GRADIENr
L
A9 mentioned above, a ~ ical gradient can be
achieved by merely increasing the number or density of warps
in the outer corners of the braid. Itlis results in a rough
trapezoidal cross-section which, when wrapped about a shaft,
pro~uo~s rectilinear sides to combat keystoning and conse-
quent leakage. iqhile this approach works quite well,
tailoring the interior warp densities provides better
trapezoidal cross-sections and better-fitting straight
sides. Different tyces of interior warp profiles are
illustrated in Figs. lOA-lOC. :
Referring now to Figs. lOA, B and C, a number of warp
fibers are illustrated by circles 140, with a gre~ter number
of circles indicating a greater number of warps or greater
density. ~he preferred packing ring shape is shown in Fig.
,:
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24
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1 334435
lOA by trapezoid 142 and is the cross-sectional shape of the braid prior to its being
wrapped around and uu...~ d about a shaft. Here it can be seen that the "A"
positions are devoid of warps, which is a preferred c~Lud;~--c~ and is not necessary
for large diameter shafts, although leaving the "A" positions vacant can be of
advantage, even for large cross-section packings used for large diameter shafts.
As mentioned before, with wrapping of the packing ring about a shaft, the
top portion of the ring moves inwardly as illustrated by arrows 144, and the bottom
portion or inner portion of the packing ring moves outwardly as illustrated by arrows
146, thereby giving a rectilinear cross-sectional u ullri~UldliUII to the ring as illustrated
by dotted line 147.
Figs. lOB and lOC illustrate density gradients for braid which has been
~..A""ru. ~I~ cd and tested, with the braid thus m~nl~f~tllred exhibiting increased
leakage resistance. Fig. lOB represents a preferred embodiment for a 36-carrier
machine, where as Fig. lOC represents a preferred embodiment for a 20-carrier
machine.
Referring now to Fig. 11, in the prior art, interior points P were
sometimes filled with fibers or not; but in any event, the number of fibers at any given
position matched the number of fibers at any other position. Thus, in the prior art, all
warp fibers were equal in number, regardless of what position they were in. Again,
what is shown in Fig. 11 is a diamond weave.
sg/i~ 25
1 334435
Referring naw to Fig. 12, an interlocking brald weave `
i9 illustrated cross-sectionally at 150 with different ~i
denslties or different num~hers of warp fibers providing a
density gradient which decreases frn the outside, as
deLineated being above line 152, as opposed to those fibers
being to the inside, which are below line 152. Line 152 is a
horizontal line running through the center, D, of the
packing ring, It will be noted that the number of fibers
154, 156, 158 and 16C are graded 80 that there i9 asynrnetry `
about line 152. ~l~ever, there i8 line symnetry about
vertical line 162 running through center point D such that
when woven, the braid t~kes on the preferred anti-keystoning
trapezoidal cross-section configuration.
It should be noted that trapezoidal braids have been
r~ade by extrusion for purposes of wiping oil frn steel in
mills but never for sealing, and the trapezoid being the
final shape rather than the initial shape, What the
c~nfi~lrA~ n of Fig. 12 liqh~q is an optimal initial
trapezoidal configuration for the packing which, when
wrapped about a shaft, provides for improved sealing due to `
an improved rectilinear cross-section which is extremely
useful in preventing leaking, since adjacent rings have
sidewalls which are even more parallel one to another than
those ring~ having no interior gradient.
While the density gradient illustrated in Fig. 12
represents a certain amount of symnetry about point D as
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26
1 334435
well as line symmetry about line 162, other warp dencitiec
or number3 are within the scope of the subject invention.
mus, for instance, the nurber of warp yarns at positions
170 may be more in number than the number of yarns at
positions 154, or there may be no warp yarns at ~rp
p~citionS 70 whatsoever. ~c illustrated, braid made in
accordance with the subject invention i5 such that the left
side ~n~jqlrA~i~ln is symmetrical with respect to the right
side configuration. This need not be the case and,
alternatively, line 162 need not pass through the center of
the braid or be vertical in orientation.
' ~
The present invention should not be limited to the
details of the ~li~n~c illustrated. Variations in
numbers of yarns, in materials, and in structural details
will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art. Basic
to the invention is the concept of building into mechanical
packing an incre~sed capacity to resist undesired
d~f~rlrA~ n, to avoid warp popping, and to avoid harmful
lolding effects. The invention should be limited only by the
spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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27 ~
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