Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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Trip device for an electrical switch and an electrical switch with
this trip device.
The invention relates to a trip device for an electrical
switch, comprising a yoke of magne~ic material supporting a movably
arranged elongated armature, an end section of said armature pro-
truding outside the yoke, a fixedly arranged permanent magnet, the
armature and the yoke forming a magnetic circuit for holding the
armature in a first position under the influence of the magnetic
field of the permanent magnet, spring means engaging the armature,
at least one magnet winding for moving the armature electromag-
netically to a second position, in which second position the said
end section of the armature protrudes further outside the yoke than
in the first position, and bimetal means for moving the armature
thermally to the second position.
A trip device of this type, based on the so-called suction
or pull in armature principle, is used, inter alia, for activating
electrically, the switching mechanism in switches for the pro-
tection of electrical energy distribution installations and is
known per se from U.S. Patent L~,28O,770.
This known trip device comprises an approximately U-shaped
yoke of magnetic material, between the legs of which the at least
one magnet winding and the permanent magnet being arranged adjacent
to one another. The at least one magnet winding is cylindrical in
shape, within which a plunger type armature of magnetic material
can move. With this arrangement, one end of the arma~ure is located
opposite the permanent magnet, while the other end, supported by a
partition, protrudes to the outside at the open side of the yoke.
This protruding end is provided with a head member, a compression
spring being fitted between said head member and the partition in
the yoke and exertlng on the armature a force which is directed
towards the outside with respect to the yoke. The bimetal means
engaging the armature react to the ambient temperature in the
housing of the switch in which the trip device is used.
In the normal operating position, the armature is held in the
first position under the influence of the permanent magnet, against
the force of the compression spring. The position of the armature
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can now be influenced by the at least one magnet winding. For this
purpose, this magnet winding is energized with the aid of an
electronic circuit as soon as, for example, the current to be
monitored has exceeded a preset limiting value. The magnetic field
generated then exerts on the armature a force which is opposed to
the force of the permanent magnetic field acting on the armature
but acts in the same direction as the force exerted on the arma-
ture by the compression spring. When the force exerted on the
armature by the magnet winding and compression spring is greater
than the force of the permanent magnet acting on the armature, the
armature will be moved to its second position. This movement can be
used to actuate a switching mechanism.
If the ambient temperature rises above a certain limiting
value, for example as a consequence of an overload situation, the
armature will be moved to the second position via the bimetal
means. This signifies that overload currents are detected only
indirectly, via the ambient temperature. In practice, switching off
a switch in accordance with standardized current/time curves can be
accomplished insufficiently accurately by means of this type of
indirect detection of overload currents.
U.S. Patent 4,731,692 also discloses a trip device of the
suction armature type, arranged for use in a switch for
interrupting currents above a preset limiting value, such as, for
example, short-circuit currents. As soon as the current to be
monitored has exceeded the set limiting value, the at least one
magnet winding is energized in such a way that the armature is
moved to the second position under the influence of the magnetic
field thus generated and with the aid of the spring means and
against the influence of the permanent magnetic field, as a result
3~ of which the switch is switched off.
However, when the current to be monitored is ~lowing through
a conductor, ~or example a conductor rail, located in the vicinity
of the trip device, the magnetic field generated by this current
can become so large that it counteracts the magnetic field of the
permanent magnet and even attenuates the latter to such an extent
that the armature will be moved to the second position under the
influence of the compression spring even before the set limiting
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value has been exceeded. In order to eliminate this interfering
effect, an auxiliary winding has been added which compensates for
the interfering magnetic field by generating an equally large but
opposite magnetic field which asslsts the action oP the permanent
magnet on the armature. The energizing oP this auxiliary winding is
put vut of operation as soon as the magnet winding receives a
switch-ofP com~and via an electronic circuit.
In order to be able to operate in the desired manner, the
trip device is necessarily provided with an electronic circuit.
~owever, the use of an electronic circuit signifies a rise in the
total costs of the device and an increase in the susceptibility to
breakdown.
~ s described above, the known trip devices are primarily
arranged for use in switches for interrupting short-circuit
currents above a preset limiting value. For alternating current
applications, however, there is an important precondition, namely
that s~itching of~ of the particular current preferably must be
initiated at the moment at which the preset limiting value is
exceeded, irrespective of the polarity of said current. Without
extra measures, for example in the form of an electronic circuit,
the devices according to the U.S. patents cited have a polarity-
dependent switch-off Punction. This means that under certain
conditions switching off is effected incorrectly, that is to say
when the increase in the current to above the preset limiting value
occurs in the half-cycle in which the clirection of the current is
counter to the current direction for attenuating the magnetic field
of the permanent magnet.
In practice, electrical energy distribution installations and
separate equipment ~such as motors~ ~requently have to be protected
not only agains~ overload and/or short-circuit currents but also
against Pault currents to earth. Although the electrical
installations and equipment can be protecte~ by means of separate
devices against these fault situations, there is currently a need,
not only because of economic considerations but also from the
standpoint oP reliability, to combine the various protection
functions in one device. Furthermore, the aim is to keep the size
of these devices as small as possible so that the dimensions of the
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installation boxes customarily used in practice for the assembly of
these devices can also remain restricted, or so that as many
devlces as possible can be incorporated in an installation box of
predetermined dimensions.
The object on which the invention is based is now, in the
first instance, to provide a trip device of the type specified in
the preamble, which device can be made suitable in a simple manner
for incorporating, as desired, either one of the abovementioned
protection functions or a combination of two or more of these
protection func~ions, and with which at least the short-circuit and
overload current protection functions are independent of the
polarity of the current to be monitored, without the necessity for
electronic control circuits. The device must also be of compact
construction.
According to the invention, this object is achieved in that
the at least one magnet winding forms part of a further magnetic
circuit for moving the armature to the second position
independently of the polarity of an electric current flowing in the
at least one magnet winding during operation, and in that the
bimetal means are arranged for moving the armature electrothermally
to the second position.
As a consequece of a suitable choice and mutual balancing of
the electrothermal bimetal means, the strength of the permanent
magnet, the construction of the magnetic circuit and the strength
of the spring means, the trip device according to the invention is
particularly suitable for use in automated electric switches for
- protecting electrical energy distribution installations in ac-
cordance with standardi~ed current/time curves.
Use of a further magnetic circuit in a suc~ion type armature
trip device according to the invention for influencing the magnetic
force acting on the armature, for example under the influence of
the current to be monitored which is flowing directly in the at
least one magnetic winding, in such a way that said armature can be
moved to its second position with the aid of the spring means
offers the possibility for 0mbodiments in which a magnetic force
directly acting on the armature can be generated by ~eans of the
further magnetic circuit, or for embodiments in which the permanent
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magnet magnetic field acting on the armature can be influenced ~y
means of the further magnetic circuit. In the text which follows
these embodiments are indicated as the "active" or the "passive"
principle respectively~ Of course, combinations of ~he two prin-
ciples are possible.
In general, a trip device based on the pa~sive principle can
be of compact design but, on the other hand, is more sensitive to
external magnetic influences. A trip device based on the active
principle is much less sensitive to external magnetic influences,
but in general, in respect of dimensions, will be of larger con-
struction.
In an embodiment of the trip device according to the
invention, based on the active principle, the further magnetic
circuit comprises a further yoke of magnetic material containing
the said end section of the armature, the end of said end section
merging into a head member having a higher magnetic resist~nce than
the armature, which head member protrudes from a face of the
further yoke towards the outside, the said end being located, in
the first position of the armature, at a distance from the face o~
~0 the further yoke through which the head member protrudes, and the
at least one magnet winding being arranged around the end section
of the armature.
In the first position of the armature, the end section and
the head member, together with the fur-ther yoke, form a further
magnetic circuit having a higher magnetic resistance than the
magnetic circuit of which the permanent magnet constitutes part.
This means that in the said end section of the armature there is
no, or a negligibly small, magnetic f`ield originating from the
permanent magnet. However, under the influence of an electric
current flowing through the at least one magnet winding, a magnetic
field is gener~ted in the further magnetic circuit, which magnetic
field attempts to close via the further yoke and the end section of
the armature. Irrespective of the polarity of this magnetic field,
a force in the direction of the face of the further yoke through
which the head member protrudes to the outside is consequently
e~erted on the end section of the armature. If this magnetic force
is greater than the magnetic force originating from the permanent
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magnet and acting on the armature, a resultant force acting on the
armature is generated, as a consequence of which said armature is
moved~ also under the influence of the spring means, to its second
position.
5According to a further embodiment of the invention, a
geometrically compact construction is obtained in that the two
yokes are combined in a single structural unit each yoke having an
open U-shaped or a closed or virtually closed U-shaped cross-
section. Suitable combinations are, inter alia, those with which
10the two yokes as a whole have an essentially U-, S-, E-, 8- or 9-
shaped cross-section, two adJacen~ faces thereof being provided
with a feed-through opening for ~he armature.
Although constructions of this type can thus be made up of
two separate yokes, in yet a further embodiment of the invention
15the two yokes are integrated so as to form a single whole. By
forming the two yokes as a single whole, a number of
constructional problems with regard to the fixing of separate
yokes, the alignment of the feed-through openings for the armature
and the prevention of undesired air gaps between the contact
20surPaces of the yokes are avoided.
To also enable bimetal means to engage on the head member of
the armature in these embodiments o~ the device according to the
invention, which bimetal means can be, for example, of the directly
heated type with which the current to be protected, or a value
25derived herefrom, flows directly through the bimetal itself, it is
advantageous to manufacture the head member from plastic. Both a
good electrical insulation and the intended higher magnetic re-
sistance of the second magnetic circuit are achieved by this means.
The thermal characteristics of the trip device can, inter
3Qalia, be varied by varying the distance be~ween the head member and
the bimetal means engaging thereon. In an embodiment of the in-
vention which is suitable for ~his purpose the head member and the
armature are fixed such that they partly fit into one another. A
construction of this type offers flexible adjustment possibilities.
35From the assembly technology standpoint, pin/hole and screw
connections are advantageous in this context.
A good guiding and support of the said end section of the
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armature and the head member is achieved in a still ~urther embodi-
ment of the present invention in that a sleeve of magnetically non-
conducting material is fitted around the said end section of the
armature and the part of the head member contained in the further
yoke, the ends o~ said sleeve extending in feed through openings of
the further yoke for the armature, the said at least one magnet
winding being disposed around said sleeve.
In an embodiment of the trip device according to the
invention, which is based on the said passive principle for moving
the armature to the second position, the further magnetic circuit
comprises at least one pair of mutually magnetically separate
branches of magnetically conducting material, which Purther mag-
netic circuit is connected magnetically in series with the one
magnetic circuit and which at least one pair of branches is en-
circled by the at least one magnet winding in such a way that thebranches are mutually oppositely magnetized by an electrical
current flowing during operation in the at least one magnet
winding, such that the resultant magnetic field acting on the
armature becomes smaller than the magnetic field of the permanent
magnet acting on it, in order to move the armature to the second
position.
The functioning of this device c~l be understood as follows.
Assume that the armature adopts its first position under the
influence of the magnetic field of the p2rmanent magnet and against
the action of the spring means. In order to bring the armature into
its second position by means of the ~pring means, the magnetic
field in the total magnetic circuit will have to be suitably at-
tenuated. The permanent magnet is chosan such that the
magnetically separate branches of the second magnetic circuit are
premagnetized close to, or to some extent into, their saturation
region. Assuming that the branches have identical magnetic cha~
racteristics and are identically wound, the field amplification
effected by the electric current in the at least one magnet winding
in one branch will, as a consequence of the known non-linear magne-
tization characteristics of magnetic material at the transition tothe saturation region, be smaller in size tha~ the field at-
tenuating effected at the same time in another branch. Conse-
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quently, in total there will be a net field attenuation of themagnetic field in the further magnetic circuit, independently oP
the polarity of the electric current at the given instant. Because
the two magnetic circuits are connected magnetically in series, a
desired polarity-independent attentuation of the magnetic field in
the one magnetic circuit consequently results.
It is pointed out that European Patent Application 0,073,002
discloses a trip device for an electric switch, of the so-called
hinged~armature type, with which device the passive principle is
also utilized in order to move the hinged armature by
electromagnetic means independently of polarity. In respect of
design and characteristics, the hinged-flap armature construction
diPfers to a great extent from the suction armature construction
according to the invention. Combination of several protection
functions, which is the main object of the present invention,
requires significant modifications in the construction of trip
devices oP the hinged-armature type. This because oP the rotating
movement of the armature which precludes a direct action on the
armature by means of, for example, one or more magnet winding as in
the suction type armature trip device. The hinged-armature con-
struction therefore offers those skilled in the art no basis for
achieving the object on which the present; invention is based.
In an advantageous further embodiment of the invention, which
is simple from the assembly technology standpoint, of the trip
device, based on the passive principle, the further magnetic
circuit is formed by at least one opening made in the yoke, the
sections of the yoke adjoining this at least one opening forming
the at least one pair of mutually magnetically separate branches.
Instead of fitting the mutually magnetically separate
branches in the yoke itself, this can also be effected, ~ith an
increase in the freedoms in dimensioning the trip device according
to the invention, by forming the at least one pair of mutually
magnetically separate branches oP the ~urther magnetic circuit in
at least one body of magnetic material positioned in the longi-
tudinal direction of the armature. The magnetic material of thisbody can, for example, have a difPerent composition and different
characteristics than the material oP the yoke and/or the ar~ature.
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In an embodiment of the invention based on the above and
functioning well in practice, the at least one body is essentially
rod-shaped and has at least one opening extending in radial di-
rection, such that the sections of the at least one body which
adjoin the at least one opening, seen in ~he longitudinal direct-
ion, form the a~ least one pair of mutually magnetically separate
branches.
It has been found that if the strength of the permanent
magnet and the dimensions of the mutually magnetically separate
branches are sui~able chosen, an at least one magnet winding con-
sisting of a single turn can suffice. If the dimensioning is suit-
able, an at least one magnet winding consisting of one or a few
turns can also suffice in the embodiments of the trip device ac-
cording to the invention ~hich are based on the active principle.
The at least one magnet winding can consequently be incorporated
directly in the circuit to be protected and can be manufactured
with a wire thickness such that there is no risk of impermissible
evolution of heat or action of force as a consequence of a short-
circuit current arising in the (alternating) current circuit to be
protected. A further advantage lies in the fact ~hat with a magnet
winding consisting of one or a few turns the compact dimensions of
the trip device can also be preserved when using several magnet
windings for the protection of poly-phase alternating current
circuits. Of course, a suitable representative of the current or
currents to be monitored can be fed to the at least one magnet
winding by using, for example, one or more current transformers.
As already indicated above, there is also a need in practice
for switches which can render electrical installations dead in
response to the occurrence of fault currents to earth. In general,
fault currents to earth are detected with the aid of a ring core
transformer, the detection signal being used, after processing if
necessary, to activate an electric switch.
For actuating an electric switch under the influence of such
a polarity-independent detection signal or a signal derived
herefrom, an embodiment of the trip device according to the in-
vention is provided with a further magnet winding, arranged around
the armature and inside the one yoke, for attenuating electromag-
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netically the magnetic field of the permanent magnet in the onemagnetic circuit by a further electric current in order to move the
armature to the second position.
~ecause, in the trip device according to the invention, this
further magnet winding is all that is arranged around the section
of the armature o~ the one magnetic circuit, it is possible, with-
out increasing the geometric dimensions of the trip device, to
provide this further magnet winding with a number of turns such
that only a relatively small electric current is required to gene-
rate a magnetic field of the desired strength. This has ~he ad-
vantage that electronic components of small (electrical) dimension
can be used in the processing circuit for rendering the detection
signal polarity-independent.
As already described above, the trip device according to the
invention is provided with bimetal means for electrothermally
activation of the armature. In an advantageous embodiment of the
trip device according to the invention ~he bimetal means comprise
at least one elongated electrothermal bimetal element, one end of
said at least one bimetal element being fixed to the yoke and the
other end being able to engage in a freely movable manner on the
outwardly protruding end section of the armature or on the head
member in order to move the armature to the second position during
operation.
The elongated construction of the bimetal element has a
number of advantages. Specifically, it has been found that the
greater then length of ~he bimetal element the smaller the amount
of elec~rical energy needed to effect the required displacement of
said element for moving the armature. In other words, the trip
device can be activated by relatively low overload currents. After
an overload current has been removed, for example by switching it
off, an elongated bimetal element will cool down sufficiently
rapidly and assume its initial position, so that the trip device
can be reset, for example manually. In the case under
consideration, this therefore signifies that the armature is
returned to its first position.
In a further embodiment of the trip device according to the
invention, which is based on the above~ the at least one elongated
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bimetal element is arranged in such a way that its longitudinal
axis makes an acute angle with the longitudinal axis of the
elongated armature. As a consequence of this sloping arrangement,
relatively long bimetal elements can be used, with the advantages
mentioned. Other practical arrangements with which relatively long
bimetal elements can be used are indicated in the description of
the embodiments.
The bimetal me~ns can be either of the direc~ly heated type
or of the indirectly heated type. The indirectly heated type has
the advantage that, when the trip device is used in, Por example, a
polyphase alternating current system, the bimetal elements can be
provided with a number of heating elements equal to the number of
phases.
Electrical energy distribution installations generally
comprise one supply line to which several so-called group lines are
connected. The installation as a whole is protected by a so-called
main fuse, incorporated in the supply line 9 and a group fuse,
incorporated in each group line. IP necessary, the separate group
lines can again be further subdivided into sub-groups, with
associated sub-group fuses. Because, in the event oP a fault in an
installation, only that fuse which is c:Losest bePore the location
of the fault has to operate, inter alia~ a standardi~ed series of
no~inal current strengths to be protected is set up in order to be
able to effect the desired switch-off selectivity.
Both the embodiments of the trip device according to the
invention which are based on the active principle and those which
are based on the passive principle are, in accordance with a
further embodiment, made suitably adjustable for reacting to dif-
ferent nominal current strengths by positioning a shunt of magnetic
material between the armature and the permanent magnet in order to
influence the magnetic field in the one magnetic circuit.
By suitable setting of a magnetic shunt of ~his type, the
trip device can not only be adjusted for operating at different
current strengths but it is also possible easily to compensate for
deviations as a consequence of manuPacturing tolerances. In a
relatively simple embodiment the shunt is a movably arranged plate.
Of course, the trip device can also be adjusted to difPerent
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current strengths by increasing or reducing the number of turns of
the magnet winding. In the case oP the trip device according to the
invention which is based on the active principle, there is also an
extra possibility for adjustment via increasing or reducing the
distance between the armature and the f&ce of the further yoke
located at the side of the head member of said armature.
The trip device according to the invention thus provides a
device in which the said three protection functions can be combined
in a structurally simple and compact manner, while, at the same
time, the freedom exists to incorporate only one or more functions
and to choose from the said active and/or passive principle.
Various national and international standards contain
extensive guidelines for safety switches in electrical
installations. Specifically, the values of the current strength and
the associated switch-off period are fixed within specific limits.
A further advantage of the trip device according to the invention
is that with this device safety switches for electrical instal-
lations can be provided which, inter alia, comply with the European
Standard CEE 19 "Specification for miniature power switches" (auto~
mated switches). The revised requirements with respect to the
switch-off characteristics of safety switches as laid down in the
draft regulations IEC ô98 of the "International Electrotechnical
Commission" can also be satisfied without any problem by the trip
device according to the invention.
The invention consequently further relates to an electrical
switch having a housing provided with at least one pair of con-
tacts, a spring system and actuating means for bringlng the at
least one pair of contacts into the one or the other position under
the influence of the action of the spring system, which actuating
means comprise a trip device in accordance with the invention.
The invention is explained in more detail below with
reference to preferred embodiments of the trip device and
drawings, further advantages and embodiments of the device also
being indicated. Components having a similar function and the same
shape are indicated by the same reference numbers.
Fig. 1 shows a diagram uf a conventional single-phase
electrical energy distribution installation with four outgoing
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groups;
Fig. 2 shows a plot, on a logarithmic scale, of various
current/time curves of automated switches for electrical energy
distribution installations;
Figs. 3a and b show diagrammatically various views of an
embodiment of the trip device according to the invention which is
based on the active principle;
Figs. 4a-c show diagrammatically various views of a preferred
embodiment o~ the trip device according to the invention which is
based on the passive principle;
Fig. 5 shows diagrammatically, in a perspective view on an
enlarged scale, a detail of the embodiment according to Fig. IJ with
an assembled magnet winding;
Fig. 6 shows a plot of a hysteresis loop of magnetic
material, and
Fig. 7 shows diagrammatically a perspec~iva view of a
separate body with two magnetically separate branches.
Fig. 1 shows a diagram of a conventional, single-phase
electrical energy distribution installation for, for example,
domestic connections. At the switching and distribution means,
which are located in an installation box 1, electrical energy is
supplied from a cable inlet 2, via a fuse 3 and a consumption meter
4, to a distribution rail 5.
A main automated switch 6 is incorporated between the dis-
tribution rail 5 and the consumption meter 4. In this example the
distribution rail 5 is split into ~our outgoing groups 7, 8, 9 and
10, to which the electrical loads are connected. An automated
switch 11, 12, 13 and 14 respectively is detachably incorporated
between the distribution rail 5 and each outgoing group 7, 8, 9
and 10 in order to protect the outgoing groups against
impermissible overload and short-circuit currents. The automated
switches 11, 12 and 13 are further provided with a detection device
15, 16 and 17 respectively for fault currents to earth.
In practice, automated switches generally consist of one or
3S more pairs of contacts, a spring system coupled thereto and
actuating means for bringing the pairs of contacts into the closed
or opened position under the influence of the action of the spring
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system. The actuating means can in general be activated by
electromagnetic means, thermal means and manually. Ring core
trans~ormers are customarily used for detecting fault currents to
earth, the lead and return lines of the electrical installation
each forming a primary turn. A difference between the lead and
return currents causes a voltage to be generated in a secondary
winding of the ring core trans~ormer and this voltage supplies a
switch~off si~nal to the actuating means of the automated switch.
When a fault necessitating switching off of the energy supply
occurs in an outgoing group ~ the electrical installation, it is,
of course, desirable that only that automated switch which, seen
~rom the energy supply side, is closest in front of the location of
the fault is actuated. In order to achieve such a switch-off selec-
tivity, fuses connected in series must be mutually tuned to one
another in respect of their switch-off characteristics. In some
electrical installations such high short-circuit currents can occur
that, for example, the contacts in an automated switch fuse solidly
together before the switch-off mech~ism reacts. In order to
prevent this, the fuse 3 is ~enerally incorporated at the energy
supply side o~ the electrical installation.
As a consequence of overload currents, such an evolution of
heat can occur in the electrical conduct;ors and the switching means
of an electrical installation that, for example, fire can arise.
Thi5 .~S because, depending on the heat capacity of the electrical
conductors, the heat transfer from the conductors to the
environment and the ~acket surface of the conductors, th2 electric
current flowing herethrough will cause a certain rise in
temperature. Below a speci~ic current streng~h, which is termed the
nominal current strength, impermissible heating o~ the environment
will not occur. Overload currents, that is to say currents with a
strength above the nominal current strength, are, however, able in
the course of time to cause an impermissible heating of the
electrical conductors and their environment. It will be clear that
the higher the overload currents the more rapdily a speci~ic
temperature rise will be achieved. Short-circuit currents are in
general always impermissible and must be switched off as rapidly as
poss~ble.
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Fig. 2 shows a plot of current/time curves, which are also
termed switch-off curves, for automated switches of the L and U
type in accordance with ~uropean Standard CEEl9. In these graphs
the current strength I is plotted on the horizontal axis and the
time t for which this current is permissible is plotted on the
vertical axis. CEE Standard 19 recognizes a first current limit A
at which the automated switch must not react within one hour, which
first current limit is also termed the non-tripping current Int,
and a second current limit B to which the automated switch must
react within one hour, this second current limit also being termed
the tripping current It. This CEE standard thus speciPies a band
within which the automated switch must trip.
The curved portion of the plots is the region in which
switching off takes place as a consequence of overload currents
(thermal switch-off region). The downwardly sloping righthand
portion of the plot is the region in which switching off takes
place as a consequence of short-circuit currents (magnetic switch-
oPf region). Automated switches of the L type are optimally matched
to the rise in temperature of the electric leads. The automated
switches oP the U type are generally used for equipment protection.
It is apparent from the above that the actuating means Por an
electrical switch for the protection of electrical energy
distribution installations must be able to react, in a manner which
may or may not be predetermined, to three types of fault
situations, that is to say:
a. relatively low overload currents;
b. relatively high overload currents and short circuit currents;
c. fault currents to earthO
In practice, the fault situations indicated under a. and b.
are fraquently already monitored with the aid of a single combined
device, while the function mentioned under c. is optional in this
case. However, situations also arise in which only one or two of
the ~ault situations mentioned must be monitored.
Figs. 3a and b show diagrammatically various views of an
embodiment of the trip device according to the invention Por acti-
vating the switching mechansism of the switch under the influence
of one or more of the abovementioned fault situations.
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Fig. 3a is a side view, partially shown in cross-section, of
an embodiment of the trip device based on the active principle,
having an approximately S-shaped yoke 18 of magnetic material, such
as soft iron, steel and the like, with legs 19, 20 and 21 located
parallel to one another. A permanent magnet 22, for example made of
ferroxdure, is arranged between the two legs 20 and 21. The north
and south pole of the magnet 22 are indicated by N and S
respectively. A rod-shaped armature 23 of magnetic material, such
as, for example, soft iron or steel, is arranged so as to be
movably supported in the extension of the magnetic axi5 of the
permanent magnet 22. The adjacent legs 19 and 20 are provided with
a feed-through opening such that the armature 23 can be moved
through here.
The armature 23 and the permanent magnet 22 are held bet~een
the legs 20 and 21 of the yoke 18 by a support body 24 which is
matched to their respective shapes. The support body 24 can
advantageously be made of plastic, the legs of the yoke likewise
being partially enveloped so that the support body 24 assumes a
fixed posltion relative to the yoke 18. For clarity, ~,he section of
the support body 24 between the legs o~ the yoke is shown in cross-
section.
The cylindrical head member 25 is fixed at the end of the
armature 23 which faces away from the permanent magnet 22, this
head member 25 having a stop 26 and a compression spring 27 being
fitted between said stop 26 and the out;wardly facing side of the
le~ 19. For clarity, the compression spring 27 is likewise shown in
cros~-section. At the end remo~e from the stop 26, the head member
25 is provided with a pin-shaped extension 28, which fits in a bore
29 in the longitudinal direction of the armature 23. The various
features are as shown by broken lines in the figure. The head
member 25 is fixed to the armature 23 via the pin-shaped end 28 in
the bore 29. The head member 25 must be made of a material, for
example of plastic which has a higher magnetic resistance than that
of the armature 23.
It is self-evident that, for fixing the head member 25 to the
armature 23, it is also possible, instead of making a bore in the
armature 23, to make a bore in the head member 25 into which a pin-
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shaped end shaped on the armature 23 then fits. Other fixing
methods, such as, for example, gluing or using a screw thread
connection, cAn also be employed.
A magnet winding 30 is fitted around the armature 23 between
the legs 19 and 20 of ~he yoke 18. For clarity, this magnet winding
30 is likewise shown in cross-section and, moreover, the connection
ends hereof are not shown. If necessary, a sleeve 53 of non-
magnetic material or material having a low magnetic permeability
can be fitted around the armature 23 between the legs 19 and 20, as
is indicated by dash and dot lines in the figure. The magnet
winding 30 is then disposed around this sleeve 53. By allowing the
ends of the sleeve 53 to extend into the respective feed-through
openings in the legs 19 and 20 of the yoke 18, good guiding and
support of the armature 23 and the head member 25 are obtained.
In addition, a shunt plate 31 of magnetic material which can
be moved parallel to the leg 21 is fitted between the permanent
magnet 22 and that end of the armature 23 which is opposite said
magnet. The shunt plate 31 can be moved in the direction towards
and away from the base side 32 Gf the yoke, which connects the
legs 20 and 21 hereof.
The permanent magnet 22, the shunt plate 31, the section of
the armature 23 which is located between the legs 20 and 21, as
well as the legs 20 and 21 themselves, and the base side 32 of the
yoke form a first magnetic circuit. The legs 19 and 20 and the
section of the armature 23 which is surrounded by the magnet
winding 30 form a second magnetic circuit.
In addition, one end of a L-shaped bimetal element 33 is
attached to the base side 32, the other free end of said bimetal
element being located between the leg 19 of the yoke 18 and the
stop 26 of the head member 25 of the armature 23.
Fig. 3b shows the top view of the embodiment of the trip
device according to the invention which is shown in side view in
Fig. 3a. From this figure it can clearly be seen that the elongated
section of the bimetal element 33 makes an acute angle a with the
longitudinal axis oP the elongated armature 23. As already
mentioned, the sloping arrangement of the bimetal element 33 offers
the possibility of being able to work with longer elements than
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would be the case if the bimetal were to be arranged in line with
the armature. The longer the bimetal element, the smaller will be
ths energy supply which can suf~ice to provide a desired
deflection, which signifies an increase in the sensitivity to
overload currents. At the same time, the coolin~ surface of the
bimetal element is larger, as a result of which this element
returns more rapidly to its original position, as shown in Fig. 3,
after a deflection. Consequently, a~ter a thermal overload
situation, the switch which has been switched off by the trip
device can be switched on again more rapidly.
Of course, arrangements other than those sbown are also
possible to enable longer bimetal elements to be used. Thus, the
bimetal element 33 can also be attached, shifted sideways relative
to ih0 longitudinal axis of the armature 23, ko the base side 32 of
the yoke. In such an eccentric arrangement, the section oP the
bimetal element 33 which is bent in the direction of tbe armature
23 can be longer than when the bimetal element 33 is positioned
parallel to the centre line of the armature 23. It is also possible
to attach the bimetal element 33 to the base side 32 o~ the yoke at
the one side adjacent to the longitudinal axis o~ the armature 23
and to allow the end of the bimetal element 33 at the other side of
the longitudinal axis of the armature 23 to engage on the stop 26
of the head member 25.
The bimetal element 33 shown is of the so-called indirectly
25 heated type, the bimetal element being provided with a separate
heating element in the ~orm of a heating winding 54 of resistance
wire, which is shown in cross-section, and which is incorporated in
the circuit to be protected or to which a further current propor-
tional to the current to be protected is supplied. For polyphase
applications, several bimetal elements, or one bimetal element with
several heating elements, can be employed. In stead of indirectly
heated bimetal elements, it is, of course, also possible to use so-
called directly heated bimetal elements, in which case the bimetal
element is provided in the vicinity o~ its ends with ~lexible
35 electrically conducting connection wires (not shown).
In Fig. 3a the trip device is shown in its first position in
which the armature 23 lies against the shunt plate 31 under the
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influence of the action oP the magnetic force of the permanent
magnet 22, via the first magnetic circuit. As can clearly be seen
from Fig. 3a, the other end of the armature 23 is located at a
distance from the face of the leg 19 which faces towards the leg
20. As a consequence of the relatively high ma~netic resistance
which the head member 25 forms, there will be virtually no magnetic
field from the permanent magnet 22 in the second magnetic circuit.
An electric current flowing through the magnet winding 30
will generate a magnetic Pield in the second magnetic circuit,
which field will tend to close via the section of the armature 23
with the bore 29 and the legs 19 and 20. Irrespective of the
polarity of the magnetic Pield, a ma~letic force will be exerted on
the armature 23 in the direction towards the leg 19 in order
magnetically to close the second magnetic circuit. If the current
in the magnet winding 30 rises above a predetermined threshold
value, at which the said force acting on the armature is greater
than the force exerted hereon by the permanent magnet 22 in the
first magnetic circuit, the armature 23 will be pulled away from
the shunt plate 31 and will be further moved, under the inPluence
of the compression spring 27, to its second position, the head
member 25 then protruding further to the outside than is shown in
Fig. 3. In this case, the movement of the armature 23 is, as de-
sired, independent oP the direction of the current through the
magnet winding 30 and is consequently suitable for being actuated
directly by an alternating current.
In the c&se of polyphase systems, several magnet windings 30
ca~, of course, be arranged between the legs 19 and 20 of the yoke
18. The threshold value above which the armature 23 is moved via
the magnetic field in the second magnetic circuit is dependent,
inter alia, on the strength of the compression spring 27, the
strength of the permanent magnet 22, the magnetic material used for
the yoke 18 and the armature 23 and the magnetic resistance in the
second magnetic circuit.
This magnetic resistance is determined by the material from
which the head member 25 is made and the distance between the
inwardly Pacing side of the leg 19 and the end of the armature 23
which is opposite this. IP the head member 25 and the armature 23
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are connected -to one another by, for example, a screw thread, it is
simple to vary the distance between the leg 19 and the opposite end
Or the armature 23 and thus the magnetic resistance of the second
magnetic circuit and consequently the threshold value.
A relatively simple change in this threshold value can be
effected using the shunt plate 31, with which the magnetic field in
the first magnetic circuit can be influenced. If the shunt plate 31
is moved further in the direction towards the base side 32 of the
yoke 18, the attracting force exerted on the armature 23 decreases
and the trip device will consequently show changed excitation
characteristics. With the aid of the shunt plate 31, tolerance
deviations can be compensated for in a simple manner, or the trip
device can be adjusted to react to a specific nominal current
strength, for example in order to achieve the selectivity, men-
tioned in the in~roduction, between the successive automated
switches in a circuit.
As already mentioned above, setting to ~he nominal current
strength can likewise take place by varying the number of turns on
the magnet winding 30 and/or the distance between the leg 19 and
the opposite end of the armature ?3.
The magnetic force acting on the armature 23 in the first
magnetic circuit can Purthermore also be adjusted by adapting the
cross-section of the section of the a~mature 23 which is located in
the Pirst magnetic circuit. In Fig. 3a the end of the armature 23
close to the shunt plate is of reducecl cross-section, with the
consequence that, in the first position, the armature is magnet-
ically virtually saturated at this location under the influence of
the permanent magnet. The so-called "sticking" of the armature can
be prevented by suitably rounding (not shown) the end located
opposite the shunt plate 31 or by giving the shunt plate 31 a non-
uniform cross-section.
In order also to move the armature 23 under the influence of
a detected fault current to earth, a further magnet winding can be
arranged around the armature between the legs 20 and 21 of the yoke
18. In Fig. 3a a Purther magnet winding 34 for ~his purpose is
indicated schematically by broken lines. As already mentioned in
the introduction~ an undesired difference between the phase current
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and zero current i~ in general detected by a ring core trans~ormer
and the detected signal is made available,for example in the form
of a direct current. This direct current is then supplied to the
further magnet winding 34 in such a way that the magnetic field
provided by the permanent magnet 22 in the first magnetic circuit
is weakened and the armature 23 can consequently be moved under ~he
influence of ~he compression spring 27.
Overload currents which are permissible for some time without
a risk of overheating of the electrical installation are detected
under the influence of the action of the bimetal element 33. This
bimetal element 33 is arranged such that, on heating, the free end
bends in the direction towards the stop 26 of the head member 25 of
the armature. By this means, the first magnetic circuit will be
broken in the course of time and the armature 23 will be moved to
the second position under the influence of the compression spring
27. Because the bimetal element 33 has to supply only the force
needed to break the first magnetic circuit, this element can be
kept of relatively light construction, that is to say with a low
mass.
In order to prevent undesired current paths in the case of
bimetal elements of the directly heated type, it is necessary that
each bimetal element 33 engages mutually and, in an electrically
insulated manner, on the armature. For this pur~ose, for example,
the stop 26 can be made of electrically insulating material or can
be provided with a suitable covering of electrically insulating
material. Of course, th~ free end of the bimetal element 33 can
also be provided with suitable electrically insulating means for
engaging ~n the stop 26. Furthermore, the fixing o~ the bimetal
element 33 to the yoke 18 can likewise be carried out in an
electrically insulating manner.
In the embodiment according to Figs. 3a and b, U-shaped yokes
combined in a single essentially S-shaped structural whole are used
for the first and second magnetic circuits. However, lt will be
clear that the U-shaped yokes can also be combined in an
essentially E-shaped whole.
In order to prevent the armature being pulled too far towards
a certain side as a consequence o~ the asymmetrical field
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distribution in a U-shaped yoke, a closed or virtually closed U-
shape can also be used in pla~e of an open U-shaped yoke. In
principle, the yoke 18 can consist either of one single component
or of separate yokes. From the structural standpoint, however, the
latter option has the disadvantage Or alignment of the respective
feed-through openings for ~he armature, the fixing of the yokes to
one another without air gaps as far as possible, etc.... Deviating
from the embodiment shown, the head member 25 can, for example,
also be attached to the relevant end face of the armature 23 by
gluing.
Fig. 4a shows a side view, partially shown in cross-section,
of an embodiment of the ~rip device according to the invention
which is based on the passive principle, having an approxima~ely U-
shaped yoke 35 of magnetic material with a base side 32 and legs 20
and 21 respectively. A permanent magnet 22 is again arranged
between the two legs 20 and 21. A rod-shaped armature 23 of
magne~ic material is again arranged so as to be movably supported
in the extension of the magnet axis (N-S) of the permanent magnet
22. The leg 20 is provided with a feed-through opening such ~hat a
portion oP the armature 23 can protrude outside the yoke 35.
The armature 23 and the permanent magnet 22 are likewise held
by a support body 24, matched to their respective shapes, between
the legs 20 and 21 of the yoke 25. For clarity, the section of the
supporting body 24 which is located between the legs 20 and 21 is
now also shown in cross-section.
A cylindrical head member 36 is formed at the end o~ the
armature 23 which protrudes outside, the side of the head member 36
which ~aces towards the leg 20 of the yoke forming a stop for a
compression spring 27 fitted around the section of the armature 23
which protrudes to the outside. The other end of this compression
spring 27 rests against the s~rface of the leg 20 which faces
outwards.
A U-shaped bimetal element 37 is fi~ted between the base side
32 of the yoke and the armature 23 in such a ~ay that the elongated
base side 38 of said elements is located at a distance from the
legs 20 and 21 of the yoke. The bimetal element 37 is firmly
attached by the one leg 39 to the leg 21 of the yoke and with its
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other leg 40 can freely engage on the head member 36 of the arma-
ture 23.
The permsnent magnet 22, the section of the armature 23 which
is loca~ed within the yoke 35, the base side 32 and the parts of
the legs 20 and 21 of tha yoke 35 which connect thereto and a shunt
plate 31 of magnetic material which is arranged in a movable manner
between the permanent magnet 22 and the end of the armature 23
which is located within the legs 20 and 21 form a first magnetic
circuit.
Fig. 4b shows the view of the trip device seen from the side
where the armature 23 protrudes cutside the yoke 35. The frse end
of the leg 20 is, for example, constricted step-wise and provided
with a T-shaped twist lug 41 with which the yoke can be attached to
a substrate in a known manner. The previously mentioned Pixing of
the support body 24 relative to the yoke 35 is effected by means of
the steps 42 obtained by the constriction of the free end of the
leg 20. The leg 21 of the yoke is correspondingly constricted and
provided with a twist lug 41.
Fig. 4c shows a view of the trip device seen from the base
side 32 of the yoke. The bimetal element 37 shown i5 again of the
directly heated type and is provided with flexible electrically
conductlng connection wires ~not shown) on its legs 39 and 40. Of
course, an indirectly heated bimetal element can also be used
instead of a directly heated bimetal element in this embodiment.
For polyphase applications, several directly heated bimetal
elements 37, or an indirectly heated bimetal element with several
heating elements, can be employed i~ this embodiment also. In all
instances, the necessary insulation measures are taken to avoid
undeslred current paths. The head member 36 can be made, for
example, of electrically insulating material or can be provided
with a suitable casing of electrically insulated material to avoid
undesired current paths in the case of bimetal elements of the
directly heated type. Of course, the leg 40 of the bimetal element
can also be provided with suitable electrically insulating means
for engaging on the arma~ure 23 or the head member 36 hereof.
As can be seen from Fig. 4c, a rectangular opening 43 is
formed in the base side 32 of the yoke in such a way that the parts
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of the base side 32 which adjoin the outer circumference of the
yoke at the location of this opening form two magnetic branches 44
and 45, separated by means of air. These two magnetically separate
branches 44 and 45 form a second magnetic circuit which is
connected magnetically in series with the first magnetic circuit.
l`he two branches are encircled by a single magnet winding 46 of
electrically conducting material, as shown on an enlarged scale in
perspective view in Fig. 5.
The support body 24 is shaped such that a further magnet
winding 34 can be fitted around the armature 23 if necessary in
order also to move the armature 23 under ~he influence of a
detected fault current to earth, the various features being as
shown schematically in Fig. 4a. The functioning of the trip device
is now as follows.
Assume that the yoke 35 is produced of magnetic material
having a hysteresis loop 47 shown in Fig. 6. The ends of the
hys~eresis loop are the regions in which the material is magnet-
ically saturated. The field strength H of the permanent magnet 22
is now chosen so that the yoke 35 is set close to th`e start of its
saturation, for example the set point indicated by A in Fig. 6. The
attracting force exerted by the permanent magnet 22 on the armature
23 and the repelling force exerted by the compression spring 27 on
the armature are now matched to one another in such a way that in
the initial position of the trip device a resultant force acting in
the direction towards the permanent magnet is exerted on the arma- ;
ture. If this attracting force is subsequently influenced in such a
way that the force exerted by the compression spring 27 starts to
predominate, the armature 23 will be moved by its head member 36 in
the direction away from the leg 20 of the yoke. Under the influence
of this movement, the contacts of an electrical switch, for example
for breaking a circuit, can then be opened.
Now conslder Fig. 5. The two identical magnetically separate
branches 44 and 45 are each encircled by the magnet turn 46 plaited
in the form of an "8" in such a way that the magnetic fields
generated in the branches 44 and 45 under the influence of an
electric current flowing in the magnet turn 46 are of equal size
but opposite. The magnetic field provided by the permanent magnet
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22 will consequently be in$ensified in one branch and weakened in
the other branch. If the yoke is, as discussed, magnetically preset
at the point A in Fig. 6, it will be clear that the total magnetic
induction B in the magnetic circuit decreases as a consequence of
the non-linear pattern of the hy~teresis loop. If this decrease is
sufficiently large, the armature will then be moved under the
influence of the compression spring 27. The direction in which the
current flows through the magnet turn 46 has no influence on the
flux decrease and the requirement is therefore met that the switch-
off characteristics for short-circuit currents and relatively high
overload currents are independent of the polarity, at the
particular instant, of the current to be switched off.
It has been found that if the field strength of the permanent
magnet 22, the spring action of the compression spring 27 ~Id the
magnetic characteristics of the yoke 35 and the armature 23 are
suitably chosen the magnetic field in the magnetic circuit can be
sufficiently attenuated by a magnet winding consisting of a single
turn to effect a movement of the armature. This has the advantage
that ~this magnet winding 46 can be incorporated directly in the
circuit to be protected and the wire thickness hereof c&n be di-
mensioned to the maximum short-circuit current to be expected. By
forming several mutually separate branches in the magnetic circuit,
for example via several openings 43, Isn even greater attenuation
of the magne~ic field can be effected b~y installing a single magnet
winding 46 in accordance with Fig. 5. ~3y installing several magnet
windings which are electrically insulated from one another it is
possible, for example, to protect an electrical polyphase energy
distribution lnstall&tion in a simple manner using one trip device.
Of course, a separate opening 43 with associated magnet winding 46
can also be provided for eac~ phase.
The bimetal element 37 is installed in such a way that, on
heating, the ~ree end of said element bends in the direction away
from the legs 20 snd 21 of the yoke. As the base side 38 of the
bimetal element 37 moves further away from the yoke, the leg 40 of
the bimetal element will, from a certain position, exert a force on
the head member 36 of the armature in the direction away from the
leg 20 of the yoke. As a consequence, the first magnetic circuit
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will be broken, as a result of which the magnetic resistance hereof
increases and the armature 23 is moved Purther outwards relative to
the yoke 35 under the influence of` the compression spring 27.
The def`lection o~ the bimetal element relative to the yoke
also remains relatively small as a consequence of the chosen U-
shape of the bimetal element. As a consequence of this, after the
overload current has been switched off`, the bimetal will return
relatively quickly to its initial position as shown in Fig. 4c, so
that the armature can relatively quickly be returned again to its
initiQl position as shown in Fig. 4a, by an external force.
A compact and sensitive construction which takes up little
space and which can be installed in the generally relatively small
casing of automated switches is provided by the chosen arrangement
of the various components of the trip device. If, for example, the
location of the magnet winding 46 presents problems when installing
the trip device in switches, a separate body can advantageously be
used for incorporating a second magnetic circuit with magnetically
separate branches in series with the first magnetic circuit.
In Fig. 7 an elongated cylindrical body 48 o~ magnetic
material is shown diagrammatically in perspective view for this
purpose, which body can, for example, be incorporated between the
permanent magnet 22 and the armature 23, with the longitudinal axis
in the direction of the magnet axis (N-S) of the permanent magnet
22.
With the aid of the opening 49 made in the radial direction
of the body 48, two branches 50 and 51 are provided which are
magnetically separated from one another by air and are comparable
to the magnetically separate branches 44 and 45 o~ the base side 32
of the yoke. Recesses 52, for receiving a mag~et winding 46 as
shown in Fig. 5, are formed in the jacket surface of ~he cylin-
drical body 48 at the location o~ the branches 50 and 51.
It will be clear that the body 48 can also have other
suitable shapes, if necessary with several mutually magnetically
separate branches. If' such a separate body 48 is used, the
permanent magnet 22 must have a strength such that at least this
body 48 is set in or close to its saturation point.
It is self-evident that the invention is not restricted to
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the illustrative embodiments shown in the figures, but that many
modifications, additional features and mutual combinations are
possible, such as in respect of the location and the shape of the
bimetal element, the shape of the armature and the yoke, the
optional use of a shunt plate or a further magnet winding for
switching off in the case of fault currents to earth etc., without
going beyond the framework and the scope of the invention.
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