Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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WO91/00002 PCT/VS90/03
- l DESCRIPTION
SU3STRATE AND ~ET~OD FOR CUL~URE OF FUNGI,
INCLUDING S~IITAXE (LENTINUS EDODES~
Technic~l Field.
Thi~ invention relates to the cultlvation of
mushrooms and other fungi, e~pecially shiitaXe
tLentinu~ edodes).
Backqround Art.
Inventors have lony sought a method ~or
efficiently and quickly cultivating ~ungi, ~specially
Shiitake, because o~ it~ great demand and relatively
limited supply.
Shiltake and other mushrooms are usually
cultivated on logs or in cellulo3e ba5ed substra~es.
Among the ~ethods usinq ~ cellulo~e ba~ed ~ubstrate
a~e tho~o de~cribed ln U.S. P~tent No. 4tl2~,965 to
~ea and U.S. Patent No. ~,637,163 to Pelli~en. Mee
al30 ~eaches the u8e o~ a callulose b~sed ~u~3tr~te
in a ~icroorganism l~perme~ble flexible cont~iner
which i~ then seal~d and sterilized. Nowever, a~
taught by U.S. Patent No. 4,674,228 ls~usd to Murata,
removal of the mycelium from auch containers often
cause~ damage tha~ raduces p~oductivity. Other
methods also have been tri~d. For example, V.S.
25 Pat~nt No. 4,735,014 to Weber te~c~he6 the u8e of hemp
stalks and U.S. Patent No. 4,741,122 to ~ecsy teaches
the UB~ oP agr$cultural wastes.
There are many drawback~ to the various methods
for growin~ sh~ltake currently in use. Growing
~hiitake en log8 in the trad~tional ~ann~ is ~low
and inefficia~t. Cultivation of sh~take in
~lcroorgani~ impermeable flexible contalner~
(co~monly known ~ Nspace bags~) offer~ ~dvantages
over traditional m~thod8, but ~till doe~ ~ot provide~
:~ ~ 35 a ~atisfactory production ra~
Thus, i~ 1B an ob~ect of ~this invent~on ~o
pro~1de an improved ~ethod -~o ~ultivating fungi,
: especially ~hiltak~
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WO9l~00002 2 PC~tUS90/03
l It is a further ob~ect of this invention to
provide an improved culture medium for the culture of
fungi, including shi$tak2.
It is a further ob~ct of this lnvention to
provide a more efficient and faster method of raising
fungi, including shii~ake.
Disclosure of InveDtion.
The invention i~ a new substrate for tha growth
of ~ungi, es~eci~lly shiitake, creatad using a new
method of sterllizing the substr~tQ to allow
rultivation of th~ desired fungl without
conta~ination by CGmpQting organ~sms.
The new substrate is grain that is ensQntially
cellulose ~ree and that has been ~terilized in
lS nccordance with the process described herein. As
indicated above, the prior ar* in the growth of
- mu~hroom~ ~nd other Pung~ requires growth on logs,
~awdust or other ~ubstrntes containing a ~Jor
p~rtion oP celluloae. However, celluloae is not
nece~a~y for the cultivation of ~hiitAke. Shiitake
~ushrooms have th0 ability to br~ak down cellulose
~o~ Q3sential nutrients, but can be more e~ficiently
~rown in a substrate containing the~e ~teri~l~ in an
already usable for~. Similarly, shiita~e can break
down lignin, which i8 a constituent o~ wood, but
ag~in ~hiitake ean be cultivated more e~ficiently by
providing the bre~kdown products instead o~ the
lignin.
Prior art ref~rences h~ve t~ught the use of grain
as a nutritional 8upplement in Z cellulose based
subs~rate. ~ for exa~ple, Ran, et. al, Phys~ol~Iy
and ~co~oly_e ~o~ jo~ , ~u~hr~om
8ci~nce XI, Proc~edings o~ the~Elevsnth Intarnation~
Scienti ic Con~ress ~n~the Cultivation o~ ~dible
35 ~Fungi~ (1981).~ owev~r~th~sub~trat~ of th~s
lnvention is e8~ent~ally ~ree o cellulose ~nd the
- ~ -gr~in it~elf ~8 th~ subfitrat~
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WO91/~0002 , ' PCT/~'S90/03~
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l The gra~n s~bstrnte must be ~terilized for the
cultivatlon of fungi, l~cluding shiitake.
Unsterilized grain contalns variou~ bacteria and
microorganisms that competa with mushroom~ and other
5 fungi and therPfore redure productlon efficiency.
Further, conventional heat ~terilization technique ,
such as steam starilization, are insufficiQnt to
R~erilize the grain again8t all competing
m~croorganisms. Accordingly/ conventionally
sterillzed graln i8 un uitable ~8 a ~ubstrat~. In
~act, one prior art reference stateR that, ~n view of
the well-0staoli~hed use of treQ logs and the amount
of en~rgy nere~sary to &terilize a substrate,
"widespread large scale use o~ ~ny 6terili2ed
~ubstratQ to produ~e shlltake mushroom appears
unlikely. n San Antonio, UCultivation of the Shiitake
Mushroomn, Hort~ ence, Vol. 16~2), ~pril 1981. -- -
The main problem with conventional h~at
st~rilization of gr~in sub~tratQ~ i~ that certain
~o bacterla, pri~arily of the genus Baci~us, form heat
. resist~nt ~pores tha~ will suxvive ~uch sterilization
even though the bacteri~ themllelve~ are ~illed.
Accordingly, ev~n though A graln sub3trate may be
conventlonally heat ~terilized, it: will still contain
25 8pores oX ~acillu6 bacteria which wl11 cont~minate
the substrate and r~nder it unsuit~b1e for production
of fungi, including shiita~e. Th$~ inventlon solves
the probl~m of bacterial contamination in the grain
- ~o that an ~ppxopriately ~teri1e sub~trata i8
providzd.
In *he invention, the ~ubstrat~ ~B bo~lQd to klll
the baoto~ia that a~0 preBent. ~h~ 8ubstrate i~ then
cool~d : to induc~ any .:he~t: re8istant ~por~s :to : ^ f~
. g~minata. ~ha ~bstrat~ the~ -is- st~am terilizad
- 35 ~fter ~such ~er~inatlon, but be~or~ the bacteria h~ve .
~atured sufficient1y to ~o~ haat-rasi~tant spores.~
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wosl~oooo2 - PCT/US90/03
1 Of course, non-heating methods of sterilizing the
grain substrate al~o can be used, such as
irradiation. However, irradiation of the fiubstra~e
would require greater ~overnmental regulation and may
affect marketability of the re~ulting mushroomfi.
Other non-heating methods of ~teril~zatlon could
include, for exa~ple, chemical ~terilization ~in
which chemical ~gent~ in solid, liquid or gaseou~
form are used for ~terilization) or pressure
eserLll~ation (in which the ~ub~trate iB sub~ected to
extreme~ of high or low prs~sure (including vacuum),
or both).
Of course, freezing can be used with the
inven~ion as well.
The invention can be practiced with the listed
sterilization methoda and ~11 other sterilization
methods that kill bacteria or other spore-~orming
microorganisms, b~t that norm~lly leave sur~iving
spore3. ~g long ~8 the spores ~re ~llowed to
germlnlte ~ft0r an initial ~terilization, a ~econd
qtarili~ation that kills the bacteria or other
micxoorgani~ms will completely ~terilize the
substrate, ii the fiecond sterllization takes place
before ths bacteria or other ~icroorganisms have
matured sufficiently to form new ~porefi. Thus~ the
particular ~ethod~ of initial and secondary
steriliz~t~on ~re not critic~l, 2~ long ~ th~ ~pOreB
are ~llowed to ger~LLnAte ~fter in:Lti~l ~texilLzation
and the sub~trate i8 ~econdarily sterilized before
the 8~0ra6 mature suf~icLently to fo~m new spora~.
~ he ~ub~tr~te of the invent.Lon thUR provide~
mor~ efficient medi~ for cultivation of mus~ro~ms,
including ~hiitaka, bac~u~e the nutrients reguired by
~the mushrooms ~re furnlsh~d dlr~ctly, r~ther ~han
~3S beLng~ furnl~hed ~in th~ form of cellulD3e ~nd lignin
: . th~ ~ muqt b~ en~ym~tically broken d~wn ~y the
mu~hroo~ hs ~ inY~ntion ~180 :` provide~ a ~ore
fici~nt ~ethod ~f ~cultivatln~ -~mu~hroom~ bec~use
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W~9l/~0002 PCT/US90/~3
1 competing microorgani~m~, ~ncludlng b~cteria, are
eliminat~d from th~ sub~tr~te.
An advantage of th~ invention i8 the shortening
of incubation times for the ~hiitakeO ~he invention
Rhortens the incubation time for ~orming mycelium to
21 days, a~ oppo~ed to log cultivation, which
requires 8 months to 1 yaar ~or incubation, And
s~wdu~t based substratt~s, whi~h r~quire approximately
80 days for incubat~on.
1~ ~ further adv~nta~ of ~ht~ invention i8 the
increase in yield per pound of ~ubstrate. One
hundratl pounds of the substr~t3 of tha invention
yields approximately 300 pound~ of shiitake within 5
months. ~y comparison, 100 pound~ of logs yialds
approxim~t~ly 10 to 15 pounds of shiitaka over more
than 3 ye~r~, and 100 poundR o~ sawdust based
8u~strate yi~lds ~pproximately 80 pound~ of ~hiit~ke
over 8 moaths.
~ further advantng0 of the invention 18 that no
special spa~n m~terial i8 nece~s~ry. Th~ same
materi~l used for fruiting can bs used ~B a 8p~Wn
~aterial ~o ~tart n~w production uni~s, so that
production can he increa~ed i~medi~ltely instead of
w~itln~ for new ~pawn to b~ ~ro~nn. S~milarly, no
8pawn is wa3ted if psoduction i~ det:re~sed.
A ~till further adv~ntage of 1he lnvention i~
that production units may b~ kt~pt ~n lncubation
beyond ~he 21 d~y period for up to C month~ if, ior
example, m~rket conditions aro ~f~vor~ble. This
also allows stockpilin~ of colonizecl u~it~ for lart3e
seasonal production outputs.
In t~e prActlce o~ the invention, various
nutrltlonal supplements tincluding protQ~n~ ~ugærs~
st~r~he~ ~nd Y~taainR) ~a bolled ln wat~r~unt$1 thay
35 : arE3 di~perMIsd thxoughout the ml~ttQrQ. ~rhs graln for' ('~ '. ~ `' ~ ;~` ` :' tha ~subRtrate is then ~dd~d ~nd -boil~d for `~
ppsoximately one hour in order to kill the ~b~teria~
present ~and causa the absorptLon o~ the di~per~ed
.
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WO91/00002 PCT/U590/
i nutritional 0upplemonts into the grnin. The grain i8
thell allowed to cool to induce germination of any
heat-re3istant ~pore~. While the grain i9 cooling,
it is mixed with permeability 0nhancing powders to
pr2~ent caking and packed into microorganism
impermeable s~erilizable container3, ~uch as
polypropylene bAg~. The bag are then steam
sterilized ln ~ccordance with conventional practice
before the germinated b~cteria have matured
~ufPiciently to form spores.
~ fter sterilizQtion of the b~gs, coloni2ation of
the bag~ f8 accomplishad by lntroducing aither pure
spawn 4f the desir~d ~ungi or by int~oducing
praviouRly colonlzed gr~in. The ba~s are then ~haken
'iS to 7~ix the sp~wn or previou31y colonized ~rain with
the grain in order to decrease the incub~tion time.
Tha ~ags are th~n incub~ted for approxi7nately three
weeks at approximately 80 dagraes Fahrenhei~.
During th~s time, the spawn will digest most, if not
all, of the sub~trate to ~orm a 7mycelium.
The ~ycellum can then ba indlced to fruit by
sub~ecting the bags to a cold ~hock of 40 to 65
degraes Fahrenheit for 5 to 15 days under cool white
fluore~cent l.ighting. After the cold ~hock, fruiting
to 7~aturation iB accomplf73hed ~7y removing the
mycelium from tha containers ~nd elxposing them to an
intermittent chillad w~ter ~i t, o~ otherwise placlng
tha 7~yceliu~ ~n a high hum~dity an~ironment.
Altern~tl~aly, fruiting c~n bn lnduced using only
a cold watar 3pray under lightad ~onditions
- Pi~ura 1 IB ~ 410w chart of a pr~ferred method of
prapnrin~ th~ ~ubstrate of the invent-on.
B0st ~ode~or ~arr~in~ ~ut Inv~nti ~.
` 35 ~ ~Fiyure ~ o4 the dr ~wings ~ts ~orth genarally 8
- .:pre~erred:m~thod of prepar~ng the ~ubstrat~ D~ th~
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1The ingredients in the ~ubstrate are preferably
chosen to provide optimum nutrition for th~ fungi to
- be grown without requiring additional artificial
supplements. This use o all-natural mat~rials
~herefore makes sale and marketing of the cultivated
ungi ea~ier because ~ewer regulatory xeguirements
are imposed. The preferred ingr~dient~, their ranges
and th~ optimum amount8 are set forth below Por
preparing batches of the substrate.
10Opti~um
In~redLent Ran~e , Amount
Whole Sorghum ~rain 150 300 lbs; 200
Whole Oat grain 0-50 lb~ 35
Russe~ Potatoes 5-20 lbs 10
Rolled ~arley ~rnin 0.5-15 lbs 5
Maple pea sprout~ 0-15 lbs 5
Brewer's yeaRt powder 2-35 lbs 6
~ulled 3u~flower ~eed 0-10 lb3 2
Soybean meal 0-2.5 lbs 1.5
Corn gLuten meal 0 2.5 lbs 1.5
Whole Garlic 0.5-4 lbs 1.5 --
Sun~lower oil0-20 table~poons 10
Wheat germ oil0-20 tablespoon~ 10
Molas~a~0-20 tablospoon~ 6
Natar 20-35 gallon3 25
Nllk 0-1 gal.Lon .25
~ he preferred coating ingredients, the ranges a~d
the optlmum ior avary two batches of the above
sub~trate ~re set ort~ below~
Lime~tone powder , ~ 25-75 lbs; 50
Gyps3um powder ~ 100-200 lbs , 160
,~ Cotton~ ed meal ' ~ 0-60~1b8 ~' ~ 40 ~ ~ m'~
The ~aple,pea ~prouts a~ pref~rably,grown:for 6
to 12 d~y~ unde ,~ t É3y8tff~- ` Co~er~ial ~ ~an~
sprouts may al~o be-'u~ed,-but ~ore roots and lArger ~ f, '`'~
', ' ootyledon3 are ~ilab?Q with ~ ple~pea~,sprouts,~
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1 Sorghum provldes vitamins, carbohidrates,
starches, protein and minerals su~h as Copper, Iron,
~anganese, Zinc and Seleni~m. O~t~ provide vitamins,
minerala, carbohyd~ates, starches, proteins and
salicylic ac$d. Salicylic acid promstes shiitake
fruiting. Rolled barley ~rain provide vitamins and
carbohydrat2s and ~bsorbs exces~ water. Soybean meal
provides a source o~ minarals, prot~ins and vitamin~.
Brewer' B yeast powder provides high amDunts of
vitamins, especi~lly 8 vitaminR th~t promote mycelial
growth. S~n10wer seed and su~flower oil provlde
~ltamins, minerals, protein8 and ~aturated and
unsatura~d oil~. ~he sunflo~er sQed and oil al~o
promote heavier sqcondary mycelial growth.
The pea sprouts promote a henvier amount of
fruiting to occur. This Allows some cDntrol over
the ~lze of the ~uYhrooms. More ~prouts allow for
~ore ~ushroom3 to fonm but the mushrooms ~re s~aller
in Rlze. Fawer sp~outs allow for fewer mushrooms tD
form but the mu~hroom~ are larger in ~ize. Nith no
sprouts added, ~ushrooms with indi~idual we~ghts o
from 3/4 lb to 1-l/2 lbs ~ay ~oxm on the substrate.
Garlic provides natural antibacterial action in
order to re~ist bacterial growth a~ter boiling and
steril~zation of the substrat~. Molas~es provides
sugaxa nnd wheat germ oil provid~!s saturated and
un~aturat~d oils a~ w~ll aB vit~min D. Corn gluten
~eal provides vitamins, ~nerals, protein and
Relenium. ~otato~ provide starch. ~ilk provides
ca3~ein and cheese can be substituted in~tead of
milk.
The ~oating ingr~di~nts ser~e additional
~unct10ns besides increasing pQr~eability o~ the
~ubstrate. Limqstone po~der ~d~usts the pH of the
35~ ~ubstrnt~ to n~tral-~(~ppro~atQly 7 to 8). ~he
: . ~ , yyp8u~ powder al~o provides long term pH s~nt~nanre
and ~akes the ~rain 5ub8trat~ 10080 ~nd powdery. ~h~
; cotton~d ~eal prov~d~s protein ~d oil.
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- W~91/00002 P~T/US90/0
- g
1It sho~ld be noted that the pr~or art teache~
that, under certain conditions, calcium inhibits
frui~ing of mycelium. ~owever, the substrate of thi~
lnvention contains 3ubstantial a~ounts of calcium
from the limestone and ~yp8um powder.
The ~ize and number of mushrooms can be
controlled prior to colonizatlon by the amount of
sub3trate that i~ pac~ed in ths bags, with larger
bags that sontain more substrate producing larger ~nd
more mushrooms. For example, eight pound b~g~ will
produce 3/4 pound mushrooms for approximately 6
month~.
~ u3hroom ~ize and nu~er also can be controlled
after roloni~ation by allowing individual coloni~ed
units to come into contact with eaeh other. ~he
individual unl ts wlll form one large continuou~ unl t
forming larger and ~ora numerous mushrooms than aD
individual unit.
Fully colonizad unit~ can be pl~ced on shelving
20or strung on rods to maximize production per u~it
area.
The followiny ex~mple illustrates the use o~ this
invention uaing the optimum amou~ts set forth above.
~XAMP~E
25~he water i8 boil~d in a 60 gallon capacity ~team
kettle with a bottom p~got. The potatoae nre ~liced
and then added to the boiling water together with the
~ilk, garlic, co~n gluten meal, wheat germ oil,
~unPlower oil, molasses, hulled ~un~lower seed,
30brewer'~ yeast powder ~nd soybean ~eal. The ~ixture
i8 then boilad until all COmponentE break into 8mall
pieCQ8. Tha mlxture i8 preferably ~ixed with
portable paint ~ixer to help brea~ ~lumps into small
` pieces. ~apl~ ~pea~ spsout~ ~ ~r~ th~n ~dded to th~
35boil~ng mixture, whi~h 1~ stirred ~ith ~arge paddle
ntil the ~prout~ are ~oft.~ ~e oat grain, barley
graln and soxgh~m ~r~in a~e then added, together with
f i~t~ ~ tar ly ~to~o o ~ th gr~ln.- ~he
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W09l/00002 P~T/US90/03~
1 0
1 mixture i5 then boiled and ~tirred until the water
level falls below the grain ievel by 3 to 4 inches
~ and the heat so~rcQ is the~ t~rnad o~f. After
approxLmately one hour, any remaining liquid i8 drawn
off ~rom the bottom of the pot. At this point, ~he
grain ~hould be hal~-cooked and semi-hard. The grai~
is then allowed to cool for approximately 24 hours,
at which time it i~ removed from the pot.
Two batches o~ ~r~in ar~ then placed in a large
flat bin and the li~e~tone powdsr, gyp~um ,oowder and
cotton~eed meal nre mix~d with the grain u~t11 ~11
~he grain is coated with powder. ~he grai~ ~hould
appear coated and should not stick in clumps. Two
batches will yield ~pproximately 1,200 pound~ of
prepared subs~rate.
~ he prepared ~ub~trate i6 then packed into double
polypropylene plaRtic b~gs (1.5 mil.). E~ch of these
double bag units has a polypropylQne collar, n cotton
plug ancl an alu~inium foil co~er over the plug. ~he
20 bag~ from 4 batches of the grain ~approxl~ately 2,400
pounds) are then londed ln a stea~ retort (5 ~oot
diameter, 13 feet long) and steam-sterili2ed at 250
F, 15 pounds per square inches ~te~m pressure ~or 7
hours. Each load ls then cooled for 24 hours before
25 ~eeding.
After the bags of sub~txate haYe been st~rilized,
they are preferably seeded under E~teril~ conditions
in l~minar air~low hoods. Sseding iR accomplished by
introducing pure spawn or, preferably, colonized
grain fxom prev~ OU8 production runs. Approx~mately 5
to 10 t~blespoon~ of colonlzed gr~in iu ~dded into
each 2-pound ba~. Ench of tha bag~ $~ then ~hnken to
~ix the colonized `~grain ~hroughout- the new unit.
~ This thorough ~ix~ng o ~he pre~iously colonized
; " - ~ 35 yr in ~ with the - 3ubstrate ; ~rl3duce~ ~ ~th~ norma
incubation tlme con8iderably. Thu~,, a 2-pound ~bsg
will u~u~lly ba~fully eoloniz~d after-approxi~ te~ly 3
eek~ ~f incubation at 80 F. U8ually~15 n~w 2-pound ~
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wosl/0ooo2 PCT/US90/03~ :
.11
1 units may be started from ~ach colonized 2-pound
unit. The preferrsd 8iZ8 of bag is 8 pounds becau~
- of the disproportionately groat~r number of buds per
8 pound bag when compar~d with 2 pound and 4 pound
bags.
After approximately 3 w~eX~, the grain substrate
will be mostly or Gompl~tely dige~ted, lea~ing only
the mycelium in the bag. The bag can be reta~ned in
the mycelial stage ~or approxLmately 3 to 4 month~ -
~or shipment or storage. ~hen mushroom produ~tion is
de3ired, the bagR containing the mycelium ~re
~ub~ectsd to a cold shock by chilling them at 40 to
65 F ~or 5 to 15 day~ undar cool white fluor~cent
lighting o~ 25 to 100 lux. Tho preferred cold ~hock
i3 at a temperatu~e of 45 ~ ~or 7 to 9 days,
al~hough ~ cold water bath for 24 to 48 hours also
may ba u~ed.
Th2 bag~ can ba shipped in a refrigerated
container during this cold ~hock 6taga.
As Pn alternative to the cold hock method of
i~ducing fruiting, the ~ycèlium may be removed from
the bags and expo~ed to an i~termitten~ cold water
mist. It iB preferred that the mi~ting take place
during daylight hours and al~o during a 2 hour period
during the ~ight. The watar used ~or misting is
chilled to 50 to 75 F ~nd misting occurs for 2 to
120 seconds ~t 2 to 10 mlnute intervals ~or 6 to 15
hour~ during the daylight period. ~pproximately 10
to 20 days aft~r the mycelium is expoRed to ~l~t,
shiitake ~ushroo~ may be harvelst~dO Subs~yuent
crop~ ~rem tha bags m~y occur 20 to 30 days apart.
The rel~tive hu~idity ~n the mi~tin~ en~iron~ent ~u~t
b~ 2t lea~ 804. ~
A~ an~alternatiVe to ~the ~ntermltte~t chilled
35~water ml~t, the ~ycèllum ~y~be semov~d ~rom th~ bag~
and~llowed to fruit using previou~ly known method~. :
~tèr ~ha e~strat~ h~ b~en~ 8 ~ ntr ~t : ~ y ~
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12
1 used for othe~ purpose~, ~uch as compo~t, animal
feed, mushroom compost for other mushrooms or lnsect
feed.
After formation of the myceliu~, but ~efore
fruiting, the mycelium also may be used as animal
eed or for hu~an food. ~seul biochemicals also may
be extract2d from the myceliu~.
Although the foregoing in~ention has been
d~cribed in ~ome detail by way o$ illustration and
example ~or purpo~es o cla~ity of und~ri~tanding, it
will be obvlous that cortain chnnges and
modifica~ions may be pra~ticod within the 8cope of
the inv~ntion, aQ describ~d in the clnlms. For
exampl~, and not by w~y o~ limitat.ion, th~ ~ubstrate
desc~ibsd herein is suitable for qro~ing m~ny Bpecies
of muqhrooms, including those liRted $n Mu~hroom List
1, which i8 a part of this desc~iption and
incorpor~ted herein by re~er~nce, and ~any gsnera o~
fungi, including tho~e listed in Fungal List 2, which
2~ ls a part of thi~ d~scription and incorporatsd herein
by ref~r~n~e. Nany of thsse fungi ar~ useful for
their biochemical or other prop~rtios. Thus, the
~ubstrat~ can be used for growing penicillin mold,
w~ed molds, yeasts and medlcinal ~ushrooms.
Accordingly, no li~itation is to be infer~ed excep~
a8 ~et forth in the claims.
.
Scientific Nam~ ~Conn~L!~YY~
Agaricus ~rven~i~ Hor~e Mushroo~
Agaricus Pugustus ~he Prince
Ag~icu~ beIn~dii
35 ~ Agaricus bisporus
: Agaricu~ bito~quis .
; ~ Agaricus c~mpa~tri3~ . Co~on ~isld ~u~hroom
Agaricus excellans
Agaricus langei
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~O91/00~2 PCT/US90/03~
i3 -- -- . -
1 Agaric~s macrosporus
Aga~icus ~il~aticus
Agaricus silvieola Wood Mu~hroom
Ag~ricus vaporarius
5 Agrocybe aegerita Brown Swordbelt
Armillaria Caligata
Armillaria ponderosa
Axmillariella mellea
A~millariella tabe~oen~
10 Aurieularia polytrieha Wood E~r
~uricularia auriculA Wood Ear
Calvatia eraniiformis Skull-shaped Puf~ball
Calvatia gigantsa Glant Pu~fball
Clitueybe geotrapa -__
15 Coorinus co~atu~ Shaggy InXy Cap
Dietyphora duplieata Natted Stinkhorn
Flammulina velutipes Enoki
Galerina mutabili~ ---
Ganoderma lueidum R~lshi
20 Gri~ola frondosa ~en of the Noods
Grifola umbellata Zhu ~ing
~erieium eoralloides Pom Pom
Herieium erinaeeus
~aetiporus ~ulphureus Sul~ur Polypora
~5 Lentinus qdodes 5hiitake
Lepiota nau~ina Smooth Lepiota
: hepiota proeesa P~ra~ol ~ushroom
~epiota r~ehode~ Se~ly Leplota
~a~ista nud~ ~ood Blewit
30 ~eucopaxLllus gi~anteus ---
Lyeoperdoa g~mmatus Bem-Studded Pufball
~ycoperdo~ pyri~ox~e Pe~r-Shaped Puffb~
Lyophyll~m e~easte~ Honshlme~
: Lyophyllum ul~riu~ ~ m~
.35 ; ~aerolQpiota psocers Parasol
~araamlu~ oreades Pairy ~ng
erehella del1iio ~ Bl~ Ner~
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WO9l/00002 PCT/US90/03
- 14 - .
1 Morchella esculenta White ~orel
Morchella co~ica Conical ~orel
~orchella c~as~ipes Thick-Footed ~orel
~orchella elata
~orchella ~emilibara
~orchella vulgari~ Com~on ~orel
Panellus serotinus
Panus 8p.
Pholiota adiposa Fat Pholiota
~o Ph~liot~ nameko Na~eko
Pleurotus columbinu~i ~lue Oyster
Pleuxotus cornucopiae Cannry
21eurotus cy tidiosus ~balone
Pleurotus eryngli ---
15 Pleurotus ilaballatus Pink Gyster
Pleurotu5 florida Florida Oy~ter
Pleurot~s ostreaitus Oyster
Pleu~otus pulmonarius ---
Pleurotus ~a~or oa~u Phoenix
Pleurotu~ salmoned 8traslneu~
Sparas8is crispa Cauliflower
Stropharia rugosoannulata Wine Red Stropharia
~remella fuscifo~mis White Jelly
Tricholomopsis rutilans
25 Volvariella bakeril ---
Volvariella bombycina ---
Vol~ariella volvacca Paddy Straw
FVNGAL ~IST 2
Li8t of Pun~al ~ener,a ~Tkat;
4~aY be5~rQwn on the Substrate
Abortiporus A~yloEtereum
bsidi~ ~ Anomoporia
35 m Achlya~ ` ~ Antrodia ~ .
, Acrs~onium ~ ~piotrichum ~ .
Acrophialophora ~ Arachnomyce
Acro8pei a~ ~ llarlella
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1 Actinomucor Asthrinium
Agaricus Arthrobotrys
Agrocybe ~r$hrographis
Alt-7urc7di~cus Ascot~icha
5 ~llt-7scheria Ashbya
Alternaria Asperglllus
Aly~idium Athelia
Am~nita Aursobasidium
~n~uroasru~ Auricularia
10 Amylomyoes
Hacku~lla Bolotus
Beauveria ~ondarzewia
Bispora ~otryodiplodia
B~erkandera Botryotrichum
15 ~laksslea Botrytis
Blasto~yce~ Bovista
Boletopsis ~y880ChlRmyS
Cadophora Coccospora
Calbovi~ta Cochliobolus
20 Calcari~porium Colletotrichum
Cald rio~yces Collybia
C~locera ColumriocyRtis
Calocybe Co~idiobolus
Calo~ectria Coniella
25 Calvatia Coniophora
CamaropR Coniothyr~um
CA~d~d~ Conoplea
Cantharellu~ Coprir~us
Celphalosporiu~ Cordyc:eps
30 Cephaliophora Corid~ls
Cephaloa~c UB Coriolus
Ceratot~stls Cortieium
Cer~o~pora Cortinarius
Cerinomycefi . Coryne
: 35 cerioBporop~is: I ~. Coryne~pora . . -
C~:~sna Coryneum
.. Ch~tomell~ : ~. . Gra~erellu~ y
- : ChAetomium . : . - Craterellus
.
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w~sl~ooo2
~ CT/~S90/03
1 Chala~a 16
Crebr~thecium
Chalarop~is
- Choanephora Cryphonectria
C~ptococcuB
Chondrostersum
5 Chroogomphus Cryptoporus
Chrysosporium Cryptosporiopsis
Circinella Cunninghamella
Curvularia
Clado~portium
Custingophora
Clavarladelphus Cyanthus
10 Clavlc~p~
Cylindrocarpon
Clavicorona
Clavi~pora Cylindro~ephalum
Clavulina Cylindrocladiu~
Clitocybe Cy~tostereu~
15 Clitopilus Cytospora
Cytospora
Dac~ymyce~ Dictyostelium
Dacryopin~x
DactylluM Diheterospora
Daedalea Diplocarpon
2 Deb Dlplodia
o aryomyces Di~cina
Dekkera
Di~cula
Dendryphion Ditiola
Dsnt~num
Doratomyces
Der~alo~a Doth.istroma
Dicho~itu~
Drechslera
Echinodontium
Elsinoe ~p~coccum
Eupenicillium
BmericQlla Eutyp~
~mericellop~i~ Exophiala
~ntolor~a
~volus
` ~em8 ~onia ~ Flam~ulina
FLlob~ ldl ~ . ~ Fo~ opsis
Fuscobole~inus
G~nodf3rma ~
~trl~hum ~ nomOnia
ch$a~ ~phidiu8
~phus
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WO91/00002 PCT/US90/03
17
l Gibberella Grandinia
Gilmaniella Graphium
Gliocladium Gri~ola
GliomasSrix Guepiniopsis
5 Gloeophyll~m Gymnopilus
Gloeoporus Gyrodon
Gloeosporium Gyromitra
Glomerella Gyroporus
~ansenia~pora Humicola
10 ~ansenuln Humicolopsis
Haploporous Hyalodendron
~elicostylum Hydnum
~elminthosporium HygrophoropsiR
Helvella Hygrophorus
15 Hender30nula ~ymenochaete
Hericium Hyphopichia
He~erobssidion Hypomyces
Hirschioporus Hypo~yces
Ho~modendrum ~ypsxylon
20 Incrustoporia Irpex
Inocybe I aria
Inonotu& IRhnoderm~
Rloeckera ~luyvQromycQs
Laccaria Lenz$tes
2S Lactarius Leptosp~aerulina
Laetisaria I eucopaxillus
~aurilia Libe:rtell~
~eccinum Iinderin
hentinellus ~lpol~yces
30 Lsntinula Lyco~perdon
~e~tinus ~yop:hyllum
L~ntodium
Macrophomina Monascus
MDmmaria Monllini~
35 ~ara~miellus ~onoch~etia
` ~arasmlus ~onodictus
~el~c~nium ~ . . ~on~porium ~ ~.
: Mel~noleuca ~ Mort~ereli~
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WO91/0000~ PCT/US90/03
18
1 Memnoniella Nucor
Meruliopsis Myceliophythora
~erulius ~ycena
~erulius My~ocentrospora
5 ~etarrhizlum Mycosphaerella
Metschnikowia Nyriococcum
~icronactri~lla ~yrothecium
Mollisia
Naematoloma Neurospora
1~ Nectria Nodulisporium
Neocosmospora Nomuraea
Odontia Oosporldium
Oedocephalum Ophiostoma
Oidiodendron Osmoporus
15 O~phalotu~ Ostenia
Onnia Oudemansiella
P~chybasium Phylloporus
Pachysol~n Phys~ru~
P~ecilomyces Phytophthora
20 PanPllus Pichia
Panus PipSoporu~ :
Papularia Pirlcularia
Papulaspor~ Pithomyces
Pellicularla Pleurocybella
25 Penicillium Pleurotus
Peniophora Plica~ura
Perenniporia Pluteus
Periconla Podospora
Pestalotia Polyozellus
30 Pestalotiop~is Polyporus
Peziza Poria
Phaeoooriolell~s Potobniamyces
Phaeolus Pr~ussia
Phaneroohaete Psath~rella
35 Phellinu Pseudeurotium
Phialomyces P~eudofusaxium
Phialophora P~eudohydnum
Phlebi~ Pseudospiropes
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wosl/ooooz PCT~US~/03
19
1 Phlogiotis Ptychogaster
Pholiota Pulcherricium
Phoma Pycnoporu~
Phoma Py~enochaetA
5 Phomopsi3 Pyrenophora
Phycomyces Pythium
Radulodon Rhizopus
Ramaria Rhodosporidium
Ramaricium ~hodotorula
10 R~sinicium Rl~doporu8
Reti~ocyelu~ Robillarda
Rhi~oeladiella Ro3ellinia
~hizoctonia Russula
Rhizomucor
15 Saccharomyces Sphaceloma
Saccharomycopsi~ Spiearia
Sacodon . Spiroidium
Saprolengnia Spondyloeladium ..
Sarco phaer~ Spongipellus
20 Sehizophyllum Sporidcsmium
Sehi~osaccharOmyces Sporidiobolus
Sehwanniomycec Sporobolomyce~
Selerotinia Sporothrix
Selerotlum Sporotr$ehum
25 Seoleeobasidium Stachybotrys
Scopulaxiop 18 Staurophoma
5cytalidium Staceherinum
Scytinostroma Stemphylium
SebaciAn Stereum
30 S~p~donium St$bell~
Septo~yxa StrcbilD~yces
Septorla Stromatinia
Seroula Suillu~
Sirodes~lum Synceph~laatrum
35 Slstotrama Syringo~pora
Sordarln
~laro~yea~ Tricellua
TDphrina Triehocladium
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W091/00002 PCT/VS90/03~.. . -
1 TermitomyCes Trichoderma
Te~racladium Tricholoma
Thamnidium Trichophyton
Thamno3tylum Trichosporon
5 ~h~natephorus Trichothecium
Thermoascus Tr$churus
Ther~omyces Tridentaria
Thi~lavia Trigonopsi~
~hielaviopsis ~runcatella
10 Torulaspora Tuber
~or~lopsis Tympanis
'rramete~ Tyromyce~
Tremella
Uloelndium Vtil~go
15 Valsa Vertleicladiella
Val3aria Vertieillium
V~r~ria Voluerispora
Verpa Volutella
Wallemia Whetzelinia
20 Wardo~yees
Xeromph~lina Xylobolus
Xylnr~a Xylogone
Y.rrowia Yea~ts
Zaler~on Zygosaceharomyees
25 Zygodesmus Zygosporium
Zygorhynchus Zythia
Industrial~ Applicabi~ y.
The lnvention ean be used or t:he inexpensive and
effielent cultivation of ~ungi, e&~peeially fihiitake~
Other fungi also nay be eultivated, includin~ fun~i
use~ul for iood or ~edicinal purpose~.
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