Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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PATENT
CASE 1582-2CIP
IRRIGATING AND LAVAGE COMPOSITIONS
BACKGROWND OF THE INVENTION
This is a continuation-in-part of Serial No. 432,094
filed November 6, 1989 which is a continuation-in-part
of Serial No. 418,780/ file~l October 2, 1989 which was a
continuation of Serial No. 157,672, filed February 19,
1988 now abandoned.
The present invention relates especially to irri-
gants for use in mechanical apparatus for scaling teeth
to debride and cleanse them of plaque, plaque consti-
tuents and calculus, in order to mitigate the~effects of
periodontal diseases.
Periodontal diseases are characterized by chronic
inflammation and loss of epithelial fibrous attachment
between the tooth and the gum, i.e. between soft and
:
hard tissues. The level of the al:tachment of the gum to
the tooth is normally at the junction of the enamel and
csmentum, but decreases in response to the chronic
inflammatory process initiated by infection with gram~
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~ lations. As the level of the attachment decreases, a
:~ pocket is formed which enhances accumulation of gram
;: negative anaerobic bacteria, ~avoring additional loss of
gingival attachment and the enlargement of the~ pocket.
Studies have shown that bone 10s5 around the tooth root
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follows, but lags behind attachment loss. Periodontal
disea~es are thus typified by 10s5 of attachment and
bone which eventually may lead to tooth loss.
Whil~ plaque accumulations around the necks of
teeth and subgingivally in the pockets of teeth may not
be the only causative factors in decreased gum/tooth
attachment and bone loss, the presence of such accumu-
lations appears to be a necessary precursor for certain
types of peri~dontal diseases, especially chronic adult
periodontitis. If plaque is not removsd, the microbio-
logic flora changes in character as it matures from pre-
dominately gram-positive to gram-negative. Gram-nega-
tive organisms have, as components of their cell walls,
lipopolysaccharide molecules which have antigenic prop-
erties in humans. These lipopolysaccharide molecules,
or fragments thereof, are also known as endotoxins
because of their highly toxic properties in man. The
endotoxins of many gram~negative bacteria associated
with periodontal diseases, ~or example Bacteroides
gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bac-
~.,
teroides forsythus, Bacteroides intermedius and othershave been shown to have antigenic and toxic properties
in man.
Bacterial plaque may harden together with other cal-
cific accretions to form calculus. This is made pos-
sible by high concentrations of calcium and phosphate
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in saliva. Thus, calculus i5 comprised of calcified
necrosed bacteria and other calcific deposits. Calcu-
lus bound to the tooth represents a mechanical irri-
tant. Because microbial plaque and plaque debris in-
cluding endotoxin may be occluded within or bound to
the calculus, calculus may also represent a toxic mater-
ial with antigenic character.
Therapeutic treatment of periodontal diseasa ideal-
ly requires complete mechanical removal of calculus and
infecting bacteria and their residues, including endo-
toxin bound to or occluded within plaque and calculus.
Hand-~caling is slow'and laborious, but offers tactile
feedback to the skilled hands of the practitioner:
whereas high speed scaling, wherein the vibration of a
mechanically assisted scaler is generally above 10,000
cycles per second, provides for removal of calculus and
reduces the effort required by the dental practitioner
at the expense of tactile feedback. High speed devices
and their uses are extensively documented in the liter~
ature. ,~
An objective of the present invention is to provide
irrigants which may be employed t3gethex with prior art
instruments for scaling and root planing and to debride
the teeth of calculus in order to augment and enhance
the effectiveness of these techniques in removing and
thereby mitigating the effects of irritating, toxic and ;~
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antigenic effects of calculus, plaque and plaqlle
debris, including endotoxinO A further objective is to
remove sources of chronic inflammation and irritation
and to cleanse the gingival sulcus o~ toxin laden calcu~
lus, plaque and plaque debris.
PRIOR ART DEVICES
Ik is known in the art to deliver antimicrobial
solutions as a lavage to the sulcus or pocket affected
by periodontal disease using commercially available
delivery devices. An example i5 the Water Pik~. Such
prior art devices comprise a variety of configurations
to deliver lavage solutions but are not used to scale
and mechanically debride teeth. Rather their benefit
resides in the delivery and lavage of the antimicrobial
solutions, presumably to kill plaque microorganisms and ;
to rinse away soft, loosely adhered plaque. Generally,
the irrigants chosen for use in ~the prior art devices
are those that are available as ~nouthrinses with anti-
microbial activity. They comprise a medicament and a
vehicle or carrier. Examples of medicaments are ~san-
guinarine, chlorhexidine, cetyl pyridinium chloride,
~ zinc chloride,substituted phenols and the like. The
;~ selection of ingredients other than the medicaments is
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based generally on flavor~ perception and th~ need for
stabilization of the solutions. The vehicle most fre-
quently used comprises water and ekhanol or a polyol
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and a surfactant as a means to keep otherwise immis-
cible flavoring oils dissolved, solvated or dispersed
in the solution. Coloring agents and sweeteners may be
present. Examples of commercially available mouth-
washes used for this purpose include Listerine~,
Listermint~, Scope~, Capacol~, Peridex~ and Viadent~.
It is known in the art that plaque and calculus can
be removed from teeth by mechanical scaling, especially
at high frequency, including ultrasonic ~requencies.
Copending application, United States Serial No.
141,355, filed January 6, 1988/ assigned to Dentsply
International Inc. Iincorporated herein by reference,
discloses a delivery device for delivery of multiple
irrigants to an infected site throu~h the apex of a
hollow ultrasonic scaler, to provide for simultaneous
delivery of one or more irrigants and debridement while
scaling the tooth. The device is intended especially
~ox subgingival scaling, root planing and debridement
at ultrasonic speeds.
Ultrasonic scalers vibrate at speeds greater than
about 20,000 cps. Additionally, it is known in the art
to use mechanical scalers that vibrate at lower speeds,
greater than about 100 cps but less than 20,000 cps,
which are known as sonic scalers. It is most common to
use water as the irrigant in commercially available
prior art sonic and ultrasonic scalers.
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OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION
An objective of the invention is to provide irri-
gant solutions that are operative in all modes and
methods of scaling but are especially valuable in sonic
and ultrasonic high speed, mechanically assisted scal-
ing methods wherein the irrigant is simultaneously
delivered subgingivally to make it continuously avail-
able.
A ~urther objective of the invention is to make
available irrigants that chemically assist in the re-
moval of plaque, plaque debris and calculus from the
tooth and by doing so cleanse the tooth and pocket of
antigenic and mechanically irritating deposits which
are sources of chronic irritation and inflammation.
A further objective is to provide irrigants that
are better able to cleanse the tooth and periodontal
pockets to provide surfaces that ~avor epithelial
reattachment betweeh soft tissue and the tooth by pro-
ducing a clean tooth surface fre.e of calculus, micro-
bial plaque and plaque debris and residues, especially
endotoxin.
Another objective is to provide irrigating solu-
tions that ara useful in treating periodontally
diseased pockets of teeth to cleanse the tooth of
calculus, bacterial plaque and p1aque debris including
endotoxin, and thereby reduce chronic inflammation.
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Another objective is to provide irrigants affording
the above advantages while slmultaneously providing the
adjunctive benefits of medicaments which may be added
as supplementary components. These may include antisep-
tics, anti-microbials, astringents, anesthetics, anti-
biotics, anti-inflammatories, fluorides, enzyme inhibi-
tors, monoclonal antibodies and the like, whether free
in solution or contained wlthin vesicles such as within
liposomes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The dental treatment material of the invention com-
prises one or more surfactants of the type that can soI-
vate plaque and endotoxin, and preferably one or more
calcium chelating agents to aid in removal and inacti-
vation of solvated calculus, plaque and endotoxin. The
dental treatment material is preferably used as an irri-
gant and is adapted to help dislo~ge, suspend, solvate,
disperse, and/or emulsify microbial plaque, plaque
debris, residues and constituents including endotoxins,
and stain and calculus which may be found attached to
the tooth. Examples of surfactants which are preferred
.
in the irrigant include the ionic surfactants, a pre- :
ferred one being sodium lauryl sulfate.
Irrigants containing surfactants alone do not have
the efficiency required to remove and solvate infected
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as those of the present invention containing calcium
chelating agents. It has heen found that ch~lating
agents soften and otherwise assist in the removal of
calculus adhered to teeth. In addition, it has been
found that th~ addition of calcium chelating agents to
surfactant solutions augments the removal of endotoxin.
Chelating agents of the invention are chosen from
those which are effective calcium chelators, for exam-
ple citric and ascorbic acids, ethylene diamine tetra-
acetic acids, their analogs and their salts. Ethylene
diamine tetraacetic acid and its analogs including
salts thereof are preferred and most preferred are the
sodium salts of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and
its analogs.
It is desirable, in the ~ormulation of the irrigant
of the invention, to avoid a composition that causes
~ :
excessive solvation of tooth enamsl. Etched enamel sur-
faces should not be a consequence of the method and com-
position of the invention.
Surfactant(s) and chelating agent(s) are formulated
with vehicles chosen to appropriately solvate or dis-
perse all the formulation ingredients and provide a
stable free-flowing liquid physiologically acceptable
oral composition. A free-flowing liquid is defined as
one that can be delivered subgingivally through a
mechanical dsvice without clogging the device. Com-
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mercially acceptable irrigants are most often required
to have a taste derived from essential oils and flavor
in order to mask the otherwise normally unacceptable
taste of the compositions, and therefore it is pre-
ferred in the usual instanoe to include up to about 30%
by weight of ethanol and a solubilizing surfactant, an
example of which is polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan mono-
oleate (Polysorbate 80). Preferred contents of taste
enhancers such as flavoring oils and sweeteners is
0.001 to 3% by weight of the irrigant, more preferably
0.01 to 2~. In the usual instance coloring dyes are
also preferably included. The irrigant preferably has
a water content of 75 to 99% and in some preferred
instances, especially when alcohol is included ~0 to
95~.
In certain species of the invention, the viscosity
of the composition may be incre~ased significantly to
enhance its utility in procedures used to debride the
.
tooth of calculus and endotoxin. Viscosity control in
this case is established by the addition of 0.1 to 10%
by weight of a gelling or thic~ening agent, an example
of which is hydroxyethyl cellulose. Other species of
the invention include medicaments intended to achieve
additional and specific purposes. Medicaments used may
include antiseptics, anti-microbials, astringents, ~nes-
thetics, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, fluorides,
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enzyme inhibitors, and monoclorlal antibiodies, which
can be free in solution or ~ay be carried in solution,
for example, within liposomesO
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The dental treatment material of the invention may
be applied by swabing on or in other ways but is pre~
ferably an irrigant/lavage composition used with scal-
ing technique especially subgingivally in dental de-
vices suitable for simultaneous scaling and irrigation
of the tooth and gingival crevice or pocket. The irri-
gant/lavage compositions of the invention are particu-
larly adapted for use in sonic and ultrasonic scaling
apparatus and especially in equipment such as that sold
by Dentsply International Inc. under the brand name
CaviMedN for ultrasonic scaling with supply of the
fluid through a small diameter scaling tip into the
periodontal pocket. The scaling tip has a passage way
on the order of Q.009 inch in diameter. The compo-
sition of the invention is formulated, by the use of
sur~actants and calcium chelating agents, to chemically
assist in the removal of plaque, plaque debris and
calculus during the scaling procedure. In addition,
the irrigants of the invention in some preferred
species include medicaments that provide antiseptic,
anti-microbial, astringent, nnesthetic, antibiotic, and
anti-inflammatory properties. Ths preferred anti-
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inflammatory medlcaments in the usual instance are the
non-ste.roidal types~ Also included may be fluorides
and other anti-cariogenic agents, enzyme inhibitors,
mo~oclonal antibodies and the like. The medicaments
may be provided free in solution or may be contained
within vehicles, such as within liposomes.
The irr.igants of the invention contain one or more
surfactants of tha plaque and endotoxin solvating type
and one or more calcium chelating agents in safe and
effective amounts in an aqueous vehicle. The irrigant
further contains 0-30% ethanol or non-toxic polyhydric
compounds, which may be added as a means to aid in
dissolving, solvating or dispersing some of the other-
wise insoluble or poorly dispersible ingredients in the
i~ .
composition. Preferred alcohol contents are 5 to 20~,
more preferably 7 to 15%, by weight based on the total
weight of the composition. E~hanol is preferred.
Other suitable polyhydric alcohols will be apparent to
those skilled in the art. Optionally, the irrigant may
also contain viscosity control agents in the form of
water soluble polymers such as hydroxyethyl cellulose,
hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, car-
boxymethyl cellulose and hydrolyzated starch, medica-
ments chosen for specific additional therapeutic pur-
poses, taste enhancers such as flavors and sweeteners,
and colorants~
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It is important in choosing ingredients to be in-
cluded in the irrigants of the present invention that
they not interfere with operation of dispersing equip-
ment and treatment. Such irrigants should be substan~
tially free of polyols or other substances having sig-
nificant humectant tendencies, and should be substan-
- tially or relatively non-foaming and relatively non-
sticky~
An example of a viscosity control agent that is
useful in certain preferred formulations is hydrogen-
ated starch hydrolyzate which may serve as a partial
replacement for polyhydric polyols as sweetener/flavor
enhancing compounds and replacements for those commonly
used, especially glycerin and sorbitol. The compounds
produced are equally palatable and effective and yet
are substantially non-sticky when allowed to dry on the
hands. Hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate compounds are
oligomers of sorbitol whose apparent sweetness covers a
broad range from sweeter than to much less sweet than
sorbitol. Similarly the higher oligomers have lesser
humectancy decreasing with molecular weight, and are
similarly less deliquescent, so that upon drying the
residue of irrigants of the invention may be formulated
to avoid residual stickiness and clogging tendency in
'A', the scaling/lavage apparatus. Compared to glycerin or
sorbitol, the hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate used in
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the formulation of Examples 24 and 26 is found to be
less sticky and of satisfactory char~cter for use in
such irrigants
Surfactants that may be use~ul to solvate plaque
and endotoxin include those having a molecular weight
(MW) o~ 50 to 500, preferably 100-400, and most prefer~
ably 1~0-250. Exemplary of such surfactants are the
salts of aromatic, aliphatic, or substituted aromatic
or aliphatic carboxylic acids. As ussd herein, substi-
tuents may comprise lower aliphatic of 1-12 carbon
atoms, phanyl, lower alkyl substituted aromatic of 6-15
carbons, amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl, halo~en, lower
alkyl ether, lower alkyl ester, amido, amino, oxido,
carbonyl, and mixtures and salts thereof. As used here-
in, lower alkyl represents 1-12 carbon atoms unless
otherwise specifically defined. Exemplary also of the
salts that may be used are the sulfate salt~, sulfonate
salts, phosphate or phosphonic acid salts, preferably
the ammonium, sodium, potassium or lithium salts of
such acids, such as lithium or sodium lauryl sulfate.
Other such surfactants are, block polyethers, for
example the segmented block co(polyethylene oxide/poly-
propylene oxide) polymers, for example those produced
commercially by the Wyandotte Division of BASF Inc.;
polyoxyethylene alcohols, for example the commercial
products sold by the Union Carbide Corporation under
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the tradename CARBOWAX and the li]ce; substituted amino
acids and other non-ionic and ionic and quaternary
compounds, examples of which include dodecyldimethyl-
amine oxide, dioctosulfosuccinate sodium salt, cetyl~
pyridinium chloride, chlorohexidine gluconate, N-lauryl
imidoproprionic acid, N-lauryl sarcosinate, and the
like.
The ~urfactants capable of solvating plaque and
endotoxin are preferably employed at concentrations of
between 0.01 and 5% by weight of the irrigant/lavage
composition, more preferably between 0.05 and 1%, and
most preferably between 0.25 and 0.75%~ It has been
found that excessively high concentrations of surfact-
ant may not further enhance the removal of endotoxin
while resulting in excessive and unnecessary foaming.
The preferred surfactants of the plaque and endotoxin
solvating type are the ionic surfactants and the more
pre~erred are the alkali metal and ammonium alkyl salts
and the most prefexred are the alkali metal and ammon-
ium alkyl salts of sulfate and sarcosinate, especially
sodium alkyI sulfate. A readily available and pra-
ferre`d effective surfactant is found to be sodium
lauryl sulfate. Sodium lauryl sulfate is widely used
in tooth paste formulations for its foaming and cleans-
ing ability of the supragingival tooth. Substantial
foaming is undesirable during the preferred use of the
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treatment but a5 used in the present invention foaming
i8 relatively low and does not obscure excessively the
treatment site in the patient's mouth or oral cavity
during the doctor's or clinician's treatment.
Additional dispersion surfactants may be optionally
used which primarily aid in the dispersion of flavor
oils and medicaments in the aqueous vehicle but may
offer little contribution to solvation of endotoxin.
Examples of such surfactants are polysorbates, examples
of which are the esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides
copolymerized with varying mole concentrations of
ethylene oxide commercially identified for example as
the Tween series produced by ICI Chemicals; polyether
adducts, as typified by the aliphatic, aryl or mixed
ethers o~ polyethylene oxide and its copolymers; and
ester-ethers, typified by the aliphatic, aryl or mixed
carboxylic acid esters of poly~thyleneoxide and its
copolymers or polyols, for example the commercial
products known under the tradename SPAN produced by ICI
America, Inc.
Examples of preferred calcium chelating agents in-
clude citric and ascorbic acids, and the more preferred
ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, and its analogs as
exemplified by ethylene diamine diacetic acid, 1,2 Dia-
minocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, ethylene-
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glycol-bis(2 aminoethylether)-N,Ni-tetraacetic acid and
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the like, and their salts, especially preferred are
their alkali metal and ammonium salts, for example
their lithium, ammonium, potassium, sodium and mixed
salts. Parti~ularly preferred is ethylene diamine
tetraacetic acid disodium salt. It is widely used in
foodstuf~s as a preservative and chelating agent and
has been found to be an especially effective ingredient
in the present invention. Chelating agents are prefer-
ably employed at concentrations between 0.1 and 5% by
weight, preferably between 0.25 and 3%, and most prefer-
ably between 0.4 and 1.5% by weight of the irrigant/la-
` vage composition.
Examples of other commeraially available chelatingagents that may be used in the invention are L-ascorbic
acid and its hemicalcium salt, dipotassium salt, disod-
ium salt, or sodium salt; L+ ascorbic acid; L-ascorbic
~`~ acid-2-sulfate; citric acid and its diammonium salt,
` trilithium salt hydrate, tripotassium salt, or trisod-
; ium salt dihydrate; ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
(EDTA) and its dipotassium, dilithium, disodium, tripo
tassium, tetrasodium, disodium-calcium, disodium-
cuprous, sodium-ferric, disodium magnesium, diammonium
or ammonium ferric salts. Other suitable chelating
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; It has been found that the use of the composition
` of the invention as an irrigant in conjunction with
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saling procedures and as a lavage reduces chronic
inflammation and improves the ability to rapidly
cleanse a tooth to provide a surface that Eavor~ epi-
thelial reattachment.
It has been found that a too high concentration of
chelating agQnt dissolves tooth enamel, and that, in
general, an increase of solvating agent bPyond a par-
ticular concentration may diminish the effectiveness in
removing endotoxin. It has been found in the present
invention that in using a combination of a plaque/endo-
toxin solvating agent and a calcium chelating agent
that effPctive calculuæ plaque and endotoxin removal
can be obtained beyond that which can safely be
achieved using either a solvating agent or chelating
agent alone. Accordingly, in order to optimize the
effectiveness of the irrigant of the invention, it is
desirable to choose a surfactant and a chelating agent
in combination that optimizes the dispersing, suspend-
ing, dissolving, and/or emulsiPying of plaque and
plaque debris including endotoxin and calculus.
A prefarred pH would be acidic to very slightly
a1kaline, between 3 and 7.5, more preferably 4 and 7,
most preferably 5.5 and 6.5. It is preferred that the
irrigant have a slightly acid pH. The irrigant compo-
~sition of the present invention needs to be stable for
a period of time to enable di~tribution and storage.
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The preferred minimum stable period is at least 6
months, more preferably one year and most pre~erably
for 2 years. During this time the ingredients should
remain relatively active for their intended purposes
when stored at usual ambient temperatures unre~riger-
ated~ Thus when stored at from 60 - 80F the irrigant
should remain a stable free-flowing physiologically
acceptable oral composition'that drys with a relatively
non-sticky residue.
Specifi~ compositions that have these prop~rties,
and th~ method by which they were achieved, are illu- ,~
strated by the followi'ng examples.
It should be noted that the examples are illustra~
tive only and should not be considered as limiting the
invention.
EXAMPLE 1-ll
An in-vitro method was used to determine the
ability of various irrigant solutions to remove endo-
toxin using a limulus amoebocyte :Lysate assay. Aqueous
irrigating solutions were prepared by preparing a
carrier containing 10% by weight ethanol and 0.015~ by
~;~ weight of menthol as a flavor ingredient, and adding
the following listed concentrations of polysorbate 80
~PS80), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS~, and ethylene
~- diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA(Na)2~.
~ The irrigating solutions were prepared by dissolving
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PS80 and menthol in the required amount of ethanol.
Water was than added with stirring, and finally the SLS
was dissolved in the aqueous solution.
To determine the efficiency of the solution in
removing endotoxin, the following procedure was used.
Microtiter wells of a polystyrene tray were inoculated
with 100 ul of a preparation containing 50 Eu/ml (endo-
toxin units per milliliter) of E coli 055:b5 endotoxin
standard (Sigma Chemical), depo~iting a final quantity
of 5 EuJwell, which was then allowed to dry overnight
at room temperature. The microtiter plates were stored
in the refrigerator until used. 200 ul of a test solu-
tion was added to each well, and covered with Para-
film. A vibrating probe of an ultrasonic scaling tip
(Model 200 Cavi-Med manufactured by Dentsply Inter-
.
national Inc.) was inserted into each well through theParafilm to agitate the test solution in the well. The
solution was agitated ln this mannPr for 30 seconds
without touching the walls of the well. The test solu-
tion was then removed with a non-pyrogenic pipette, and
placed in a non-pyrogenic ~0 x 75 mm culture tube. The
test solution was diluted with non-pyrogenated sterile
water in sequential 1:1 dilutions to provide 1~ 2,
4, 1:8 dilutions o~ solution from each test well.
100 ul of each of the four dilutions were placed in
test tubes.
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A set of endotoxin references was prepared with 5
concentrations (a series of 1~1 dilutions) ranging from
0.0625-l.o Eu/ml endotoxin. A negative control was
prepared using non-pyrogenic sterile water. A solution
containing limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) from Cape
Cod Associates was prepared by adding 5.2 ml non-pyro-
genic sterile water with mild shaking. 100 ul o~ pre-
pared LAL solution was added to each of the test tubes
and incubated in a water bath at 37 n C for one hour
without disturbing the tubes. The test was evaluated
hy gently inverting thP tube. A solid gel was indi-
cative of a positive reaction. The test solutions were
prepared and the tests repeated fi~e times for each
solution to evaluate the percent of endotoxin removed.
The results of the experiments are shown in Ta'ole
1. The results show that EDTA and SLS in combination
enhance the effect in the removal of endotoxinO The
data show that the carri2r, comprised of an alcohol-
water solution, has substankially no effect in removing
endotoxin.
In the table, the carrier comprises a 10% by weight
ethanol in an aqueous solution. The amount of each the
ingredients used is described in percent by weight
based on the total weight of the solution.
PS80 represents polysorbate 80, which is known
specifically as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
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All mgredien~s are represented in perc~nt ~y weight.
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TA~IE 1
EX~MPLE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
.,
PS80 0.15 0.15 0.30~.30 0.150.15 0.300.30 00.30 0
SLS 0.13 0.13 0.130013 0.250.25 ~.250.25 0 0 0
EDIA OO .75 0 75 75 75 75 75
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- % ENDor~XIN REMCVED FROM PI~STIC MICROrIrER WEIIS
~ % 3342 25 3~ 20 30 20 33 17 8 0
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1'he data illustrates that an optimal tested amount
of PS80 in the illustrated and ex~mplary composition is
about 0.15% by weight. (Compare Examples 2 and 4).
Also, about 0.13% by weight SLS is an optimal amount in
the solution ~compare Examples 3 and 6~. Furthermore,
the addition of E~TA(Na)2 to the solution optimizes
the removal of endotoxin. (Compare the odd numbered
Examples with the even numbered Examples.)
EXAMPLE 12-17
Another test procedure was used to show the effec-
tiveness of irrigants of the invention against endo-
toxin associated with known periodontal disease.
To carry out the test procedure, cementum was har-
vested and pooled from a series of teeth that were ex-
tracted as a consequence of frank periodontal disease
as a source of contaminated tissue. Endotoxin concen-
tration was determined by an LAL chromogenic assay by
exhaustive extraction of an aliquot of the pooled
tissue with saturated citric acid solution. Other
aliquots o~ the pooled sample were treated with each of
the ~est solutions described in Table 2. The percent
reduction in endotoxin value of each aliquot was
assayed and reported in Table 2. Concentrations of
.- ,~
~ ingredients i5 in parts by weight. The solutions were
;` made as described in Examples 1
- 22 -
.
- . :
'.' ` ~ '
~J~ 7
TABLE 2
EXAMPLE 12 13 14 15 16 17
=_==_=====_--=_===_=========_=============_======_==== =
PS80 0.15 0.15 0 0.15 0.1~ water
SLS 0.13 0.38 0 0.13 0.13 control
EDTA(Na)~ 0.75 0.75 0 0.75 0 *
NaHCO3 0 0 0 0.11 0 *
Sodium Citrate 0 0 0 0 0.38 *
Citric acid 0 C 0 0 0.38 *
===============_=_===========_=========================
% ENDOTOXIN REDUCTION IN INFECTED CEMENTUM AFTER
~: TREATMENT
Static 79 55 15 85 87 2
.The tests were each repeated 5 times except for
Example 12 which was repeatad four ti~es.
The solutions were formulated with a carrier com-
prised of 10 parts by weight (pbw) alcohol SD38Bj 90
pbw deionized water, 0.01 pbw aspartame sweetener, and
~ flavor. Non-pyrogenic ster1le water (Example 17) was a
;~control. Carrier without flavor (Example 14) was an
internal control. Solutions were identified by code
number and tests were conducted by technicians without
knowledge of the compositions used.
~;The irrigant used in Example 12 is similar to test
Example 2, except for the addition of additional flavor
'`'' ~:
- 23 -
, ~ ~
C~ ~ 2 ~
and colorant. Example 13, was prepared with an
increased concentration of SLS. Results show a lower
Pfficiency in endotoxin removal for Example 13 compared
to the irrigant of Example 12, a result that parallels
thP effect observed by increasing the concentration of
SLS in Example 4 compared to that of Example 2.
The use of non-pyrogenic sterile water was found to
have little value in removing endotoxin in the study.
Water is the most widely used irriyant in high speed
scaling apparatus. Likewise, the internal blind con-
trol comprised of alcohol and water proved to be of
little value in the removal of endotoxin.
Partial neutralization of ethylene diamine tetra~
acetic acid disodium salt by the addition of sodium
bicarbonate (Example 15) has been shown to enhance
endotoxin removal. It was expected that this form of
the solution would have greater capacity to rapidly
chelate calcific deposits, but it was nok anticipated
that endotoxin removal would be en!hanced. The value of
such a soluti~n lies in its enhanced calcium chelating
abilities which are reflected in more rapid removal of
calculus, plaque and stain from teeth while simultan-
-~ eously providing for enhanced removal of endotoxin.
In general, the data obtained in Examples 1-17 show
that, in the lllustrated embodiment, optimal results
.,
:
~.
'- ' ' '' ' ;'
.. - .
, .
were obtained using compositions comprising by weight:
about 0.08-0.30% PS80, 0.08-0.25~ SLS and 0.35-1.50%
EDTA~Na)2 and 0-0.25% sodium bicarbonate in an
aqueous vehicle comprising about 5-15% by weight
ethanol, and about 0.08-0.30% PS80, 0.08-0.25% SLS,
0.20-0.7S~ sodium citrate, 0.20-0.75% citric acid in an
aqueous carrier comprising about 5-15% by weight
ethanol.
EXAMPLE 18
This example provides a measure of the in-vivo
ef~icacy o~ selected solutions o~ exemplary compo-
sitions of the inventlon described in earlier examples,
compared to water or a commercially availab~e prior art
irrigant. From the viewpoint of the practitioner, who
is limited in time to achieve an essential objective,
the ability to quickly and effectively debride the
tooth and remove stains and calculus is most essen-
tial. Calcified deposits are well adhered to the tooth
and frequently hard to remove. In order to measure
these characteristics the solutions o~ Examples 12, 15,
17 ~distilled water~ and a commercial irrigant, ProSol~
CHX, containing 0.12~ chlorhexidine and polysorbate 80
(1.00% by weight) in an alcoholic (11.6~) aqueous so-
lution, were compared in a clinical setting where the
teeth of do~s were debrided and cleaned of calculus and
stain in a blind study with respect to the solutions
~'`, .
,. .
~ '
~$~r~7
used. Three operators made sepclrate evaluations. In
all cases the solutions of Example 15 were determined
to be most ef~ective in removing plaque and calculus,
and the solution of Example 12 was a close second in
efficacy. The dogs showed normal recovery following
the scaling without evidence of irritation.
~In order to assure that the representative solution
- of Example 15 did not remove enamel to any significant
extent, scanning electron micrographs were prepared of
extracted teeth scaled ultrasonically using the Cavi
Med scaling unit (a product of Dentsply International
Inc.~ dispensing the solution of Example 15 for 1
minute and then stored in the solution of Example 15
for 9 minutes each. The teeth were viewed at a magni-
fication of 1000 times. No dPleterious effects were
.
noted in the enamel. Surfaces of cementum were cleaned
of the usual layer of amorphous material (smear layer)
normally found on cementum. This physical effect
confirms the utility of these solutions in providing
rapid and effective removal of calculus, plaque and
plaque debris from teeth.
; ~ ,
EXAMPLES 19-29
Eleven aqueous dental treatment solutions were
,. ~ ~ . ,
prepared as described in Table 3. The materials were
added under conditions of stirring.
- 26 - ;
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I o ~ o ~R o O I I I ~o l I 1 1 l I O
'` I I Igl I I I 1~1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I
'1~ ~In :
N I m~8D00I I I I II æ I 1 1
~, ,,. U- I 1 1l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . .
': I
O~ OONO I ~ I I I æ I I I I
~ ~ go æ I I I ~ I I I I 1 8 i l
~ ~ 8 8 ~
~ o o ~ æ o O O O ~,~ 0 ~ .
8g~ 1 : ~ :
~10 8 æ ~ 1 8 1 1 8 1 1 ;
~1 ~ Y~ 8 o '~ I : ~ ;
I 1~
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: :
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:
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~ : ~: :` :
2 ~
The pH of Example 19 was 4.6, the pH of Example 22
was 6.5 and the pH o~ Example 24 was 4.5 with the pH
measurements being to an accuracy of + 0.5.
The solutiolls of Examples 19-29 were tested for
extraction of endokoxin by the following proc~dure with
the result6 given in rrables 4, 5, 6 and 7.
TESTING
M~TERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of Materials
Throughout this study all glassware, burs, curettes
and other heat resistant materials were made
pyrogen-free by heatilng 180C for four hours. Sterile,
pyrogen-free water was obtained commercially (Kendall
McGaw Labs., Inc., Irvine, CA.) A11 solutions were pre- -~
pared in pyrogen-free water using pyrogen-free glass-
war~. All plastic products used were new and sterile.
Pre~aration of Root Mat_rial Pool
Root surface material was collected from single and
maturated teeth which were extracted following a clin-
ical diagnosis of CIPD and also satisfying the follow-
ing criteria: (1) radiographic evidence of at least
30% bone loss; (2) no history o scaling or root plan-
ning in 12 months or periodontal surgery in the past
twenty-four months: (3) n~ root surface or coronal
caries or restorations located subgingivally; (4) no~
antibiotic therapy during the previous month.
, ~
;~ ., :
- 29 -
,:
' ,' '
., ~
::
. .
Prior to extraction, supragingival accretions were
removed with a curette and the level of the gingival
margin was cl~arly marked with a sharp pencil or dental
bur. Following extraction, adherent blood was washed
away with a stream of pyrogen-free water and each tooth
was placed in a test tube and stored at -10C until
used.
Processing of the periodontally involved teeth was
essentially as described by Wilson et al (1986). Prior
to processing, each tooth was thawed in its container
and its root surfa~e gently agitated in 20 ml of pyro-
gen-free water to remove any loosely adherent mater-
ial. The tooth was then dried on pyrogen-free aluminum
foil and placed in a desiccator (Silica Gel Desiccant)
at room temperature. Visihle subgingival calculus was
tAen removed with Columbia #13/14 curettPs and pooled.
Shallow circumferential grooves were cut with a
straight #35 inverted bur to a depth of 1 mm immedi-
ately apical to the gingival ~margin and coronal to the
readily identified most coronal rlemnants of periodontal
ligament. These two grooves were then connected with
straight #57 fissure burs in a slow moving handplece.
Root shavings from 200 teeth were pooled, ground in a
mortar, and passed through a 90 um pore size sieve.
Pre~aration of Calculus Pool
The subgingival calculus removed from the teeth
.
'~ ;';
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. . .
-
. .
'' .... :, '`, :, , ~
,
2~28r~ Q7
described above was pooled with supra and subgingival
calculus harvested from the teeth of an additional 250
teeth. The additional teeth necessary to obtain suf-
ficient calculus for the study did not necessarily meet
the criteria used for the teeth in the root material
pool. The pooled calculus was ground to uniformity
with a mortar and pestle but was not sieved and stored
at -10C. -
Extr3ction of Endotoxin
Endotoxin was extracted from treated and untreated
root material and calculus using 1.0 M citric acid with
. ~ .
~ a procedure based on that described by Fine et al
"~
(19~0~. A 20 mg sample of root material was extracted
with 1.0 ml citric acid for 10 min at 37C. During the
incubation period the sample was vortexed vigorously
for 30 sec. The sample was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for
15 min, followed by the removal of the supernate to a
clean tube. The pellet was washecl with 1.0 ml of water
and recentrifuged (3000 rpm, 15 min.). The supernate
from the wash was combined with t:he original supernate
giving 2.0 ml of extract containing endotoxin. To
remove the citric acid, each extract was concentrated
with a Centricon 30 microconcentrator (Amicon, Danbers,
MA). The recanted (.1 to 0.2 ml) was reconstituted to
1.0 ml with Tris buffer (0.1 M pH 7.5). The same ex-
traction procedure was used with the calculus samples
t '
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, ', :
5 ~'
'' '''' ,, ~ . ':
, :~ , ' ` ' : ,. : ', '
." :
": :
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. - ' ' ' .
2 ~
except that the sample size was reduced to 5.0 mg.
Treatment of Samples with Test_Solutions
Eleven test solutions were supplied by Dentsply
International (York, PA). At the time the solutions
were tested, their chemical composition was known only
to the supplier.
1. Static Treatment
One ml of test solution or water was added to
5 replicate samples of root material (20 mg) or
calculus (5 mg) and mixed on a Vortex mixer. The
solutions were incubated for 2 min. at 37C, mixed
again, and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. The
supernates were discarded and the pellets washed
once with 1.0 ml water to remove residual ~olu-
tion. The washed pellets were then extracted with
citric acid and analyzed for their endotoxin con-
tent.
2. Sonic Treatment
Root material was also treated with test solu-
tions using ultrasonics. One ml of test solution
was added to 5 replicate 20 mg samples of root
:
material and treated with a Cavi-Med ultrasonic
instrument (Dentsply International Inc., York, PA)
for 2 min. at room temperature. Each vial of the 5
replicates was centrifuged (3000 rpm, 15 min.)
immediately after treatment and supernate discard-
- 32 -
, : ~
:, . .'. ' :
''' , , ' ~` ', ' "' ' ~ "
" , ,.
ed. The pellets were then washed once with water,
the pellets extracted with citric acid and the ex-
tracts assayed for their endotoxin content.Endot~oxin AssaY
For the determination of endotoxin content of the
extracts the quantitative chromogenic limulus amoebo-
cyte lysate (L~L) assay (QCL1000, Wittaker Bioproducts,
Walkerville, MD) was used. The assay was performed
according to the directions of the manufacturer. The
endotoxin content of the root material and calculus
samples with and without treatment with a solution was
calculated using a computer program written for this
purpose. Endotoxin values were calculated as Endotoxin
Units (EU)/ml and as ng/ml of sample.
RESULTS
The mean endotoxin content of the root material be-
fore treatment with test solutions was 6.34 ng/ml
(0.132 ng/mg) and that o~ the calculus was 13.21 ng/ml
(2.64 ng/mg).
Static elution of endotoxin from the root material
:`
by 11 test solutions and water was determined (Table
3). The solutions which remo~ed the largest amounts of
` endotoxin from the root material were Examples 26
(89~), 23 (87%), and 22 (85%). Statistical analysis
using a paired t test revealed that these solutions
were ~ignificantly diffeFent (p<.05) from Example 20
:.
_ 33 _
',,'',
~'~
;''' :
~'`,''' - ~
,
which gave a 55% endotoxin reduction. Comparing water
to the untreat~d material revealed that water did not
elute endotoxin from the root surface (p>.05). The
solution of Example 21 was al50 shown to be ineffec-
tive.
Solutions of Examples 25 and 27 require further
comment. The results with Example 25 are higher in all
5 replicates than base line endotoxin content of the
root material suggesting contamination with ex-traneous
endotoxin. In addition, this solution also gave high
results in the sonic experiments ~Table 5). This sug-
gested that the solu~ion of Example 25 itself contains
LAL reactive material.
~: ,
The solution of Example 27 presented a different
;~ problem which was not encountered elsewhere. After
citric acid extraction, the root material did not
pellet satisfactorily even when centrifuged at high ;~
speeds. Some of the material pelleted leaving a
distinctly cloudy suspension and a pellicle. Further
studies of this solution showed that a cloudy suspen-
sion with a distinct pellicle was produced when the
solution was mixed 1:1 with lM citric acid. The
problem seemed to be due to residual solution on the
root material after washing. Increasing the number of
water washes to three did not remove this residual
material. Therefore the results with this solution are
. `
. . .
:
- . , . , . ',.- ' ~ '
, . . , , .: , , . . :
, . " ' ' , : ,, :
~2$~ ~
not sho~n in Table 5.
The results of ultrasonic treatment of root mater-
ial with 7 test solutions and water are shown in Table
5. Of the solutions tested the solution o~ Example 23
(94%) was the most effective in removing endotoxin
followed by Examples 24 and 22. There were, in general
only slight increases in endotoxin removal over static
elutions when the solutions were applied to the root
material using ultrasonics. In ~act, the solution of
Example 26 performed better with static elution. As
with the static studies, water eluted very little endo-
toxin from the root material.
The solution of Example 21 was the carrier vehicle
used in the other solutions without an active ingred-
ient. The carrier vehicle only eluted up to 30% o~ the
endotoxir. under sonic conditions but was much less
active than the other solutions.
Since ultrasonics did not greatly increase endo-
; toxin elution tested in this mannerr calculus samples
were tested by static elution only. Six solutions and
water were used with calculus samples. The results of
this study are shown in Table 6. The solutions of
Examples 19, 22 and 23 were very effective in el~ting
endotoxin from calculus. Each of these solutions
removed over 90% of the endotoxin from the calculus
~ extracts and performed better with the calculus samples
,: ' '
- 35 -
- ' : . '' ' :
':
. ' ~ .
~S~8~7
than with root material (Table 7). The carrier vehicl~
and water performed better with calculus than with root
material and the solution of Example 24 was less effec-
tive in this static elution of calculus than when used
with infected cementum.
DISCUSSION
The amount of endotoxin (.32 ng/mg) on the perio-
dontitis affected teeth averaged out to 14.4 ng~tooth.
This is greater than the 2.9 and 3.68 ng/tooth reported
by Jones ~ o'leary ~1978~ and Nishimine & O'leary
(1979) and less than 4.13 X 103 ng/tooth as noted by
Wilson et al (1986). These differences are not sur-
prising when one considers d}fferences in assay systems
as well as the preparation and processing of the teeth.
The differences seen in the ability of the test
solutions to remove endotoxin from root material and
from calculus samples is thought to be due to differ-
ences in the materiaIs themselves particularly in their
consistency. Sample size may also have played a role
since there was a greater ratio of eluant to sample in
the calculus specimens. E~en with these differences,
~, .
most of the solutions behaved similarly with the dif-
ferent samples snd with the different types of t treat-
ment (static vs. sonic).
A greater problem was seen with variation between
replicate samples. This difficulty was encountered
36
.,., ~ , .
~ ' ': ' .
.... . .
:
, , ' " " ' ' '
'
2 ~
with both root material and calculus samples throughout
the study. The complete protocol for treatment of the
samples was long and complex and oEfered many points at
which variation in replicate samples might occur. De-
splte attempts to control and standardize each step of
the procedure, the variations which we found are
thought to be due to the extensive treatment and extrac
tion procedure. In the case of the calculus samples,
the samples may not have been completely uniform since
they were ground but not sieved to homogeneity.
A number of studies (Maidwell-Smith et al 1987,
Wilson et al 1986) in addition to this one, have shown
that endotoxin is present on pe~iodontally diseased
root surfaces though the amounts of endotoxln found
have varied widely. Since these bacterial lipopolysac-
charides are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis
of periodontal disease, their removal during therapy
should permit better reattachment to the root surface.
In this study we have shown that several chemical solu-
tions are able to remove LAL reactive material from
both root surface material and calculus. The most
,
~ effective solutions tested were those of Examples 23,
:
22, 26, 24, 19 followed by 20. The use of such chem-
icals as an adjunct to root planing should be useful in
the treatment of periodontal disease. The solution of
Example 21 was the least effective.
:
: .
~ . .
.
,:
2 ~
One of the problems, however of using such chem-
icals as mouth rinses, is the inability of these solu-
tions to gain access to the base of the pocket. A new
ultrasonic device has recently been marketed that com-
bines a local delivery approach of medicaments with
ultrasonic action. This is the device sold under the
brand name Cavi-Med by Dentsply International Inc. and
is the subject of U.S. Patent Application Serial No.
141,355 earlier referred to in this application.
Chemical agents can be applied in a static mode or
combined with ultrasonic activity. Daily et al ~1982
Histological assessment of periodontally involved cemen-
tum, Journal of Clinical Periodontally 9,266-274D) have
shown that bacterial products may penetrate to a depth
of about 10 um and be present in resorption lacunae or
as subsurface microbial contamination.
A topical delivery approach with solutions of the
invention has been shown to reduce level~ of endotoxins
on periodontitis affected roots.
',"
,
- 38 - ~ ~
~ ' '
:
., - '
. :: , : ~
, . ` ': ' .
.
.
, . . .. ` , ' . . .
--` 2~2~7
TABLE 4
Static elution of ~ndotoxin fr~m root material
Example No. Replicate Endotoxin(ng/ml) Range %
SamplesMean S.~. Reduction
- Un~reated 56.34 ~0.934 5.02~7.5 -
ls 41.34 ~0.230 1.04-1.57 79
52.90 ~0.739 2.0-3.77 55
21 55.~1 +0.42g 5.0-5.89 15
22 50.94 +0.216 0.66-1.24 ~5
~' 23 50.85 +0.205 0.58-1.13 87
` 24 51.29 +0.181 1.08-1.53 80
~ 25 5' g.57 +U~867 8.72-10.98 none
t~ 26 30.70 ~0.042 0.64-0.7~ 89
27 5 --- a ---
1 ~
28 51.34 +0.386 0.91-1.75 81
Wa~er 56.24 +0.934 5.07-7.76 2 -
', a - Results not recorded due to precipitation of solution
' ` dNring analysis with citric acid.
y ~
~, ~
, '
39
.
t'` '
, ........................................................................ .
. ~....................................................................... .
'
. ' ' ' ' ', ' ' '
:" ' , ' ' ' : ~' `
~ ' ' .
2 ~ 7
, . .
TABLE 5
Ultrasomc elution of endotoxm frcm root material
;~,
Example No. Replicate Endotoxin~n~/ml) Range %
Samples Mean S.D. Reduction
UntLeated 5 6.34 +0O934 5.02-7.5
19 5 1.53 -~0.916 0.63-2.99 76
21 4 4.42 ~0.486 3.75-4.82 30
22 5 1.02 +0.24~ 0.67-1.27 84
~3 4 0.36 +0.059 0.28-0.41 94
24 5 o.a7 +0.105 0.78-1.04 86
7.17 +1.038 6.07-8.42 none
26 5 2.Z4 +0.733 1.31-3.15 65
Water 5 6.09 +1.77 4.29-7.86 4 s
-: : : ~ .:
.
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- 40 - ~
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:: ~
: ' '
~ :'
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- . .. . . . .
-
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:-: , , ' ' : . :
2~2~
TA8LE 6
Static elution of endotox.in frcm calculus
Exan~le No. Replicate Endotoxin(ng/ml) ~ange %
SamplesMean S.D. Reduction
Untreat~d 513.21 +1.20511.21-14.06 ---
: 19 51.13 +0.25~ 0.81-1.44 91
21 57.50 +1.481 6~32-9.58 43
- 22 41.06 +0.145 0.85-~.17 92
~3 51.12 +0.305 0.77-1.53 92
: 24 47.56 +2.872 4.08-10.83 43
27 53.05 +0.569 2.35-3.73 77
: Wa~er 55.04 +1.730 3.20-7.77 62
'
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.
:
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: - 41 - :~
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-
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.
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2~
TABLE 7
Compari~on of static elution of endotoxin from root
material and calculus
Example ~ Reduction of Endotoxin in
Root Material Calculus
19 79 91
21 15 43
22 85 92
23 87 92
24 ~0 43
27 -- 77
Water 2 62
EXAMPLE 29
The formula~ion of Example 22 was repeated except ::
that Green 3 rather than Green 10 was used and it was
visually evaluated that the color was improved. ~:
. .
~:: The e~amples show a method which provides improved
,
abili~y to debride calculus and stain from teeth in- ~
~: :
vivo while simultaneously removing endotoxin from ~:
in~ected tooth root, by the preferred technique o~ ~:
ultrasonic scaling and irrigation. Significant reduc-
tions in the time required to achieve clinically satis-
: factory results have been shown in-vivo in animals.
, ~
: - 42 -
"
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.
,
, - : ' : ' ~. :
: .
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p~ ~
rrhe compositions of irrigant are biologically compat-
ible and good heali~g was demonstrated in animals so
treatedO Further, the examples have d~monstrated that
these results are achi~ved without harming the tooth by
etching or dissolving or physiologically impairing
tooth enamel. This may occur with excessively high
; concentrations o~ chelating substances such as concen-
trated citric acid.
The formulations of irrigant essentially contain
appropriate surfactants which are themselves able to
remove endotoxin from infected surfaces, and chelating
ayents with known ability to solvate inorganic tooth
substance and calcified deposits, both of which are
comprised of calcium phosphate compounds.
The examples have shown further that formulations
of the invention are not optimally formulated except by ;
consideration of the interactions between the consti-
tuent materials used at proper concentrations in the
formulations and by methods described herein provided
to achieve these purposes. Large or random concen-
trations o each essential component are problematic
becau~e they can cause excessive foaming and e~amel
dissolution and may not increase the ability to remove
endotoxin, or may excessively etch the tooth.
The examples have described formulations which are
effective in removing endotoxin from treated plastic
, :
~ - 43 - ~
', ' .
,
, .: . :
mlcrotiter wells and from excised infeGted human dentin
and calcified deposits, both with and without ultra-
SOlliC activation. In clinical trials exemplary formu-
lations have demonstrated the combined ability to re-
duce the time re~uired to complete the laborious pro-
cess of subgingival cleaning and debridement from the
tooth nf calculus and endotoxin, and to do so safely
and effectively in a~one-step opexation in a manner
superior to water or the presently available commercial
representati~e irrigants containing for example chlor-
hexidine or zinc chloride. Cleaning the tooth of
adhered, infected calculus, endotoxin and other bac-
terial products, which may have penetrated the sur~ace
layers of cementum and dentin subgingivally, is essen-
tial in superior treatment and preventio~ of perio-
dontal diseases and in restoring a patient to good oral
health.
It is an important feature o~` the present invention
that a stable, free-flowing li~uid physiologically
acceptable oral composition be provided that can func-
tion reliably as an irrigant for use in scaling and/or
~,i
lavage apparatus such as the apparatus sold under the
tradename CaviMed by Dentsply International Inc. The
oral composition of the present invention may, however, ~ -
also be used by swabing on or as a mouthwash.
Solutions which have been prepared according to the
:
:.
~ - ~4 -
' ~.
-
2~2~7
invention may be thickened to form "gels" that can beapplied directly to a tooth from a syringe, thus allow-
ing greater control of their placement and longer resi-
dence times in situ, without the necessity for contin-
uous irrigation. This mode of application is espec-
ially useful where the tooth is to be scaled with
curettes and hand scalers, and where continuous flow of
the unthickened solution from an integrally mechanical
scaler of the type previously described, e.g. the
CaviMed, is not employed.
Thus the "gel" or thickened solution of Example 30
was placed into the pocket of a tooth in-vivo which had
tightly bound subgingival calculus deposits upon the
tooth root. The "gel" was applied by means of a 3 ml
syringe to which was attached a #25 side delivery irri-
gating needle tMaxi-Probe #24 gauge, MPL Inc., Chicago,
IL) by means of a Luer-Lok attachment. The gel was
allowed to remain in the pocket for 2 minutes after
which time it was scaled with hand instruments. An
adjacent tooth with similar calculus deposits was used
as a control. The calculus was significantly more
easily removed from the tooth pretreated with the "gel"
.
or thickened solution. The calculus was softened and
easily removed from the pretreated tooth as a disper-
sion within the gel, rather than upon fracture of the
calculus from the tooth surface in large fragments as
.
,
~ - 45 - ~
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2 ~ 2 ~ r~
was the case with the untreated tooth. This finding
was subsequently repeated using other teeth on this and
other patients~ The clinical information was provided
by Dr. Robert Marrier, D.D.S. and Kyle Marrier, C.D.H.
In another mode of application, the "gel" or thick-
ened solution of Example 30 was placed into a double
sided foam tray of the type used to apply "~luoride"
gels for 5 minutes. The patient applied pressure to
the tray to hold it in place against the teeth, and the
"gel" of ~xample 30 was forced between and around the
teeth and subgingivally into the sulcus and pockets of
teeth. After removai o~ the tray the teeth were scaled
with hand instruments. The heavy calculus deposits
supragingivally were softened and significantly more
easily removed than similar deposits from pa~ients
without preconditioning using the gel. Additionally,
subgingival residues were more easily removed whera the
gel had been forced subgingivally into sulci and
pockets. The clinical information was provided by Dr.
John Heyde, D.D.S. and B. Lehn, C.D.H.
While subjective in nature, these and other similar
experiences are illustrative of the utility and appli-
cation to which the solutions or "gels" may be applled
with success.
~: ~
46
2~2~ 7
EXAMPLE 30
A solution thickened to form a "gel" was obtained
by preparing a composition comprising parts by welght:
PS80 1~5
FL~VOR o.5
A1COHOL 100.0
:~ WATER 882.0
~: SWEETENER 0.10
SLS 1.25
NAHCO3 1.1
GREEN 10 0 001
GREEN 6 0.0009
~ HEC 1.8
`~ HEC = Hydroxyethyl cQllulose (Natrosol 250H,
Aqualon Co., Wilmington, DE)
Hyroxyethyl cellulose has been ~ound to~be usaful
for the solution thickening and at this time to be pre-
ferred for this application. It is clear, however,~ ;~
thak other thickening materials providing similar:
results may be used, as for example, alginic acid salts
... .
and esters, locust bean gum, guar gum, gum tragacynth, ~:
carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl
pyrrolidone, aerogels of alumina and silica, and the
i :
like. The6e are illustrative only and not meant to ~ ~ -
imply they are the most suitable or the only products
~ ~ ,
- : - 47 -
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that may be used.
The "gel" of Example 30 had a viscosity of 38,000
cps determined using a Brookfiled Viscosimeter, Model
LVT (spindle #4 @ 6RPM), and a pH of 6.3. Higher or
lower viscoisities may be used depending on the partic-
ular thickening material and the mode of application.
In the case of hydroxyethyl cellulose concentrations
from 0.1-10% are suitable, and concentrations form
0.2-4.0% are preferred, while concentrations from
0.3-3.0% are most preferrad.
While present embodiments of the invention and
methods of practicing the same have been illustrated
and described, it will be recogni~ed by those skilled
in the art that the invention may be othsrwise vari-
ously embodied and practiced within the scope of the
following claims.
: ~:
~ - 48 -
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