Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to communication cable monitoring and more
particularly to the monitoring of fibre optic communication cables.
BACKGROUND
Telephone and other communication cables are subject to damage and wear
from environmental and man made causes. Severe weather conditions such as high
winds, snow, icing, rain, floods, and lightning can damage exposed cables.
Damage
can result from nearby construction or vandalism. The ingress of rain or
ground water
into the cable core or splice closures at damage locations is a major cause of
service
interruptions (outages). Every effort is therefore made to keep the cable in
good
repair and water out of the cable structure.
Frequently, damage does not cause an immediate loss of service but results in
a slow degradation of the cable system which often ends in failure of the
cable and
loss of service. Repair must then be carried out on an emergency basis, which
is
costly both in restoration costs and lost revenues.
Dating back to the first major cable installations, maintenance monitoring
systems have been used to provide early warning of cable trouble. This allows
the
scheduling of maintenance to avoid lost service and costly repair. The
earliest
systems used air pressure to keep water out of breaches in the cable or splice
closures and to detect damage by measuring the air flow rate into a cable
section.
Modern telephone cables, including fibre optic cables, are often filled with
water blocking compounds to prevent water migration into the cable core. While
providing good resistance to water damage, the filling compounds also block or
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severely restrict air flow thus making air pressure monitoring systems
useless. To
overcome this limitation and to provide maintenance monitoring on filled
telephone
cables, all electronic systems were developed such as those described by
McNaughton et al in United States patent 4,480,251 and Vokey et al in United
States
patent 5,077,526.
Fibre optic cables constructed for applications such as inclusion in overhead
power transmission static wires or suspended below phase conductors on
transmission towers use all dielectric insulating materials. As a result,
conventional
cable and splice monitoring methods, such as described by the McNaughton et al
and
Vokey et al patents which require a metallic electrical conductor element can
not be
applied.
OTDR techniques, which launch light pulses into a fibre and measure reflected
energy to determine loss increases, have been used to monitor optical cables
and
splices. These methods are expensive and require a special moisture detecting
fibre
bending device in the splice closures in an attempt to monitor for water
ingress.
Additionally, the splice bending device is not always predictable in its
performance
and the exact optical distance to each splice must be known precisely. While
it would
be preferable to use an active detection device at the splice points, a major
difficulty
exists in that for all dielectric cable there is no practical means to supply
electrical
power to splice locations to operate such devices.
SUMMARY
The present invention addresses the above problems and provides a
mechanism for monitoring the splice closures for moisture ingress.
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According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a moisture
sensing signal generator comprising:
an electrically operated code signal generating means for generating a fault
signal in response to receipt of electrical energy ;
optical modulator means coupled to the code signal generating means for
generating a coded optical signal in response to generation of the fault
signal; and-
electrolytic cell means connected electrically to the code signal generating
means, the cell means being inactive when dry and being activated in response
to
contact with water to generate electrical energy and to supply electrical
energy to the
code signal generating means.
This aspect of the invention provides a self contained mechanism for detecting
moisture entry at a splice closure and signalling that moisture entry along
the optical
fibre. The preferred moisture detection cell is a tape containing two strips
of dissimilar
metals encased in a porous insulators and separated by a water soluble
ionizing solid.
The tape may be wrapped around the splice. When water comes into contact with
the
ionizing solid, an electrolyte is created and the cell becomes a voltaic cell
driving the
signal generating means.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided an
optical splice sensor unit for signalling moisture penetration of a splice
closure
enclosing spliced ends of two optical fibre cables, the sensor unit
comprising:
splice means in the splice closure for holding in alignment the ends of
optical
fibres from the respective cables;
displacement means for selectively displacing one of the fibre ends of one
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cable with respect to the respective fibre end of the other cable;
signal generating means coupled to the displacement means for selectively
actuating the displacement means; and
moisture detector means responsive to the presence of moisture in the
enclosure for actuating the signal generator means, the moisture detector
means
comprising a moisture detection cell means for generating a voltage in
response to
contact of the cell means with water.
The displacement means act as an optical modulator to modulate the light
signal transmitted on the fibre being monitored. Preferably, the signal
generating
means modulate the light signal according to a code that is unique to the
signal
generator in question. This allows direct identification of the splice that
has been
penetrated by moisture.
These aspects of the present invention will be more fully described in the
following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the accompanying drawings which illustrate an exemplary embodiment of
the present invention:
Figure 1 is a schematic of a monitoring system including an embodiment of the
present invention;
Figure 2 is a schematic of a fibre optic transmitter;
Figure 3 is a schematic of an optical sensor unit;
Figure 4 is a sectional view of a splice;
Figure 5 is a sectional view of a moisture detection cell;
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Figure 6 is a graph showing fibre splice coupling losses v. fibre end offset;
Figure 7 is a schematic of an optical receiver;
Figure 8 is a schematic of an alternative embodiment of the optical sensor
unit;
and
Figure 9 is a graph showing fibre splice coupling losses v. fibre end axial
separation.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring to the accompanying drawings, and especially Figure 1, there is
illustrated a fibre optic cable monitoring system 10 associated with a fibre
optic cable
12. The illustrated cable is a single mode (sm) fibre cable with a length up
to 100 km.
The cable is shown as including a splice 14 part way along its length.
Conventionally,
the complete cable would include a number of splices. The cable includes a
number
of optical fibres 16.
The system 10 includes an optical transmitter unit 18 at one end of the cable
and an optical receiver 20 at the other. As illustrated most particularly in
Figure 2, the
optical transmitter is a dual wavelength laser transmitter including a
stabilized laser
source 22 emitting light with a wave length of 1300 nm and second stabilized
laser
source 24 emitting light with a wavelength of 1550 nm. The laser source 22 is
connected to a modulating amplifier 26. The inputs to the amplifier include a
modulating input 28 with bias input 30 and a negative feedback 32. The
modulating
input has a frequency F1 for modulating the transmitted 1300 nm light at that
frequency. The laser 24 is likewise associated with an amplifier 33 with a
modulating
input 34, a bias input 36 and a negative feedback 38. The frequency of the
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modulating signal F2 is different from the modulating frequency F1. The lasers
are
mated to a wave division multiplex coupler 40. The coupler combines the light
output
of the lasers and divides the light energy equally to N output ports. A
monitored fibre
is connected to each of the output ports. Consequently, the single pair of
lasers
provides optical power to several monitored fibres or cables.
At the receiving end of the fibre is an optical receiver 20 (Figure 7) that
intercepts and detects the laser light from each monitored fibre on a PIN
detector
diode 42. The light is converted by the diode to an electrical signal that is
amplified by
preamplifier 44. The electrical signal contains frequency components at F1 and
F2,
which are separated by band pass filters 46 and 50 and measured by measuring
circuits 48 and 52. The optical loss of the fibre length at both wavelengths
is
calculated from the measured amplitudes.
The optical receiver also includes a pulse detector 54 for monitoring pulses
generated in the optical sensor unit that will be described more fully in the
following.
The output from the optical receivers are delivered to a multiplexer 56 which
scans the outputs from the various monitored fibres and provides input to a
central
office terminal 58 that includes alarm circuits 58 for generating an alarm
when a
detected fibre loss exceeds a predetermined maximum loss. The terminal also
includes a decoding circuit 60 for decoding the pulses from the pulse detector
54.
Referring most particularly to Figures 3, 4 and 5, the splice 14 includes a
modulator 62 for producing pulses in the light transmitted by each fibre for
detection
by the pulse detector 54. The modulator includes a splice 64 with a V-groove
66
which aligns ends of a monitored fibre through the cable splice. At the splice
the fibre
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end 70 has a small ferrous metal element 72 bonded to its top surface. This is
located immediately beneath one pole of a modulator electromagnet 74. The
electromagnet is electrically connected between a moisture detection cell 76
and the
collector 78 of a driver transistor 80. The emitter of the transistor is
connected to the
moisture detection cell 76 while the base 84 is connected to a code generator
86
which is in turn connected to a clock 88. Both the code generator and the
clock are
connected across the terminals of the moisture detection cell 76.
The detection cell 76 is a one metre long tape 90 with a magnesium conductor
92 and copper conductor 94 extending the length of the tape. Each conductor is
encased in and bonded to a water pervious insulating layer of pvc plastic.
Between
the two conductors, and isolated from them by the insulating material 96 is a
water
soluble, ionizable layer of copper sulfate. The moisture detection cell tape
is, in use,
wrapped around a splice tray 97 (Figure 4) for organizing the splices. If
moisture
penetrates the splice closure, the water will dissolve the electrolyte salt,
producing an
electrolyte and activating the cell to produce a DC voltage. The separation of
the
components of the cell ensures an essentially infinite life under dry
conditions. The
cell then acts as a battery driving the clock, code generator, driver and
modulator
electromagnet. The driver provides coded current pulses to the electromagnet
as
controlled by the clock and the code generator. The current pulses in the
electromagnetic coil set up magnetic pulses which attract the ferromagnetic
element
72 bonded to the fibre end 70, thus pulling the fibre end out of alignment
with the fibre
end 68. As shown in Figure 6, a misalignment of the fibre ends on the order 5
microns or more will significantly reduce the coupled light energy and result
in an
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amplitude modulated pulse stream at a rate determined by the code generator.
Energy required to deflect the 125 micron glass fibre a distance of 5 to 10
microns is very small. These sensor circuits are designed using low voltage
micro-
watt CMOS integrated circuits. As a result, the one metre long single cell
battery can
power the modulator and related circuits for weeks. The detection of a wet
splice is
therefore assured.
The optical receiver intercepts and detects the laser light from the monitored
fibre and converts it to an electric signal as previously discussed. Pulses
detected by
the pulse detector 54 are decoded in a decoding circuit to identify the splice
closure
where they are created. For this purpose, the code generator 86 for each
splice
closure will generate a unique pulse signal.
The optical losses over the fibre at the two monitoring signal wavelengths is
calculated from the measured amplitude of each of the converted electrical
signals.
Any additional fibre loss over the nominal is analyzed.
If similar loss increases are detected at both wavelengths, then the loss
increases can be attributed to microbending, which could be a result of cable
crushing
or a temperature related change in the cable structure. If a significant loss
increase is
detected at 1550 nm only, the problem can be related to macrobending, which is
usually caused by a kink in the cable or a buckling of the fibre.
An alternative embodiment of the optical sensor unit is illustrated in Figure
8.
This embodiment differs from the embodiment of Figure 3 in that the modulator
uses a
capillary splice 100 in which the fibre ends are aligned in a sleeve 102. One
fibre end
104 is fixed. The other end 106 is movable but spring biased towards the fixed
end.
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A ferrous sleeve 108 is fixed to the movable fibre end. A modulator coil 110
surrounds the fibre adjacent the sleeve 108. When energized, the coil draws
the fibre
end 106 away from the fibre end 104. This modulates the signal on the fibre.
The coupling loss v. axial fibre end separation curve is given at Figure 9.
The
fibre movements are an order of magnitude greater than the offsets required to
produce the same coupling loss.
The modulator splice and the associated electrical and mechanical devices
may not conveniently be fitted into a splice tray or other splice organizer
used in the
splice closure. An appropriate location on the back or side of the tray may
then be
used.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been described in
the foregoing, it is to be understood that other embodiments are possible
within the
scope of the invention. Thus, for example, the optical sensor unit may employ
modulators other than the electromagnetic ones illustrated. For example, a
piezoelectric crystal or some other electromechanical modulation device can be
used
to convert the electrical pulses to mechanical displacement and consequently
coupling losses. Any other device acting as an optical switch may also be
employed.
The moisture detection cell may be fabricated from any two metals selected to
provide
appropriate half cell reactions in the presence of a suitable electrolyte. It
is therefore
to be understood that this invention is not to be considered limited to the
specific
embodiment disclosed. The invention is to be considered limited solely by the
scope
of the appended claims.
